Purpose： This paper proposes an expert assignment method for scientific project review that considers both accuracy and impartiality. As impartial and accurate peer review is extremely important to ensure the quality...Purpose： This paper proposes an expert assignment method for scientific project review that considers both accuracy and impartiality. As impartial and accurate peer review is extremely important to ensure the quality and feasibility of scientific projects, enhanced methods for managing the process are needed. Design/methodology/approach： To ensure both accuracy and impartiality, we design four criteria, the reviewers＇fitness degree, research intensity, academic association, and potential conflict of interest, to express the characteristics of an appropriate peer review expert. We first formalize the expert assignment problem as an optimization problem based on the designed criteria, and then propose a randomized algorithm to solve the expert assignment problem of identifying reviewer adequacy. Findings： Simulation results show that the proposed method is quite accurate and impartial during expert assignment. Research limitations： Although the criteria used in this paper can properly show the characteristics of a good and appropriate peer review expert, more criteria/conditions can be included in the proposed scheme to further enhance accuracy and impartiality of the expert assignment. Practical implications： The proposed method can help project funding agencies （e.g. the National Natural Science Foundation of China） find better experts for project peer review. OriginaUty/value： To the authors＇ knowledge, this is the first publication that proposes an algorithm that applies an impartial approach to the project review expert assignment process. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
Biosafety has attracted an unprecedented amount of attention from the global community as an important element in national security.All biosafety issues are related to laws and therefore must be regulated accordingly....Biosafety has attracted an unprecedented amount of attention from the global community as an important element in national security.All biosafety issues are related to laws and therefore must be regulated accordingly.A preliminary biosafety legislation system based on and suitable for China’s actual conditions has been established.The provisions of numerous laws have provided legislative tools to manage biosafety issues.The State Council and relevant ministries have also exercised their respective functions and drafted codes and regulations concerning biosafety protection.These laws and regulations play important roles,but our nation still lacks a law solely dedicated to biosafety regulation,and the supervisory system is incomplete.To remedy this situation,relevant biotechnologies must be developed,issues related to biosafety must be thoroughly examined,and the best practices of other nations should be introduced,all of which will improve biosafety legislation in China.展开更多
Safety of human beings has always been threatened by infectious diseases.In the process of fighting them,humans have continuously explored and researched the pathogens,transmission routes,prevention,and curing methods...Safety of human beings has always been threatened by infectious diseases.In the process of fighting them,humans have continuously explored and researched the pathogens,transmission routes,prevention,and curing methods as well as other aspects concerning these diseases;therefore,accumulating a rich experience.Here,biosafety refers to the prevention and control measures taken to reduce risk factors leading to infectious diseases.Since ancient times,China has been aware of biosafety and has taken aggressive measures to reach it.Nowadays,China has established a complete infectious disease prevention,control,and biosafety system which effectively reduces the prevalence of infectious diseases.In this paper,the history on the development of infectious disease prevention,control,and biosafety protocols in China since ancient times is studied.Moreover,specific suggestions for their improvement are proposed.展开更多
Biological weapons are used in wars to wound or kill people or animals and destroy crops with pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses,as well as toxins and other biologically active substances.These are...Biological weapons are used in wars to wound or kill people or animals and destroy crops with pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses,as well as toxins and other biologically active substances.These are highly infectious,easily communicable,widely destructive,long-acting,and difficult to prevent and treat.Thus,a major challenge for the international community is preventing the spread of biological weapons throughout the world.The Biological Weapons Convention(BWC)is a multilateral treaty that clearly prohibits the development,production,stockpiling,acquisition and preservation of biological and toxic weapons,as well as the design and delivery of biological warfare agents,except for the purpose of prevention,protection and other peaceful uses.The BWC is,to a certain extent,binding on countries capable of manufacturing biological weapons,and has become a powerful tool enabling the international community to jointly deal with the threats posed by biological weapons.However,its effectiveness has been reduced by the lack of a corresponding verification mechanism.With the rapid development of biotechnology,global biosecurity is faced with new and highly uncertain challenges and threats,which requires the member countries of the BWC to cooperate with,promote,and supervise each other in making constant improvements to the BWC in an effort to maintain global peace and stable development.展开更多
The sharing of pathogens is of great significance for the continuous and comprehensive testing and monitoring of viral samples,vaccine and drug development,and the study of drug resistance and mutability of viral samp...The sharing of pathogens is of great significance for the continuous and comprehensive testing and monitoring of viral samples,vaccine and drug development,and the study of drug resistance and mutability of viral samples.This paper reviews the current legal framework in the field of pathogen sharing,analyzes existing issues,and proposes recommendations to improve the legal framework of pathogen sharing.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the grant (No.7160325)the Young Talent-Field Frontier Project of Wuhan Documentation and Information Center,Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Purpose： This paper proposes an expert assignment method for scientific project review that considers both accuracy and impartiality. As impartial and accurate peer review is extremely important to ensure the quality and feasibility of scientific projects, enhanced methods for managing the process are needed. Design/methodology/approach： To ensure both accuracy and impartiality, we design four criteria, the reviewers＇fitness degree, research intensity, academic association, and potential conflict of interest, to express the characteristics of an appropriate peer review expert. We first formalize the expert assignment problem as an optimization problem based on the designed criteria, and then propose a randomized algorithm to solve the expert assignment problem of identifying reviewer adequacy. Findings： Simulation results show that the proposed method is quite accurate and impartial during expert assignment. Research limitations： Although the criteria used in this paper can properly show the characteristics of a good and appropriate peer review expert, more criteria/conditions can be included in the proposed scheme to further enhance accuracy and impartiality of the expert assignment. Practical implications： The proposed method can help project funding agencies （e.g. the National Natural Science Foundation of China） find better experts for project peer review. OriginaUty/value： To the authors＇ knowledge, this is the first publication that proposes an algorithm that applies an impartial approach to the project review expert assignment process. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
文摘Biosafety has attracted an unprecedented amount of attention from the global community as an important element in national security.All biosafety issues are related to laws and therefore must be regulated accordingly.A preliminary biosafety legislation system based on and suitable for China’s actual conditions has been established.The provisions of numerous laws have provided legislative tools to manage biosafety issues.The State Council and relevant ministries have also exercised their respective functions and drafted codes and regulations concerning biosafety protection.These laws and regulations play important roles,but our nation still lacks a law solely dedicated to biosafety regulation,and the supervisory system is incomplete.To remedy this situation,relevant biotechnologies must be developed,issues related to biosafety must be thoroughly examined,and the best practices of other nations should be introduced,all of which will improve biosafety legislation in China.
文摘Safety of human beings has always been threatened by infectious diseases.In the process of fighting them,humans have continuously explored and researched the pathogens,transmission routes,prevention,and curing methods as well as other aspects concerning these diseases;therefore,accumulating a rich experience.Here,biosafety refers to the prevention and control measures taken to reduce risk factors leading to infectious diseases.Since ancient times,China has been aware of biosafety and has taken aggressive measures to reach it.Nowadays,China has established a complete infectious disease prevention,control,and biosafety system which effectively reduces the prevalence of infectious diseases.In this paper,the history on the development of infectious disease prevention,control,and biosafety protocols in China since ancient times is studied.Moreover,specific suggestions for their improvement are proposed.
基金This study was supported by the Key Laboratory on Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosafety in Wuhan(2018201261638501)a project of the Wuhan Science and Technology Program.
文摘Biological weapons are used in wars to wound or kill people or animals and destroy crops with pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses,as well as toxins and other biologically active substances.These are highly infectious,easily communicable,widely destructive,long-acting,and difficult to prevent and treat.Thus,a major challenge for the international community is preventing the spread of biological weapons throughout the world.The Biological Weapons Convention(BWC)is a multilateral treaty that clearly prohibits the development,production,stockpiling,acquisition and preservation of biological and toxic weapons,as well as the design and delivery of biological warfare agents,except for the purpose of prevention,protection and other peaceful uses.The BWC is,to a certain extent,binding on countries capable of manufacturing biological weapons,and has become a powerful tool enabling the international community to jointly deal with the threats posed by biological weapons.However,its effectiveness has been reduced by the lack of a corresponding verification mechanism.With the rapid development of biotechnology,global biosecurity is faced with new and highly uncertain challenges and threats,which requires the member countries of the BWC to cooperate with,promote,and supervise each other in making constant improvements to the BWC in an effort to maintain global peace and stable development.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant no.2020YFA0908603).
文摘The sharing of pathogens is of great significance for the continuous and comprehensive testing and monitoring of viral samples,vaccine and drug development,and the study of drug resistance and mutability of viral samples.This paper reviews the current legal framework in the field of pathogen sharing,analyzes existing issues,and proposes recommendations to improve the legal framework of pathogen sharing.
