Irrational irrigation practices in the Arys Turkestan Canal command area in the southern part of Kazakhstan have led to the formation of soils with poor physical and chemical properties. To study whether irrigation an...Irrational irrigation practices in the Arys Turkestan Canal command area in the southern part of Kazakhstan have led to the formation of soils with poor physical and chemical properties. To study whether irrigation and leaching practices and/or groundwater rise have contributed to the accumulation of Mg2+ on the cation exchange complex of these soils, historical changes in soil and groundwater quality were used as source data and the Visual MINTEQ model was applied to analyze the chemical composition of water and soils in the study area. The imposed irrigation regime and the leaching of light sierosem soils led to the dissolution and subsequent leaching of inherent gypsum and organic matter from the soil profile. Further, the domination of bicarbonate in the irrigation water promoted weathering of the carbonate minerals present as calcite. The higher concentrations of Mg2+ in comparison to Ca2+ in the irrigation water resulted in the replacement of Na+ by Mg2+ on the cation exchange complex. In the lower part of the command area, shallow groundwater has contributed to the accumulation of Na+ and to a large extent of Mg2+ on the cation exchange sites.展开更多
This study presents field data and results on local fish processing, its energy supply, and consumption in the Northern Province of Zambia. The study also evaluates the impact of processing conditions on fish quality ...This study presents field data and results on local fish processing, its energy supply, and consumption in the Northern Province of Zambia. The study also evaluates the impact of processing conditions on fish quality and cost for the different processing systems available in the selected communities. The result shows that fuelwood is the primary source of energy for fish processing used either in a modified three-stone fire (MTSF) system or a recently developed kiln. The charcoal smoking alternative had the least fuel consumption, yet was not considered as the preferred option due to the high cost of the fuel, a smaller quantity of fish processed per batch and longer processing time. The result also revealed that irrespective of the system used, the type of fish being processed and the pre-smoking drying time had a significant impact on the total energy consumption. Overall, the smoking kiln was found to increase the quantity of fish processed by five folds, reduce fuel use by 48% and reduce the overall smoking time per kilogram fish processed by 39%. A relatively higher fish quality was obtained with the use of the smoking kiln in comparison with the MTSF and the charcoal smoking system. The use of the smoking kiln as a fish processing system is recommended because it improves the quality of the fish, can scale up fish processing due to its capacity and reduces energy use with its associated costs.展开更多
A fishers’women-led Participatory Action Research(PAR)was conducted in 30 homestead ponds to assess the potential for polyculture of Tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)and major carps Rohu(Labeo rohita)and Catla(Catla cat...A fishers’women-led Participatory Action Research(PAR)was conducted in 30 homestead ponds to assess the potential for polyculture of Tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)and major carps Rohu(Labeo rohita)and Catla(Catla catla)in two coastal fishing villages of Bangladesh.Three treatments,namely T1(Tilapia 200 fish per decimal;1 decimal=40 m^2),T2(Tilapia 200+Rohu 32+Catla 8 fish per decimal)and T3(Tilapia 200+Rohu 8+Catla 32 fish per decimal),each with 5 replicates,were tried in Hossainpur and Anipara villages.Formulated commercial Mega-feed was applied to the ponds twice daily at an initial rate of 10%body weight(bw)/day of Tilapia down to 4%bw/day throughout the culture period.The water quality parameters of ponds including transparency,salinity and dissolved oxygen significantly varied among treatments except temperature and pH and remained within optimum range for carp polyculture except salinity.The survival rate,harvesting weight and yield of Tilapia were significantly highest in T1(85.63±05%,258.59±18.76 g&11073±805 kg/ha,respectively)in Anipara and lowest in T3(75.63±0.37%,136.97±10.63 g&5180±406 kg/ha,respectively)in Hossainpur.The gross fish production was the significantly highest in T1(11354±806 kg/ha)of Anipara and lowest in T1(6325±227 kg/ha)of Hossainpur.Statistically,the highest net return(866,627±84874 BDT/ha)was found in T1 of Anipara and lowest in T3(279,389±46104 BDT/ha)of Hossainpur with a significantly higher benefit-cost ratio(BCR)obtained in T1(3.26±0.20)for Tilapia and lower in T3(1.58±0.10)for polyculture Tilapia and carp of Hossainpur.Therefore,it may be concluded that Tilapia production in small homestead coastal ponds has a higher potential than its mix with carps in polyculture for generating food and supplemental income opportunity for coastal fishers’women in Bangladesh.展开更多
lntra-regional fish trade has potential in addressing the region＇s food and nutrition insecurity, as well as poverty reduction, by enabling movement of fish from countries of surplus to those with deficit. However, i...lntra-regional fish trade has potential in addressing the region＇s food and nutrition insecurity, as well as poverty reduction, by enabling movement of fish from countries of surplus to those with deficit. However, informal fish trade, just like all informal economic activities, has been overlooked and neglected in many national and regional policies, leading to obscurity of such an important part of the fisheries sector. This study examined the situation in the cross-border informal fish trade in order to deepen our understanding about the traders, the factors influencing the traders to use informal trade channels, the structure of the products traded and the challenges traders face, as well as propose policy direction to enhance the cross-border fish trade in the Southern Africa region. The study revealed that female traders dominated informal fish trade. In both Malawi and Zambia, an estimated 45,285.52 metric tonnes of fish valued at 82.14 million dollars and 102,263.9 metric tolmes of fish valued at 3.3 million dollars were informally traded. The key species involved in informal cross-border trade in Malawi and Zambia were the small pelagics, usipa （Engraulicypris sardella） from Lake Malawi and dagaa （Rastrineobola argentea） from Lake Tanganyika, respectively. It emerged from focus group discussions with informal fish traders and key informants＇ interviews with border post fish inspection and revenue collection officials that traders are put off by the cross-border regulations. Therefore, it is important for countries in the Southern African Development Community （SADC） region to regularize and formalize cross-border trade, particularly in small pelagic fish species, since this species plays a great role in the livelihoods, food and nutrition security of many people in the region, especially the rural and urban poor. It is also important for governments to support processors and traders to improve the quality of fish being traded, and decentralize issuing of the import/export certificates and other cross-border support documents. Lastly, there is a need to establish informal fish trade monitoring systems to adequately quantify the volumes traded.展开更多
Ninety percent of the world’s fishers are directly involved in small-scale fisheries(SSFs),and many food safety and quality issues along the food value chains may be both irreversible and cumulative.Ensuring safe,hig...Ninety percent of the world’s fishers are directly involved in small-scale fisheries(SSFs),and many food safety and quality issues along the food value chains may be both irreversible and cumulative.Ensuring safe,high-quality aquatic products are key to sustaining life,promoting good health,and avoiding adverse health effects.Objective This paper aimed to highlight factors preventing the implementation of safety and quality assurance systems in SSFs by analysing the results from surveys on the implementation of Article 11 of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries(2017,2019,and 2022).Materials and methods The analysis considered responses to 15 closed-ended questions on food safety and quality obtained from 143 FAO Members and the European Union,and 87 open-ended replies addressing challenges in SSFs.Results The major factors preventing the implementation of the Code’s food safety and quality provisions were lack of sanitation and monitoring programmes,lack of infrastructure(particularly refrigeration facilities)lack of technical capacities and limited management of food safety risks along the value chains.Safety and quality assurance efforts were focused on international markets,resulting in less attention being paid to domestic markets where a high degree of informality was reported.Conclusions Improved implementation of safety and quality assurance systems will lead to safer food with higher nutritional quality,extended shelf-life and reduced post-harvest loss.Increased awareness of food safety issues in SSFs is a prerequisite for achieving several of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.展开更多
Seaweed is a promising marine macroalgae of the millennium,providing various ecological,social,and economic benefits.At present,seaweed production reached 35.8 million t from farming,accounting for 97%of global seawee...Seaweed is a promising marine macroalgae of the millennium,providing various ecological,social,and economic benefits.At present,seaweed production reached 35.8 million t from farming,accounting for 97%of global seaweed output,with a world market of US$11.8 billion.Seaweeds are an excellent source of nutritious human food because of their low lipid content,high minerals,fibers,polyunsaturated fatty acids,polysaccharides,vitamins,and bioactive compounds.Many seaweed sub-products offer unique properties to develop various functional foods for the food processing industries.In the perspective of climate change mitigation,seaweed farms absorb carbon,serve as a CO_(2)sink and reduce agricultural emissions by providing raw materials for biofuel production and livestock feed.Seaweed farming system also helps in climate change adaptation by absorbing wave energy,safeguarding shorelines,raising the pH of the surrounding water,and oxygenating the waters to minimize the impacts of ocean acidification and hypoxia on a localized scale.Moreover,it contributes substantially to the sustainable development of the economic condition of coastal women by providing livelihood opportunities and ensuring financial solvency.This review paper highlights the significance of seaweed farming in global food and nutritional security,mitigation and adaptation to global climate change,and women empowerment within a single frame.This review paper also outlined the major issues and challenges of seaweed farming for obtaining maximum benefits in these aspects.The main challenges of making seaweed as a staple diet to millions of people include producing suitable species of seaweeds,making seaweed products accessible,affordable,nutritionally balanced,and attractive to the consumers.Various food products must be developed from seaweeds that may be considered equivalent to the foods consumed by humans today.Lack of effective marine spatial planning to avoid user conflicts is vital for expanding the seaweed farming systems to provide aquatic foods and contribute globally for mitigation and adaptation of climate change impacts.Hence,women’s empowerment through seaweed farming is primarily constrained by the lack of technical knowledge and financial resources to establish the coastal farming system.All the information discussed in this paper will help to understand the critical needs for large-scale seaweed farming for climate resilience mariculture,potentials for global food security,and future research on various aspects of seaweed farming and their diverse utilization.展开更多
The Catalogue of Life,created by Species 2000 and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System,has the ambitious aim of creating a uniform and validated index of the world’s known species for use as a practical tool i...The Catalogue of Life,created by Species 2000 and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System,has the ambitious aim of creating a uniform and validated index of the world’s known species for use as a practical tool in inventorying and monitoring biodiversity worldwide.This is achieved by accessing an array of taxonomic databases created and made available by individual,project and institutional custodians through taxonomic and biodiversity initiatives.A standard data set is delivered for every known species,drawn from Species 2000 contributing databases.Data are provided to the Species 2000 Philippine office,compiled annually and published in CD-ROM format.Species 2000 also includes the Species Locator Service,which gives a responsible opinion as to the actual species currently recognized by taxonomists and their accepted names,and the Name Service that assists users in checking the spelling and original publication details for a wider range of names,including species not yet incorporated in the Species Locator Service.The Species Locator Service is available as the Dynamic Checklist,which is used to search for the scientific name of an organism online,and the Annual Checklist,which is a stable index produced once a year and is available on CD-ROM and online.Catalogue of Life currently covers more than 272000 species and 32000 infraspecies,with 181000 synonyms.It has 217000 common names,87000 references and 20 contributing databases that encompass all known animals,plants,fungi and microorganisms.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Asian Development Bank (No.RETA 6208).
文摘Irrational irrigation practices in the Arys Turkestan Canal command area in the southern part of Kazakhstan have led to the formation of soils with poor physical and chemical properties. To study whether irrigation and leaching practices and/or groundwater rise have contributed to the accumulation of Mg2+ on the cation exchange complex of these soils, historical changes in soil and groundwater quality were used as source data and the Visual MINTEQ model was applied to analyze the chemical composition of water and soils in the study area. The imposed irrigation regime and the leaching of light sierosem soils led to the dissolution and subsequent leaching of inherent gypsum and organic matter from the soil profile. Further, the domination of bicarbonate in the irrigation water promoted weathering of the carbonate minerals present as calcite. The higher concentrations of Mg2+ in comparison to Ca2+ in the irrigation water resulted in the replacement of Na+ by Mg2+ on the cation exchange complex. In the lower part of the command area, shallow groundwater has contributed to the accumulation of Na+ and to a large extent of Mg2+ on the cation exchange sites.
文摘This study presents field data and results on local fish processing, its energy supply, and consumption in the Northern Province of Zambia. The study also evaluates the impact of processing conditions on fish quality and cost for the different processing systems available in the selected communities. The result shows that fuelwood is the primary source of energy for fish processing used either in a modified three-stone fire (MTSF) system or a recently developed kiln. The charcoal smoking alternative had the least fuel consumption, yet was not considered as the preferred option due to the high cost of the fuel, a smaller quantity of fish processed per batch and longer processing time. The result also revealed that irrespective of the system used, the type of fish being processed and the pre-smoking drying time had a significant impact on the total energy consumption. Overall, the smoking kiln was found to increase the quantity of fish processed by five folds, reduce fuel use by 48% and reduce the overall smoking time per kilogram fish processed by 39%. A relatively higher fish quality was obtained with the use of the smoking kiln in comparison with the MTSF and the charcoal smoking system. The use of the smoking kiln as a fish processing system is recommended because it improves the quality of the fish, can scale up fish processing due to its capacity and reduces energy use with its associated costs.
文摘A fishers’women-led Participatory Action Research(PAR)was conducted in 30 homestead ponds to assess the potential for polyculture of Tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)and major carps Rohu(Labeo rohita)and Catla(Catla catla)in two coastal fishing villages of Bangladesh.Three treatments,namely T1(Tilapia 200 fish per decimal;1 decimal=40 m^2),T2(Tilapia 200+Rohu 32+Catla 8 fish per decimal)and T3(Tilapia 200+Rohu 8+Catla 32 fish per decimal),each with 5 replicates,were tried in Hossainpur and Anipara villages.Formulated commercial Mega-feed was applied to the ponds twice daily at an initial rate of 10%body weight(bw)/day of Tilapia down to 4%bw/day throughout the culture period.The water quality parameters of ponds including transparency,salinity and dissolved oxygen significantly varied among treatments except temperature and pH and remained within optimum range for carp polyculture except salinity.The survival rate,harvesting weight and yield of Tilapia were significantly highest in T1(85.63±05%,258.59±18.76 g&11073±805 kg/ha,respectively)in Anipara and lowest in T3(75.63±0.37%,136.97±10.63 g&5180±406 kg/ha,respectively)in Hossainpur.The gross fish production was the significantly highest in T1(11354±806 kg/ha)of Anipara and lowest in T1(6325±227 kg/ha)of Hossainpur.Statistically,the highest net return(866,627±84874 BDT/ha)was found in T1 of Anipara and lowest in T3(279,389±46104 BDT/ha)of Hossainpur with a significantly higher benefit-cost ratio(BCR)obtained in T1(3.26±0.20)for Tilapia and lower in T3(1.58±0.10)for polyculture Tilapia and carp of Hossainpur.Therefore,it may be concluded that Tilapia production in small homestead coastal ponds has a higher potential than its mix with carps in polyculture for generating food and supplemental income opportunity for coastal fishers’women in Bangladesh.
文摘lntra-regional fish trade has potential in addressing the region＇s food and nutrition insecurity, as well as poverty reduction, by enabling movement of fish from countries of surplus to those with deficit. However, informal fish trade, just like all informal economic activities, has been overlooked and neglected in many national and regional policies, leading to obscurity of such an important part of the fisheries sector. This study examined the situation in the cross-border informal fish trade in order to deepen our understanding about the traders, the factors influencing the traders to use informal trade channels, the structure of the products traded and the challenges traders face, as well as propose policy direction to enhance the cross-border fish trade in the Southern Africa region. The study revealed that female traders dominated informal fish trade. In both Malawi and Zambia, an estimated 45,285.52 metric tonnes of fish valued at 82.14 million dollars and 102,263.9 metric tolmes of fish valued at 3.3 million dollars were informally traded. The key species involved in informal cross-border trade in Malawi and Zambia were the small pelagics, usipa （Engraulicypris sardella） from Lake Malawi and dagaa （Rastrineobola argentea） from Lake Tanganyika, respectively. It emerged from focus group discussions with informal fish traders and key informants＇ interviews with border post fish inspection and revenue collection officials that traders are put off by the cross-border regulations. Therefore, it is important for countries in the Southern African Development Community （SADC） region to regularize and formalize cross-border trade, particularly in small pelagic fish species, since this species plays a great role in the livelihoods, food and nutrition security of many people in the region, especially the rural and urban poor. It is also important for governments to support processors and traders to improve the quality of fish being traded, and decentralize issuing of the import/export certificates and other cross-border support documents. Lastly, there is a need to establish informal fish trade monitoring systems to adequately quantify the volumes traded.
基金the ERA-NET LEAP-Agri,which was co-financed by the European Union's EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 under the ERA-NET-Cofund under Grant Agreement No.727715 and supported by funds of the Research Council of Norway and the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture(BMEL)based on a decision of the Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany via the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food(BLE).
文摘Ninety percent of the world’s fishers are directly involved in small-scale fisheries(SSFs),and many food safety and quality issues along the food value chains may be both irreversible and cumulative.Ensuring safe,high-quality aquatic products are key to sustaining life,promoting good health,and avoiding adverse health effects.Objective This paper aimed to highlight factors preventing the implementation of safety and quality assurance systems in SSFs by analysing the results from surveys on the implementation of Article 11 of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries(2017,2019,and 2022).Materials and methods The analysis considered responses to 15 closed-ended questions on food safety and quality obtained from 143 FAO Members and the European Union,and 87 open-ended replies addressing challenges in SSFs.Results The major factors preventing the implementation of the Code’s food safety and quality provisions were lack of sanitation and monitoring programmes,lack of infrastructure(particularly refrigeration facilities)lack of technical capacities and limited management of food safety risks along the value chains.Safety and quality assurance efforts were focused on international markets,resulting in less attention being paid to domestic markets where a high degree of informality was reported.Conclusions Improved implementation of safety and quality assurance systems will lead to safer food with higher nutritional quality,extended shelf-life and reduced post-harvest loss.Increased awareness of food safety issues in SSFs is a prerequisite for achieving several of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
基金This research is part of the CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems(FISH)and is being carried out as a sub-project of the Enhanced Coastal Fisheries in Bangladesh(ECOFISH-BD)activity(PLA 12825),which is funded by the United States Agency for International Development(USAID)and is being carried out in collaboration with WorldFish,Bangladesh,and South Asia Office,and the Department of Fisheries(DOF),Bangladesh.
文摘Seaweed is a promising marine macroalgae of the millennium,providing various ecological,social,and economic benefits.At present,seaweed production reached 35.8 million t from farming,accounting for 97%of global seaweed output,with a world market of US$11.8 billion.Seaweeds are an excellent source of nutritious human food because of their low lipid content,high minerals,fibers,polyunsaturated fatty acids,polysaccharides,vitamins,and bioactive compounds.Many seaweed sub-products offer unique properties to develop various functional foods for the food processing industries.In the perspective of climate change mitigation,seaweed farms absorb carbon,serve as a CO_(2)sink and reduce agricultural emissions by providing raw materials for biofuel production and livestock feed.Seaweed farming system also helps in climate change adaptation by absorbing wave energy,safeguarding shorelines,raising the pH of the surrounding water,and oxygenating the waters to minimize the impacts of ocean acidification and hypoxia on a localized scale.Moreover,it contributes substantially to the sustainable development of the economic condition of coastal women by providing livelihood opportunities and ensuring financial solvency.This review paper highlights the significance of seaweed farming in global food and nutritional security,mitigation and adaptation to global climate change,and women empowerment within a single frame.This review paper also outlined the major issues and challenges of seaweed farming for obtaining maximum benefits in these aspects.The main challenges of making seaweed as a staple diet to millions of people include producing suitable species of seaweeds,making seaweed products accessible,affordable,nutritionally balanced,and attractive to the consumers.Various food products must be developed from seaweeds that may be considered equivalent to the foods consumed by humans today.Lack of effective marine spatial planning to avoid user conflicts is vital for expanding the seaweed farming systems to provide aquatic foods and contribute globally for mitigation and adaptation of climate change impacts.Hence,women’s empowerment through seaweed farming is primarily constrained by the lack of technical knowledge and financial resources to establish the coastal farming system.All the information discussed in this paper will help to understand the critical needs for large-scale seaweed farming for climate resilience mariculture,potentials for global food security,and future research on various aspects of seaweed farming and their diverse utilization.
文摘The Catalogue of Life,created by Species 2000 and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System,has the ambitious aim of creating a uniform and validated index of the world’s known species for use as a practical tool in inventorying and monitoring biodiversity worldwide.This is achieved by accessing an array of taxonomic databases created and made available by individual,project and institutional custodians through taxonomic and biodiversity initiatives.A standard data set is delivered for every known species,drawn from Species 2000 contributing databases.Data are provided to the Species 2000 Philippine office,compiled annually and published in CD-ROM format.Species 2000 also includes the Species Locator Service,which gives a responsible opinion as to the actual species currently recognized by taxonomists and their accepted names,and the Name Service that assists users in checking the spelling and original publication details for a wider range of names,including species not yet incorporated in the Species Locator Service.The Species Locator Service is available as the Dynamic Checklist,which is used to search for the scientific name of an organism online,and the Annual Checklist,which is a stable index produced once a year and is available on CD-ROM and online.Catalogue of Life currently covers more than 272000 species and 32000 infraspecies,with 181000 synonyms.It has 217000 common names,87000 references and 20 contributing databases that encompass all known animals,plants,fungi and microorganisms.
