Studying tiie urban landscape pattern plays a crucial role in scientific land use and management and in improving the urban ecological environment In this paper, AutoCAD, ArcGIS, Fragstats, and other software were u...Studying tiie urban landscape pattern plays a crucial role in scientific land use and management and in improving the urban ecological environment In this paper, AutoCAD, ArcGIS, Fragstats, and other software were used to analyse the data of the fourth phase of land use in the core atea of Yangling Demonstration Zone. The results showed that： ① in the core area, the percentage of construction land incteased from 18.22% to 61.72%, and the percentage of agricultufal land decreased from 58.36% to 11.14%. And the fafm land was fragmented, and traffic connectivily was strengthened. The afea of garden land was reduced from 251.89 hm2 to 50.38 hm^2, and the landscape metric of forest land showed an inverted V-shaped curve. ②The year 2009 in four phases witnessed the greatest landscape fragmentation, both Edge Density （ED） and Ingest Patch Index （LPI） increased, and human interference enhanced the overall landscape complexity. Measures were fotmulated in terms of deaf development goals, optimized allocation of land resoutces, effective protection of ecological ted lines, and definite ecological responsibility, so as to optimize the urban landscape pattern.展开更多
Based on the overall planning of environmental cultural construction of Yangling Vocational & Technical College and the college–enterprise co-construction of Doucun Farm, this paper combined environmental cultura...Based on the overall planning of environmental cultural construction of Yangling Vocational & Technical College and the college–enterprise co-construction of Doucun Farm, this paper combined environmental cultural reformation inside and outside the college and reform of off-campus teaching experiment farm in view of outstanding agricultural characteristics of the bioengineering branch, with environmental health preservation as the fundamental goal and "health-preserving agriculture" as the link. In addition, four major characteristic landscape frameworks of "point, line, surface, and body" were established, and the effective construction approaches of health-preserving environmental cultural landscapes in vocational colleges were explored.展开更多
[Objectives]To evaluate the pollution status of phthalate esters(PAEs)in the soil of facility vegetable base in Yangling District of Xianyang City.[Methods]A total of 15 kinds of PAEs in soil samples were detected and...[Objectives]To evaluate the pollution status of phthalate esters(PAEs)in the soil of facility vegetable base in Yangling District of Xianyang City.[Methods]A total of 15 kinds of PAEs in soil samples were detected and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.[Results]A total of 12 kinds of PAEs were detected in analyzed soil samples,with a total content of 53.4-3524.1μg/kg and an average of 602.7μg/kg.Specifically,DEHP,DBP,DIBP,DMEP,BBP and DNOP were the main PAEs pollutants in the soil,with the detection rates of 100%,100%,100%,73.3%,63.3%and 53.3%,and the average content were 286.3,167.3,123.1,157.6,121.3,and 130.5μg/kg,respectively.[Conclusions]Compared with the soil in other regions,the pollution level of PAEs in the soil of facility vegetable base in Yangling District is lower,but such compounds are widespread in the facility vegetable base,and their potential environmental risks should attract close attention.展开更多
[Objectives]To evaluate the pollution status of antibiotics in the soil of vegetable bases in Yangling District.[Methods]The contents of 19 antibiotics in 4 categories of quinolones,tetracyclines,sulfonamides and macr...[Objectives]To evaluate the pollution status of antibiotics in the soil of vegetable bases in Yangling District.[Methods]The contents of 19 antibiotics in 4 categories of quinolones,tetracyclines,sulfonamides and macrolides in soil samples from 20 bases were detected and analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS.[Results]The quinolones,sulfonamides and tetracyclines were all detected in 100%of soil samples,and the detection rate of macrolides was 62%.The average contents of the four antibiotics from high to low were quinolones(51.76μg/kg)>tetracyclines(12.77μg/kg)>sulfonamides(1.14μg/kg)>macrolides(0.28μg/kg),and norfloxacin,oxytetracycline,sulfamethazine and erythromycin were the main contents,respectively.According to the trigger value of ecological toxic effect of antibiotics in soil(100μg/kg)proposed by the Steering Committee of the International Coordinating Committee for Veterinary Medicine(VICH),the contents of the four classes of antibiotics in the soil of the study area were all lower than the trigger value,indicating a small ecological risk.[Conclusions]Compared with other domestic research reports,the vegetable bases in this study area are also at a relatively low level of antibiotic pollution.展开更多
[Objective]Leaf diseases significantly affect both the yield and quality of tea throughout the year.To address the issue of inadequate segmentation finesse in the current tea spot segmentation models,a novel diagnosis...[Objective]Leaf diseases significantly affect both the yield and quality of tea throughout the year.To address the issue of inadequate segmentation finesse in the current tea spot segmentation models,a novel diagnosis of the severity of tea spots was proposed in this research,designated as MDC-U-Net3+,to enhance segmentation accuracy on the base framework of U-Net3+.[Methods]Multi-scale feature fusion module(MSFFM)was incorporated into the backbone network of U-Net3+to obtain feature information across multiple receptive fields of diseased spots,thereby reducing the loss of features within the encoder.Dual multi-scale attention(DMSA)was incorporated into the skip connection process to mitigate the segmentation boundary ambiguity issue.This integration facilitates the comprehensive fusion of fine-grained and coarse-grained semantic information at full scale.Furthermore,the segmented mask image was subjected to conditional random fields(CRF)to enhance the optimization of the segmentation results[Results and Discussions]The improved model MDC-U-Net3+achieved a mean pixel accuracy(mPA)of 94.92%,accompanied by a mean Intersection over Union(mIoU)ratio of 90.9%.When compared to the mPA and mIoU of U-Net3+,MDC-U-Net3+model showed improvements of 1.85 and 2.12 percentage points,respectively.These results illustrated a more effective segmentation performance than that achieved by other classical semantic segmentation models.[Conclusions]The methodology presented herein could provide data support for automated disease detection and precise medication,consequently reducing the losses associated with tea diseases.展开更多
Substrate and nutrient supply are essential for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse.The strategies for plant nutrient supply vary depending on the cultivation methods or substrate dosages employed.With the development...Substrate and nutrient supply are essential for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse.The strategies for plant nutrient supply vary depending on the cultivation methods or substrate dosages employed.With the development of mechanization,wide-row spacing substrate cultivation became an optimize mode of the greenhouse cucumber cultivation,aligning with the trend of intelligent agriculture.To determine the optimal nutrient solution supply amount(NS)and supply frequency(SF)for promoting the integrated growth of cucumber under wide-row spacing substrate cultivation,we explored the effects of substrate supply amount(SS),NS,and SF on cucumber yield,quality,and element utilization efficiency.A five-level quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design with three experimental factors(NS,SF,and SS)was implemented for 23 coupling treatments over three growing seasons,including spring(2022S and 2023S)and autumn(2022A).The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)combining weights based on game theory was applied to construct cucumber comprehensive growth evaluation model.Single and two experimental factors analyses revealed significant effects of single factors and the coupling of NS-SS,NS-SF and SS-SF on the integrated growth of cucumber for all three growing seasons.For the NS-SF-SS combination,the optimal parameters for comprehensive cucumber growth were determined as follows:levels of^(-1).68 for NS,-0.7 for SF,and^(-1).682 for SS in 2022A;-0.43 for NS,-0.06 for SF,and 0.34 for SS in 2022S;0.3 for NS,-0.02 for SF,and 0.04 for SS in 2023S.Furthermore,for SS ranges of 2.00-3.01,3.01-4.50,4.50-5.99,5.99-7.00(L·plant^(-1)),the corresponding NS and SF intervals maximizing cucumber integrated growth in spring were:0.28-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.26-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.25-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.23-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),respectively.With the same SS,the corresponding NS and SF intervals that maximized cucumber integrated growth in autumn were:0.10(L·plant^(-1))and 8(times·d^(-1)),0.18(L·plant^(-1))and 7(times·d^(-1)),0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.49(L·plant^(-1))and 5(times·d^(-1)),respectively.The results provide a theoretical basis for solution management,and further in-depth research on cucumber cultivation.展开更多
In China,Xinjiang is a relatively independent epidemic region of wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici,due to great population genetic divergence of Xinjiang with other inland epidemic regions....In China,Xinjiang is a relatively independent epidemic region of wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici,due to great population genetic divergence of Xinjiang with other inland epidemic regions.In this region,race evolution was usually slower than inland populations.However,many new races have recently been found,and therefore,it is necessary for more understanding of the virulence evolution of the Xinjiang population.So,in this study,a 65 sexual progenies,derived from a Xinjiang single-urediospore isolate BGTB-1 of P.striiformis f.sp.tritici by selfing on alternate host barberry(Berberis aggregata).It was phenotyped on the 25 single Yr lines,and genotyped by 19 kompetitive allele-specific PCRsingle nucleotide polymorphism(KASP-SNP) markers.As a result,the 65 progenies were identified as 56 various virulence patterns(VPs),and neither of which was identical to the parental isolate,showed 100% virulence variation.Compared with the parental isolate,of all progenies,39(60.0%) had increased virulence,and 18(27.7%) had decreased virulence.All progenies exhibited avirulence to Yr10,Yr15,Yr32,and YrTr1 loci,and avirulence and virulence segregation at the remaining 21 Yr resistance loci.The results showed avirulence to Yr5,Yr7,and Yr76(A:V≈3:1) loci is controlled by a single dominant gene,and that to Yr6,Yr25,and Yr44(A:V≈1:3) loci by a single recessive gene.However,avirulence to the remaining 15 resistant loci including Yr1,Yr2,Yr3,Yr4,Yr8,Yr9,Yr17,Yr26(=Yr24),Yr28,Yr29,Yr43,YrSP,Yr27,YrA,and YrExp2,with various avirulence and virulence segregation ratios,is controlled by two genes with different gene effects,indicating complex genetic traits of the parental isolate.Totally,65 dissimilar genotypes detected among progenies using overall molecular markers,by which a linkage map was constructed,with a genetic distance of 441.0 cM.Interestingly,although the parental isolate was avirulent to Yr5,but 17 progenies showed virulence,showing the change of pathogenicity from avirulence to virulence at this resistance locus.It was for the first time to report that progenies with virulence to Yr5 produced sexually from avirulent parental isolate at this resistance locus.To our knowledge,this study offers an insight into inheritance,sexual reproduction and virulence variation of P.striiformis f.sp.tritici in Xinjiang,facilitating us to understand evolution of the rust pathogen in this region and accounting for Xinjiang population distinguished form other inland populations.Additionally,it is necessary to further confirm the roles of sexual reproduction in the emergence of new races and affecting population genetic diversity of P.striiformis f.sp.tritici under natural conditions in Xinjiang.展开更多
Background Ruminants and monogastric animals exhibit significant differences in gluconeogenic efficiency.In dairy cows,hepatic gluconeogenesis serves as the primary source of glucose.Metabolites modulate gluconeogenes...Background Ruminants and monogastric animals exhibit significant differences in gluconeogenic efficiency.In dairy cows,hepatic gluconeogenesis serves as the primary source of glucose.Metabolites modulate gluconeogenesis efficiency through allosteric regulation,redox state,and signal transduction pathways.However,the liver-enriched metabolites that regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis in dairy cows and their specific regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely characterized.Results Six Holstein dairy cows and six Duroc×(Landrace×Yorkshire)(DLY)crossbred pigs served as research subjects.Employing non-targeted and targeted metabolomics,we discovered that three bile acids—taurodeoxycholic acid(TDCA),taurocholic acid(TCA),and glycocholic acid(GCA)—were highly enriched in Holstein dairy cows'livers.In bovine hepatocytes,individual or combined stimulation of these bile acids significantly upregulated the expression of gluconeogenesis genes(FBP1,PCK1 and G6PC)and enhanced glucose production.In fasting mice with induced gluconeogenesis,TDCA,TCA,and GCA increased fasting blood glucose levels,and pyruvate tolerance tests further revealed their capacity to enhance hepatic gluconeogenesis,enabling more efficient glucose synthesis from pyruvate.Mechanistically,these bile acids activated Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5(TGR5),elevated intracellular cAMP levels,and ultimately enhanced gluconeogenesis via the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB).Notably,a TGR5 inhibitor abrogated the stimulatory effects of TDCA,TCA,and GCA on hepatic gluconeogenesis in fasting mice.Conclusion TDCA,TCA,and GCA are key metabolites promoting hepatic gluconeogenesis in dairy cows,with TGR5 as the pivotal receptor and the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway as the critical downstream mechanism.展开更多
Thinopyrum ponticum(2n=10×=70),a wild relative of common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),is considered an invaluable genetic resource for wheat improvement due to its abundance of genes conferring resistance to bioti...Thinopyrum ponticum(2n=10×=70),a wild relative of common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),is considered an invaluable genetic resource for wheat improvement due to its abundance of genes conferring resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.This study focused on the CH97 line,derived from the BC1F7 progeny of a cross between wheat cv.7182 and Th.ponticum.Cytological evidence showed that CH97 has 42 chromosomes,forming 21 bivalents at meiotic metaphase I,with the bivalents subsequently separating and moving to opposite poles during meiotic anaphase I.Through a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH),genomic in situ hybridization(GISH),multicolor GISH(mc-GISH),and liquid array analysis,it was determined that CH97 comprises 40 wheat chromosomes and two alien chromosomes from the Ee genome of Th.ponticum,featuring the absence of a pair of 5D chromosomes and variations in 1B,6B,and 7B chromosomes.These findings confirm that CH97 is a stable wheat-Th.ponticum 5E(5D)alien disomic substitution line.Inoculation experiments revealed that CH97 exhibits high resistance to wheat powdery mildew and stripe rust throughout the growth period,in contrast to the highly susceptible common wheat parent 7182.Compared to 7182,CH97 displayed improvements in thousand-kernel weight and kernel length.Additionally,utilizing specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-seq)technology,chromosome 5E-specific molecular markers were developed and validated,achieving a 33.3% success rate,facilitating marker-assisted selection for disease resistance in wheat.Overall,the CH97 substitution line,with its resistance to diseases and improved agronomic traits,represents valuable new germplasm for wheat chromosome engineering and breeding.展开更多
Crop yield and quality are affected by abiotic stresses such as drought,low and high temperature,salinity,and heavy metals,which threaten the survival of human beings and the development of industry.As a new plant hor...Crop yield and quality are affected by abiotic stresses such as drought,low and high temperature,salinity,and heavy metals,which threaten the survival of human beings and the development of industry.As a new plant hormone derived from carotenoid,strigolactone(SL)is produced in the roots of plants.It was first reported that SL can induce seed germination of root-parasitic plants.In recent years,it has been shown that strigolactone plays a regulatory role in plant response to abiotic stresses.By eliminating oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species,it can potentially increase photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll content,and thus enhance plant drought resistance.Transcriptome studies have explored signal transduction,antioxidant enzyme activity,transcription factors,and expression of stress-and metabolism-related genes induced by extrinsic strigolactone in plants,the effects of strigolactone on plant growth and development have been preliminarily determined,but the studies on inducing crop tolerance to abiotic stresses are still unknown.In this review,the physiological and molecular aspects of the induction of the response to stress in horticultural crops by strigolactone were reviewed.It is important to improve the tolerance and productivity of horticultural crops under abiotic stress.展开更多
Background The role of bile acids in modulating the gut microbiota and their impact on host metabolism has garnered significant attention.Taurochenodeoxycholic acid(TCDCA)is the predominant bile acid within the chicke...Background The role of bile acids in modulating the gut microbiota and their impact on host metabolism has garnered significant attention.Taurochenodeoxycholic acid(TCDCA)is the predominant bile acid within the chicken bile acid pool and is closely related to metabolic disorders.The current study aims to investigate the potential effects of TCDCA on abdominal fat deposition in broilers.From 14 to 28 days of age,the broilers in the CON group received an oral administration of 1 mL of saline,while those in the treatment groups were administered 1 mL of a solution containing 0.05 g,0.10 g,or 0.20 g of TCDCA.Results The results showed that TCDCA treatments from 14 to 28 d had no significant effects on BW,ADFI,ADG and FCR in broilers at the age of 28 days of age.However,the abdominal fat percentage in the 0.20 g TCDCA group significantly increased,accompanied by higher TBA and HDL-c levels,as well as a reduction in apolipoprotein B levels in serum.In addition,serum triglyceride levels tended to be higher in the 0.20 g TCDCA group(P=0.098).The 0.20 g TCDCA treatment increased the gene expressions of SREBP-1,C/EBP-α,and ELOVL6,while decreasing the mRNA abundance of ATGL and CPT-1 in the abdominal fat.Serum levels of TCDCA,TDCA,and THDCA were significantly higher after 0.20 g TCDCA administration,while TCA levels were significantly lower,as determined by the targeted bile acid metabolomics analysis.Conversely,hepatic mRNA levels of CYP7A1,CYP27A1,BAAT,and BSEP were increased in the 0.20 g TCDCA group.The oral administration of 0.20 g TCDCA also upregulated the expression of FXR,VDR,and FGF19 in abdominal fat.The 16S rRNA analysis of cecal microbiota revealed that a decrease in the Shannon and Simpson indexes in the 0.20 g TCDCA group,and an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.LEfSe analysis revealed that the predominant bacteria in the CON group were Streptococcus and Oscillospira at the genus level,while Lactobacillus,Parabacteroides,Anaeroplasma,and Helicobacter were identified as the dominant genera in the 0.20 g TCDCA group.Functional predictions for the gut microbiota exhibited that lipid metabolism,replication and repair pathway were enhanced in the 0.20 g TCDCA group.Correlation analysis demonstrated that the abundance of Lactobacillus was positively correlated with serum levels of TCDCA,THDCA,and TDCA,while the abundance of Streptococcus and Oscillospira showed a positive correlation with serum TCA levels.Conclusion Overall,this study elucidates that the intervention of 0.20 g TCDCA may promote abdominal fat deposition by activating bile acid receptors in abdominal fat,and concurrent alterations in both the intestinal microbial community and bile acid profile.展开更多
Desert shrubs are indispensable in maintaining ecological stability by reducing soil erosion,enhancing water retention,and boosting soil fertility,which are critical factors in mitigating desertification processes.Due...Desert shrubs are indispensable in maintaining ecological stability by reducing soil erosion,enhancing water retention,and boosting soil fertility,which are critical factors in mitigating desertification processes.Due to the complex topography,variable climate,and challenges in field surveys in desert regions,this paper proposes YOLO-Desert-Shrub(YOLO-DS),a detection method for identifying desert shrubs in UAV remote sensing images based on an enhanced YOLOv8n framework.This method accurately identifying shrub species,locations,and coverage.To address the issue of small individual plants dominating the dataset,the SPDconv convolution module is introduced in the Backbone and Neck layers of the YOLOv8n model,replacing conventional convolutions.This structural optimization mitigates information degradation in fine-grained data while strengthening discriminative feature capture across spatial scales within desert shrub datasets.Furthermore,a structured state-space model is integrated into the main network,and the MambaLayer is designed to dynamically extract and refine shrub-specific features from remote sensing images,effectively filtering out background noise and irrelevant interference to enhance feature representation.Benchmark evaluations reveal the YOLO-DS framework attains 79.56%mAP40weight,demonstrating 2.2%absolute gain versus the baseline YOLOv8n architecture,with statistically significant advantages over contemporary detectors in cross-validation trials.The predicted plant coverage exhibits strong consistency with manually measured coverage,with a coefficient of determination(R^(2))of 0.9148 and a Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)of1.8266%.The proposed UAV-based remote sensing method utilizing the YOLO-DS effectively identify and locate desert shrubs,monitor canopy sizes and distribution,and provide technical support for automated desert shrub monitoring.展开更多
Anthocyanins are biosynthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and stored in vacuoles,and glutathione S-transferase(GST)plays a key role in anthocyanin accumulation.However,little is known about the mechanism of the rol...Anthocyanins are biosynthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and stored in vacuoles,and glutathione S-transferase(GST)plays a key role in anthocyanin accumulation.However,little is known about the mechanism of the role of GST in this process.We identified a prominent candidate gene,MaGST1,which is highly expressed during the full-bloom stage,in grape hyacinth.MaGST1 rescued the phenotype of the anthocyanin biosynthesis-deficient mutant tt19,indicating that MaGST1 functions in anthocyanin transport.MaGST1-RNAi transgenic petals were generated by stable genetic transformation.We found that MaGST1-RNAi inhibited the accumulation of anthocyanin in petals.Interestingly,in vitro experiments revealed that recombinant MaGST1 increased the water solubilities of cyanidin(Cya),delphinidin 3-O-glucoside(Dp3G),and petunidin 3-O-glucoside(Pt3G).Compared with Dp3G and Pt3G,Cya significantly suppressed the quenching of the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of MaGST1 to a lower level,indicating that MaGST1 has a greater affinity for Cya than for Dp3G and Pt3G.Site-directed mutagenesis and anthocyanin water solubility assays revealed that MaGST1 primarily binds to anthocyanin via Ser-68.Furthermore,yeast one-hybrid,dual-luciferase,and GUS staining assays revealed that MaGST1 expression is positively regulated by MaMybA.In summary,our findings reveal the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin transport mediated by MaGST1.展开更多
The continuous supply of phosphorus(P)is indispensable in crop production.However,P resources are non-renewable,and environmental concerns like eutrophication associated with its loss from agroecosystems make the sust...The continuous supply of phosphorus(P)is indispensable in crop production.However,P resources are non-renewable,and environmental concerns like eutrophication associated with its loss from agroecosystems make the sustainable management of P resources essential for ensuring global food security.This study was designed to reduce mineral P inputs through management practices.A field experiment comprising a wheat-maize rotation system was conducted in the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi Province,China from 2018-2023.The eight treatments included CK(without P),FP(conventional P application);RP(recommended P);RP80(20% reduction in RP);SRP80(20% reduction in RP with straw wrapping);ARP80(20% reduction in RP with ammonium sulfate instead of urea);SARP80(20% reduction in RP with straw wrapping and ammonium sulfate instead of urea);and SARP60(40% reduction in RP with straw wrapping and ammonium sulfate instead of urea).Crop yield,P uptake,and P fertilizer use efficiency were measured during harvest and throughout the entire period of the study.At the end of the experiment,P fractions were estimated using the Tiessen-Moir P classification method.The results revealed that the grain yields of all the treatments except for RP80 were significantly increased compared to CK,with increases of 14.9-28.8%.Furthermore,agronomic efficiency,apparent P use efficiency,P recovery rate,and partial factor productivity were significantly improved for the treatments that received 20% less P with straw wrapping.Moreover,the enhancement measures significantly increased labile and moderately labile P in the soil.Therefore,straw wrapping with ammonium sulfate instead of urea is one of the most effective ways to reduce mineral P inputs while increasing the efficiency of P in wheat-maize rotation systems.展开更多
Drought stress significantly impedes apple growth,development,and yield,leading to substantial economic losses within the global apple industry.Malus prunifolia(Mp),a commonly utilized apple rootstock,has shown promis...Drought stress significantly impedes apple growth,development,and yield,leading to substantial economic losses within the global apple industry.Malus prunifolia(Mp),a commonly utilized apple rootstock,has shown promise in augmenting cultivated apple resistance to abiotic stress.Although Alfin-like(ALs)proteins have demonstrated pivotal roles in dicotyledonous plants'response to abiotic stresses,knowledge about AL genes in apple rootstocks is limited,and their functions remain largely elusive.In this study,we identified and characterized 10 MpAL gene members in the apple rootstock genome,confirming their localization within the nucleus.Our investigation revealed the significant regulation of MpALs'expression under drought and abscisic acid(ABA)stresses in M.prunifolia.In this study,one of the members,MpAL1,was selected for further exploration in Arabidopsis and apple to explore its potential function in response to drought and ABA stresses.The results showed that overexpression-MpAL1 transgenic apple calli grew significantly better than WT and MpAL1-RNAi lines,which regulates the accumulation of H_(2)O_(2)and O_(2).-levels.Additionally,transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MpAL1 exhibited positively regulating antioxidant enzymes activities under stress treatments.Further study showed that silencing MpAL1 in apple plants showed obvious chlorosis in leaves,and accumulation of reactive oxygen species under drought stress.Moreover,our detailed analysis established that MpAL1 regulates several drought and ABA-responsive genes,exerting an influence on their expression in transgenic apple.Collectively,our findings identify MpAL1 as a positive regulator that increases drought stress in apple,shedding light on its potential significance in bolstering drought resistance in this fruit crop.展开更多
Erysiphe necator is a destructive fungal pathogen that compromises grapevine yield and quality,leading to substantial economic losses.Therefore,elucidating host resistance mechanisms is essential.In this study,we iden...Erysiphe necator is a destructive fungal pathogen that compromises grapevine yield and quality,leading to substantial economic losses.Therefore,elucidating host resistance mechanisms is essential.In this study,we identified an ethylene response factor,VqERF1B,that exhibits sustained high expression during E.necator infection in Chinese wild grape Vitis quinquangularis accession ‘Danfeng-2'.Transient overexpression of VqERF1B in grape leaves enhanced resistance to E.necator by elevating transcript levels of pathogenesis-related(PR) genes,including PR1,PR2,PR5,and PR10.Conversely,silencing VqERF1B resulted in increased susceptibility.Moreover,transgenic Arabidopsis lines stably overexpressing VqERF1B exhibited enhanced resistance to powdery mildew,associated with elevated PR gene expression and increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).A series of assays identified VqMAPK3,a phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase,as a direct interactor of VqERF1B.Furthermore,VqERF1B was shown to bind directly to the promoters of VqPRs,thereby activating their transcription.Notably,the VqMAPK3-VqERF1B complex exhibited greater transactivation activity on VqPR promoters than VqERF1B alone,indicating that VqMAPK3 positively modulates VqERF1Bmediated transcription of PR genes.This work advances understanding of the molecular basis of grape resistance to E.necator and provides a foundation for molecular breeding strategies.展开更多
Stand age plays a crucial role in forest biomass estimation and carbon cycle modeling.Assessing the uncertainty of stand age prediction models and identifying the key driving factors in the modeling process have becom...Stand age plays a crucial role in forest biomass estimation and carbon cycle modeling.Assessing the uncertainty of stand age prediction models and identifying the key driving factors in the modeling process have become major challenges in forestry research.In this study,we selected the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region of Northeast China as the research area and utilized multi-source datasets from the summer of 2019 to extract information on spectral,textural,climatic,water balance,and stand characteristics.By integrating the Random Forest(RF)model with Monte Carlo(MC)simulation,we constructed six regression models based on different combina-tions of features and evaluated the uncertainty of each model.Furthermore,we investigated the driving factors influencing stand age modeling by analyzing the effects of different types of features on age inversion.Model performance and accuracy were assessed using the root mean square error(RMSE),mean absolute error(MAE),and the coefficient of determination(R^(2)),while the relative root mean square error(rRMSE)was employed to quantify model uncertainty.The results indicate that the scenarios with more obvious improve-ment in accuracy and effective reduction in uncertainty were Scenario 3 with the inclusion of climate and water balance information(RMSE=25.54 yr,MAE=18.03 yr,R^(2)=0.51,rRMSE=19.17%)and Scenario 5 with the inclusion of stand characterization informa-tion(RMSE=18.47 yr,MAE=13.05 yr,R^(2)=0.74,rRMSE=16.99%).Scenario 6,incorporating all feature types,achieved the highest accuracy(RMSE=17.60 yr,MAE=12.06 yr,R^(2)=0.77,rRMSE=14.19%).In this study,elevation,minimum temperature,and diameter at breast height(DBH)emerged as the key drivers of stand-age modeling.The proposed method can be used to identify drivers and to quantify uncertainty in stand-age estimation,providing a useful reference for improving model accuracy and uncertainty assessment.展开更多
Understanding the complex interactions between human activities and ecosystem functions is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.Since the implementation of the“Grain for Green”Project in 1999,ecosyst...Understanding the complex interactions between human activities and ecosystem functions is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.Since the implementation of the“Grain for Green”Project in 1999,ecosystem functions in China’s Loess Plateau have significantly improved.However,intensified human activities have also exacerbated the pressures on the region’s fragile ecological environment.This study investigates the spatiotemporal variations in the human activity intensity index(HAI)and net ecosystem benefits(NEB)from 2000 to 2020,using expert-based assessments and an enhanced cost-benefit evaluation framework.Results indicate that HAI increased by 16.7% and 16.6% at the grid and county levels,respectively.NEB exhibited pronounced spatial heterogeneity,with a total increase of USD 36.2 trillion at the grid scale.At the county level,the average NEB rose by 75%.The degree of trade-off was higher at the grid scale than at the county scale,while the synergistic areas initially expanded and then declined at both scales.Key areas for improvement and regions of lagging development were identified as priority zones for ecological management and spatial planning at both spatial resolutions.This study offers scientific insights and practical guidance for harmonizing ecological conservation with high-quality development in ecologically vulnerable regions.展开更多
Background Goat milk is increasingly recognized for high digestibility and a distinctive compositional profile.Protein acetylation,an important post-translational modification,regulates biosynthetic and metabolic path...Background Goat milk is increasingly recognized for high digestibility and a distinctive compositional profile.Protein acetylation,an important post-translational modification,regulates biosynthetic and metabolic pathways.This study aimed to identify critical acetylated proteins and specific modification sites involved in milk production and component synthesis in dairy goats,thereby elucidating the molecular mechanisms of lactation.We performed a comparative TMT-based acetylomic and proteomic analysis of mammary tissues from Saanen dairy goats during peak lactation and the dry period using LC–MS/MS.A candidate acetylation site was further investigated in goat mammary epithelial cells(GMECs)through site-directed mutagenesis and lipid metabolic assays,establishing functional links between acetylation and mammary lipid metabolism and providing a foundation for molecular strategies to improve milk quality and yield.Results We established a comprehensive mammary acetylome,identifying 862 significantly acetylated proteins and 2,028 modification sites across the two physiological phases.Differentially acetylated proteins were predominantly localized to the cytoplasm(39.98%).From these,54 key acetylated proteins,including MTOR,BCAT2,QARS1,GOT1,GOT2,BDH1,ACSS1,STAT5B,FABP5,and GPAM were prioritized as candidates involved in milk protein synthesis,milk fat synthesis,lactose synthesis,and other lactation-related processes.Among them,β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1(BDH1)acetylation was characterized in detail.Members of the HDAC family were identified as primary regulators mediating BDH1 deacetylation.BDH1 acetylation promoted lipid droplet formation and triglyceride synthesis in GMECs.At the transcriptional level,BDH1 acetylation upregulated LXRα,ACSL1 and SCD1,whereas deacetylation downregulated SCD1,FASN,and ACSL1.Notably,BDH1 acetylation/deacetylation significantly reduced SREBP1 expression,linking this modification to coordinated control of lipogenic gene networks.Conclusions This study established,for the first time,the comprehensive acetylome of mammary gland tissues in dairy goats,revealing a substantial number of differentially acetylated proteins and modification sites.We demonstrate that acetylation of BDH1 regulated by HDACs promotes lipid droplet biogenesis and triglyceride synthesis in GMECs through transcriptional modulation of key lipogenic genes and suppression of SREBP1.These findings provide mechanistic insights into the post-translational regulation of mammary lipid metabolism and offer molecular targets for future genetic and nutritional strategies aimed at enhancing milk quality and yield in dairy goats.展开更多
Tree plantations are globally significant,and therefore,growth-related challenges cannot be ignored.Canopy structure and light environment influence the growth of plantations,but the precise relationship remains uncle...Tree plantations are globally significant,and therefore,growth-related challenges cannot be ignored.Canopy structure and light environment influence the growth of plantations,but the precise relationship remains unclear.We selected seven-year-old poplar plantations of varying cultivars planted various densities and measured their growth,canopy structure,and light environment.The findings indicate that poplar plantations of different cultivars and at different planting densities showed variations in leaf area index(LAI),average leaf angle(ALA),crown length(CL),length ratio(CLR),roundness(CR)and surface area(CSA),which directly or indirectly affect growth,resulting in disparities in their growing conditions.Crown roundness directly impacted growth,while LAI,CLR and ALA influenced growth indirectly by affecting intercellular carbon dioxide concentration.LAI and CLR had a positive effect;ALA had a negative one.Crown length and surface area directly and indirectly influenced growth by affecting photo synthetically active radiation and net photo synthetic rate,with direct impacts being more pronounced.This research has clarified the regulatory role of canopy structure in plantations growth,providing valuable insights for developing more effective management strategies.展开更多
基金Sponsored by Humanities and Social Sciences Project in Northwest A&F University(2015RWYB38)
文摘Studying tiie urban landscape pattern plays a crucial role in scientific land use and management and in improving the urban ecological environment In this paper, AutoCAD, ArcGIS, Fragstats, and other software were used to analyse the data of the fourth phase of land use in the core atea of Yangling Demonstration Zone. The results showed that： ① in the core area, the percentage of construction land incteased from 18.22% to 61.72%, and the percentage of agricultufal land decreased from 58.36% to 11.14%. And the fafm land was fragmented, and traffic connectivily was strengthened. The afea of garden land was reduced from 251.89 hm2 to 50.38 hm^2, and the landscape metric of forest land showed an inverted V-shaped curve. ②The year 2009 in four phases witnessed the greatest landscape fragmentation, both Edge Density （ED） and Ingest Patch Index （LPI） increased, and human interference enhanced the overall landscape complexity. Measures were fotmulated in terms of deaf development goals, optimized allocation of land resoutces, effective protection of ecological ted lines, and definite ecological responsibility, so as to optimize the urban landscape pattern.
基金Sponsored by Humanities and Social Sciences Research Foundation of Yangling Vocational&Technical College(GJ1423)
文摘Based on the overall planning of environmental cultural construction of Yangling Vocational & Technical College and the college–enterprise co-construction of Doucun Farm, this paper combined environmental cultural reformation inside and outside the college and reform of off-campus teaching experiment farm in view of outstanding agricultural characteristics of the bioengineering branch, with environmental health preservation as the fundamental goal and "health-preserving agriculture" as the link. In addition, four major characteristic landscape frameworks of "point, line, surface, and body" were established, and the effective construction approaches of health-preserving environmental cultural landscapes in vocational colleges were explored.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Fund Project of Yangling Vocational and Technical College(A2018053)Science and Technology Plan Project of Yangling Agricultural High-tech Industry Demonstration Zone(2018SF-02).
文摘[Objectives]To evaluate the pollution status of phthalate esters(PAEs)in the soil of facility vegetable base in Yangling District of Xianyang City.[Methods]A total of 15 kinds of PAEs in soil samples were detected and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.[Results]A total of 12 kinds of PAEs were detected in analyzed soil samples,with a total content of 53.4-3524.1μg/kg and an average of 602.7μg/kg.Specifically,DEHP,DBP,DIBP,DMEP,BBP and DNOP were the main PAEs pollutants in the soil,with the detection rates of 100%,100%,100%,73.3%,63.3%and 53.3%,and the average content were 286.3,167.3,123.1,157.6,121.3,and 130.5μg/kg,respectively.[Conclusions]Compared with the soil in other regions,the pollution level of PAEs in the soil of facility vegetable base in Yangling District is lower,but such compounds are widespread in the facility vegetable base,and their potential environmental risks should attract close attention.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Plan Project of Yangling Demonstration Zone(2018SF-02)Scientific Researchof Yangling Vocational and Technical College(A2018053)。
文摘[Objectives]To evaluate the pollution status of antibiotics in the soil of vegetable bases in Yangling District.[Methods]The contents of 19 antibiotics in 4 categories of quinolones,tetracyclines,sulfonamides and macrolides in soil samples from 20 bases were detected and analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS.[Results]The quinolones,sulfonamides and tetracyclines were all detected in 100%of soil samples,and the detection rate of macrolides was 62%.The average contents of the four antibiotics from high to low were quinolones(51.76μg/kg)>tetracyclines(12.77μg/kg)>sulfonamides(1.14μg/kg)>macrolides(0.28μg/kg),and norfloxacin,oxytetracycline,sulfamethazine and erythromycin were the main contents,respectively.According to the trigger value of ecological toxic effect of antibiotics in soil(100μg/kg)proposed by the Steering Committee of the International Coordinating Committee for Veterinary Medicine(VICH),the contents of the four classes of antibiotics in the soil of the study area were all lower than the trigger value,indicating a small ecological risk.[Conclusions]Compared with other domestic research reports,the vegetable bases in this study area are also at a relatively low level of antibiotic pollution.
文摘[Objective]Leaf diseases significantly affect both the yield and quality of tea throughout the year.To address the issue of inadequate segmentation finesse in the current tea spot segmentation models,a novel diagnosis of the severity of tea spots was proposed in this research,designated as MDC-U-Net3+,to enhance segmentation accuracy on the base framework of U-Net3+.[Methods]Multi-scale feature fusion module(MSFFM)was incorporated into the backbone network of U-Net3+to obtain feature information across multiple receptive fields of diseased spots,thereby reducing the loss of features within the encoder.Dual multi-scale attention(DMSA)was incorporated into the skip connection process to mitigate the segmentation boundary ambiguity issue.This integration facilitates the comprehensive fusion of fine-grained and coarse-grained semantic information at full scale.Furthermore,the segmented mask image was subjected to conditional random fields(CRF)to enhance the optimization of the segmentation results[Results and Discussions]The improved model MDC-U-Net3+achieved a mean pixel accuracy(mPA)of 94.92%,accompanied by a mean Intersection over Union(mIoU)ratio of 90.9%.When compared to the mPA and mIoU of U-Net3+,MDC-U-Net3+model showed improvements of 1.85 and 2.12 percentage points,respectively.These results illustrated a more effective segmentation performance than that achieved by other classical semantic segmentation models.[Conclusions]The methodology presented herein could provide data support for automated disease detection and precise medication,consequently reducing the losses associated with tea diseases.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-23-D06)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(Grant Nos.2024NC2-GJHX-29 and 2024NC-ZDCYL-05-08)Shaanxi Agricultural Collaborative Innovation and Extension Alliance Project(Grant No.LMZD202202).
文摘Substrate and nutrient supply are essential for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse.The strategies for plant nutrient supply vary depending on the cultivation methods or substrate dosages employed.With the development of mechanization,wide-row spacing substrate cultivation became an optimize mode of the greenhouse cucumber cultivation,aligning with the trend of intelligent agriculture.To determine the optimal nutrient solution supply amount(NS)and supply frequency(SF)for promoting the integrated growth of cucumber under wide-row spacing substrate cultivation,we explored the effects of substrate supply amount(SS),NS,and SF on cucumber yield,quality,and element utilization efficiency.A five-level quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design with three experimental factors(NS,SF,and SS)was implemented for 23 coupling treatments over three growing seasons,including spring(2022S and 2023S)and autumn(2022A).The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)combining weights based on game theory was applied to construct cucumber comprehensive growth evaluation model.Single and two experimental factors analyses revealed significant effects of single factors and the coupling of NS-SS,NS-SF and SS-SF on the integrated growth of cucumber for all three growing seasons.For the NS-SF-SS combination,the optimal parameters for comprehensive cucumber growth were determined as follows:levels of^(-1).68 for NS,-0.7 for SF,and^(-1).682 for SS in 2022A;-0.43 for NS,-0.06 for SF,and 0.34 for SS in 2022S;0.3 for NS,-0.02 for SF,and 0.04 for SS in 2023S.Furthermore,for SS ranges of 2.00-3.01,3.01-4.50,4.50-5.99,5.99-7.00(L·plant^(-1)),the corresponding NS and SF intervals maximizing cucumber integrated growth in spring were:0.28-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.26-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.25-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.23-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),respectively.With the same SS,the corresponding NS and SF intervals that maximized cucumber integrated growth in autumn were:0.10(L·plant^(-1))and 8(times·d^(-1)),0.18(L·plant^(-1))and 7(times·d^(-1)),0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.49(L·plant^(-1))and 5(times·d^(-1)),respectively.The results provide a theoretical basis for solution management,and further in-depth research on cucumber cultivation.
基金financially supported by Xinjiang Major Science and Technology Projects,China (2023A02009)。
文摘In China,Xinjiang is a relatively independent epidemic region of wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici,due to great population genetic divergence of Xinjiang with other inland epidemic regions.In this region,race evolution was usually slower than inland populations.However,many new races have recently been found,and therefore,it is necessary for more understanding of the virulence evolution of the Xinjiang population.So,in this study,a 65 sexual progenies,derived from a Xinjiang single-urediospore isolate BGTB-1 of P.striiformis f.sp.tritici by selfing on alternate host barberry(Berberis aggregata).It was phenotyped on the 25 single Yr lines,and genotyped by 19 kompetitive allele-specific PCRsingle nucleotide polymorphism(KASP-SNP) markers.As a result,the 65 progenies were identified as 56 various virulence patterns(VPs),and neither of which was identical to the parental isolate,showed 100% virulence variation.Compared with the parental isolate,of all progenies,39(60.0%) had increased virulence,and 18(27.7%) had decreased virulence.All progenies exhibited avirulence to Yr10,Yr15,Yr32,and YrTr1 loci,and avirulence and virulence segregation at the remaining 21 Yr resistance loci.The results showed avirulence to Yr5,Yr7,and Yr76(A:V≈3:1) loci is controlled by a single dominant gene,and that to Yr6,Yr25,and Yr44(A:V≈1:3) loci by a single recessive gene.However,avirulence to the remaining 15 resistant loci including Yr1,Yr2,Yr3,Yr4,Yr8,Yr9,Yr17,Yr26(=Yr24),Yr28,Yr29,Yr43,YrSP,Yr27,YrA,and YrExp2,with various avirulence and virulence segregation ratios,is controlled by two genes with different gene effects,indicating complex genetic traits of the parental isolate.Totally,65 dissimilar genotypes detected among progenies using overall molecular markers,by which a linkage map was constructed,with a genetic distance of 441.0 cM.Interestingly,although the parental isolate was avirulent to Yr5,but 17 progenies showed virulence,showing the change of pathogenicity from avirulence to virulence at this resistance locus.It was for the first time to report that progenies with virulence to Yr5 produced sexually from avirulent parental isolate at this resistance locus.To our knowledge,this study offers an insight into inheritance,sexual reproduction and virulence variation of P.striiformis f.sp.tritici in Xinjiang,facilitating us to understand evolution of the rust pathogen in this region and accounting for Xinjiang population distinguished form other inland populations.Additionally,it is necessary to further confirm the roles of sexual reproduction in the emergence of new races and affecting population genetic diversity of P.striiformis f.sp.tritici under natural conditions in Xinjiang.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(grant number 32422082)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province(grant number 2025JC-QYXQ-009)。
文摘Background Ruminants and monogastric animals exhibit significant differences in gluconeogenic efficiency.In dairy cows,hepatic gluconeogenesis serves as the primary source of glucose.Metabolites modulate gluconeogenesis efficiency through allosteric regulation,redox state,and signal transduction pathways.However,the liver-enriched metabolites that regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis in dairy cows and their specific regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely characterized.Results Six Holstein dairy cows and six Duroc×(Landrace×Yorkshire)(DLY)crossbred pigs served as research subjects.Employing non-targeted and targeted metabolomics,we discovered that three bile acids—taurodeoxycholic acid(TDCA),taurocholic acid(TCA),and glycocholic acid(GCA)—were highly enriched in Holstein dairy cows'livers.In bovine hepatocytes,individual or combined stimulation of these bile acids significantly upregulated the expression of gluconeogenesis genes(FBP1,PCK1 and G6PC)and enhanced glucose production.In fasting mice with induced gluconeogenesis,TDCA,TCA,and GCA increased fasting blood glucose levels,and pyruvate tolerance tests further revealed their capacity to enhance hepatic gluconeogenesis,enabling more efficient glucose synthesis from pyruvate.Mechanistically,these bile acids activated Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5(TGR5),elevated intracellular cAMP levels,and ultimately enhanced gluconeogenesis via the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB).Notably,a TGR5 inhibitor abrogated the stimulatory effects of TDCA,TCA,and GCA on hepatic gluconeogenesis in fasting mice.Conclusion TDCA,TCA,and GCA are key metabolites promoting hepatic gluconeogenesis in dairy cows,with TGR5 as the pivotal receptor and the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway as the critical downstream mechanism.
基金funded by the Key R&D Program of Yangling Seed Industry Innovation,China(Ylzy-xm-02)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology(2021QNRC001)。
文摘Thinopyrum ponticum(2n=10×=70),a wild relative of common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),is considered an invaluable genetic resource for wheat improvement due to its abundance of genes conferring resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.This study focused on the CH97 line,derived from the BC1F7 progeny of a cross between wheat cv.7182 and Th.ponticum.Cytological evidence showed that CH97 has 42 chromosomes,forming 21 bivalents at meiotic metaphase I,with the bivalents subsequently separating and moving to opposite poles during meiotic anaphase I.Through a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH),genomic in situ hybridization(GISH),multicolor GISH(mc-GISH),and liquid array analysis,it was determined that CH97 comprises 40 wheat chromosomes and two alien chromosomes from the Ee genome of Th.ponticum,featuring the absence of a pair of 5D chromosomes and variations in 1B,6B,and 7B chromosomes.These findings confirm that CH97 is a stable wheat-Th.ponticum 5E(5D)alien disomic substitution line.Inoculation experiments revealed that CH97 exhibits high resistance to wheat powdery mildew and stripe rust throughout the growth period,in contrast to the highly susceptible common wheat parent 7182.Compared to 7182,CH97 displayed improvements in thousand-kernel weight and kernel length.Additionally,utilizing specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-seq)technology,chromosome 5E-specific molecular markers were developed and validated,achieving a 33.3% success rate,facilitating marker-assisted selection for disease resistance in wheat.Overall,the CH97 substitution line,with its resistance to diseases and improved agronomic traits,represents valuable new germplasm for wheat chromosome engineering and breeding.
基金supported by the Special projects on biological seed industry and intensive processing of agricultural products(Grant No.202402AE090004-02)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFD2001404)+1 种基金Technology talent and platform program(Grant No.202305AF150112)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(Grant No.CARS-29-zp-6).
文摘Crop yield and quality are affected by abiotic stresses such as drought,low and high temperature,salinity,and heavy metals,which threaten the survival of human beings and the development of industry.As a new plant hormone derived from carotenoid,strigolactone(SL)is produced in the roots of plants.It was first reported that SL can induce seed germination of root-parasitic plants.In recent years,it has been shown that strigolactone plays a regulatory role in plant response to abiotic stresses.By eliminating oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species,it can potentially increase photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll content,and thus enhance plant drought resistance.Transcriptome studies have explored signal transduction,antioxidant enzyme activity,transcription factors,and expression of stress-and metabolism-related genes induced by extrinsic strigolactone in plants,the effects of strigolactone on plant growth and development have been preliminarily determined,but the studies on inducing crop tolerance to abiotic stresses are still unknown.In this review,the physiological and molecular aspects of the induction of the response to stress in horticultural crops by strigolactone were reviewed.It is important to improve the tolerance and productivity of horticultural crops under abiotic stress.
基金funded by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2023YFD1301400 and 2023YFF1001900)the Program for Shaanxi Science&Technology(2022GD-TSLD-46-0302,2023KXJ-243,2023GXJS-02-01 and L2022-QCYZX-NY-004)。
文摘Background The role of bile acids in modulating the gut microbiota and their impact on host metabolism has garnered significant attention.Taurochenodeoxycholic acid(TCDCA)is the predominant bile acid within the chicken bile acid pool and is closely related to metabolic disorders.The current study aims to investigate the potential effects of TCDCA on abdominal fat deposition in broilers.From 14 to 28 days of age,the broilers in the CON group received an oral administration of 1 mL of saline,while those in the treatment groups were administered 1 mL of a solution containing 0.05 g,0.10 g,or 0.20 g of TCDCA.Results The results showed that TCDCA treatments from 14 to 28 d had no significant effects on BW,ADFI,ADG and FCR in broilers at the age of 28 days of age.However,the abdominal fat percentage in the 0.20 g TCDCA group significantly increased,accompanied by higher TBA and HDL-c levels,as well as a reduction in apolipoprotein B levels in serum.In addition,serum triglyceride levels tended to be higher in the 0.20 g TCDCA group(P=0.098).The 0.20 g TCDCA treatment increased the gene expressions of SREBP-1,C/EBP-α,and ELOVL6,while decreasing the mRNA abundance of ATGL and CPT-1 in the abdominal fat.Serum levels of TCDCA,TDCA,and THDCA were significantly higher after 0.20 g TCDCA administration,while TCA levels were significantly lower,as determined by the targeted bile acid metabolomics analysis.Conversely,hepatic mRNA levels of CYP7A1,CYP27A1,BAAT,and BSEP were increased in the 0.20 g TCDCA group.The oral administration of 0.20 g TCDCA also upregulated the expression of FXR,VDR,and FGF19 in abdominal fat.The 16S rRNA analysis of cecal microbiota revealed that a decrease in the Shannon and Simpson indexes in the 0.20 g TCDCA group,and an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.LEfSe analysis revealed that the predominant bacteria in the CON group were Streptococcus and Oscillospira at the genus level,while Lactobacillus,Parabacteroides,Anaeroplasma,and Helicobacter were identified as the dominant genera in the 0.20 g TCDCA group.Functional predictions for the gut microbiota exhibited that lipid metabolism,replication and repair pathway were enhanced in the 0.20 g TCDCA group.Correlation analysis demonstrated that the abundance of Lactobacillus was positively correlated with serum levels of TCDCA,THDCA,and TDCA,while the abundance of Streptococcus and Oscillospira showed a positive correlation with serum TCA levels.Conclusion Overall,this study elucidates that the intervention of 0.20 g TCDCA may promote abdominal fat deposition by activating bile acid receptors in abdominal fat,and concurrent alterations in both the intestinal microbial community and bile acid profile.
基金supported by the National Public Welfare Forest Desert Shrubbery Monitoring Project。
文摘Desert shrubs are indispensable in maintaining ecological stability by reducing soil erosion,enhancing water retention,and boosting soil fertility,which are critical factors in mitigating desertification processes.Due to the complex topography,variable climate,and challenges in field surveys in desert regions,this paper proposes YOLO-Desert-Shrub(YOLO-DS),a detection method for identifying desert shrubs in UAV remote sensing images based on an enhanced YOLOv8n framework.This method accurately identifying shrub species,locations,and coverage.To address the issue of small individual plants dominating the dataset,the SPDconv convolution module is introduced in the Backbone and Neck layers of the YOLOv8n model,replacing conventional convolutions.This structural optimization mitigates information degradation in fine-grained data while strengthening discriminative feature capture across spatial scales within desert shrub datasets.Furthermore,a structured state-space model is integrated into the main network,and the MambaLayer is designed to dynamically extract and refine shrub-specific features from remote sensing images,effectively filtering out background noise and irrelevant interference to enhance feature representation.Benchmark evaluations reveal the YOLO-DS framework attains 79.56%mAP40weight,demonstrating 2.2%absolute gain versus the baseline YOLOv8n architecture,with statistically significant advantages over contemporary detectors in cross-validation trials.The predicted plant coverage exhibits strong consistency with manually measured coverage,with a coefficient of determination(R^(2))of 0.9148 and a Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)of1.8266%.The proposed UAV-based remote sensing method utilizing the YOLO-DS effectively identify and locate desert shrubs,monitor canopy sizes and distribution,and provide technical support for automated desert shrub monitoring.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32171863).
文摘Anthocyanins are biosynthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and stored in vacuoles,and glutathione S-transferase(GST)plays a key role in anthocyanin accumulation.However,little is known about the mechanism of the role of GST in this process.We identified a prominent candidate gene,MaGST1,which is highly expressed during the full-bloom stage,in grape hyacinth.MaGST1 rescued the phenotype of the anthocyanin biosynthesis-deficient mutant tt19,indicating that MaGST1 functions in anthocyanin transport.MaGST1-RNAi transgenic petals were generated by stable genetic transformation.We found that MaGST1-RNAi inhibited the accumulation of anthocyanin in petals.Interestingly,in vitro experiments revealed that recombinant MaGST1 increased the water solubilities of cyanidin(Cya),delphinidin 3-O-glucoside(Dp3G),and petunidin 3-O-glucoside(Pt3G).Compared with Dp3G and Pt3G,Cya significantly suppressed the quenching of the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of MaGST1 to a lower level,indicating that MaGST1 has a greater affinity for Cya than for Dp3G and Pt3G.Site-directed mutagenesis and anthocyanin water solubility assays revealed that MaGST1 primarily binds to anthocyanin via Ser-68.Furthermore,yeast one-hybrid,dual-luciferase,and GUS staining assays revealed that MaGST1 expression is positively regulated by MaMybA.In summary,our findings reveal the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin transport mediated by MaGST1.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1900300 and 2017YFD0200205)the Agricultural Key-scientific and Core-technological Project of Shaanxi Province,China(2024NYGG011)。
文摘The continuous supply of phosphorus(P)is indispensable in crop production.However,P resources are non-renewable,and environmental concerns like eutrophication associated with its loss from agroecosystems make the sustainable management of P resources essential for ensuring global food security.This study was designed to reduce mineral P inputs through management practices.A field experiment comprising a wheat-maize rotation system was conducted in the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi Province,China from 2018-2023.The eight treatments included CK(without P),FP(conventional P application);RP(recommended P);RP80(20% reduction in RP);SRP80(20% reduction in RP with straw wrapping);ARP80(20% reduction in RP with ammonium sulfate instead of urea);SARP80(20% reduction in RP with straw wrapping and ammonium sulfate instead of urea);and SARP60(40% reduction in RP with straw wrapping and ammonium sulfate instead of urea).Crop yield,P uptake,and P fertilizer use efficiency were measured during harvest and throughout the entire period of the study.At the end of the experiment,P fractions were estimated using the Tiessen-Moir P classification method.The results revealed that the grain yields of all the treatments except for RP80 were significantly increased compared to CK,with increases of 14.9-28.8%.Furthermore,agronomic efficiency,apparent P use efficiency,P recovery rate,and partial factor productivity were significantly improved for the treatments that received 20% less P with straw wrapping.Moreover,the enhancement measures significantly increased labile and moderately labile P in the soil.Therefore,straw wrapping with ammonium sulfate instead of urea is one of the most effective ways to reduce mineral P inputs while increasing the efficiency of P in wheat-maize rotation systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32102311 and 32102338)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2021M690129).
文摘Drought stress significantly impedes apple growth,development,and yield,leading to substantial economic losses within the global apple industry.Malus prunifolia(Mp),a commonly utilized apple rootstock,has shown promise in augmenting cultivated apple resistance to abiotic stress.Although Alfin-like(ALs)proteins have demonstrated pivotal roles in dicotyledonous plants'response to abiotic stresses,knowledge about AL genes in apple rootstocks is limited,and their functions remain largely elusive.In this study,we identified and characterized 10 MpAL gene members in the apple rootstock genome,confirming their localization within the nucleus.Our investigation revealed the significant regulation of MpALs'expression under drought and abscisic acid(ABA)stresses in M.prunifolia.In this study,one of the members,MpAL1,was selected for further exploration in Arabidopsis and apple to explore its potential function in response to drought and ABA stresses.The results showed that overexpression-MpAL1 transgenic apple calli grew significantly better than WT and MpAL1-RNAi lines,which regulates the accumulation of H_(2)O_(2)and O_(2).-levels.Additionally,transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MpAL1 exhibited positively regulating antioxidant enzymes activities under stress treatments.Further study showed that silencing MpAL1 in apple plants showed obvious chlorosis in leaves,and accumulation of reactive oxygen species under drought stress.Moreover,our detailed analysis established that MpAL1 regulates several drought and ABA-responsive genes,exerting an influence on their expression in transgenic apple.Collectively,our findings identify MpAL1 as a positive regulator that increases drought stress in apple,shedding light on its potential significance in bolstering drought resistance in this fruit crop.
基金This study is granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52209055,52379041,and 32272667)the Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects,China (202401AU070197,202501AW070013,202501BC070015,and 202501AT070377)+3 种基金the Yunnan Education Department Project,China (2024J0079)the Kunming University of Science and Technology Talent Development Project,China (KKZ3202423161)the Yunnan Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources and Intelligent Control,China (202449CE340014)the Yunnan Intelligent Water-Fertilizer-Pesticide Integration Technology and Equipment Innovation Team,China (202505AS350025)。
文摘Erysiphe necator is a destructive fungal pathogen that compromises grapevine yield and quality,leading to substantial economic losses.Therefore,elucidating host resistance mechanisms is essential.In this study,we identified an ethylene response factor,VqERF1B,that exhibits sustained high expression during E.necator infection in Chinese wild grape Vitis quinquangularis accession ‘Danfeng-2'.Transient overexpression of VqERF1B in grape leaves enhanced resistance to E.necator by elevating transcript levels of pathogenesis-related(PR) genes,including PR1,PR2,PR5,and PR10.Conversely,silencing VqERF1B resulted in increased susceptibility.Moreover,transgenic Arabidopsis lines stably overexpressing VqERF1B exhibited enhanced resistance to powdery mildew,associated with elevated PR gene expression and increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).A series of assays identified VqMAPK3,a phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase,as a direct interactor of VqERF1B.Furthermore,VqERF1B was shown to bind directly to the promoters of VqPRs,thereby activating their transcription.Notably,the VqMAPK3-VqERF1B complex exhibited greater transactivation activity on VqPR promoters than VqERF1B alone,indicating that VqMAPK3 positively modulates VqERF1Bmediated transcription of PR genes.This work advances understanding of the molecular basis of grape resistance to E.necator and provides a foundation for molecular breeding strategies.
基金Under the auspices of the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32371875,32001249)。
文摘Stand age plays a crucial role in forest biomass estimation and carbon cycle modeling.Assessing the uncertainty of stand age prediction models and identifying the key driving factors in the modeling process have become major challenges in forestry research.In this study,we selected the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region of Northeast China as the research area and utilized multi-source datasets from the summer of 2019 to extract information on spectral,textural,climatic,water balance,and stand characteristics.By integrating the Random Forest(RF)model with Monte Carlo(MC)simulation,we constructed six regression models based on different combina-tions of features and evaluated the uncertainty of each model.Furthermore,we investigated the driving factors influencing stand age modeling by analyzing the effects of different types of features on age inversion.Model performance and accuracy were assessed using the root mean square error(RMSE),mean absolute error(MAE),and the coefficient of determination(R^(2)),while the relative root mean square error(rRMSE)was employed to quantify model uncertainty.The results indicate that the scenarios with more obvious improve-ment in accuracy and effective reduction in uncertainty were Scenario 3 with the inclusion of climate and water balance information(RMSE=25.54 yr,MAE=18.03 yr,R^(2)=0.51,rRMSE=19.17%)and Scenario 5 with the inclusion of stand characterization informa-tion(RMSE=18.47 yr,MAE=13.05 yr,R^(2)=0.74,rRMSE=16.99%).Scenario 6,incorporating all feature types,achieved the highest accuracy(RMSE=17.60 yr,MAE=12.06 yr,R^(2)=0.77,rRMSE=14.19%).In this study,elevation,minimum temperature,and diameter at breast height(DBH)emerged as the key drivers of stand-age modeling.The proposed method can be used to identify drivers and to quantify uncertainty in stand-age estimation,providing a useful reference for improving model accuracy and uncertainty assessment.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2243225)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB40000000)+2 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.Z2024-ZYFS-0065)the Funding of Top Young talents of Ten Thousand talents Plan in China(2021)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grants No.2452023071 and 2023HHZX002).
文摘Understanding the complex interactions between human activities and ecosystem functions is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.Since the implementation of the“Grain for Green”Project in 1999,ecosystem functions in China’s Loess Plateau have significantly improved.However,intensified human activities have also exacerbated the pressures on the region’s fragile ecological environment.This study investigates the spatiotemporal variations in the human activity intensity index(HAI)and net ecosystem benefits(NEB)from 2000 to 2020,using expert-based assessments and an enhanced cost-benefit evaluation framework.Results indicate that HAI increased by 16.7% and 16.6% at the grid and county levels,respectively.NEB exhibited pronounced spatial heterogeneity,with a total increase of USD 36.2 trillion at the grid scale.At the county level,the average NEB rose by 75%.The degree of trade-off was higher at the grid scale than at the county scale,while the synergistic areas initially expanded and then declined at both scales.Key areas for improvement and regions of lagging development were identified as priority zones for ecological management and spatial planning at both spatial resolutions.This study offers scientific insights and practical guidance for harmonizing ecological conservation with high-quality development in ecologically vulnerable regions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1000102)Xi’an Agricultural Technology Research General Project(24NYGG0025)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31702098)。
文摘Background Goat milk is increasingly recognized for high digestibility and a distinctive compositional profile.Protein acetylation,an important post-translational modification,regulates biosynthetic and metabolic pathways.This study aimed to identify critical acetylated proteins and specific modification sites involved in milk production and component synthesis in dairy goats,thereby elucidating the molecular mechanisms of lactation.We performed a comparative TMT-based acetylomic and proteomic analysis of mammary tissues from Saanen dairy goats during peak lactation and the dry period using LC–MS/MS.A candidate acetylation site was further investigated in goat mammary epithelial cells(GMECs)through site-directed mutagenesis and lipid metabolic assays,establishing functional links between acetylation and mammary lipid metabolism and providing a foundation for molecular strategies to improve milk quality and yield.Results We established a comprehensive mammary acetylome,identifying 862 significantly acetylated proteins and 2,028 modification sites across the two physiological phases.Differentially acetylated proteins were predominantly localized to the cytoplasm(39.98%).From these,54 key acetylated proteins,including MTOR,BCAT2,QARS1,GOT1,GOT2,BDH1,ACSS1,STAT5B,FABP5,and GPAM were prioritized as candidates involved in milk protein synthesis,milk fat synthesis,lactose synthesis,and other lactation-related processes.Among them,β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1(BDH1)acetylation was characterized in detail.Members of the HDAC family were identified as primary regulators mediating BDH1 deacetylation.BDH1 acetylation promoted lipid droplet formation and triglyceride synthesis in GMECs.At the transcriptional level,BDH1 acetylation upregulated LXRα,ACSL1 and SCD1,whereas deacetylation downregulated SCD1,FASN,and ACSL1.Notably,BDH1 acetylation/deacetylation significantly reduced SREBP1 expression,linking this modification to coordinated control of lipogenic gene networks.Conclusions This study established,for the first time,the comprehensive acetylome of mammary gland tissues in dairy goats,revealing a substantial number of differentially acetylated proteins and modification sites.We demonstrate that acetylation of BDH1 regulated by HDACs promotes lipid droplet biogenesis and triglyceride synthesis in GMECs through transcriptional modulation of key lipogenic genes and suppression of SREBP1.These findings provide mechanistic insights into the post-translational regulation of mammary lipid metabolism and offer molecular targets for future genetic and nutritional strategies aimed at enhancing milk quality and yield in dairy goats.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFD2201203)the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001311)。
文摘Tree plantations are globally significant,and therefore,growth-related challenges cannot be ignored.Canopy structure and light environment influence the growth of plantations,but the precise relationship remains unclear.We selected seven-year-old poplar plantations of varying cultivars planted various densities and measured their growth,canopy structure,and light environment.The findings indicate that poplar plantations of different cultivars and at different planting densities showed variations in leaf area index(LAI),average leaf angle(ALA),crown length(CL),length ratio(CLR),roundness(CR)and surface area(CSA),which directly or indirectly affect growth,resulting in disparities in their growing conditions.Crown roundness directly impacted growth,while LAI,CLR and ALA influenced growth indirectly by affecting intercellular carbon dioxide concentration.LAI and CLR had a positive effect;ALA had a negative one.Crown length and surface area directly and indirectly influenced growth by affecting photo synthetically active radiation and net photo synthetic rate,with direct impacts being more pronounced.This research has clarified the regulatory role of canopy structure in plantations growth,providing valuable insights for developing more effective management strategies.
