Based upon motion capture,a semi-automatic technique for fast facial animation was implemented. While capturing the facial expressions from a performer,a camera was used to record her /his front face as a texture map....Based upon motion capture,a semi-automatic technique for fast facial animation was implemented. While capturing the facial expressions from a performer,a camera was used to record her /his front face as a texture map. The radial basis function( RBF) technique was utilized to deform a generic facial model and the texture was remapped to generate a personalized face.Partitioning the personalized face into three regions and using the captured facial expression data,the RBF and Laplacian operator,and mean-value coordinates were implemented to deform each region respectively. With shape blending,the three regions were combined together to construct the final face model. Our results show that the technique is efficient in generating realistic facial animation.展开更多
Why it needs to take the initiative in the shape in the painting？ Refine images of the shape of the objective initiatively, not only can enhance the artistic appeal and creators emotions, can also highlight the aesth...Why it needs to take the initiative in the shape in the painting？ Refine images of the shape of the objective initiatively, not only can enhance the artistic appeal and creators emotions, can also highlight the aesthetic orientation creators to make their paintings to impress the audience and resonate, so works of art have a higher aesthetic value. Similarly, in the entire animation movie, animation character modeling also has an important position, and a good cartoon must have a good role model to fully convey the story and character. This article attempts to analyze the shape of the image of the Disney animated start, make deep analysis on necessity of initiative modeling in the art of painting and development of initiative modeling, to enhance the performance of artists and diverse personality development, which is a requirement of modem art, but also the law of development of the arts.展开更多
Behavior recognition of Hu sheep contributes to their intensive and intelligent farming.Due to the generally high density of Hu sheep farming,severe occlusion occurs among different behaviors and even among sheep perf...Behavior recognition of Hu sheep contributes to their intensive and intelligent farming.Due to the generally high density of Hu sheep farming,severe occlusion occurs among different behaviors and even among sheep performing the same behavior,leading to missing and false detection issues in existing behavior recognition methods.A high-low frequency aggregated attention and negative sample comprehensive score loss and comprehensive score soft non-maximum suppression-YOLO(HLNC-YOLO)was proposed for identifying the behavior of Hu sheep,addressing the issues of missed and erroneous detections caused by occlusion between Hu sheep in intensive farming.Firstly,images of four typical behaviors-standing,lying,eating,and drinking-were collected from the sheep farm to construct the Hu sheep behavior dataset(HSBD).Next,to solve the occlusion issues,during the training phase,the C2F-HLAtt module was integrated,which combined high-low frequency aggregation attention,into the YOLO v8 Backbone to perceive occluded objects and introduce an auxiliary reversible branch to retain more effective features.Using comprehensive score regression loss(CSLoss)to reduce the scores of suboptimal boxes and enhance the comprehensive scores of occluded object boxes.Finally,the soft comprehensive score non-maximal suppression(Soft-CS-NMS)algorithm filtered prediction boxes during the inferencing.Testing on the HSBD,HLNC-YOLO achieved a mean average precision(mAP@50)of 87.8%,with a memory footprint of 17.4 MB.This represented an improvement of 7.1,2.2,4.6,and 11 percentage points over YOLO v8,YOLO v9,YOLO v10,and Faster R-CNN,respectively.Research indicated that the HLNC-YOLO accurately identified the behavior of Hu sheep in intensive farming and possessed generalization capabilities,providing technical support for smart farming.展开更多
Anchovies are key forage species in coastal and pelagic food webs,playing crucial ecological and commercial roles in marine ecosystems.Encrasicholina punctifer is a commercially and ecologically important species,yet ...Anchovies are key forage species in coastal and pelagic food webs,playing crucial ecological and commercial roles in marine ecosystems.Encrasicholina punctifer is a commercially and ecologically important species,yet little is known about its osteological development characteristics.Understanding these ontogenetic patterns is essential for explaining phylogenetic relationships within Clupeiformes,informing larval identification in ichthyoplankton surveys,and enhancing aquaculture practices.This study describes the ontogenetic characteristics of the appendicular and median skeletons and fin supports in E.punctifer larvae and juveniles,providing quantitative ontogenetic timelines to address gaps in engraulid developmental biology and contribute to teleost ontogeny research.Larval and juvenile specimens of E.punctifer;size range:3.00-34.56 mm standard length(SL)and notochord length(NL)collected from the Philippine Sea were processed using the standard Alizarin red and Alcian blue clearing-and-staining technique to differentiate ossified and cartilaginous elements.Specimens were examined under a stereo microscope and imaged with an HTC1600ISP digital camera for detailed morphological analysis of skeletal structures.Caudal complex development was evident by 5.55 mm NL,with the initial appearance of cartilaginous hypurals 1–2 and parhypural,followed by Hy3–5 at 6.08 mm NL.Cartilaginous Hy6 was visible by 9.58 mm SL in postflexion larvae.Six hypural bones were present from the postflexion to juvenile stage.Principal fin rays formed via intramembranous ossification at 6.32 mm NL,and segmentation was evident by 10.24 mm SL.Neural arch 1 appeared at 7.38 mm NL,preceding full haemal arch development.Uroneurals 1–2 and ural centra ossified by 9.58 mm SL,with Hy5 detached from U1 at 10.24 mm SL.Preural centra ossified before the arches.Epurals 1 and 2 were evident by 10.24 mm SL.Dorsal fin proximal radials developed anteriorly and distal radials posteriorly.Pectoral fin development initiated with an ossified cleithrum and the coracoscapular cartilage at 5.25 mm NL.By 10.24 mm SL,cartilaginous neural and haemal arches and spines were distinct.Uroneural 1 initially develops as cartilage.The formation of a pleurostyle aligns with clupeoid fish skeletal ontogeny.Dorsal and anal fin development follows a distinctive pattern,with variability in fin support development.Our results reveal accelerated caudal complex formation in E.punctifer and contribute new knowledge on the osteological characteristics of the genus Encrasicholina,and aid in understanding larval and juvenile ontogeny of marine teleosts.展开更多
Background Inflammatory bowel disease causes intestinal structural damage,impairs gut function,hinders animal growth and development,and reduces farming efficiency.Previous studies demonstrated that lactate alleviates...Background Inflammatory bowel disease causes intestinal structural damage,impairs gut function,hinders animal growth and development,and reduces farming efficiency.Previous studies demonstrated that lactate alleviates dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced inflammation and mitigates weight loss by enhancing intestinal barrier functions.However,the mechanisms underlying lactate-mediated protection of the intestinal epithelial barrier remain unclear.This study aimed to explore the protective effect of lactate on intestinal barrier damage in colitis piglets and the possible underlying mechanisms through in vivo and in vitro experiments.Methods A total of 6021-day-old weaned female piglets were randomly assigned into three groups based on weight:the control group(basal diet with physiological saline gavage),the DSS group(basal diet with 5%DSS gavage),and the DSS+LA group(2%lactate diet with 5%DSS gavage).There were 10 replicates per treatment,with 2 piglets per replicate.Jejunal morphology was assessed via hematoxylin and eosin staining,while Western blotting quantified the protein levels of proliferation markers,including cluster of differentiation 24(CD24),cyclin D1,and wingless/integrated(Wnt)/β-catenin signaling components.In vitro,0.08%DSS and 2–32 mmol/L sodium lactate-treated intestinal porcine epithelial cell line-J2(IPEC-J2)cells(n=4)were assessed for viability(Cell Counting Kit-8 assay),apoptosis(flow cytometry),and proliferation parameters,including cell cycle analysis and Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5(Lgr5+)stem cell quantification.Results In vivo,DSS administration induced jejunal villus shortening(P<0.05),downregulated protein levels of CD24,cyclin D1,casein kinase 1(CK1),and dishevelled-2(DVL2)(P<0.05).In vitro,DSS promoted apoptosis,inhibited proliferation,diminished the Lgr5+cell populations(P<0.05),and reduced S-phase cell proportions(P<0.05).Conversely,lactate supplementation ameliorated DSS-induced villus atrophy(P<0.05),restored CD24,cyclin D1,CK1,and DVL2 protein levels(P<0.05).Furthermore,in vitro,sodium lactate attenuated DSS-induced apoptosis(P<0.05),enhanced IPEC-J2 proliferation(P<0.05),expanded Lgr5+cells(P<0.05),and increased S-phase progression(P<0.05).Conclusions In summary,lactate ameliorated intestinal barrier damage in DSS-induced colitis by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and restoring the balance between epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis.This study provides novel mechanistic evidence supporting lactate's therapeutic potential for IBD management.展开更多
Background Fatty liver syndrome is a prevalent metabolic disorder in transition dairy cows,characterized by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation that impairs liver function and leads to systemic metabolic disturbances...Background Fatty liver syndrome is a prevalent metabolic disorder in transition dairy cows,characterized by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation that impairs liver function and leads to systemic metabolic disturbances.Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA),a prominent n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA),not only exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties,but also holds potential in ameliorating lipid metabolism.This study integrated in vitro bovine primary hepatocyte models and in vivo dairy cow trials to investigate the regulatory effects of DHA on hepatic lipid deposition.Results In vitro,40μmol/L DHA significantly reduced triglyceride(TAG)accumulation in steatotic hepatocytes by downregulating genes involved in fatty acid transport(FABP-1,CD36)and lipogenesis(DGAT2,FAS,SREBP-1C),while upregulating markers of lipolysis(CGI-58,ATGL)and fatty acid oxidation(ACADL,CPT1A,CPT2).Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)confirmed DHA-mediated restoration of mitochondrial ultrastructure and enhanced lipid droplet(LD)-mitochondria interactions.In vivo,dietary rumen-protected DHA(180 g/d)supplementation reduced hepatic lipid deposition,improved liver function(evidenced by decreased total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase),reduced oxidative stress and inflammation(suppressed malondialdehyde,glutathione peroxidase,and lipopolysaccharide),coincided with relieving insulin resistance(reduced insulin and glucose,as well increased adiponectin)in dairy cows with fatty liver.These improvements may be attributed to increased expression of TOMM20 and MtCo-1,promoting mitochondrial biogenesis andβ-oxidation,along with an elevated plasma n-3/n-6 ratio.Conclusions Collectively,these findings suggest that DHA supplementation represents a promising nutritional strategy for preventing spontaneous fatty liver in transition dairy cows by enhancing hepatic lipid clearance and restoring metabolic homeostasis.展开更多
On the occasion of the New Year,I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and New Year greetings to the experts,scholars,author teams,and readers who have long supported the development of Animal Models and Experime...On the occasion of the New Year,I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and New Year greetings to the experts,scholars,author teams,and readers who have long supported the development of Animal Models and Experimental Medicine(AMEM).Over the past year,we have faced challenges together and achieved breakthroughs in academic influence,internationalization,and fulfilling social respon-sibilities.Looking ahead,we are filled with confidence as we strive to build an important bridge connecting laboratory animal science and technology with academic research.展开更多
Background Diarrhea remains a major health concern in both young animals and humans.Prevotella spp.,a dominant commensal genus in the healthy porcine gut,becomes increasingly abundant following weaning,suggesting a po...Background Diarrhea remains a major health concern in both young animals and humans.Prevotella spp.,a dominant commensal genus in the healthy porcine gut,becomes increasingly abundant following weaning,suggesting a potential role during this critical transitional period.However,its involvement in post-weaning diarrhea remains poorly understood.Here,we aim to elucidate the role and underlying mechanisms of Prevotella in alleviating diarrhea in weaned piglets.Results To model unsanitary housing conditions,piglets were housed in uncleaned pens containing residual fecal matter from previous occupants and exposed to cold stress by maintaining the ambient temperature at 19℃,below the optimal 28℃.Under these conditions,piglets were orally administered either a blank medium(CON,n=10×2)or Prevotella copri at 1×10^(8)CFU(Pc,n=10×2)on d 1,3,and 5.After 28 d,cold stress induced a diarrhea incidence of 33.45%in the CON group,while P.copri supplementation significantly reduced the diarrhea rate to 19.73%.Treatment with P.copri markedly improved intestinal morphology in the small intestine,decreased serum levels of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein(i-FABP),and enhanced total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)and catalase(CAT)activity.Quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that P.copri significantly increased the colonic abundance of Prevotella,reshaping both the composition and functional profile of the gut microbiota.Moreover,P.copri enhanced the modularity and robustness of microbial ecological networks.Untargeted metabolomic profiling of colonic contents revealed a significant enrichment of metabolites involved in the arachidonic acid pathway following P.copri supplementation.In parallel,untargeted metabolomics of P.copri culture supernatants identified differential metabolic pathways including metabolic pathways,biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,and biosynthesis of antibiotics.In vitro assays demonstrated that P.copri-derived metabolites inhibited the growth of three common porcine intestinal pathogens.Furthermore,both P.copri metabolites and arachidonic acid enhanced intestinal barrier integrity and suppressed TNF-α-induced inflammation and apoptosis in Caco-2 cells through activation of the AHR–Nrf2 signaling pathway.Conclusions These findings highlight the role of P.copri in maintaining gut homeostasis and provide new insights into microbiota-based interventions for early-life intestinal disorders.展开更多
Bamei pigs,an indigenous Chinese breed,yield meat with a delectable flavor and boast higher carcass fat content compared to commercial breeds,making them a rich food source for humans.However,the differences in lipid ...Bamei pigs,an indigenous Chinese breed,yield meat with a delectable flavor and boast higher carcass fat content compared to commercial breeds,making them a rich food source for humans.However,the differences in lipid and nutrient components between the adipose tissue of Bamei pigs and commercial pigs are still unclear.The study employed UPLC-MS/MS to quantify the composition of lipids and metabolites in the backfat of both Bamei and Large White pigs.A total of 428 lipids and 193 metabolites were significantly different between the 2 groups.Specifically,Bamei pig backfat exhibited altered levels of various lipids and metabolites that may potentially contribute to nutritional and flavor differences,including unsaturated triglycerides,free fatty acids,medium-chain triglycerides,essential amino acids,vitamins and antioxidants,while maintaining reduced cholesterol levels.Furthermore,we delved into the molecular mechanisms underlying these nutritional differences by analyzing significantly different 431 m RNAs and 865 proteins and integrating the regulatory network of protein-metabolite-lipid pathway.Importantly,in the pyruvate metabolic pathway of Bamei pigs,the bioprocess of lactate production was inhibited but the acetyl-Co A production was activated,suggesting the possibility that energy allocation favors the biogenesis of lipid precursors.These findings may contribute to guiding industrial food producers in enhancing the quality of lard at the genetic and molecular levels.展开更多
Background The decline in reproductive performance of aged hens is mainly attributed to oxidative damage in reproductive organs,hepatic lipid metabolism disorders,and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis.Glycyrrhizin(GL)ha...Background The decline in reproductive performance of aged hens is mainly attributed to oxidative damage in reproductive organs,hepatic lipid metabolism disorders,and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis.Glycyrrhizin(GL)has been proven to enhance antioxidant capacity,regulate lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in mammals,but its efficacy in hens remains unclear.Hence,this study aimed to investigate whether dietary GL supplementation improves reproductive performance in hens during the late laying stage by modulating intestinal microbiota composition,hepatic lipid metabolism and ovarian antioxidant status.Results Dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg GL significantly improved the egg production rate,egg quality,and hatching rate in aged breeder hens(P<0.05).GL supplementation also increased the serum levels of HDLC,TP and ALB,and enhanced the antioxidant capacity in both serum and ovary(P<0.05).In addition,dietary GL elevated the serum progesterone(P4)levels by enhancing the transcription level of steroid synthesis key enzymes(CYP11A1 and 3β-HSD)in the ovary(P<0.05).Dietary GL also promoted the synthesis and transport of vitellogenin(VTG)by upregulating the VTG-Ⅱ(P<0.05)and APOV1(P=0.077)expression levels in the liver,thereby increasing the number of grade follicles and small yellow follicles.Moreover,dietary GL enhanced hepatic fatty acidβ-oxidation by upregulating PPARαand CPT-I(P<0.05),and downregulating ACC expression levels(P<0.05).In agreement,liver metabolomics analysis revealed that dietary GL supplementation significantly altered hepatic metabolism,with 389 differentially identified metabolites(P<0.05).The key metabolites(e.g.,taurocholic acid,tauroursodeoxycholic acid,nicotinuric acid,glycodeoxycholic acid(hydrate))were identified,and they were mainly functionally enriched in betaalanine metabolism nicotinate,taurine and hypotaurine metabolism(P<0.05).Finally,16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that dietary GL reversed age-induced changes in gut microbiota composition,characterized by a significant increase in Lactobacillus abundance and a decrease in Bacteroides(P<0.05).Conclusions These results collectively demonstrate that dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg GL improved reproductive performance by reversing age-induced changes in gut microbiota,enhancing hepatic vitellogenin synthesis,and ameliorating ovarian function in aged breeder hens.This study suggests that dietary GL is a potential strategy to improve reproductive performance in broiler breeder hens during the late laying period.展开更多
The advantages of genome selection(GS) in animal and plant breeding are self-evident.Traditional parametric models have disadvantage in better fit the increasingly large sequencing data and capture complex effects acc...The advantages of genome selection(GS) in animal and plant breeding are self-evident.Traditional parametric models have disadvantage in better fit the increasingly large sequencing data and capture complex effects accurately.Machine learning models have demonstrated remarkable potential in addressing these challenges.In this study,we introduced the concept of mixed kernel functions to explore the performance of support vector machine regression(SVR) in GS.Six single kernel functions(SVR_L,SVR_C,SVR_G,SVR_P,SVR_S,SVR_L) and four mixed kernel functions(SVR_GS,SVR_GP,SVR_LS,SVR_LP) were used to predict genome breeding values.The prediction accuracy,mean squared error(MSE) and mean absolute error(MAE) were used as evaluation indicators to compare with two traditional parametric models(GBLUP,BayesB) and two popular machine learning models(RF,KcRR).The results indicate that in most cases,the performance of the mixed kernel function model significantly outperforms that of GBLUP,BayesB and single kernel function.For instance,for T1 in the pig dataset,the predictive accuracy of SVR_GS is improved by 10% compared to GBLUP,and by approximately 4.4 and 18.6% compared to SVR_G and SVR_S respectively.For E1 in the wheat dataset,SVR_GS achieves 13.3% higher prediction accuracy than GBLUP.Among single kernel functions,the Laplacian and Gaussian kernel functions yield similar results,with the Gaussian kernel function performing better.The mixed kernel function notably reduces the MSE and MAE when compared to all single kernel functions.Furthermore,regarding runtime,SVR_GS and SVR_GP mixed kernel functions run approximately three times faster than GBLUP in the pig dataset,with only a slight increase in runtime compared to the single kernel function model.In summary,the mixed kernel function model of SVR demonstrates speed and accuracy competitiveness,and the model such as SVR_GS has important application potential for GS.展开更多
Background Multibreed genomic prediction(MBGP)is crucial for improving prediction accuracy for breeds with small populations,for which limited data are often available.Recent studies have demonstrated that partitionin...Background Multibreed genomic prediction(MBGP)is crucial for improving prediction accuracy for breeds with small populations,for which limited data are often available.Recent studies have demonstrated that partitioning the genome into nonoverlapping blocks to model heterogeneous genetic(co)variance in multitrait models can achieve higher joint prediction accuracy.However,the block partitioning method,a key factor influencing model performance,has not been extensively explored.Results We introduce mbBayesABLD,a novel Bayesian MBGP model that partitions each chromosome into nonoverlapping blocks on the basis of linkage disequilibrium(LD)patterns.In this model,marker effects within each block are assumed to follow normal distributions with block-specific parameters.We employ simulated data as well as empirical datasets from pigs and beans to assess genomic prediction accuracy across different models using cross-validation.The results demonstrate that mbBayesABLD significantly outperforms conventional MBGP models,such as GBLUP and BayesR.For the meat marbling score trait in pigs,compared with GBLUP,which does not account for heterogeneous genetic(co)variance,mbBayesABLD improves the prediction accuracy for the small-population breed Landrace by 15.6%.Furthermore,our findings indicate that a moderate level of similarity in LD patterns between breeds(with an average correlation of 0.6)is sufficient to improve the prediction accuracy of the target breed.Conclusions This study presents a novel LD block-based approach for multibreed genomic prediction.Our work provides a practical tool for livestock breeding programs and offers new insights into leveraging genetic diversity across breeds for improved genomic prediction.展开更多
Intramuscular fat(IMF)content serves as the key determinants of meat quality.Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota and their metabolites significantly influence IMF deposition levels by modulating host lipid...Intramuscular fat(IMF)content serves as the key determinants of meat quality.Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota and their metabolites significantly influence IMF deposition levels by modulating host lipid metabolism through multiple pathways,positioning microbial regulation as a pivotal target for meat quality improvement.However,existing studies remain fragmented,predominantly focusing on isolated mechanisms or correlations without a systematic view of the regulatory network.This review consolidates the core mechanisms through which microbiota-derived metabolites including short-chain fatty acids,bile acids,branched-chain amino acids,trimethylamine N-oxide,tryptophan derivatives,succinate,polyamines etc.,regulate IMF deposition and proposes a targeted intervention framework,the“gut microbiota/metabolites-IMF axis”.By integrating these insights,we provide a theoretical foundation and define practical research pathways to assess the potential of microbial-based strategies for improving meat quality in swine production.展开更多
Background:The absence of effective animal models for sporadic Alzheimer's disease(AD)remains a pivotal barrier to therapy development.Because methanol metabolism produces endogenous formaldehyde,a neurotoxic agen...Background:The absence of effective animal models for sporadic Alzheimer's disease(AD)remains a pivotal barrier to therapy development.Because methanol metabolism produces endogenous formaldehyde,a neurotoxic agent linked to cognitive decline,this study investigated whether chronic,low-dose methanol exposure could recapitulate AD-like pathology and cognitive deficits in rhesus monkey,thereby establishing a nonhuman primate animal model driven by this environmental-metabolic insult.Methods:Adult rhesus monkeys received low-concentration methanol for 9 months.Behavioral tests for cognition,locomotion,sleep,and vision were conducted.Postmortem analyses involved histopathological examination,immunohistochemistry,immunofluorescence,and Western blot to evaluate neuronal integrity,microglial activation,and the expression of key proteins associated with AD(amyloid-β[Aβ],phosphorylated tau,TAR DNA-binding protein 43[TDP-43])and cellular stress(synaptic markers,mitochondrial fission,autophagy,and apoptosis-related proteins).Results:Chronic methanol exposure led to progressive cognitive and memory impairment without significant motor or visual deficits.Neuropathology revealed brain atrophy,neuronal loss,synaptic damage,microglial activation,and mitochondrial structural disorganization.Critically,the exposed animals exhibited hallmark AD-like molecular alterations,including increased Aβ deposition,tau hyperphosphorylation,and TDP-43 dysregulation.Furthermore,neurotoxicity was associated with elevated urinary formaldehyde,enhanced mitochondrial fission,increased autophagy,and elevated apoptosis.Conclusion:Chronic low-dose methanol exposure in rhesus monkeys recapitulates progressive cognitive deficits and AD-like neuropathological features.This model,driven by endogenous formaldehyde toxicity,effectively mimics key aspects of sporadic AD.Our findings shed light on the neurotoxic mechanisms of methanol and propose a reproducible and translationally relevant nonhuman primate model for studying AD pathogenesis and evaluating potential therapeutics.展开更多
Zearalenone(ZEN)is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin that extensively contaminates feed and feed ingredients,posing a significant threat to animal health and food safety.Enzymatic degradation of ZEN is regarded as ...Zearalenone(ZEN)is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin that extensively contaminates feed and feed ingredients,posing a significant threat to animal health and food safety.Enzymatic degradation of ZEN is regarded as a promising strategy due to its high efficiency and safety.This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in ZEN-degrading enzymes from a novel perspective,encompassing the types and catalytic mechanisms for characterizing ZEN-degrading enzymes,the methods for mining ZEN-degrading enzymes,the strategies for improving ZEN-degrading enzymes,and the applications of ZEN-degrading enzymes.The objective of this review is to offer a reliable reference framework for the enzymatic detoxification of ZEN in feed and feed ingredients,as well as to provide insights for mining other mycotoxin degrading enzyme in the future.展开更多
Background Goat milk is increasingly recognized for high digestibility and a distinctive compositional profile.Protein acetylation,an important post-translational modification,regulates biosynthetic and metabolic path...Background Goat milk is increasingly recognized for high digestibility and a distinctive compositional profile.Protein acetylation,an important post-translational modification,regulates biosynthetic and metabolic pathways.This study aimed to identify critical acetylated proteins and specific modification sites involved in milk production and component synthesis in dairy goats,thereby elucidating the molecular mechanisms of lactation.We performed a comparative TMT-based acetylomic and proteomic analysis of mammary tissues from Saanen dairy goats during peak lactation and the dry period using LC–MS/MS.A candidate acetylation site was further investigated in goat mammary epithelial cells(GMECs)through site-directed mutagenesis and lipid metabolic assays,establishing functional links between acetylation and mammary lipid metabolism and providing a foundation for molecular strategies to improve milk quality and yield.Results We established a comprehensive mammary acetylome,identifying 862 significantly acetylated proteins and 2,028 modification sites across the two physiological phases.Differentially acetylated proteins were predominantly localized to the cytoplasm(39.98%).From these,54 key acetylated proteins,including MTOR,BCAT2,QARS1,GOT1,GOT2,BDH1,ACSS1,STAT5B,FABP5,and GPAM were prioritized as candidates involved in milk protein synthesis,milk fat synthesis,lactose synthesis,and other lactation-related processes.Among them,β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1(BDH1)acetylation was characterized in detail.Members of the HDAC family were identified as primary regulators mediating BDH1 deacetylation.BDH1 acetylation promoted lipid droplet formation and triglyceride synthesis in GMECs.At the transcriptional level,BDH1 acetylation upregulated LXRα,ACSL1 and SCD1,whereas deacetylation downregulated SCD1,FASN,and ACSL1.Notably,BDH1 acetylation/deacetylation significantly reduced SREBP1 expression,linking this modification to coordinated control of lipogenic gene networks.Conclusions This study established,for the first time,the comprehensive acetylome of mammary gland tissues in dairy goats,revealing a substantial number of differentially acetylated proteins and modification sites.We demonstrate that acetylation of BDH1 regulated by HDACs promotes lipid droplet biogenesis and triglyceride synthesis in GMECs through transcriptional modulation of key lipogenic genes and suppression of SREBP1.These findings provide mechanistic insights into the post-translational regulation of mammary lipid metabolism and offer molecular targets for future genetic and nutritional strategies aimed at enhancing milk quality and yield in dairy goats.展开更多
Background Methane(CH_(4))emissions from ruminants significantly contribute to greenhouse gas effects and energy loss in livestock production.Methyl-coenzyme M reductase(MCR)is the key enzyme in methanogenesis,making ...Background Methane(CH_(4))emissions from ruminants significantly contribute to greenhouse gas effects and energy loss in livestock production.Methyl-coenzyme M reductase(MCR)is the key enzyme in methanogenesis,making it a promising target for CH_(4) mitigation.This study aimed to identify and validate plant-derived inhibitors by using molecular docking to screen compounds with strong binding affinity to the F430 active site of MCR and assessing their efficacy in reducing CH_(4) emissions.Results Molecular docking analysis identified salvianolic acid C(SAC)as a potent inhibitor of MCR,showing a strong binding affinity to the F430 active site(binding energy:-8.2 kcal/mol).Enzymatic inhibition assays confirmed its inhibitory effect,with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)of 692.3μmol/L.In vitro rumen fermentation experiments demonstrated that SAC supplementation(1.5 mg/g DM)significantly reduced CH_(4)production(P<0.01)without negatively affecting major fermentation parameters.Microbial community analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomics revealed that SAC selectively altered the rumen microbiota,increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidota while significantly reducing Methanobrevibacter(P=0.04).Moreover,metagenomic analysis showed the downregulation of key methanogenesis-related genes(mcrA and rnfC),suggesting a dual mechanism involving direct enzymatic inhibition and microbial community modulation.Conclusions These findings indicate that SAC effectively reduces CH_(4)production by inhibiting MCR activity and reshaping the rumen microbial community.As a plant-derived compound with strong inhibitory effects on methanogenesis,SAC presents a promising and sustainable alternative to synthetic CH_(4) inhibitors,offering potential applications for mitigating CH_(4)emissions in livestock production.展开更多
Background The cellular basis of testicular development and spermatogenesis for the extreme sperm density in chickens(100-fold higher than mammals)remains poorly defined.A comprehensive understanding of the molecular ...Background The cellular basis of testicular development and spermatogenesis for the extreme sperm density in chickens(100-fold higher than mammals)remains poorly defined.A comprehensive understanding of the molecular characteristics driving poultry testicular development is crucial for explaining this enhanced spermatogenic capacity.Results Here,we first established a single-cell transcriptome profile of chicken testes from hatching to maturity,identifying the dynamic transcriptional characteristics of germ cell fate transition and exploring the developmental characteristics of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells.Multi-species comparisons revealed a higher proportion of germ cells and the unique adaptations of Sertoli cells in chicken testes.Most importantly,our results demonstrated that Sertoli cells dominated in somatic composition of mature chicken testes,and proliferating Sertoli cells persisted in chicken testes even after sexual maturity,while no proliferating Sertoli cells in mammals.We also found a richer interaction network between chicken testicular cells,especially the specific activation of Sertoli cell interaction signals,such as TGF-β,BMP,EGF,and activin.These adaptations of Sertoli cells may support the spermatogenic superiority in chickens.Additionally,our results indicated that cAMP responsive element binding protein 5(CREB5)played a crucial role in maintaining the maturation and function of chicken Sertoli cells,and circadian rhythm promoted testosterone secretion and the development of Leydig cells.Conclusion Our study revealed that the sustained proliferative capacity of Sertoli cells,their enriched signaling network,and the regulatory roles of CREB5 and circadian rhythms collectively represented unique testicular adaptations in chickens.These findings may hold extraordinary significance in understanding the molecular characteristics of poultry testicular development,and provide a plausible framework for explaining enhanced spermatogenesis in poultry.展开更多
Background Weaning-induced diarrhoea and growth retardation in piglets are associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and decreased levels of colonic short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs).Although SCFA supplementat...Background Weaning-induced diarrhoea and growth retardation in piglets are associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and decreased levels of colonic short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs).Although SCFA supplementation has been proposed to mitigate these issues,the efficacy and optimal dosage of sodium isobutyrate remain unclear.Results We investigated the effects of sodium isobutyrate supplementation(500,1,000,2,000,and 4,000 mg/kg diet)on weaned piglets(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire,28 d of age;n=8).After a 28-d feeding trial,supplementation at 500–2,000 mg/kg significantly improved average daily gain and feed efficiency and reduced diarrhoea frequency,with maximal benefits observed at 1,000 mg/kg(P<0.0001).Additionally,500–1,000 mg/kg sodium isobutyrate supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein,organic matter,and crude fibre(P<0.05).Serum biochemical parameters were unaffected,although secretory immunoglobulin A(SIgA)levels significantly increased upon supplementation with 500–1,000 mg/kg(P<0.05).16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that sodium isobutyrate increased the abundance of beneficial colonic microbiota.The 1,000 mg/kg group presented the most pronounced effect,with a significant increase of the relative abundance of Prevotella and the greatest improvement in SCFA concentrations(P<0.05).Metabolomics revealed elevated levels of colonic indole-3-lactic acid and 3-hydroxybutyrate upon supplementation with 1,000 mg/kg(P<0.05).Transcriptomic analyses indicated activation of protein digestion and absorption pathways,and PI3K-Akt signalling,marked by TSG-6 upregulation and the suppression of ISG15 and DDIT4 expression(P<0.05).Supplementation with 1,000 mg/kg was associated with improved intestinal barrier-related markers,including reduced serum D-lactate,diamine oxidase,and lipopolysaccharide levels,increased tight junction protein expression;activation of G protein-coupled receptors;and inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signalling(P<0.05),suggesting enhanced barrier function.Conclusions In conclusion,dietary supplementation with 1,000 mg/kg sodium isobutyrate was associated with improved intestinal morphology,reduced serum permeability,increased expression of tight junction proteins,and enhanced immune function in weaned piglets,suggesting enhanced colonic barrier function and providing dosage guidance and mechanistic insights for future applications.展开更多
基金Youth Foundation of Higher Education Scientific Research of Hebei Province,China(No.2010228)Foundation for Returned Overseas Scholars of Hebei Province,China(No.C2013003015)
文摘Based upon motion capture,a semi-automatic technique for fast facial animation was implemented. While capturing the facial expressions from a performer,a camera was used to record her /his front face as a texture map. The radial basis function( RBF) technique was utilized to deform a generic facial model and the texture was remapped to generate a personalized face.Partitioning the personalized face into three regions and using the captured facial expression data,the RBF and Laplacian operator,and mean-value coordinates were implemented to deform each region respectively. With shape blending,the three regions were combined together to construct the final face model. Our results show that the technique is efficient in generating realistic facial animation.
文摘Why it needs to take the initiative in the shape in the painting？ Refine images of the shape of the objective initiatively, not only can enhance the artistic appeal and creators emotions, can also highlight the aesthetic orientation creators to make their paintings to impress the audience and resonate, so works of art have a higher aesthetic value. Similarly, in the entire animation movie, animation character modeling also has an important position, and a good cartoon must have a good role model to fully convey the story and character. This article attempts to analyze the shape of the image of the Disney animated start, make deep analysis on necessity of initiative modeling in the art of painting and development of initiative modeling, to enhance the performance of artists and diverse personality development, which is a requirement of modem art, but also the law of development of the arts.
文摘Behavior recognition of Hu sheep contributes to their intensive and intelligent farming.Due to the generally high density of Hu sheep farming,severe occlusion occurs among different behaviors and even among sheep performing the same behavior,leading to missing and false detection issues in existing behavior recognition methods.A high-low frequency aggregated attention and negative sample comprehensive score loss and comprehensive score soft non-maximum suppression-YOLO(HLNC-YOLO)was proposed for identifying the behavior of Hu sheep,addressing the issues of missed and erroneous detections caused by occlusion between Hu sheep in intensive farming.Firstly,images of four typical behaviors-standing,lying,eating,and drinking-were collected from the sheep farm to construct the Hu sheep behavior dataset(HSBD).Next,to solve the occlusion issues,during the training phase,the C2F-HLAtt module was integrated,which combined high-low frequency aggregation attention,into the YOLO v8 Backbone to perceive occluded objects and introduce an auxiliary reversible branch to retain more effective features.Using comprehensive score regression loss(CSLoss)to reduce the scores of suboptimal boxes and enhance the comprehensive scores of occluded object boxes.Finally,the soft comprehensive score non-maximal suppression(Soft-CS-NMS)algorithm filtered prediction boxes during the inferencing.Testing on the HSBD,HLNC-YOLO achieved a mean average precision(mAP@50)of 87.8%,with a memory footprint of 17.4 MB.This represented an improvement of 7.1,2.2,4.6,and 11 percentage points over YOLO v8,YOLO v9,YOLO v10,and Faster R-CNN,respectively.Research indicated that the HLNC-YOLO accurately identified the behavior of Hu sheep in intensive farming and possessed generalization capabilities,providing technical support for smart farming.
文摘Anchovies are key forage species in coastal and pelagic food webs,playing crucial ecological and commercial roles in marine ecosystems.Encrasicholina punctifer is a commercially and ecologically important species,yet little is known about its osteological development characteristics.Understanding these ontogenetic patterns is essential for explaining phylogenetic relationships within Clupeiformes,informing larval identification in ichthyoplankton surveys,and enhancing aquaculture practices.This study describes the ontogenetic characteristics of the appendicular and median skeletons and fin supports in E.punctifer larvae and juveniles,providing quantitative ontogenetic timelines to address gaps in engraulid developmental biology and contribute to teleost ontogeny research.Larval and juvenile specimens of E.punctifer;size range:3.00-34.56 mm standard length(SL)and notochord length(NL)collected from the Philippine Sea were processed using the standard Alizarin red and Alcian blue clearing-and-staining technique to differentiate ossified and cartilaginous elements.Specimens were examined under a stereo microscope and imaged with an HTC1600ISP digital camera for detailed morphological analysis of skeletal structures.Caudal complex development was evident by 5.55 mm NL,with the initial appearance of cartilaginous hypurals 1–2 and parhypural,followed by Hy3–5 at 6.08 mm NL.Cartilaginous Hy6 was visible by 9.58 mm SL in postflexion larvae.Six hypural bones were present from the postflexion to juvenile stage.Principal fin rays formed via intramembranous ossification at 6.32 mm NL,and segmentation was evident by 10.24 mm SL.Neural arch 1 appeared at 7.38 mm NL,preceding full haemal arch development.Uroneurals 1–2 and ural centra ossified by 9.58 mm SL,with Hy5 detached from U1 at 10.24 mm SL.Preural centra ossified before the arches.Epurals 1 and 2 were evident by 10.24 mm SL.Dorsal fin proximal radials developed anteriorly and distal radials posteriorly.Pectoral fin development initiated with an ossified cleithrum and the coracoscapular cartilage at 5.25 mm NL.By 10.24 mm SL,cartilaginous neural and haemal arches and spines were distinct.Uroneural 1 initially develops as cartilage.The formation of a pleurostyle aligns with clupeoid fish skeletal ontogeny.Dorsal and anal fin development follows a distinctive pattern,with variability in fin support development.Our results reveal accelerated caudal complex formation in E.punctifer and contribute new knowledge on the osteological characteristics of the genus Encrasicholina,and aid in understanding larval and juvenile ontogeny of marine teleosts.
基金funded by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2021ZDZX0009)the earmarked fund from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972577)。
文摘Background Inflammatory bowel disease causes intestinal structural damage,impairs gut function,hinders animal growth and development,and reduces farming efficiency.Previous studies demonstrated that lactate alleviates dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced inflammation and mitigates weight loss by enhancing intestinal barrier functions.However,the mechanisms underlying lactate-mediated protection of the intestinal epithelial barrier remain unclear.This study aimed to explore the protective effect of lactate on intestinal barrier damage in colitis piglets and the possible underlying mechanisms through in vivo and in vitro experiments.Methods A total of 6021-day-old weaned female piglets were randomly assigned into three groups based on weight:the control group(basal diet with physiological saline gavage),the DSS group(basal diet with 5%DSS gavage),and the DSS+LA group(2%lactate diet with 5%DSS gavage).There were 10 replicates per treatment,with 2 piglets per replicate.Jejunal morphology was assessed via hematoxylin and eosin staining,while Western blotting quantified the protein levels of proliferation markers,including cluster of differentiation 24(CD24),cyclin D1,and wingless/integrated(Wnt)/β-catenin signaling components.In vitro,0.08%DSS and 2–32 mmol/L sodium lactate-treated intestinal porcine epithelial cell line-J2(IPEC-J2)cells(n=4)were assessed for viability(Cell Counting Kit-8 assay),apoptosis(flow cytometry),and proliferation parameters,including cell cycle analysis and Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5(Lgr5+)stem cell quantification.Results In vivo,DSS administration induced jejunal villus shortening(P<0.05),downregulated protein levels of CD24,cyclin D1,casein kinase 1(CK1),and dishevelled-2(DVL2)(P<0.05).In vitro,DSS promoted apoptosis,inhibited proliferation,diminished the Lgr5+cell populations(P<0.05),and reduced S-phase cell proportions(P<0.05).Conversely,lactate supplementation ameliorated DSS-induced villus atrophy(P<0.05),restored CD24,cyclin D1,CK1,and DVL2 protein levels(P<0.05).Furthermore,in vitro,sodium lactate attenuated DSS-induced apoptosis(P<0.05),enhanced IPEC-J2 proliferation(P<0.05),expanded Lgr5+cells(P<0.05),and increased S-phase progression(P<0.05).Conclusions In summary,lactate ameliorated intestinal barrier damage in DSS-induced colitis by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and restoring the balance between epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis.This study provides novel mechanistic evidence supporting lactate's therapeutic potential for IBD management.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFD1301001)。
文摘Background Fatty liver syndrome is a prevalent metabolic disorder in transition dairy cows,characterized by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation that impairs liver function and leads to systemic metabolic disturbances.Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA),a prominent n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA),not only exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties,but also holds potential in ameliorating lipid metabolism.This study integrated in vitro bovine primary hepatocyte models and in vivo dairy cow trials to investigate the regulatory effects of DHA on hepatic lipid deposition.Results In vitro,40μmol/L DHA significantly reduced triglyceride(TAG)accumulation in steatotic hepatocytes by downregulating genes involved in fatty acid transport(FABP-1,CD36)and lipogenesis(DGAT2,FAS,SREBP-1C),while upregulating markers of lipolysis(CGI-58,ATGL)and fatty acid oxidation(ACADL,CPT1A,CPT2).Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)confirmed DHA-mediated restoration of mitochondrial ultrastructure and enhanced lipid droplet(LD)-mitochondria interactions.In vivo,dietary rumen-protected DHA(180 g/d)supplementation reduced hepatic lipid deposition,improved liver function(evidenced by decreased total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase),reduced oxidative stress and inflammation(suppressed malondialdehyde,glutathione peroxidase,and lipopolysaccharide),coincided with relieving insulin resistance(reduced insulin and glucose,as well increased adiponectin)in dairy cows with fatty liver.These improvements may be attributed to increased expression of TOMM20 and MtCo-1,promoting mitochondrial biogenesis andβ-oxidation,along with an elevated plasma n-3/n-6 ratio.Conclusions Collectively,these findings suggest that DHA supplementation represents a promising nutritional strategy for preventing spontaneous fatty liver in transition dairy cows by enhancing hepatic lipid clearance and restoring metabolic homeostasis.
文摘On the occasion of the New Year,I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and New Year greetings to the experts,scholars,author teams,and readers who have long supported the development of Animal Models and Experimental Medicine(AMEM).Over the past year,we have faced challenges together and achieved breakthroughs in academic influence,internationalization,and fulfilling social respon-sibilities.Looking ahead,we are filled with confidence as we strive to build an important bridge connecting laboratory animal science and technology with academic research.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31730091,32372900,32072743)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2023NSFSC0237)Major Science and Technology Projects in Sichuan Province(2021ZDZX0009)。
文摘Background Diarrhea remains a major health concern in both young animals and humans.Prevotella spp.,a dominant commensal genus in the healthy porcine gut,becomes increasingly abundant following weaning,suggesting a potential role during this critical transitional period.However,its involvement in post-weaning diarrhea remains poorly understood.Here,we aim to elucidate the role and underlying mechanisms of Prevotella in alleviating diarrhea in weaned piglets.Results To model unsanitary housing conditions,piglets were housed in uncleaned pens containing residual fecal matter from previous occupants and exposed to cold stress by maintaining the ambient temperature at 19℃,below the optimal 28℃.Under these conditions,piglets were orally administered either a blank medium(CON,n=10×2)or Prevotella copri at 1×10^(8)CFU(Pc,n=10×2)on d 1,3,and 5.After 28 d,cold stress induced a diarrhea incidence of 33.45%in the CON group,while P.copri supplementation significantly reduced the diarrhea rate to 19.73%.Treatment with P.copri markedly improved intestinal morphology in the small intestine,decreased serum levels of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein(i-FABP),and enhanced total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)and catalase(CAT)activity.Quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that P.copri significantly increased the colonic abundance of Prevotella,reshaping both the composition and functional profile of the gut microbiota.Moreover,P.copri enhanced the modularity and robustness of microbial ecological networks.Untargeted metabolomic profiling of colonic contents revealed a significant enrichment of metabolites involved in the arachidonic acid pathway following P.copri supplementation.In parallel,untargeted metabolomics of P.copri culture supernatants identified differential metabolic pathways including metabolic pathways,biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,and biosynthesis of antibiotics.In vitro assays demonstrated that P.copri-derived metabolites inhibited the growth of three common porcine intestinal pathogens.Furthermore,both P.copri metabolites and arachidonic acid enhanced intestinal barrier integrity and suppressed TNF-α-induced inflammation and apoptosis in Caco-2 cells through activation of the AHR–Nrf2 signaling pathway.Conclusions These findings highlight the role of P.copri in maintaining gut homeostasis and provide new insights into microbiota-based interventions for early-life intestinal disorders.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF1000602)the National Natural Science Foundations(32202642)the earmarked fund for CARS-35-PIG.
文摘Bamei pigs,an indigenous Chinese breed,yield meat with a delectable flavor and boast higher carcass fat content compared to commercial breeds,making them a rich food source for humans.However,the differences in lipid and nutrient components between the adipose tissue of Bamei pigs and commercial pigs are still unclear.The study employed UPLC-MS/MS to quantify the composition of lipids and metabolites in the backfat of both Bamei and Large White pigs.A total of 428 lipids and 193 metabolites were significantly different between the 2 groups.Specifically,Bamei pig backfat exhibited altered levels of various lipids and metabolites that may potentially contribute to nutritional and flavor differences,including unsaturated triglycerides,free fatty acids,medium-chain triglycerides,essential amino acids,vitamins and antioxidants,while maintaining reduced cholesterol levels.Furthermore,we delved into the molecular mechanisms underlying these nutritional differences by analyzing significantly different 431 m RNAs and 865 proteins and integrating the regulatory network of protein-metabolite-lipid pathway.Importantly,in the pyruvate metabolic pathway of Bamei pigs,the bioprocess of lactate production was inhibited but the acetyl-Co A production was activated,suggesting the possibility that energy allocation favors the biogenesis of lipid precursors.These findings may contribute to guiding industrial food producers in enhancing the quality of lard at the genetic and molecular levels.
基金supported and funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1300801)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program in Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(ASTIP-IAS-08)。
文摘Background The decline in reproductive performance of aged hens is mainly attributed to oxidative damage in reproductive organs,hepatic lipid metabolism disorders,and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis.Glycyrrhizin(GL)has been proven to enhance antioxidant capacity,regulate lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in mammals,but its efficacy in hens remains unclear.Hence,this study aimed to investigate whether dietary GL supplementation improves reproductive performance in hens during the late laying stage by modulating intestinal microbiota composition,hepatic lipid metabolism and ovarian antioxidant status.Results Dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg GL significantly improved the egg production rate,egg quality,and hatching rate in aged breeder hens(P<0.05).GL supplementation also increased the serum levels of HDLC,TP and ALB,and enhanced the antioxidant capacity in both serum and ovary(P<0.05).In addition,dietary GL elevated the serum progesterone(P4)levels by enhancing the transcription level of steroid synthesis key enzymes(CYP11A1 and 3β-HSD)in the ovary(P<0.05).Dietary GL also promoted the synthesis and transport of vitellogenin(VTG)by upregulating the VTG-Ⅱ(P<0.05)and APOV1(P=0.077)expression levels in the liver,thereby increasing the number of grade follicles and small yellow follicles.Moreover,dietary GL enhanced hepatic fatty acidβ-oxidation by upregulating PPARαand CPT-I(P<0.05),and downregulating ACC expression levels(P<0.05).In agreement,liver metabolomics analysis revealed that dietary GL supplementation significantly altered hepatic metabolism,with 389 differentially identified metabolites(P<0.05).The key metabolites(e.g.,taurocholic acid,tauroursodeoxycholic acid,nicotinuric acid,glycodeoxycholic acid(hydrate))were identified,and they were mainly functionally enriched in betaalanine metabolism nicotinate,taurine and hypotaurine metabolism(P<0.05).Finally,16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that dietary GL reversed age-induced changes in gut microbiota composition,characterized by a significant increase in Lactobacillus abundance and a decrease in Bacteroides(P<0.05).Conclusions These results collectively demonstrate that dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg GL improved reproductive performance by reversing age-induced changes in gut microbiota,enhancing hepatic vitellogenin synthesis,and ameliorating ovarian function in aged breeder hens.This study suggests that dietary GL is a potential strategy to improve reproductive performance in broiler breeder hens during the late laying period.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARAthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872337 and 31501919)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project,China (ASTIP-IAS02)。
文摘The advantages of genome selection(GS) in animal and plant breeding are self-evident.Traditional parametric models have disadvantage in better fit the increasingly large sequencing data and capture complex effects accurately.Machine learning models have demonstrated remarkable potential in addressing these challenges.In this study,we introduced the concept of mixed kernel functions to explore the performance of support vector machine regression(SVR) in GS.Six single kernel functions(SVR_L,SVR_C,SVR_G,SVR_P,SVR_S,SVR_L) and four mixed kernel functions(SVR_GS,SVR_GP,SVR_LS,SVR_LP) were used to predict genome breeding values.The prediction accuracy,mean squared error(MSE) and mean absolute error(MAE) were used as evaluation indicators to compare with two traditional parametric models(GBLUP,BayesB) and two popular machine learning models(RF,KcRR).The results indicate that in most cases,the performance of the mixed kernel function model significantly outperforms that of GBLUP,BayesB and single kernel function.For instance,for T1 in the pig dataset,the predictive accuracy of SVR_GS is improved by 10% compared to GBLUP,and by approximately 4.4 and 18.6% compared to SVR_G and SVR_S respectively.For E1 in the wheat dataset,SVR_GS achieves 13.3% higher prediction accuracy than GBLUP.Among single kernel functions,the Laplacian and Gaussian kernel functions yield similar results,with the Gaussian kernel function performing better.The mixed kernel function notably reduces the MSE and MAE when compared to all single kernel functions.Furthermore,regarding runtime,SVR_GS and SVR_GP mixed kernel functions run approximately three times faster than GBLUP in the pig dataset,with only a slight increase in runtime compared to the single kernel function model.In summary,the mixed kernel function model of SVR demonstrates speed and accuracy competitiveness,and the model such as SVR_GS has important application potential for GS.
基金supported by the Biological Breeding-Major Projects in National Science and Technology(No.2023ZD0404405)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-pig-35)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.3227284,32302708)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University,the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(No.2023TC196)the Seed Industry Revitalization Action Project of Guangdong Province(No.2024-XPY-06-001)。
文摘Background Multibreed genomic prediction(MBGP)is crucial for improving prediction accuracy for breeds with small populations,for which limited data are often available.Recent studies have demonstrated that partitioning the genome into nonoverlapping blocks to model heterogeneous genetic(co)variance in multitrait models can achieve higher joint prediction accuracy.However,the block partitioning method,a key factor influencing model performance,has not been extensively explored.Results We introduce mbBayesABLD,a novel Bayesian MBGP model that partitions each chromosome into nonoverlapping blocks on the basis of linkage disequilibrium(LD)patterns.In this model,marker effects within each block are assumed to follow normal distributions with block-specific parameters.We employ simulated data as well as empirical datasets from pigs and beans to assess genomic prediction accuracy across different models using cross-validation.The results demonstrate that mbBayesABLD significantly outperforms conventional MBGP models,such as GBLUP and BayesR.For the meat marbling score trait in pigs,compared with GBLUP,which does not account for heterogeneous genetic(co)variance,mbBayesABLD improves the prediction accuracy for the small-population breed Landrace by 15.6%.Furthermore,our findings indicate that a moderate level of similarity in LD patterns between breeds(with an average correlation of 0.6)is sufficient to improve the prediction accuracy of the target breed.Conclusions This study presents a novel LD block-based approach for multibreed genomic prediction.Our work provides a practical tool for livestock breeding programs and offers new insights into leveraging genetic diversity across breeds for improved genomic prediction.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1301303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32202715)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.23DAA00403)Double first-class discipline promotion project under grant(No.2023B10564001)。
文摘Intramuscular fat(IMF)content serves as the key determinants of meat quality.Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota and their metabolites significantly influence IMF deposition levels by modulating host lipid metabolism through multiple pathways,positioning microbial regulation as a pivotal target for meat quality improvement.However,existing studies remain fragmented,predominantly focusing on isolated mechanisms or correlations without a systematic view of the regulatory network.This review consolidates the core mechanisms through which microbiota-derived metabolites including short-chain fatty acids,bile acids,branched-chain amino acids,trimethylamine N-oxide,tryptophan derivatives,succinate,polyamines etc.,regulate IMF deposition and proposes a targeted intervention framework,the“gut microbiota/metabolites-IMF axis”.By integrating these insights,we provide a theoretical foundation and define practical research pathways to assess the potential of microbial-based strategies for improving meat quality in swine production.
基金Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences,Grant/Award Number:2021-I2M-1-034Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Grant/Award Number:2023-PT180-01+1 种基金PUMC Innovation Fund for Graduate Students,Grant/Award Number:2017-1001-07National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:82161138027。
文摘Background:The absence of effective animal models for sporadic Alzheimer's disease(AD)remains a pivotal barrier to therapy development.Because methanol metabolism produces endogenous formaldehyde,a neurotoxic agent linked to cognitive decline,this study investigated whether chronic,low-dose methanol exposure could recapitulate AD-like pathology and cognitive deficits in rhesus monkey,thereby establishing a nonhuman primate animal model driven by this environmental-metabolic insult.Methods:Adult rhesus monkeys received low-concentration methanol for 9 months.Behavioral tests for cognition,locomotion,sleep,and vision were conducted.Postmortem analyses involved histopathological examination,immunohistochemistry,immunofluorescence,and Western blot to evaluate neuronal integrity,microglial activation,and the expression of key proteins associated with AD(amyloid-β[Aβ],phosphorylated tau,TAR DNA-binding protein 43[TDP-43])and cellular stress(synaptic markers,mitochondrial fission,autophagy,and apoptosis-related proteins).Results:Chronic methanol exposure led to progressive cognitive and memory impairment without significant motor or visual deficits.Neuropathology revealed brain atrophy,neuronal loss,synaptic damage,microglial activation,and mitochondrial structural disorganization.Critically,the exposed animals exhibited hallmark AD-like molecular alterations,including increased Aβ deposition,tau hyperphosphorylation,and TDP-43 dysregulation.Furthermore,neurotoxicity was associated with elevated urinary formaldehyde,enhanced mitochondrial fission,increased autophagy,and elevated apoptosis.Conclusion:Chronic low-dose methanol exposure in rhesus monkeys recapitulates progressive cognitive deficits and AD-like neuropathological features.This model,driven by endogenous formaldehyde toxicity,effectively mimics key aspects of sporadic AD.Our findings shed light on the neurotoxic mechanisms of methanol and propose a reproducible and translationally relevant nonhuman primate model for studying AD pathogenesis and evaluating potential therapeutics.
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772637)。
文摘Zearalenone(ZEN)is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin that extensively contaminates feed and feed ingredients,posing a significant threat to animal health and food safety.Enzymatic degradation of ZEN is regarded as a promising strategy due to its high efficiency and safety.This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in ZEN-degrading enzymes from a novel perspective,encompassing the types and catalytic mechanisms for characterizing ZEN-degrading enzymes,the methods for mining ZEN-degrading enzymes,the strategies for improving ZEN-degrading enzymes,and the applications of ZEN-degrading enzymes.The objective of this review is to offer a reliable reference framework for the enzymatic detoxification of ZEN in feed and feed ingredients,as well as to provide insights for mining other mycotoxin degrading enzyme in the future.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1000102)Xi’an Agricultural Technology Research General Project(24NYGG0025)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31702098)。
文摘Background Goat milk is increasingly recognized for high digestibility and a distinctive compositional profile.Protein acetylation,an important post-translational modification,regulates biosynthetic and metabolic pathways.This study aimed to identify critical acetylated proteins and specific modification sites involved in milk production and component synthesis in dairy goats,thereby elucidating the molecular mechanisms of lactation.We performed a comparative TMT-based acetylomic and proteomic analysis of mammary tissues from Saanen dairy goats during peak lactation and the dry period using LC–MS/MS.A candidate acetylation site was further investigated in goat mammary epithelial cells(GMECs)through site-directed mutagenesis and lipid metabolic assays,establishing functional links between acetylation and mammary lipid metabolism and providing a foundation for molecular strategies to improve milk quality and yield.Results We established a comprehensive mammary acetylome,identifying 862 significantly acetylated proteins and 2,028 modification sites across the two physiological phases.Differentially acetylated proteins were predominantly localized to the cytoplasm(39.98%).From these,54 key acetylated proteins,including MTOR,BCAT2,QARS1,GOT1,GOT2,BDH1,ACSS1,STAT5B,FABP5,and GPAM were prioritized as candidates involved in milk protein synthesis,milk fat synthesis,lactose synthesis,and other lactation-related processes.Among them,β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1(BDH1)acetylation was characterized in detail.Members of the HDAC family were identified as primary regulators mediating BDH1 deacetylation.BDH1 acetylation promoted lipid droplet formation and triglyceride synthesis in GMECs.At the transcriptional level,BDH1 acetylation upregulated LXRα,ACSL1 and SCD1,whereas deacetylation downregulated SCD1,FASN,and ACSL1.Notably,BDH1 acetylation/deacetylation significantly reduced SREBP1 expression,linking this modification to coordinated control of lipogenic gene networks.Conclusions This study established,for the first time,the comprehensive acetylome of mammary gland tissues in dairy goats,revealing a substantial number of differentially acetylated proteins and modification sites.We demonstrate that acetylation of BDH1 regulated by HDACs promotes lipid droplet biogenesis and triglyceride synthesis in GMECs through transcriptional modulation of key lipogenic genes and suppression of SREBP1.These findings provide mechanistic insights into the post-translational regulation of mammary lipid metabolism and offer molecular targets for future genetic and nutritional strategies aimed at enhancing milk quality and yield in dairy goats.
基金funded by the Integrated Demonstration of Scalable and Efficient Healthy Breeding for Cattle and Sheep(Grant No.2022YFD1301100)Instant Intelligent Diagnosis and Risk Warning Methods for Nutritional and Metabolic-Type Periparturient Cow Paralysis(Grant No.2024-YWF-ZYSQ-10)。
文摘Background Methane(CH_(4))emissions from ruminants significantly contribute to greenhouse gas effects and energy loss in livestock production.Methyl-coenzyme M reductase(MCR)is the key enzyme in methanogenesis,making it a promising target for CH_(4) mitigation.This study aimed to identify and validate plant-derived inhibitors by using molecular docking to screen compounds with strong binding affinity to the F430 active site of MCR and assessing their efficacy in reducing CH_(4) emissions.Results Molecular docking analysis identified salvianolic acid C(SAC)as a potent inhibitor of MCR,showing a strong binding affinity to the F430 active site(binding energy:-8.2 kcal/mol).Enzymatic inhibition assays confirmed its inhibitory effect,with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)of 692.3μmol/L.In vitro rumen fermentation experiments demonstrated that SAC supplementation(1.5 mg/g DM)significantly reduced CH_(4)production(P<0.01)without negatively affecting major fermentation parameters.Microbial community analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomics revealed that SAC selectively altered the rumen microbiota,increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidota while significantly reducing Methanobrevibacter(P=0.04).Moreover,metagenomic analysis showed the downregulation of key methanogenesis-related genes(mcrA and rnfC),suggesting a dual mechanism involving direct enzymatic inhibition and microbial community modulation.Conclusions These findings indicate that SAC effectively reduces CH_(4)production by inhibiting MCR activity and reshaping the rumen microbial community.As a plant-derived compound with strong inhibitory effects on methanogenesis,SAC presents a promising and sustainable alternative to synthetic CH_(4) inhibitors,offering potential applications for mitigating CH_(4)emissions in livestock production.
基金supported by“National Key Research and Development Program of China”(Grant No.2021YFF1000701)“National Natural Science Foundation of China”(Grant No.U22A20509)。
文摘Background The cellular basis of testicular development and spermatogenesis for the extreme sperm density in chickens(100-fold higher than mammals)remains poorly defined.A comprehensive understanding of the molecular characteristics driving poultry testicular development is crucial for explaining this enhanced spermatogenic capacity.Results Here,we first established a single-cell transcriptome profile of chicken testes from hatching to maturity,identifying the dynamic transcriptional characteristics of germ cell fate transition and exploring the developmental characteristics of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells.Multi-species comparisons revealed a higher proportion of germ cells and the unique adaptations of Sertoli cells in chicken testes.Most importantly,our results demonstrated that Sertoli cells dominated in somatic composition of mature chicken testes,and proliferating Sertoli cells persisted in chicken testes even after sexual maturity,while no proliferating Sertoli cells in mammals.We also found a richer interaction network between chicken testicular cells,especially the specific activation of Sertoli cell interaction signals,such as TGF-β,BMP,EGF,and activin.These adaptations of Sertoli cells may support the spermatogenic superiority in chickens.Additionally,our results indicated that cAMP responsive element binding protein 5(CREB5)played a crucial role in maintaining the maturation and function of chicken Sertoli cells,and circadian rhythm promoted testosterone secretion and the development of Leydig cells.Conclusion Our study revealed that the sustained proliferative capacity of Sertoli cells,their enriched signaling network,and the regulatory roles of CREB5 and circadian rhythms collectively represented unique testicular adaptations in chickens.These findings may hold extraordinary significance in understanding the molecular characteristics of poultry testicular development,and provide a plausible framework for explaining enhanced spermatogenesis in poultry.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302759,32372924)the CAST Youth Talent Support Project-Special Program for Doctoral Students(156-O-230-0000375-5)。
文摘Background Weaning-induced diarrhoea and growth retardation in piglets are associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and decreased levels of colonic short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs).Although SCFA supplementation has been proposed to mitigate these issues,the efficacy and optimal dosage of sodium isobutyrate remain unclear.Results We investigated the effects of sodium isobutyrate supplementation(500,1,000,2,000,and 4,000 mg/kg diet)on weaned piglets(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire,28 d of age;n=8).After a 28-d feeding trial,supplementation at 500–2,000 mg/kg significantly improved average daily gain and feed efficiency and reduced diarrhoea frequency,with maximal benefits observed at 1,000 mg/kg(P<0.0001).Additionally,500–1,000 mg/kg sodium isobutyrate supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein,organic matter,and crude fibre(P<0.05).Serum biochemical parameters were unaffected,although secretory immunoglobulin A(SIgA)levels significantly increased upon supplementation with 500–1,000 mg/kg(P<0.05).16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that sodium isobutyrate increased the abundance of beneficial colonic microbiota.The 1,000 mg/kg group presented the most pronounced effect,with a significant increase of the relative abundance of Prevotella and the greatest improvement in SCFA concentrations(P<0.05).Metabolomics revealed elevated levels of colonic indole-3-lactic acid and 3-hydroxybutyrate upon supplementation with 1,000 mg/kg(P<0.05).Transcriptomic analyses indicated activation of protein digestion and absorption pathways,and PI3K-Akt signalling,marked by TSG-6 upregulation and the suppression of ISG15 and DDIT4 expression(P<0.05).Supplementation with 1,000 mg/kg was associated with improved intestinal barrier-related markers,including reduced serum D-lactate,diamine oxidase,and lipopolysaccharide levels,increased tight junction protein expression;activation of G protein-coupled receptors;and inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signalling(P<0.05),suggesting enhanced barrier function.Conclusions In conclusion,dietary supplementation with 1,000 mg/kg sodium isobutyrate was associated with improved intestinal morphology,reduced serum permeability,increased expression of tight junction proteins,and enhanced immune function in weaned piglets,suggesting enhanced colonic barrier function and providing dosage guidance and mechanistic insights for future applications.
