Objective:To determine the global level of knowledge,attitudes,and practices towards dengue fever among the general population.Methods:To complete this systematic review and meta-analysis,a thorough search for pertine...Objective:To determine the global level of knowledge,attitudes,and practices towards dengue fever among the general population.Methods:To complete this systematic review and meta-analysis,a thorough search for pertinent English-language literature was undertaken during the study's extension until October 2023.The search used Google Scholar,Scopus,PubMed/MEDLINE,Science Direct,Web of Science,EMBASE,Springer,and ProQuest.A quality assessment checklist developed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for the cross-sectional study was used to evaluate the risk of bias in the included papers.Inverse variance and Cochran Q statistics were employed in the STATA software version 14 to assess study heterogeneity.When there was heterogeneity,the Dersimonian and Liard random-effects models were used.Results:59 Studies totaling 87353 participants were included in this meta-analysis.These investigations included 86278 participants in 55 studies on knowledge,20196 in 33 studies on attitudes,and 74881 in 29 studies on practices.The pooled estimates for sufficient knowledge,positive attitudes,and dengue fever preventive behaviors among the general population were determined as 40.1%(95%CI 33.8%-46.5%),46.8%(95%CI 35.8%-58.9%),and 38.3%(95%CI 28.4%-48.2%),respectively.Europe exhibits the highest knowledge level at 63.5%,and Africa shows the lowest at 20.3%.Positive attitudes are most prevalent in the Eastern Mediterranean(54.1%)and Southeast Asia(53.6%),contrasting sharply with the Americas,where attitudes are notably lower at 9.05%.Regarding preventive behaviors,the Americas demonstrate a prevalence of 12.1%,Southeast Asia at 28.1%,Western Pacific at 49.6%,Eastern Mediterranean at 44.8%,and Africa at 47.4%.Conclusions:Regional disparities about the knowledge,attitude and preventive bahaviors are evident with Europe exhibiting the highest knowledge level while Africa has the lowest.These findings emphasize the importance of targeted public health interventions tailored to regional contexts,highlighting the need for region-specific strategies to enhance dengue-related knowledge and encourage positive attitudes and preventive behaviors.展开更多
On January 9,2020,the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),formerly known as 2019-nCoV,was declared the causative agent in 15 of the 59 hospitalized patients in Wuhan,Hubei Province,causing grea...On January 9,2020,the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),formerly known as 2019-nCoV,was declared the causative agent in 15 of the 59 hospitalized patients in Wuhan,Hubei Province,causing great concern:this new coronavirus has 70%genetic association with SARS and is a subspecies of Sarbecovirus.The virus is temporarily named the 2019-nCoV virus[1]and the Coronavirus Study Group has nominated the virus as SARS-CoV-2[2].展开更多
Objective:To determine the temporal patterns of cumulative incidence of brucellosis using autoregressive integrated moving average models.Methods:This cross-sectional study employed yearly and monthly data of 1117 lab...Objective:To determine the temporal patterns of cumulative incidence of brucellosis using autoregressive integrated moving average models.Methods:This cross-sectional study employed yearly and monthly data of 1117 laboratory-confirmed human brucellosis cases from January 2013 to December 2018 using the Yazd brucellosis national surveillance system.The monthly incidences constructed a timeseries model.The trend of cumulative incidence was perceived by tracing a line plot,which displayed a seasonal trend with periodicity.Thus,the ARIMA models were selected.Thereafter,Akaike information criteria(AIC)and Bayesian information criterion(BIC)values among different models indicated a preferable model from models which were expanded by diverse lags[(3,0,3),(2,0,3),(3,0,2),(4,0,3)and(3,0,4)].Then,the achieved ARIMA model was applied to the forecasting cumulative incidence of monthly brucellosis incidences.All analyses were performed using Stata,version 11.2.Results:For the ARIMA(3,0,4)model,MAPE value was 56.20%with standard error 0.009–0.016,and white noise diagnostic check(Q=19.79,P=0.975)for the residuals of the selected model showed that the data were completely modelled.The monthly incidences that were fitted by the ARIMA(3,0,4)model,with AIC(25.7)and BIC(43.35)with a similar pattern of actual cases from 2013 to 2018 and forecasting incidences from January 2019 to December 2019 were,respectively,0.50,0.44,0.45,0.49,0.55,0.58,0.56,0.51,0.46,0.44,0.45 and 0.49 per 100000 people.Conclusions:In summary,the study showed that the ARIMA(3,0,4)model can be applied to forecast human brucellosis patterns in Yazd province,supplementing present surveillance systems,and may be better for health policy-makers and planners.展开更多
Currently,the COVID-19 epidemic has spread to more than 210 countries,with 3272202 confirmed cases and 230104 deaths globally as of 3rd May 2020.Iran is found as the hotspot region of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterra...Currently,the COVID-19 epidemic has spread to more than 210 countries,with 3272202 confirmed cases and 230104 deaths globally as of 3rd May 2020.Iran is found as the hotspot region of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean with more than 93 thousands confirmed cases and 5957 deaths until 30th April[1].展开更多
AIMTo evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Salep on Paraquat-mediated liver injury. METHODSIn this experimental study, 56 adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly to 7 groups as control, sham, and 5 experime...AIMTo evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Salep on Paraquat-mediated liver injury. METHODSIn this experimental study, 56 adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly to 7 groups as control, sham, and 5 experimental groups. In control group, rats did not receive any substance during experiment. In Sham group, rats were given distilled water according to their body weight and in experimental groups, Paraquat alone and with different doses of Salep aqueous extract (40, 80, 160 and 320 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneal daily for 14 d. After that, liver biochemical parameter and histologic changes were analyzed and compared in different groups. RESULTSParaquat compared to control and sham groups, significantly (P CONCLUSIONSalep possesses remarkable hepatoprotection activity against Paraquat-induced hepatic injury by having antioxidant activity and reducing lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress.展开更多
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus(MPXV).MPXV is a double-stranded DNA virus from the genus Orthopoxvirus that was firstly detected in captive monkeys in 1958[1],with first reported MPXV infecte...Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus(MPXV).MPXV is a double-stranded DNA virus from the genus Orthopoxvirus that was firstly detected in captive monkeys in 1958[1],with first reported MPXV infected case in humans in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970.This zoonotic infection has since spread and become endemic in African countries,especially in West and Central Africa[2].Human monkeypox cases were detected outside Africa in 2003,however,recent cases have not been reported in non-endemic countries until 2022[3].展开更多
Objective:To determine the suitable ecological habitats of Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and Ae.albopictus in Iran due to climate change by the 2070s.Methods:All data relating to the spatial distribution of Ae.aegypti and Ae.albo...Objective:To determine the suitable ecological habitats of Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and Ae.albopictus in Iran due to climate change by the 2070s.Methods:All data relating to the spatial distribution of Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus worldwide,which indicated the geographical coordinates of the collection sites of these mosquitoes,were extracted from online scientific websites and entered into an Excel file.The effect of climatic and environmental variables on these mosquitoes was evaluated using the MaxEnt model in the current and future climatic conditions in the 2030s,2050s,and 2070s.Results:The most suitable areas for the establishment of Ae.aegypti are located in the southern and northern coastal areas of Iran,based on the model outputs.The modelling result for suitable ecological niches of Ae.albopictus shows that in the current climatic conditions,the southern half of Iran from east to west,and parts of the northern coasts are prone to the presence of this species.In the future,some regions,such as Gilan and Golestan provinces,will have more potential to exist/establish Ae.albopictus.Also,according to the different climate change scenarios,suitable habitats for this species will gradually change to the northwest and west of the country.The temperature of the wettest season of the year(Bio8)and average annual temperature(Bio1)were the most effective factors in predicting the model for Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus,respectively.Conclusions:It is required to focus on entomological studies using different collection methods in the vulnerable areas of Iran.The future modelling results can also be used for long-term planning to prevent the entry and establishment of these invasive Aedes vectors in the country.展开更多
Objective:To identify the anti-Toxoplasma antibodies from blood donors who referred to blood transfusion bases of Jahrom County,using ELISA method.Methods:Based on the prevalence and characteristics method,400 serum s...Objective:To identify the anti-Toxoplasma antibodies from blood donors who referred to blood transfusion bases of Jahrom County,using ELISA method.Methods:Based on the prevalence and characteristics method,400 serum samples were collected from blood donors referred to Jahrom blood transfusion bases,Southern Iran,during 2010–2011,designed at testing by ELISA.Ig M and Ig G antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii were tested using ELISA kits(Dia-Pro)on serums.The data were analysed by SPSS 19 software.Results:Review of 400 cases,54 of them were Ig G positive for parasites(13.5%)and 346of those with negative Ig G(86.5%).In Ig M examination,1.75%of them have been positive Ig M(7 cases)and 98.25%of them were Ig M negative(393 cases).By comparing the different group ages,40–50 year age group had the highest prevalence of Ig G positive(17.9%)and the age group of 30–40 years had the highest incidence of Ig M negative(2.5%).Conclusions:Due to the serological infection rate of toxoplasmosis obtained from this study,toxoplasmosis should be considered as a significant transfusion risk factor in Jahrom and also in any region with similar situations.展开更多
Objective:To review the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among animal population of Iran.Methods:Data were systematically gathered from 1 January 2000 to 1 January 2020 in the Islamic Republic of Iran from the followin...Objective:To review the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among animal population of Iran.Methods:Data were systematically gathered from 1 January 2000 to 1 January 2020 in the Islamic Republic of Iran from the following electronic databases:Pub Med,Springer,Google Scholar,Science Direct,Scopus,Web of Science,Magiran,and Scientific Information Database(SID).According to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses(PRISMA)and inclusion criteria,88 eligible studies were obtained.Results:The pooled prevalence of cryptosporidiosis using random and fixed effects model according to heterogeneity among animals was as follows:rodents 18.8%(95%CI 12.6%-25.0%),camels 17.1%(95%CI 8.6%-25.7%),cattle 16.8%(95%CI 13.4%-20.1%),goats 14.1%(95%CI 5.2%-23.0%),horses 12.2%(95%CI 8.3%-16.2%),birds 10.5%(95%CI 7.6%-13.4%),sheep 9.9%(95%CI 2.4%-4.9%),cats 8.8%(95%CI 4.8%-12.8%)and dogs 3.7%(95%CI 7.0%-12.8%).Conclusions:Cryptosporidiosis has been reported and present in a wide range of animals in Iran over the years and has a high prevalence in most of these species.展开更多
Objective:To explore the spatial accumulation of diseases andtheir aggravating factors are essential in all public health.This study attempts to use geographic information system(GIS)to provide more information about ...Objective:To explore the spatial accumulation of diseases andtheir aggravating factors are essential in all public health.This study attempts to use geographic information system(GIS)to provide more information about the incidence and future of anthrax.Methods:Patients were diagnosed with anthrax in Kurdistan Province from 2009 to 2016.Data was then exported into ArcGIS software version 9 and the required layers for years and areas were added.Final map for each year was drawn up,pointing out the hot spots and predicting its future pattern.Results:Most cases were reported in females(57 cases,54.80%),and the lower body limbs were most affected(63 cases,60.57%).The highest numbers of incidences were related to the cities of Marivan,Saqez and Divandareh,with more concentration in the central parts of the province,rather than borderline areas.The highest percentage of the probable incidence of the disease was in Sanandaj(57.74%)with a potential susceptible area of 1729.12 km2 and then in Saqez(54.36%)with a potential area of 2422.4 km2.Conclusions:A vast area of Kurdistan Province is high risk for new cases of anthrax.Therefore,it is important to scale up the surveillance system in the province.展开更多
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to 72 countries by the time of writing this report on 4th March 2020[1].On 20th February 2020,the first two confirmed deaths from COVID-19were reported in Iran.Till 4th M...Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to 72 countries by the time of writing this report on 4th March 2020[1].On 20th February 2020,the first two confirmed deaths from COVID-19were reported in Iran.Till 4th March 2020,2 922 confirmed and92 death cases have also been reported till 4th March 2020 in Iran(Figure 1)[1].A key question that remains unanswered or controversial among the public,media,and researchers is the exact COVID-19 case fatality rate (CFR) in Iran.Why does the CFR in Iran appear to be higher compared to the rest of the world until now?Or why the fatality rate is high at the beginning of the epidemic in Iran?展开更多
Objective:To investigate Phlebotomus(P.)sergenti Parrot,1917(Diptera:Psychodidae)salivary gland antigens and their immune response in human.Methods:Human volunteers were exposed to sand flies’bites in the laboratory,...Objective:To investigate Phlebotomus(P.)sergenti Parrot,1917(Diptera:Psychodidae)salivary gland antigens and their immune response in human.Methods:Human volunteers were exposed to sand flies’bites in the laboratory,and following each exposure the size of induration was recorded.The mean protein concentration of salivary gland lysate and specific anti-P.sergenti saliva IgG was measured.Sand fly salivary proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and their immunoreactivity was examined by Western blotting assays.Results:Individuals exposed to P.sergenti salivary gland lysate for 8 months showed both antibody and delayed type hypersensitivity responses,although exposure for one month did not provoke any immune responses.The trend of antibody fluctuated during the exposure time and dropped by the end of antigen loading.The mean protein content was(0.36±0.08)μg in each pair salivary glands.Salivary gland lysate showed 11 to 12 major protein bands and 3 to 6 of them were immunoreactive.Conclusions:Our study showed that the salivary gland components of P.sergenti provoked both cellular and humoral immune responses in human.Furthermore,there are some immunogenic proteins in P.sergenti saliva which could be subjected for further investigation as vector-based vaccine candidate/s against anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.展开更多
文摘Objective:To determine the global level of knowledge,attitudes,and practices towards dengue fever among the general population.Methods:To complete this systematic review and meta-analysis,a thorough search for pertinent English-language literature was undertaken during the study's extension until October 2023.The search used Google Scholar,Scopus,PubMed/MEDLINE,Science Direct,Web of Science,EMBASE,Springer,and ProQuest.A quality assessment checklist developed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for the cross-sectional study was used to evaluate the risk of bias in the included papers.Inverse variance and Cochran Q statistics were employed in the STATA software version 14 to assess study heterogeneity.When there was heterogeneity,the Dersimonian and Liard random-effects models were used.Results:59 Studies totaling 87353 participants were included in this meta-analysis.These investigations included 86278 participants in 55 studies on knowledge,20196 in 33 studies on attitudes,and 74881 in 29 studies on practices.The pooled estimates for sufficient knowledge,positive attitudes,and dengue fever preventive behaviors among the general population were determined as 40.1%(95%CI 33.8%-46.5%),46.8%(95%CI 35.8%-58.9%),and 38.3%(95%CI 28.4%-48.2%),respectively.Europe exhibits the highest knowledge level at 63.5%,and Africa shows the lowest at 20.3%.Positive attitudes are most prevalent in the Eastern Mediterranean(54.1%)and Southeast Asia(53.6%),contrasting sharply with the Americas,where attitudes are notably lower at 9.05%.Regarding preventive behaviors,the Americas demonstrate a prevalence of 12.1%,Southeast Asia at 28.1%,Western Pacific at 49.6%,Eastern Mediterranean at 44.8%,and Africa at 47.4%.Conclusions:Regional disparities about the knowledge,attitude and preventive bahaviors are evident with Europe exhibiting the highest knowledge level while Africa has the lowest.These findings emphasize the importance of targeted public health interventions tailored to regional contexts,highlighting the need for region-specific strategies to enhance dengue-related knowledge and encourage positive attitudes and preventive behaviors.
文摘On January 9,2020,the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),formerly known as 2019-nCoV,was declared the causative agent in 15 of the 59 hospitalized patients in Wuhan,Hubei Province,causing great concern:this new coronavirus has 70%genetic association with SARS and is a subspecies of Sarbecovirus.The virus is temporarily named the 2019-nCoV virus[1]and the Coronavirus Study Group has nominated the virus as SARS-CoV-2[2].
文摘Objective:To determine the temporal patterns of cumulative incidence of brucellosis using autoregressive integrated moving average models.Methods:This cross-sectional study employed yearly and monthly data of 1117 laboratory-confirmed human brucellosis cases from January 2013 to December 2018 using the Yazd brucellosis national surveillance system.The monthly incidences constructed a timeseries model.The trend of cumulative incidence was perceived by tracing a line plot,which displayed a seasonal trend with periodicity.Thus,the ARIMA models were selected.Thereafter,Akaike information criteria(AIC)and Bayesian information criterion(BIC)values among different models indicated a preferable model from models which were expanded by diverse lags[(3,0,3),(2,0,3),(3,0,2),(4,0,3)and(3,0,4)].Then,the achieved ARIMA model was applied to the forecasting cumulative incidence of monthly brucellosis incidences.All analyses were performed using Stata,version 11.2.Results:For the ARIMA(3,0,4)model,MAPE value was 56.20%with standard error 0.009–0.016,and white noise diagnostic check(Q=19.79,P=0.975)for the residuals of the selected model showed that the data were completely modelled.The monthly incidences that were fitted by the ARIMA(3,0,4)model,with AIC(25.7)and BIC(43.35)with a similar pattern of actual cases from 2013 to 2018 and forecasting incidences from January 2019 to December 2019 were,respectively,0.50,0.44,0.45,0.49,0.55,0.58,0.56,0.51,0.46,0.44,0.45 and 0.49 per 100000 people.Conclusions:In summary,the study showed that the ARIMA(3,0,4)model can be applied to forecast human brucellosis patterns in Yazd province,supplementing present surveillance systems,and may be better for health policy-makers and planners.
基金the support received from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences(Identified No:IR.MUMS.REC.1399.140)
文摘Currently,the COVID-19 epidemic has spread to more than 210 countries,with 3272202 confirmed cases and 230104 deaths globally as of 3rd May 2020.Iran is found as the hotspot region of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean with more than 93 thousands confirmed cases and 5957 deaths until 30th April[1].
基金Supported by The results described in this article are part of a Medical student,Sanaz Zarei’s dissertation that was financially supported by Jahrom University of Medical Sciences,Jahrom,Iran
文摘AIMTo evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Salep on Paraquat-mediated liver injury. METHODSIn this experimental study, 56 adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly to 7 groups as control, sham, and 5 experimental groups. In control group, rats did not receive any substance during experiment. In Sham group, rats were given distilled water according to their body weight and in experimental groups, Paraquat alone and with different doses of Salep aqueous extract (40, 80, 160 and 320 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneal daily for 14 d. After that, liver biochemical parameter and histologic changes were analyzed and compared in different groups. RESULTSParaquat compared to control and sham groups, significantly (P CONCLUSIONSalep possesses remarkable hepatoprotection activity against Paraquat-induced hepatic injury by having antioxidant activity and reducing lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress.
文摘Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus(MPXV).MPXV is a double-stranded DNA virus from the genus Orthopoxvirus that was firstly detected in captive monkeys in 1958[1],with first reported MPXV infected case in humans in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970.This zoonotic infection has since spread and become endemic in African countries,especially in West and Central Africa[2].Human monkeypox cases were detected outside Africa in 2003,however,recent cases have not been reported in non-endemic countries until 2022[3].
基金Research Deputy,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,grant No.46857。
文摘Objective:To determine the suitable ecological habitats of Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and Ae.albopictus in Iran due to climate change by the 2070s.Methods:All data relating to the spatial distribution of Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus worldwide,which indicated the geographical coordinates of the collection sites of these mosquitoes,were extracted from online scientific websites and entered into an Excel file.The effect of climatic and environmental variables on these mosquitoes was evaluated using the MaxEnt model in the current and future climatic conditions in the 2030s,2050s,and 2070s.Results:The most suitable areas for the establishment of Ae.aegypti are located in the southern and northern coastal areas of Iran,based on the model outputs.The modelling result for suitable ecological niches of Ae.albopictus shows that in the current climatic conditions,the southern half of Iran from east to west,and parts of the northern coasts are prone to the presence of this species.In the future,some regions,such as Gilan and Golestan provinces,will have more potential to exist/establish Ae.albopictus.Also,according to the different climate change scenarios,suitable habitats for this species will gradually change to the northwest and west of the country.The temperature of the wettest season of the year(Bio8)and average annual temperature(Bio1)were the most effective factors in predicting the model for Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus,respectively.Conclusions:It is required to focus on entomological studies using different collection methods in the vulnerable areas of Iran.The future modelling results can also be used for long-term planning to prevent the entry and establishment of these invasive Aedes vectors in the country.
基金supported by Vice Chancellery of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and Jahrom University of Medical Sciences(Grant No.2.90)
文摘Objective:To identify the anti-Toxoplasma antibodies from blood donors who referred to blood transfusion bases of Jahrom County,using ELISA method.Methods:Based on the prevalence and characteristics method,400 serum samples were collected from blood donors referred to Jahrom blood transfusion bases,Southern Iran,during 2010–2011,designed at testing by ELISA.Ig M and Ig G antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii were tested using ELISA kits(Dia-Pro)on serums.The data were analysed by SPSS 19 software.Results:Review of 400 cases,54 of them were Ig G positive for parasites(13.5%)and 346of those with negative Ig G(86.5%).In Ig M examination,1.75%of them have been positive Ig M(7 cases)and 98.25%of them were Ig M negative(393 cases).By comparing the different group ages,40–50 year age group had the highest prevalence of Ig G positive(17.9%)and the age group of 30–40 years had the highest incidence of Ig M negative(2.5%).Conclusions:Due to the serological infection rate of toxoplasmosis obtained from this study,toxoplasmosis should be considered as a significant transfusion risk factor in Jahrom and also in any region with similar situations.
文摘Objective:To review the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among animal population of Iran.Methods:Data were systematically gathered from 1 January 2000 to 1 January 2020 in the Islamic Republic of Iran from the following electronic databases:Pub Med,Springer,Google Scholar,Science Direct,Scopus,Web of Science,Magiran,and Scientific Information Database(SID).According to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses(PRISMA)and inclusion criteria,88 eligible studies were obtained.Results:The pooled prevalence of cryptosporidiosis using random and fixed effects model according to heterogeneity among animals was as follows:rodents 18.8%(95%CI 12.6%-25.0%),camels 17.1%(95%CI 8.6%-25.7%),cattle 16.8%(95%CI 13.4%-20.1%),goats 14.1%(95%CI 5.2%-23.0%),horses 12.2%(95%CI 8.3%-16.2%),birds 10.5%(95%CI 7.6%-13.4%),sheep 9.9%(95%CI 2.4%-4.9%),cats 8.8%(95%CI 4.8%-12.8%)and dogs 3.7%(95%CI 7.0%-12.8%).Conclusions:Cryptosporidiosis has been reported and present in a wide range of animals in Iran over the years and has a high prevalence in most of these species.
基金This is part of Ms.Fatemeh Najafi dissertation approved by the deputy of research of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences,and it was conducted under their grant No IR.MUK.REC.94.338.
文摘Objective:To explore the spatial accumulation of diseases andtheir aggravating factors are essential in all public health.This study attempts to use geographic information system(GIS)to provide more information about the incidence and future of anthrax.Methods:Patients were diagnosed with anthrax in Kurdistan Province from 2009 to 2016.Data was then exported into ArcGIS software version 9 and the required layers for years and areas were added.Final map for each year was drawn up,pointing out the hot spots and predicting its future pattern.Results:Most cases were reported in females(57 cases,54.80%),and the lower body limbs were most affected(63 cases,60.57%).The highest numbers of incidences were related to the cities of Marivan,Saqez and Divandareh,with more concentration in the central parts of the province,rather than borderline areas.The highest percentage of the probable incidence of the disease was in Sanandaj(57.74%)with a potential susceptible area of 1729.12 km2 and then in Saqez(54.36%)with a potential area of 2422.4 km2.Conclusions:A vast area of Kurdistan Province is high risk for new cases of anthrax.Therefore,it is important to scale up the surveillance system in the province.
基金the research deputy of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences for financial support and confirmation of the project(Project identification code IR.JUMS.REC.1398.120)
文摘Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to 72 countries by the time of writing this report on 4th March 2020[1].On 20th February 2020,the first two confirmed deaths from COVID-19were reported in Iran.Till 4th March 2020,2 922 confirmed and92 death cases have also been reported till 4th March 2020 in Iran(Figure 1)[1].A key question that remains unanswered or controversial among the public,media,and researchers is the exact COVID-19 case fatality rate (CFR) in Iran.Why does the CFR in Iran appear to be higher compared to the rest of the world until now?Or why the fatality rate is high at the beginning of the epidemic in Iran?
基金a part of project that was financially supported by School of Public Health,Tehran University of Medical sciences(TUMS),(Proj.No.95-02-27-31419)the center for research and training in skin diseases and leprosy.
文摘Objective:To investigate Phlebotomus(P.)sergenti Parrot,1917(Diptera:Psychodidae)salivary gland antigens and their immune response in human.Methods:Human volunteers were exposed to sand flies’bites in the laboratory,and following each exposure the size of induration was recorded.The mean protein concentration of salivary gland lysate and specific anti-P.sergenti saliva IgG was measured.Sand fly salivary proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and their immunoreactivity was examined by Western blotting assays.Results:Individuals exposed to P.sergenti salivary gland lysate for 8 months showed both antibody and delayed type hypersensitivity responses,although exposure for one month did not provoke any immune responses.The trend of antibody fluctuated during the exposure time and dropped by the end of antigen loading.The mean protein content was(0.36±0.08)μg in each pair salivary glands.Salivary gland lysate showed 11 to 12 major protein bands and 3 to 6 of them were immunoreactive.Conclusions:Our study showed that the salivary gland components of P.sergenti provoked both cellular and humoral immune responses in human.Furthermore,there are some immunogenic proteins in P.sergenti saliva which could be subjected for further investigation as vector-based vaccine candidate/s against anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.
