With the increasing integration of technology in modern workplaces, concerns have emerged regarding the addictive nature of technology and its potential consequences on employee productivity. This research aims to inv...With the increasing integration of technology in modern workplaces, concerns have emerged regarding the addictive nature of technology and its potential consequences on employee productivity. This research aims to investigate the impact of technological addiction on workplace productivity within the public sector of Zimbabwe. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys, interviews, and a case study analysis, to examine the prevalence and effects of technological addiction in affecting productivity in the public sector of Zimbabwe. The findings indicate that excessive use of social media, and other digital distractions is a growing concern in the public sector, leading to decreased focus, missed deadlines, and strained teamwork. Factors such as unrestricted internet access, lack of clear usage policies, and inadequate self-regulation contribute to the problem The research outcomes also highlight the need for awareness and interventions to address social media addiction in the workplace, promote healthier technology use, and uphold productivity and employee well-being.展开更多
Understanding trends of land use land cover (LULC) changes is important for biodiversity monitoring and conservation planning, and identifying the areas affected by change and designing sustainable solutions to reduce...Understanding trends of land use land cover (LULC) changes is important for biodiversity monitoring and conservation planning, and identifying the areas affected by change and designing sustainable solutions to reduce the changes. The study aims to evaluate and quantify the historical changes in land use and land cover in Mukumbura (Ward 2), Mt Darwin, Zimbabwe, from 2002 to 2022. The objective of the study was to analyse the LULC changes in Ward 2 (Mukumbura), Mt Darwin, Northern Zimbabwe, for a period of 20 years using geospatial techniques. Landsat satellite images were processed using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and the supervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm was employed to generate LULC maps between 2002 and 2022 with a five (5) year interval, investigating the following variables, forest cover, barren land, water cover and the fields. Findings revealed a substantial reduction in forest cover by 38.8%, water bodies (wetlands, ponds, and rivers) declined by 55.6%, whilst fields (crop/agricultural fields) increased by 93.3% and the barren land cover increased by 26.3% from 2002 to 2022. These findings point to substantial changes in LULC over the observed years. LULC changes have resulted in habitat fragmentation, reduced biodiversity, and the disruption of ecosystem functions. The study concludes that if these deforestation trends, cultivation, and settlement land expansion continue, the ward will have limited indigenous fruit trees. Therefore, the causes for LULC changes must be controlled, sustainable forest resources use practiced, hence the need to domesticate the indigenous fruit trees in arborloo toilets.展开更多
The adoption of digital advisory systems is transforming smallholder agriculture in Zimbabwe, a country where agriculture remains the primary livelihood for most of the population. Despite significant investments in d...The adoption of digital advisory systems is transforming smallholder agriculture in Zimbabwe, a country where agriculture remains the primary livelihood for most of the population. Despite significant investments in digital technologies, agricultural productivity continues to underperform. This study explores the barriers preventing the scaling of digital advisory services among smallholder farmers and identifies strategies to optimize their adoption. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 854 smallholder farmers, 40 extension staff, and 8 development workers across six districts in Zimbabwe. The study reveals a high mobile penetration rate of 91%, higher than the 85% reported in the literature. However, challenges such as limited digital literacy, poor network connectivity, and financial constraints hinder the effective use of mobile advisory services. The findings also highlight a strong reliance on basic communication tools like SMS (42.83%) and WhatsApp (25.14%) for receiving agricultural information, while more advanced tools like mobile apps have lower adoption. Key recommendations include investing in nationwide digital literacy programs, incentivizing mobile network operators to improve rural connectivity, and developing human-centered, scalable digital solutions tailored to farmers’ needs. Furthermore, integrating AI-driven advisory systems with popular platforms like WhatsApp could significantly enhance the delivery of site-specific, actionable farming advice. This research provides insights into how digital advisory systems can be leveraged to improve agricultural productivity in Zimbabwe and other similar contexts.展开更多
Despite fire control in Zimbabwe’s resettlement farming areas,fire continues to damage the environment,property,crops and causes loss of lives.The goal of this paper was to investigate fire control measures implement...Despite fire control in Zimbabwe’s resettlement farming areas,fire continues to damage the environment,property,crops and causes loss of lives.The goal of this paper was to investigate fire control measures implemented by resettled farmers in Hwedza,Zimbabwe.The data used in the study were derived from both primary and secondary sources.Primary research data were obtained through questionnaires and interviews targeting households and key informants.Secondary data were collected from reports and records from relevant government institutions.Chi-square tests were conducted to establish the relationship between fire control measures and fire trends.The research findings show evidence of fire control in the study area with farmers implementing a combination of pre-suppression and suppression fire control measures.The use of fire breaks and fire brigades were the more prevalent pre-suppression measures implemented by 86%and 78%of the farmers respectively.The main fire suppression measures implemented were the use of fire beaters(92%)and dowsing with water(85%).Fire occurrence responded to control measures when burnt area declined by 24.1%for the period 2011-2014 when the number of farmers implementing control measures increased from 131 to 701.A negative association between the number of fires and fire pre-suppression measures;and burnt area and fire suppression measures was found.The study recommends early detection,education and awareness as the primary steps in ensuring effective fire control.Active participation of all responsible stakeholders and the affected farmers is also of importance to effectively manage fire.展开更多
Zimbabwe has witnessed the evolution of Information Communication Technology (ICT). The vehicle population soared to above 1.2 million hence rendering the Transport and Insurance domains complex. Therefore, there is a...Zimbabwe has witnessed the evolution of Information Communication Technology (ICT). The vehicle population soared to above 1.2 million hence rendering the Transport and Insurance domains complex. Therefore, there is a need to look at ways that can augment conventional Vehicular Management Information Systems (VMIS) in transforming business processes through Telematics. This paper aims to contextualise the role that telematics can play in transforming the Insurance Ecosystem in Zimbabwe. The main objective was to investigate the integration of Usage-Based Insurance (UBI) with vehicle tracking solutions provided by technology companies like Econet Wireless in Zimbabwe, aiming to align customer billing with individual risk profiles and enhance the synergy between technology and insurance service providers in the motor insurance ecosystem. A triangulation through structured interviews, questionnaires, and literature review, supported by Information Systems Analysis and Design techniques was conducted. The study adopted a case study approach, qualitatively analyzing the complexities of the Telematics insurance ecosystem in Zimbabwe, informed by the TOGAF framework. A case-study approach was applied to derive themes whilst applying within and cross-case analysis. Data was collected using questionnaires, and interviews. The findings of the research clearly show the importance of Telematics in modern-day insurance and the positive relationship between technology and insurance business performance. The study, therefore revealed how UBI can incentivize positive driver behavior, potentially reducing insurance premiums for safe drivers and lowering the incidence of claims against insurance companies. Future work can be done on studying the role of Telematics in combating highway crime and corruption.展开更多
Interoperability constraints in health information systems pose significant challenges to the seamless exchange and utilization of health data, hindering effective healthcare delivery. This paper aims to evaluate and ...Interoperability constraints in health information systems pose significant challenges to the seamless exchange and utilization of health data, hindering effective healthcare delivery. This paper aims to evaluate and address these constraints to enhance healthcare delivery. The study examines the current state of interoperability in health information systems, identifies the key constraints, and explores their impact on healthcare outcomes. Various approaches and strategies for addressing interoperability constraints are discussed, including the adoption of standardized data formats, implementation of interoperability frameworks, and establishment of robust data governance mechanisms. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of stakeholder collaboration, policy development, and technical advancements in achieving enhanced interoperability. The findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive evaluation of interoperability constraints and the implementation of targeted interventions to promote seamless data exchange, improve care coordination, and enhance patient outcomes in healthcare settings.展开更多
Introduction: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in Zimbabwe. Understanding the treatment outcomes is an important proxy indicator on the performance of the tuberculosis program. This study analyzed treatmen...Introduction: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in Zimbabwe. Understanding the treatment outcomes is an important proxy indicator on the performance of the tuberculosis program. This study analyzed treatment outcomes of new sputum smear positive tuberculosis patients in Kwekwe district. Materials and Methods: A retrospective records review of new sputum smear positive tuberculosis patients registered in the district tuberculosis register in Kwekwe was conducted. Treatment outcomes were categorized according to the national tuberculosis control program and multivariate logistic regression model was used. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: From a total of 1115 new sputum smear positive tuberculosis patients, cure rate ranged from 40.8% to 62.8% and death rate of patients decreased from 11 (8.0%) in 2007 to 17 (5.3%) in 2011 (p = 0.016). However, defaulter rate increased from 10 (7.3%) in 2007 to 30 (9.3%) in 2011. In multivariate logistic model, HIV positive tuberculosis patients were more likely to experience (adjusted RR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.10 - 3.08) unfavorable treatment outcome when compared to negative counterparts. Urban residents were also at risk 1.91 (95% CI: 1.14 - 3.20) unfavorable outcome compared to rural residents. Conclusion: The cure rate was low (ranged from 40.8% to 62.8%) and the defaulter rate needed urgent attention. The district should conduct defaulter tracing and follow up.展开更多
A lot of researches have been done on the negative impacts and challenges caused by extreme weather conditions due to climate change and variability. Not many researches have been focused on the positive side in form ...A lot of researches have been done on the negative impacts and challenges caused by extreme weather conditions due to climate change and variability. Not many researches have been focused on the positive side in form of opportunities presented due to climate change. The study aimed to show the climate change scenarios and explore possible opportunities that could be derived from such scenarios in the southeastern region of Zimbabwe. The research used climate data records from three Zimbabwe Meteorological Services Department run weather stations in the region. The time series data were analyzed to show trends of rainfall and temperature over time. A questionnaire survey was also carried out to enquire from the farmers if they perceived climate change to have any opportunities. The rainfall trend analysis showed that rainfall amounts have declined at two of the three stations used. Rainfall total was also shown to be variable from year to year at all the stations. Ambient temperatures at all the stations were shown to have increased for both winter and summer. Opportunities that could be derived from climate change in the region were identified as the hydrological, agricultural and industrial. The research concludes that taking advantages of opportunities offered by climate change and variability provides the quickest way of embracing climate change adaptation.展开更多
The automation of several key processes in a factory in Zimbabwe is described.The plant is a producer of bolts and nails for the southern Africa region.Being built in the 1950s,the equipment was intended for manual op...The automation of several key processes in a factory in Zimbabwe is described.The plant is a producer of bolts and nails for the southern Africa region.Being built in the 1950s,the equipment was intended for manual operation.To improve efficiency and reduce overhead costs,this project was commissioned to add electronic intelligence to some of the processing equipment.In particular the conversion of forging furnaces to computer control and the intelligent implementation of heat-treatment processes are described.Results of the project in economic and quality terms are presented.展开更多
Genital herpes, usually caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type-2 (HSV-2), is the commonest sexually transmitted disease especially amongst rural women in Southern Africa including Zimbabwe. This predisposes them to HIV/A...Genital herpes, usually caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type-2 (HSV-2), is the commonest sexually transmitted disease especially amongst rural women in Southern Africa including Zimbabwe. This predisposes them to HIV/AIDS infection, cancer and opportunistic infections (OIs). Current antiviral treatments are often cytotoxic and/or ineffective. This motivates active research to find alternative safer drugs or lead drugs from traditional medicinal sources. Twenty six (26) methanol extracts from commonly used and often endangered plant species (14) used by communities and traditional medical practitioners for treating illnesses and sexually transmitted diseases from 5-selected districts of Zimbabwe were investigated for toxicity by Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and by 50% Cytopathic effect on VERO cultured cells. The extracts were also tested for antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) by the End Point Titration Technique (EPTT) and Neutralisation Test (NT) on VERO cells. Results from the BSLTs ranged 66.66 - 4304 μg/ml;50% Cytopathic effect from 19.53 - 312 μg/ml whilst the NT ID<sub>50</sub> values ranged from 10.41 - 125 μg/ml. The antiviral EPTT reduction factor (RF) was 1 - 10<sup>4</sup> with 13 extracts showing RF ≥ 10<sup>3</sup>. All the plant extracts had moderate to high toxicity (LC<sub>50</sub>, 789 - 66 μg/ml) in the BSLT. Six extracts had LC<sub>50</sub> values greater than 1000 μg/ml. All 26 extracts were cytotoxic with CC<sub>50</sub> values < 500 ug/ml of which 19 were more toxic CC<sub>50</sub> in vitro therapeutic indexes ≥ 3.7. Cassia abbreviata, Dichrostachys cinerea and Hypoxis hemerocallidea had therapeutic indexes (TI) 7.5 - 15.0. The more active plant extracts were from roots and root tubers. The results confirm the rationale for the use of traditional medicinal plants by traditional medical practitioners for treating various diseases and could bring awareness for their better use and improve conservation. The results also provide an opportunity to develop more efficacious drugs by isolating lead compounds and determining their mode of action.展开更多
Trends in the proportional contribution to the seasonal rainfall of each month were analyzed for the meteorological stations of Buffalo Range, Masvingo Airport and Zaka in South-Eastern Zimbabwe. Results found indicat...Trends in the proportional contribution to the seasonal rainfall of each month were analyzed for the meteorological stations of Buffalo Range, Masvingo Airport and Zaka in South-Eastern Zimbabwe. Results found indicate the existence of some trends for all the stations and months. However, when subjected to a Mann-Kendel trend analysis, all the trends were found to be statistically not significant for all instances except for the month of October at the Zaka station. This month showed a significant trend of increasing proportional rainfall.展开更多
Background: Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has reduced morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected individuals over the last years. The increase in survival of HIV patients has contributed to the emergence of other chro...Background: Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has reduced morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected individuals over the last years. The increase in survival of HIV patients has contributed to the emergence of other chronic conditions in these individuals, such as hypertension, renal, and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension and HIV infection are both mostly asymptomatic but can lead to fatal and disabling illness. Hypertension among HIV-infected individuals, although not completely elucidated, may be explained by the aging of population, the effect of HIV on vascular tone anti-retroviral therapy and traditional risk factors such as weight gain, smoking, dyslipidemia, and drug abuse. The factors associated with hypertension among ART patients in a predominantly rural setting were studied in this paper. Methods: We conducted an analytical cross sectional study at 13 health facilities in Makonde District a rural district in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe where we systematically selected 393 of 400 ART patients aged 15 years and above. Structured interviewer administered questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic characteristics. Written and informed consent was sought and obtained from all study participants. We obtained parental consent followed by assent from participants younger than 16 years. All enrolled patients had physical measurements done. Chi square test and stratified & logistic regression analysis were done using Epi info version 3.5.1. All calculations were done at 95% confidence interval. Results: Results from 393 participants were analysed. The prevalence and awareness of hypertension were 34.9% and 30% respectively. Only 9.6% were taking medication. Independent risk factors were duration of ART > 2 years (POR 2.23;95%CI: 1.08;4.61), waist to hip ratio (women) > 0.85 (POR 3.45;95%CI: 1.60;5.88), B.M.I > 25 (POR 2.18;95%CI: 1.40;3.8). Protective factors were: Symptomatic HIV disease (POR 0.36;95%CI: 0.14;0.97) and being informally employed (POR 0.67;95%CI: 0.43;0.96). General risk factors were smoking (POR 5.06;95%CI: 2.20;11.60), sedentary recreation (POR 3.16;95%CI: 1.69;5.85) and high salt intake (POR 2.67;95%CI: 1.56;4.59). Conclusions: Hypertension is common among ART clients although it is not routinely screened for in ART care settings in Makonde. Common modifiable risk factors are contributing to the burden of hypertension in Makonde District. Health service providers should routinely screen for hypertension and promote healthy lifestyles among ART clients in Makonde.展开更多
Prostephanus truncatus （Horn） is a notorious stored grain insect pest established in Tanzania in late 1970s and currently threatening the maize industry of Zimbabwe. The devastating effects of the pest attack, deman...Prostephanus truncatus （Horn） is a notorious stored grain insect pest established in Tanzania in late 1970s and currently threatening the maize industry of Zimbabwe. The devastating effects of the pest attack, demands adequate preparation including identification of the potential invasion areas for more focused planning towards its effective management. In the current study, the potential P. truncatus invasion areas in Zimbabwe were identified based on climatic data with reference to the Tanzania situation using the geographical information system （GIS） Almanac Characterization Tool （AWhere-ACT 3.5 software）. Areas identified to be at greatest risk of invasion includes the northern part of the country, the southern-east region and a few areas in the east （Manicaland province）. Alternative host plants for P. truncatus similar to those identified in Kenya, where the pest is already endemic, were found to occur throughout Zimbabwe which could support initial colonization and subsequent perpetuation of the pest in the country. In Zimbabwe, chances that P. truncatus may spread throughout the country, should it invade the country, are high because of unregulated grain trade and the fact that most of the potential invasion areas identified in this study, are located in the major maize producing areas. Measures to delay the occurrence of the pest in Zimbabwe should focus on the high-risk areas identified.展开更多
Background: Notifiable disease surveillance system (NDSS) data guides immediate action for events of public health importance. In July 2016, 12 patients suspected of typhoid were reported to Centenary District Medical...Background: Notifiable disease surveillance system (NDSS) data guides immediate action for events of public health importance. In July 2016, 12 patients suspected of typhoid were reported to Centenary District Medical Officer by phone. Following reporting, notification forms (T1) were not submitted to district, hence province did not receive district consolidated report (T2) for the notifications. This implies underreporting of notifiable diseases. Study was conducted to evaluate NDSS in Centenary district. Methods: Using updated Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines, descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among health workers sampled from all health facilities in Centenary district. Interviewer administered questionnaire and checklists were used to collect data, assess data quality and resource availability. Epi InfoTM 7 generated frequencies and proportions. Results: We interviewed 50 respondents from 13 health facilities and 64% were females. Health worker knowledge was rated low, 26% knew whom to notify and 40% knew forms are completed in triplicate. Reasons for failure to notify notifiable diseases included, unavailability of reporting forms 32% and lack of reporting guidelines 16%. Ninety-two percent were willing to participate. Four health facilities had at least six standard case definitions. The first two patients were only diagnosed at district level. NDSS information was used to procure antirabies vaccine and implement control measures. Conclusion: NDSS is useful, acceptable, unstable and not sensitive. Failure to notify was mainly due to lack of knowledge on NDSS. We recommend training of health workers and mentoring. Fifteen (IEC) case definitions and reporting guidelines were distributed to five health facilities.展开更多
AIM: To estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension in Zimbabwe and describe its trend since independence in 1980 using secondary source data.METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases from April 1980 to Decembe...AIM: To estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension in Zimbabwe and describe its trend since independence in 1980 using secondary source data.METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases from April 1980 to December 2013 were searched for population and community based studies on the prevalence of hypertension among adults(≥ 18 years) in Zimbabwe. The key words used were "prevalence", "epidemiologic studies", "hypertension" or "high blood pressure", based on the cut-off(≥ 140 mm Hg systolic blood pressure and/or ≥ 90 mm Hg diastolic blood pressure). We conducted a meta-analysis on the published studies, using the random-effects model to estimate the pooled prevalence.RESULTS: The search retrieved 87 publications, of which four studies met the selection criteria. The four studies had a total of 4829 study participants between 1997 and 2010 across 5 provinces in Zimbabwe. Two studies were in urban areas, while the other two had mixed study settings(urban and rural). The overall pooled prevalence of hypertension was 30%(95%CI: 19%, 42%, I2= 98%, χ2 = 164.15, P = 0.00).CONCLUSION: Our results show a high prevalence of hypertension in Zimbabwe, with urban areas having higher prevalence than rural areas.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> In Zimbabwe, the perinatal mortality surveillance system is based on passive reporting of perinatal deaths using the perinatal death notification forms. Mpilo hospital recorded...<strong>Background:</strong> In Zimbabwe, the perinatal mortality surveillance system is based on passive reporting of perinatal deaths using the perinatal death notification forms. Mpilo hospital recorded 74 perinatal deaths from January to September. No death was reported to the city and no perinatal mortality forms were found at the health information section. We aimed to assess the performance of perinatal mortality surveillance system in Bulawayo city. <strong>Methods:</strong> We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in all the maternity centres in Bulawayo City in 2011 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems. We used interviewer-administrated questionnaires to collect data. We used a checklist to assess availability of resources. Perinatal death notification forms were reviewed. <strong>Results:</strong> We interviewed 67 workers. Knowledge on the system was poor. Eight (12%) were trained in IDSR (Integrated Disease Surveillance Response) and three (4.5%) were inducted on the perinatal mortality surveillance system. Sixty-one (91%) regarded the system as useful. City and private maternity centres were not notifying perinatal deaths due to lack of forms. In central hospitals, delay in notification was due to workload and shortage of trained staff. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Poor knowledge on the system, lack of induction and trained staff could have contributed to the non-performance of the system in the City of Bulawayo. Most participants reported the system as useful. Lack of documentation made it difficult to follow up on actions plans.展开更多
Back ground: Notifiable Disease Surveillance system serves as an early warning system for public health emergencies. Since January 2013 to August 2014, Beitbridge never submitted T2 forms to the province. Four suspect...Back ground: Notifiable Disease Surveillance system serves as an early warning system for public health emergencies. Since January 2013 to August 2014, Beitbridge never submitted T2 forms to the province. Four suspected cases of rabies were reported through the generic report. The electronic District Health Information System 2, T2 forms had not been updated. This discrepancy may imply under reporting of Notifiable Diseases. The study was conducted to evaluate the NDSS in Beitbridge district. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Health workers in sampled health facilities were interviewed using questionnaires. Checklists were used to assess resource availability. Epi InfoTM was used to calculate frequencies and proportions. Results: From 11 facilities, 53 respondents were interviewed of which the 59% were females. For Knowledge, 57% recalled at least 9 Notifiable diseases, 11% knew the T1 form required to notify. Respondents willing to participate in the NDSS were 87%. Responsibility to notify was placed other health workers other than themselves by 55% of the respondents. All facilities did not have completed T1 forms. T1 forms were available in 1/11 health facilities. Three outbreaks were reported using the Weekly Disease Surveillance System (WDSS). NDSS information was used for planning and mobilizing resources for indoor residual spraying. It costs an average $12.15 to notify a single case, against $1.50 if it was electronic. Conclusion: NDSS is acceptable, simple, flexible, unstable, not sensitive and useful. Reasons for under reporting were lack of forms, lack of induction and poor knowledge on the NDSS. The cost of operating the NDSS could be reduced if the system is electronic. T1 forms and guidelines for completing the forms should be distributed to all health facilities. On the job training of health workers through tutorials, supervision is recommended.展开更多
The Zimbabwean financial sector has been retrogressive,constrained,and unpredictable since the year 2000,serving for the multiple currency periods(2009-2013)after the demonetization of the domestic dollar.The sector s...The Zimbabwean financial sector has been retrogressive,constrained,and unpredictable since the year 2000,serving for the multiple currency periods(2009-2013)after the demonetization of the domestic dollar.The sector since then has seen a number of commercial banks fail to meet RBZ(Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe)minimum capital requirements,put under curatorship,delisted or liquidated because of a myriad of operational and financial challenges.The objective of this study is to make an assessment of whether or not the introduction of bond notes has been a curse or blessing.The study drew raw data from bank account holders,academics,general public,corporate world and commercial banks in Masvingo for analysis and interpretation.The study established that the majority of people,corporate world and commercial banks were sceptical to embrace the surrogate bond notes because of the uncertainties,operational and financial risks that they paused on the domestic financial markets.It was also discovered that most banks were quick to pay clients’withdrawals in bond notes,deduct US dollar equivalences from their accounts,and distinguish bond notes from US dollars at the point of making deposits and foreign business transactions.It was also realized that there was market indiscipline and trading in bigger US dollar notes in the informal sector and serious shortage of the same notes in the formal sector.The study concluded that the introduction of bond notes to trade parallel to the US dollar brought a serious shortage of cash on formal markets and increases in the general price level of goods and services.The study therefore recommends that the RBZ should completely withdraw the bond notes from the market to accord the US dollar its world market value and restore confidence and discipline in the Zimbabwean financial sector.The study also recommends another option of the adoption of the South African Rand as an interventionist way of solving Zimbabwe’s liquidity crises.展开更多
Introduction: Following the 2008 WHO in-vitro malaria RDT product testing study results, Paracheck RDT’s sensitivity was revealed to significantly drop to 55% at low parasite densities. This raised concerns among hea...Introduction: Following the 2008 WHO in-vitro malaria RDT product testing study results, Paracheck RDT’s sensitivity was revealed to significantly drop to 55% at low parasite densities. This raised concerns among health workers on its diagnostic capabilities and possible public health implications resulting from its continued use? We therefore evaluated the diagnostic performance of Paracheck and SD Bioline (a yet to be evaluated kit) RDTs under operational settings in areas of different endemicity. Methods: Using an analytic cross-sectional study design, finger prick blood samples from 422 clinically diagnosed patients selected from Mudzi (high malaria burden) and Murewa (low malaria burden) districts were each tested for malaria using Paracheck and SD Bioline RDTs and Giemsa stain microscopy as gold standard. Parasitemias were calculated using WHO standard protocols. Main outcomes were test efficiency;sensitivity;specificity;PVP and NPV. Re-sults: Of eligible 390 blood slides prepared, microscopy detected malaria parasites in 125 (32.1%) with P. falciparum being predominant species (100%). Compared with microscopy, both Paracheck and SD Bioline RDTs performed fairly equally well and above WHO targets in Mudzi (high malaria burden), while in Murewa (low malaria burden) Paracheck and SD Bioline RDTs had sensitivities of 86.7% [69.5 - 100.0] and 86.7% [86.7 - 100.0];specificities of 97.2% [94.1 - 100.0] and 90.7% [85.3 - 96.2];test efficiencies of 95.9% [92.4 - 99.4] and 90.2% [85.0 - 95.5];PVPs of 73.3% and 45.2%;and NPVs of 98.8% and 98.7% respectively. Sensitivities for Paracheck and SD Bioline RDTs reduced from 99.2% [97.7 - 100.0] at parasitemias above 1000/μl each to 33.3% [0.0 - 71.1] and 50.0% [10.0 - 90.0] respectively at parasitemias below 1000/μl with variations not statistically significant. Conclusion: Paracheck RDT remains the MOHCC’s preferred diagnostic alternative in areas where good quality microscopy is not available in Zimbabwe. SD Bioline RDT provides another diagnostic alternative especially in areas of high malaria burden. However performance of both kits at parasitemias below 1000/μl needs further investigation.展开更多
文摘With the increasing integration of technology in modern workplaces, concerns have emerged regarding the addictive nature of technology and its potential consequences on employee productivity. This research aims to investigate the impact of technological addiction on workplace productivity within the public sector of Zimbabwe. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys, interviews, and a case study analysis, to examine the prevalence and effects of technological addiction in affecting productivity in the public sector of Zimbabwe. The findings indicate that excessive use of social media, and other digital distractions is a growing concern in the public sector, leading to decreased focus, missed deadlines, and strained teamwork. Factors such as unrestricted internet access, lack of clear usage policies, and inadequate self-regulation contribute to the problem The research outcomes also highlight the need for awareness and interventions to address social media addiction in the workplace, promote healthier technology use, and uphold productivity and employee well-being.
文摘Understanding trends of land use land cover (LULC) changes is important for biodiversity monitoring and conservation planning, and identifying the areas affected by change and designing sustainable solutions to reduce the changes. The study aims to evaluate and quantify the historical changes in land use and land cover in Mukumbura (Ward 2), Mt Darwin, Zimbabwe, from 2002 to 2022. The objective of the study was to analyse the LULC changes in Ward 2 (Mukumbura), Mt Darwin, Northern Zimbabwe, for a period of 20 years using geospatial techniques. Landsat satellite images were processed using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and the supervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm was employed to generate LULC maps between 2002 and 2022 with a five (5) year interval, investigating the following variables, forest cover, barren land, water cover and the fields. Findings revealed a substantial reduction in forest cover by 38.8%, water bodies (wetlands, ponds, and rivers) declined by 55.6%, whilst fields (crop/agricultural fields) increased by 93.3% and the barren land cover increased by 26.3% from 2002 to 2022. These findings point to substantial changes in LULC over the observed years. LULC changes have resulted in habitat fragmentation, reduced biodiversity, and the disruption of ecosystem functions. The study concludes that if these deforestation trends, cultivation, and settlement land expansion continue, the ward will have limited indigenous fruit trees. Therefore, the causes for LULC changes must be controlled, sustainable forest resources use practiced, hence the need to domesticate the indigenous fruit trees in arborloo toilets.
文摘The adoption of digital advisory systems is transforming smallholder agriculture in Zimbabwe, a country where agriculture remains the primary livelihood for most of the population. Despite significant investments in digital technologies, agricultural productivity continues to underperform. This study explores the barriers preventing the scaling of digital advisory services among smallholder farmers and identifies strategies to optimize their adoption. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 854 smallholder farmers, 40 extension staff, and 8 development workers across six districts in Zimbabwe. The study reveals a high mobile penetration rate of 91%, higher than the 85% reported in the literature. However, challenges such as limited digital literacy, poor network connectivity, and financial constraints hinder the effective use of mobile advisory services. The findings also highlight a strong reliance on basic communication tools like SMS (42.83%) and WhatsApp (25.14%) for receiving agricultural information, while more advanced tools like mobile apps have lower adoption. Key recommendations include investing in nationwide digital literacy programs, incentivizing mobile network operators to improve rural connectivity, and developing human-centered, scalable digital solutions tailored to farmers’ needs. Furthermore, integrating AI-driven advisory systems with popular platforms like WhatsApp could significantly enhance the delivery of site-specific, actionable farming advice. This research provides insights into how digital advisory systems can be leveraged to improve agricultural productivity in Zimbabwe and other similar contexts.
文摘Despite fire control in Zimbabwe’s resettlement farming areas,fire continues to damage the environment,property,crops and causes loss of lives.The goal of this paper was to investigate fire control measures implemented by resettled farmers in Hwedza,Zimbabwe.The data used in the study were derived from both primary and secondary sources.Primary research data were obtained through questionnaires and interviews targeting households and key informants.Secondary data were collected from reports and records from relevant government institutions.Chi-square tests were conducted to establish the relationship between fire control measures and fire trends.The research findings show evidence of fire control in the study area with farmers implementing a combination of pre-suppression and suppression fire control measures.The use of fire breaks and fire brigades were the more prevalent pre-suppression measures implemented by 86%and 78%of the farmers respectively.The main fire suppression measures implemented were the use of fire beaters(92%)and dowsing with water(85%).Fire occurrence responded to control measures when burnt area declined by 24.1%for the period 2011-2014 when the number of farmers implementing control measures increased from 131 to 701.A negative association between the number of fires and fire pre-suppression measures;and burnt area and fire suppression measures was found.The study recommends early detection,education and awareness as the primary steps in ensuring effective fire control.Active participation of all responsible stakeholders and the affected farmers is also of importance to effectively manage fire.
文摘Zimbabwe has witnessed the evolution of Information Communication Technology (ICT). The vehicle population soared to above 1.2 million hence rendering the Transport and Insurance domains complex. Therefore, there is a need to look at ways that can augment conventional Vehicular Management Information Systems (VMIS) in transforming business processes through Telematics. This paper aims to contextualise the role that telematics can play in transforming the Insurance Ecosystem in Zimbabwe. The main objective was to investigate the integration of Usage-Based Insurance (UBI) with vehicle tracking solutions provided by technology companies like Econet Wireless in Zimbabwe, aiming to align customer billing with individual risk profiles and enhance the synergy between technology and insurance service providers in the motor insurance ecosystem. A triangulation through structured interviews, questionnaires, and literature review, supported by Information Systems Analysis and Design techniques was conducted. The study adopted a case study approach, qualitatively analyzing the complexities of the Telematics insurance ecosystem in Zimbabwe, informed by the TOGAF framework. A case-study approach was applied to derive themes whilst applying within and cross-case analysis. Data was collected using questionnaires, and interviews. The findings of the research clearly show the importance of Telematics in modern-day insurance and the positive relationship between technology and insurance business performance. The study, therefore revealed how UBI can incentivize positive driver behavior, potentially reducing insurance premiums for safe drivers and lowering the incidence of claims against insurance companies. Future work can be done on studying the role of Telematics in combating highway crime and corruption.
文摘Interoperability constraints in health information systems pose significant challenges to the seamless exchange and utilization of health data, hindering effective healthcare delivery. This paper aims to evaluate and address these constraints to enhance healthcare delivery. The study examines the current state of interoperability in health information systems, identifies the key constraints, and explores their impact on healthcare outcomes. Various approaches and strategies for addressing interoperability constraints are discussed, including the adoption of standardized data formats, implementation of interoperability frameworks, and establishment of robust data governance mechanisms. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of stakeholder collaboration, policy development, and technical advancements in achieving enhanced interoperability. The findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive evaluation of interoperability constraints and the implementation of targeted interventions to promote seamless data exchange, improve care coordination, and enhance patient outcomes in healthcare settings.
文摘Introduction: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in Zimbabwe. Understanding the treatment outcomes is an important proxy indicator on the performance of the tuberculosis program. This study analyzed treatment outcomes of new sputum smear positive tuberculosis patients in Kwekwe district. Materials and Methods: A retrospective records review of new sputum smear positive tuberculosis patients registered in the district tuberculosis register in Kwekwe was conducted. Treatment outcomes were categorized according to the national tuberculosis control program and multivariate logistic regression model was used. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: From a total of 1115 new sputum smear positive tuberculosis patients, cure rate ranged from 40.8% to 62.8% and death rate of patients decreased from 11 (8.0%) in 2007 to 17 (5.3%) in 2011 (p = 0.016). However, defaulter rate increased from 10 (7.3%) in 2007 to 30 (9.3%) in 2011. In multivariate logistic model, HIV positive tuberculosis patients were more likely to experience (adjusted RR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.10 - 3.08) unfavorable treatment outcome when compared to negative counterparts. Urban residents were also at risk 1.91 (95% CI: 1.14 - 3.20) unfavorable outcome compared to rural residents. Conclusion: The cure rate was low (ranged from 40.8% to 62.8%) and the defaulter rate needed urgent attention. The district should conduct defaulter tracing and follow up.
文摘A lot of researches have been done on the negative impacts and challenges caused by extreme weather conditions due to climate change and variability. Not many researches have been focused on the positive side in form of opportunities presented due to climate change. The study aimed to show the climate change scenarios and explore possible opportunities that could be derived from such scenarios in the southeastern region of Zimbabwe. The research used climate data records from three Zimbabwe Meteorological Services Department run weather stations in the region. The time series data were analyzed to show trends of rainfall and temperature over time. A questionnaire survey was also carried out to enquire from the farmers if they perceived climate change to have any opportunities. The rainfall trend analysis showed that rainfall amounts have declined at two of the three stations used. Rainfall total was also shown to be variable from year to year at all the stations. Ambient temperatures at all the stations were shown to have increased for both winter and summer. Opportunities that could be derived from climate change in the region were identified as the hydrological, agricultural and industrial. The research concludes that taking advantages of opportunities offered by climate change and variability provides the quickest way of embracing climate change adaptation.
文摘The automation of several key processes in a factory in Zimbabwe is described.The plant is a producer of bolts and nails for the southern Africa region.Being built in the 1950s,the equipment was intended for manual operation.To improve efficiency and reduce overhead costs,this project was commissioned to add electronic intelligence to some of the processing equipment.In particular the conversion of forging furnaces to computer control and the intelligent implementation of heat-treatment processes are described.Results of the project in economic and quality terms are presented.
文摘Genital herpes, usually caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type-2 (HSV-2), is the commonest sexually transmitted disease especially amongst rural women in Southern Africa including Zimbabwe. This predisposes them to HIV/AIDS infection, cancer and opportunistic infections (OIs). Current antiviral treatments are often cytotoxic and/or ineffective. This motivates active research to find alternative safer drugs or lead drugs from traditional medicinal sources. Twenty six (26) methanol extracts from commonly used and often endangered plant species (14) used by communities and traditional medical practitioners for treating illnesses and sexually transmitted diseases from 5-selected districts of Zimbabwe were investigated for toxicity by Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and by 50% Cytopathic effect on VERO cultured cells. The extracts were also tested for antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) by the End Point Titration Technique (EPTT) and Neutralisation Test (NT) on VERO cells. Results from the BSLTs ranged 66.66 - 4304 μg/ml;50% Cytopathic effect from 19.53 - 312 μg/ml whilst the NT ID<sub>50</sub> values ranged from 10.41 - 125 μg/ml. The antiviral EPTT reduction factor (RF) was 1 - 10<sup>4</sup> with 13 extracts showing RF ≥ 10<sup>3</sup>. All the plant extracts had moderate to high toxicity (LC<sub>50</sub>, 789 - 66 μg/ml) in the BSLT. Six extracts had LC<sub>50</sub> values greater than 1000 μg/ml. All 26 extracts were cytotoxic with CC<sub>50</sub> values < 500 ug/ml of which 19 were more toxic CC<sub>50</sub> in vitro therapeutic indexes ≥ 3.7. Cassia abbreviata, Dichrostachys cinerea and Hypoxis hemerocallidea had therapeutic indexes (TI) 7.5 - 15.0. The more active plant extracts were from roots and root tubers. The results confirm the rationale for the use of traditional medicinal plants by traditional medical practitioners for treating various diseases and could bring awareness for their better use and improve conservation. The results also provide an opportunity to develop more efficacious drugs by isolating lead compounds and determining their mode of action.
文摘Trends in the proportional contribution to the seasonal rainfall of each month were analyzed for the meteorological stations of Buffalo Range, Masvingo Airport and Zaka in South-Eastern Zimbabwe. Results found indicate the existence of some trends for all the stations and months. However, when subjected to a Mann-Kendel trend analysis, all the trends were found to be statistically not significant for all instances except for the month of October at the Zaka station. This month showed a significant trend of increasing proportional rainfall.
文摘Background: Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has reduced morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected individuals over the last years. The increase in survival of HIV patients has contributed to the emergence of other chronic conditions in these individuals, such as hypertension, renal, and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension and HIV infection are both mostly asymptomatic but can lead to fatal and disabling illness. Hypertension among HIV-infected individuals, although not completely elucidated, may be explained by the aging of population, the effect of HIV on vascular tone anti-retroviral therapy and traditional risk factors such as weight gain, smoking, dyslipidemia, and drug abuse. The factors associated with hypertension among ART patients in a predominantly rural setting were studied in this paper. Methods: We conducted an analytical cross sectional study at 13 health facilities in Makonde District a rural district in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe where we systematically selected 393 of 400 ART patients aged 15 years and above. Structured interviewer administered questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic characteristics. Written and informed consent was sought and obtained from all study participants. We obtained parental consent followed by assent from participants younger than 16 years. All enrolled patients had physical measurements done. Chi square test and stratified & logistic regression analysis were done using Epi info version 3.5.1. All calculations were done at 95% confidence interval. Results: Results from 393 participants were analysed. The prevalence and awareness of hypertension were 34.9% and 30% respectively. Only 9.6% were taking medication. Independent risk factors were duration of ART > 2 years (POR 2.23;95%CI: 1.08;4.61), waist to hip ratio (women) > 0.85 (POR 3.45;95%CI: 1.60;5.88), B.M.I > 25 (POR 2.18;95%CI: 1.40;3.8). Protective factors were: Symptomatic HIV disease (POR 0.36;95%CI: 0.14;0.97) and being informally employed (POR 0.67;95%CI: 0.43;0.96). General risk factors were smoking (POR 5.06;95%CI: 2.20;11.60), sedentary recreation (POR 3.16;95%CI: 1.69;5.85) and high salt intake (POR 2.67;95%CI: 1.56;4.59). Conclusions: Hypertension is common among ART clients although it is not routinely screened for in ART care settings in Makonde. Common modifiable risk factors are contributing to the burden of hypertension in Makonde District. Health service providers should routinely screen for hypertension and promote healthy lifestyles among ART clients in Makonde.
文摘Prostephanus truncatus （Horn） is a notorious stored grain insect pest established in Tanzania in late 1970s and currently threatening the maize industry of Zimbabwe. The devastating effects of the pest attack, demands adequate preparation including identification of the potential invasion areas for more focused planning towards its effective management. In the current study, the potential P. truncatus invasion areas in Zimbabwe were identified based on climatic data with reference to the Tanzania situation using the geographical information system （GIS） Almanac Characterization Tool （AWhere-ACT 3.5 software）. Areas identified to be at greatest risk of invasion includes the northern part of the country, the southern-east region and a few areas in the east （Manicaland province）. Alternative host plants for P. truncatus similar to those identified in Kenya, where the pest is already endemic, were found to occur throughout Zimbabwe which could support initial colonization and subsequent perpetuation of the pest in the country. In Zimbabwe, chances that P. truncatus may spread throughout the country, should it invade the country, are high because of unregulated grain trade and the fact that most of the potential invasion areas identified in this study, are located in the major maize producing areas. Measures to delay the occurrence of the pest in Zimbabwe should focus on the high-risk areas identified.
文摘Background: Notifiable disease surveillance system (NDSS) data guides immediate action for events of public health importance. In July 2016, 12 patients suspected of typhoid were reported to Centenary District Medical Officer by phone. Following reporting, notification forms (T1) were not submitted to district, hence province did not receive district consolidated report (T2) for the notifications. This implies underreporting of notifiable diseases. Study was conducted to evaluate NDSS in Centenary district. Methods: Using updated Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines, descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among health workers sampled from all health facilities in Centenary district. Interviewer administered questionnaire and checklists were used to collect data, assess data quality and resource availability. Epi InfoTM 7 generated frequencies and proportions. Results: We interviewed 50 respondents from 13 health facilities and 64% were females. Health worker knowledge was rated low, 26% knew whom to notify and 40% knew forms are completed in triplicate. Reasons for failure to notify notifiable diseases included, unavailability of reporting forms 32% and lack of reporting guidelines 16%. Ninety-two percent were willing to participate. Four health facilities had at least six standard case definitions. The first two patients were only diagnosed at district level. NDSS information was used to procure antirabies vaccine and implement control measures. Conclusion: NDSS is useful, acceptable, unstable and not sensitive. Failure to notify was mainly due to lack of knowledge on NDSS. We recommend training of health workers and mentoring. Fifteen (IEC) case definitions and reporting guidelines were distributed to five health facilities.
基金An Australian Research Council Future Fellowship,No.FT110100345(to Renzaho A)The sponsor had no role in study design,data collection,analysis,interpretation,or writing of the report
文摘AIM: To estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension in Zimbabwe and describe its trend since independence in 1980 using secondary source data.METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases from April 1980 to December 2013 were searched for population and community based studies on the prevalence of hypertension among adults(≥ 18 years) in Zimbabwe. The key words used were "prevalence", "epidemiologic studies", "hypertension" or "high blood pressure", based on the cut-off(≥ 140 mm Hg systolic blood pressure and/or ≥ 90 mm Hg diastolic blood pressure). We conducted a meta-analysis on the published studies, using the random-effects model to estimate the pooled prevalence.RESULTS: The search retrieved 87 publications, of which four studies met the selection criteria. The four studies had a total of 4829 study participants between 1997 and 2010 across 5 provinces in Zimbabwe. Two studies were in urban areas, while the other two had mixed study settings(urban and rural). The overall pooled prevalence of hypertension was 30%(95%CI: 19%, 42%, I2= 98%, χ2 = 164.15, P = 0.00).CONCLUSION: Our results show a high prevalence of hypertension in Zimbabwe, with urban areas having higher prevalence than rural areas.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> In Zimbabwe, the perinatal mortality surveillance system is based on passive reporting of perinatal deaths using the perinatal death notification forms. Mpilo hospital recorded 74 perinatal deaths from January to September. No death was reported to the city and no perinatal mortality forms were found at the health information section. We aimed to assess the performance of perinatal mortality surveillance system in Bulawayo city. <strong>Methods:</strong> We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in all the maternity centres in Bulawayo City in 2011 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems. We used interviewer-administrated questionnaires to collect data. We used a checklist to assess availability of resources. Perinatal death notification forms were reviewed. <strong>Results:</strong> We interviewed 67 workers. Knowledge on the system was poor. Eight (12%) were trained in IDSR (Integrated Disease Surveillance Response) and three (4.5%) were inducted on the perinatal mortality surveillance system. Sixty-one (91%) regarded the system as useful. City and private maternity centres were not notifying perinatal deaths due to lack of forms. In central hospitals, delay in notification was due to workload and shortage of trained staff. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Poor knowledge on the system, lack of induction and trained staff could have contributed to the non-performance of the system in the City of Bulawayo. Most participants reported the system as useful. Lack of documentation made it difficult to follow up on actions plans.
文摘Back ground: Notifiable Disease Surveillance system serves as an early warning system for public health emergencies. Since January 2013 to August 2014, Beitbridge never submitted T2 forms to the province. Four suspected cases of rabies were reported through the generic report. The electronic District Health Information System 2, T2 forms had not been updated. This discrepancy may imply under reporting of Notifiable Diseases. The study was conducted to evaluate the NDSS in Beitbridge district. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Health workers in sampled health facilities were interviewed using questionnaires. Checklists were used to assess resource availability. Epi InfoTM was used to calculate frequencies and proportions. Results: From 11 facilities, 53 respondents were interviewed of which the 59% were females. For Knowledge, 57% recalled at least 9 Notifiable diseases, 11% knew the T1 form required to notify. Respondents willing to participate in the NDSS were 87%. Responsibility to notify was placed other health workers other than themselves by 55% of the respondents. All facilities did not have completed T1 forms. T1 forms were available in 1/11 health facilities. Three outbreaks were reported using the Weekly Disease Surveillance System (WDSS). NDSS information was used for planning and mobilizing resources for indoor residual spraying. It costs an average $12.15 to notify a single case, against $1.50 if it was electronic. Conclusion: NDSS is acceptable, simple, flexible, unstable, not sensitive and useful. Reasons for under reporting were lack of forms, lack of induction and poor knowledge on the NDSS. The cost of operating the NDSS could be reduced if the system is electronic. T1 forms and guidelines for completing the forms should be distributed to all health facilities. On the job training of health workers through tutorials, supervision is recommended.
文摘The Zimbabwean financial sector has been retrogressive,constrained,and unpredictable since the year 2000,serving for the multiple currency periods(2009-2013)after the demonetization of the domestic dollar.The sector since then has seen a number of commercial banks fail to meet RBZ(Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe)minimum capital requirements,put under curatorship,delisted or liquidated because of a myriad of operational and financial challenges.The objective of this study is to make an assessment of whether or not the introduction of bond notes has been a curse or blessing.The study drew raw data from bank account holders,academics,general public,corporate world and commercial banks in Masvingo for analysis and interpretation.The study established that the majority of people,corporate world and commercial banks were sceptical to embrace the surrogate bond notes because of the uncertainties,operational and financial risks that they paused on the domestic financial markets.It was also discovered that most banks were quick to pay clients’withdrawals in bond notes,deduct US dollar equivalences from their accounts,and distinguish bond notes from US dollars at the point of making deposits and foreign business transactions.It was also realized that there was market indiscipline and trading in bigger US dollar notes in the informal sector and serious shortage of the same notes in the formal sector.The study concluded that the introduction of bond notes to trade parallel to the US dollar brought a serious shortage of cash on formal markets and increases in the general price level of goods and services.The study therefore recommends that the RBZ should completely withdraw the bond notes from the market to accord the US dollar its world market value and restore confidence and discipline in the Zimbabwean financial sector.The study also recommends another option of the adoption of the South African Rand as an interventionist way of solving Zimbabwe’s liquidity crises.
文摘Introduction: Following the 2008 WHO in-vitro malaria RDT product testing study results, Paracheck RDT’s sensitivity was revealed to significantly drop to 55% at low parasite densities. This raised concerns among health workers on its diagnostic capabilities and possible public health implications resulting from its continued use? We therefore evaluated the diagnostic performance of Paracheck and SD Bioline (a yet to be evaluated kit) RDTs under operational settings in areas of different endemicity. Methods: Using an analytic cross-sectional study design, finger prick blood samples from 422 clinically diagnosed patients selected from Mudzi (high malaria burden) and Murewa (low malaria burden) districts were each tested for malaria using Paracheck and SD Bioline RDTs and Giemsa stain microscopy as gold standard. Parasitemias were calculated using WHO standard protocols. Main outcomes were test efficiency;sensitivity;specificity;PVP and NPV. Re-sults: Of eligible 390 blood slides prepared, microscopy detected malaria parasites in 125 (32.1%) with P. falciparum being predominant species (100%). Compared with microscopy, both Paracheck and SD Bioline RDTs performed fairly equally well and above WHO targets in Mudzi (high malaria burden), while in Murewa (low malaria burden) Paracheck and SD Bioline RDTs had sensitivities of 86.7% [69.5 - 100.0] and 86.7% [86.7 - 100.0];specificities of 97.2% [94.1 - 100.0] and 90.7% [85.3 - 96.2];test efficiencies of 95.9% [92.4 - 99.4] and 90.2% [85.0 - 95.5];PVPs of 73.3% and 45.2%;and NPVs of 98.8% and 98.7% respectively. Sensitivities for Paracheck and SD Bioline RDTs reduced from 99.2% [97.7 - 100.0] at parasitemias above 1000/μl each to 33.3% [0.0 - 71.1] and 50.0% [10.0 - 90.0] respectively at parasitemias below 1000/μl with variations not statistically significant. Conclusion: Paracheck RDT remains the MOHCC’s preferred diagnostic alternative in areas where good quality microscopy is not available in Zimbabwe. SD Bioline RDT provides another diagnostic alternative especially in areas of high malaria burden. However performance of both kits at parasitemias below 1000/μl needs further investigation.
