Low temperature(LT)in spring has become one of the principal abiotic stresses that restrict the growth and development of wheat.Diverse analyses were performed to investigate the mechanism underlying the response of w...Low temperature(LT)in spring has become one of the principal abiotic stresses that restrict the growth and development of wheat.Diverse analyses were performed to investigate the mechanism underlying the response of wheat grain development to LT stress during booting.These included morphological observation,measurements of starch synthase activity,and determination of amylose and amylopectin content of wheat grain after exposure to treatment with LT during booting.Additionally,proteomic analysis was performed using tandem mass tags(TMT).Results showed that the plumpness of wheat grains decreased after LT stress.Moreover,the activities of sucrose synthase(SuS,EC 2.4.1.13)and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPase,EC 2.7.7.27)exhibited a significant reduction,leading to a significant reduction in the contents of amylose and amylopectin.A total of 509 differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)were identified by proteomics analysis.The Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment analysis showed that the protein difference multiple in the nutritional repository activity was the largest among the molecular functions,and the up-regulated seed storage protein(ssP)played an active role in the response of grains to LT stress and subsequent damage.The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis showed that LT stress reduced the expression of DEPs such as sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS),glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase(glgC),andβ-fructofuranosidase(FFase)in sucrose and starch metabolic pathways,thus affecting the synthesis of grain starch.In addition,many heat shock proteins(HsPs)were found in the protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathways,which can resist some damage caused by LT stress.These findings provide a new theoretical foundation for elucidating the underlying mechanism governing wheat yield developmentafterexposuretoLTstress inspring.展开更多
Branching is a critical aspect of plant architecture that significantly impacts the yield and adaptability of staple cereal crops like rice and wheat.Cereal crops develop tillers during the vegetative stage and panicl...Branching is a critical aspect of plant architecture that significantly impacts the yield and adaptability of staple cereal crops like rice and wheat.Cereal crops develop tillers during the vegetative stage and panicle or spike branches during the reproductive stage,respectively,both of which are significantly impacted by hormones and genetic factors.Tillering and panicle branching are closely interconnected and exhibit high environmental plasticity.Here,we summarize the recent progress in genetic,hormonal,and environmental factors regulation in the branching of rice and wheat.This review not only provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on branching mechanisms in rice and wheat,but also explores the prospects for future research aimed at optimizing crop architecture for enhanced productivity.展开更多
Frequent drought events severely restrict global crop productivity,especially those occurring in the reproductive stages.Moderate drought priming during the earlier growth stages is a promising strategy for allowing p...Frequent drought events severely restrict global crop productivity,especially those occurring in the reproductive stages.Moderate drought priming during the earlier growth stages is a promising strategy for allowing plants to resist recurrent severe drought stress.However,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we subjected wheat plants to drought priming during the vegetative growth stage and to severe drought stress at 10 days after anthesis.We then collected leaf samples at the ends of the drought priming and recovery periods,and at the end of drought stress for transcriptome sequencing in combination with phenotypic and physiological analyses.The drought-primed wheat plants maintained a lower plant temperature,with higher stomatal openness and photosynthesis,thereby resulting in much lower 1,000-grain weight and grain yield losses under the later drought stress than the non-primed plants.Interestingly,416 genes,including 27 transcription factors(e.g.,MYB,NAC,HSF),seemed to be closely related to the improved drought tolerance as indicated by the dynamic transcriptome analysis.Moreover,the candidate genes showed six temporal expression patterns and were significantly enriched in several stress response related pathways,such as plant hormone signal transduction,starch and sucrose metabolism,arginine and proline metabolism,inositol phosphate metabolism,and wax synthesis.These findings provide new insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the long-term effects of early drought priming that can effectively improve drought tolerance in wheat,and may provide potential approaches for addressing the challenges of increasing abiotic stresses and securing food safety under global warming scenarios.展开更多
Emerging new races of wheat stem rust(Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici)are threatening global wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production.Host resistance is the most effective and environmentally friendly method of controllin...Emerging new races of wheat stem rust(Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici)are threatening global wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production.Host resistance is the most effective and environmentally friendly method of controlling stem rust.The stem rust resistance gene Sr59 was previously identified within a T2DS 2RL wheat-rye whole arm translocation,providing broad-spectrum resistance to various stem rust races.Seedling evaluation,molecular marker analysis,and cytogenetic studies identified wheat-rye introgression line#284 containing a new translocation chromosome T2BL 2BS-2RL.This line has demonstrated broad-spectrum resistance to stem rust at the seedling stage.Seedling evaluation and cytogenetic analysis of three backcross populations between the line#284 and the adapted cultivars SLU-Elite,Navruz,and Linkert confirmed that Sr59 is located within the short distal 2RL translocation.This study aimed physical mapping of Sr59 in the 2RL introgression segment and develop a robust molecular marker for marker-assisted selection.Using genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS),GBS-derived SNPs were aligned with full-length annotated rye nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)genes in the parental lines CS ph1b,SLU238,SLU-Elite,Navruz,and Linkert,as well as in 33 BC4F5progeny.Four NLR genes were identified on the 2R chromosome,with Chr2R_NLR_60 being tightly linked to the Sr59resistance gene.In-silico functional enrichment analysis of the translocated 2RL region(25,681,915 bp)identified 223 genes,with seven candidate genes associated with plant disease resistance and three linked to agronomic performance,contributing to oxidative stress response,protein kinase activity,and cellular homeostasis.These findings facilitate a better understanding of the genetic basis of stem rust resistance provided by Sr59.展开更多
Population size plays a crucial role in determining wheat yields.Altered carbohydrate accumulation resulting from increased competition between populations and individuals leads to poor-quality stems.The sowing date c...Population size plays a crucial role in determining wheat yields.Altered carbohydrate accumulation resulting from increased competition between populations and individuals leads to poor-quality stems.The sowing date can mitigate competition in densely planted populations.However,the underlying mechanism by which it confers resistance to wheat lodging remains elusive.In this study,Zimai 28(lodging-sensitive variety) and Shannong 28(lodging-resistant variety) were used with three sowing treatments on October 22(S1),October 28(S2),and November 3(S3).The sowing rate was adjusted to ensure adequate population size and consistency in the overwintering populations across sowing dates(300 plant m^(-2)for S1,375 plant m^(-2)for S2,and 525 plant m^(-2)for S3),The lodging resistance in winter wheat was increased by delayed sowing and increased sowing rate,which led to a reduction in tiller numbers and fostered primary stem development.A reduction in the overwinter cumulative temperature from 500 to 450℃,coupled with an elevation in sowing rates from 300 to 375 plant m^(-2)(transition from S1 to S2),corresponded with a notable increase in structural carbohydrates(lignin,cellulose,hemicellulose,and pectin) by 175.07 mg g^(-1).Additionally,there was a moderate increase in non-structural carbohydrates,including soluble sugars and starch,by 15.54 mg g^(-1).Delayed sowing and increased sowing rate elevated the precursor contents of lignin synthesis.Enhanced metabolic activity of related pathways ultimately increased dimer/trimer content.In summary,this study highlights the pivotal role of lignin metabolites and cross-linked structures in determining the stem stiffness breaking strength.展开更多
Spike length(SL)is an important factor affecting yield in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).Here,a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from a cross between Shannong 4155(SN4155)and Shimai 12(SM12)was used to map ...Spike length(SL)is an important factor affecting yield in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).Here,a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from a cross between Shannong 4155(SN4155)and Shimai 12(SM12)was used to map quantitative trait loci(QTL)controlling SL.A QTL,q SL2B,on chromosome 2B was identified in all experiments and explained 9.92%–12.71%of the phenotypic variation.Through transcriptome and gene expression analysis,we identified a gene encoding Elongation Factor 1-alpha(Tae EF1A)as the candidate gene for q SL2B.Genome editing of Tae EF1A demonstrated that Tae EF1A positively regulates SL,spikelet number per spike(SNS),and grain number per spike(GN).Transcriptome analysis showed that Tae EF1A may affect the protein translation process and photosynthesis to regulate spike development.We used haplotype analysis of wheat germplasm to identify seven types of genetic variations in Tae EF1A,with TypeⅠ,TypeⅡ,and TypeⅢbeing the major haplotypes.Screening of 428 cultivars and breeding lines identified 225 and 203 accessions as TypeⅠand TypeⅡhaplotypes,respectively,with TypeⅢnot detected.Comparison of SL,SNS,and GN between the TypeⅠand TypeⅡhaplotypes revealed that the TypeⅠallele can increase SL,SNS,and GN simultaneously,and is thus preferred for use in wheat molecular breeding efforts to increase SL,SNS,and GN.展开更多
The impacts of drought stress on crop yield and quality are substantial. Drought priming during the early growth stage of plants has been shown to improve tolerance to drought stress during the reproductive stage, alt...The impacts of drought stress on crop yield and quality are substantial. Drought priming during the early growth stage of plants has been shown to improve tolerance to drought stress during the reproductive stage, although its effects on grain quality remain elusive. This study investigated the influence of drought priming on starch and protein levels in grains under drought stress during grain filling. Our results revealed that drought stress leads to a reduction in the contents of starch and its constituents, while simultaneously increasing glutenin macropolymers and protein fractions. Notably, drought primed plants under drought stress(PD) exhibited mitigated declines in the contents of starch and its components, leading to improvements in starch swelling power and pasting properties. In addition, PD resulted in a slight increase in the protein fractions, limiting the overall rise in total protein content compared to drought stress alone. The results of our study underscore the efficacy of drought priming as a strategy to counteract the negative effects of drought stress on grain quality, particularly by minimizing starch losses and restraining protein content elevation.展开更多
Integrated agronomic optimization(IAO)adopts suitable crop varieties,sowing dates,planting density,and advanced nutrient management to redesign the entire production system according to the local environment,and it ca...Integrated agronomic optimization(IAO)adopts suitable crop varieties,sowing dates,planting density,and advanced nutrient management to redesign the entire production system according to the local environment,and it can achieve synergistic improvements in crop yields and resource utilization.However,the intensity and magnitude of the impacts of IAO on soil quality under long-term intensive production and high nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)require further clarification.Based on a 13-year field experiment conducted in Dawenkou,Tai'an,Shadong Province,China,we investigated the effects of four cultivation modes on the grain yield,NUE,and soil aggregate structure,as well as the fraction of organic matter(SOM)and soil quality,reflected by the integrated fertility index(IFI),during the winter wheat maturation periods in 2020–2022.The four cultivation modes were traditional local farming(T1),farmer-based improvement(T2),increased yield regardless of production cost(T3),and integrated soil–crop system management(T4).As the IAO modes,T2 and T4 were characterized by denser planting,reduced nitrogen(N)fertilizer application rates,and delayed sowing compared to T1 and T3,respectively.In this long-term experiment,IAO was found to maintain aggregate stability,increase SOM content(by increasing organic carbon and total nitrogen of the light fraction(LF)and the particulate organic matter fraction(POM)),and improve SOM quality(by increasing the proportions of LF and POM and the ratio of organic carbon to total nitrogen in SOM).Compared to T1,the IFI values of T2,T3,and T4 increased by 10.91,23.38,and 25.55%,and by 17.78,6.41,and 28.94%in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers,respectively.The grain yield of T4 was 22.52%higher than that of T1,and reached 95.98%of that in T3.Furthermore,the NUE of T4 was 35.61%higher than those of T1 and T3.In conclusion,our results suggest that the IAO mode T4 synergistically increases grain yield and NUE in winter wheat,while maximizing soil quality.展开更多
Global warming is primarily characterized by asymmetric temperature increases,with greater temperature rises in winter/spring and at night compared to summer/autumn and the daytime.We investigated the impact of winter...Global warming is primarily characterized by asymmetric temperature increases,with greater temperature rises in winter/spring and at night compared to summer/autumn and the daytime.We investigated the impact of winter night warming on the top expanded leaves of the spring wheat cultivar Yangmai 18 and the semi-winter wheat cultivar Yannong 19 during the 2020-2021 growing season.Results showed that the night-time mean temperature in the treatment group was 1.27°C higher than the ambient temperature,and winter night warming increased the yields of both wheat cultivars,the activities of sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase after anthesis,and the biosynthesis of sucrose and soluble sugars.Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified using criteria of P-value<0.05 and fold change>2,and they were subjected to Gene Ontology(GO)annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analyses.Genes differentially expressed in wheat leaves treated with night warming were primarily associated with starch and sucrose metabolism,amino acid biosynthesis,carbon metabolism,plant hormone signal transduction,and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism.Comparisons between the groups identified 14 DEGs related to temperature.These results highlight the effects of winter night warming on wheat development from various perspectives.Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the response of wheat to winter night warming and the candidate genes involved in this process.展开更多
The increasing frequency and intensity of drought caused by climate change necessitate the implementation of effective ways to increase the ability of wheat to withstand drought, with humic acid being a promising appr...The increasing frequency and intensity of drought caused by climate change necessitate the implementation of effective ways to increase the ability of wheat to withstand drought, with humic acid being a promising approach. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of exogenous humic acid on wheat under water deficit stress via a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The impacts of four growing conditions, i.e., well water (65% field capacity), water deficit stress (35% field capacity), soil application of humic acid (44 mg kg−1 soil) under water deficit stress and foliar feeding of humic acid (200 ppm) under water deficit stress, were investigated on two wheat varieties (BWMRI Gom 1 and BWMRI Gom 3). The results demonstrated that water deficit stress substantially decreased the studied morphological and physiological traits, yield components and yield, in both genotypes, with the exception of the proline content of flag leaves. Compared with soil application, foliar feeding of humic acid promoted the ability of wheat to overcome stress conditions better. In the present study, humic acid as a soil application increased the grain yield by 9.13% and 13.86% and the biological yield by 9.94% and 5.19%, whereas foliar treatment increased the grain output by 24.76% and 25.19% and the biological yield by 19.23% and 6.50% in BWMRI Gom 1 and BWMRI Gom 3, respectively, under water deficit stress. Therefore, exogenous foliar humic acid treatment was more effective than soil application in alleviating the effects of drought stress on wheat.展开更多
The awn can contribute to photosynthesis and carbohydrates,enhancing grain yield in wheat.We mapped QAwn.sxau-5A,a major QTL for awn development in wheat(Triticum aestivum).This QTL was delimited to a 994-kb interval ...The awn can contribute to photosynthesis and carbohydrates,enhancing grain yield in wheat.We mapped QAwn.sxau-5A,a major QTL for awn development in wheat(Triticum aestivum).This QTL was delimited to a 994-kb interval at the B1 locus on chromosome 5A,which included the candidate gene encoding a zinc finger protein(TraesCS5A01G542800)as an awn length inhibitor(ALI).The Ali-A1 allele for the awnless trait showed abundant sequence differences in the promoter regions compared to the ali-A1 allele for the long-awn trait.The results of the swap experiment on the promoters from the two ALI-A1 alleles showed that the two promoters caused a difference in the protein level,indicating the gene was regulated at the transcript level.However,the ali-A1 allele contained an SNP that caused a premature stop codon in its coding region,resulting in a truncated protein compared to the functional Ali-A1 protein.The Ali-A1 protein contained two ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression(EAR)motifs,one at the N terminus(EAR-N)and the other at the C terminus(EAR-C),and they were involved in interactions with the wheat co-repressor protein TOPLESS(TPL1).The ali-A1 protein retained the EAR-N motif but lost the EAR-C motif,resulting in the attenuated ability to interact with TPL1.The tpl1 mutant produced a longer awn compared to the wild type.Ali-A1 repressed the transcription of two downstream genes,TaLRP-A1 and TaARF-B1,involved in endogenous auxin concentrations and auxin responses in wheat.We concluded that the awn length is regulated not only by the ALI-A1 gene at transcript levels but also by Ali-A1 and TPL1 at the protein level in wheat.展开更多
Non-destructive time-series assessment of chlorophyll content in flag-leaf(FLC)accurately mimics the senescence rate and the identification of genetic loci associated with senescence provides valuable knowledge to imp...Non-destructive time-series assessment of chlorophyll content in flag-leaf(FLC)accurately mimics the senescence rate and the identification of genetic loci associated with senescence provides valuable knowledge to improve yield stability under stressed environments.In this study,we employed both unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)equipped with red–green–blue(RGB)camera and ground-based SPAD-502 instrument to conduct temporal phenotyping of senescence.A total of 262 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of Zhongmai 578/Jimai 22 were evaluated for senescence-related traits across three environments,spanning from heading to 35 d post-anthesis.The manual senescence rate(MSR)was quantified using the FLC and the active accumulated temperature,and UAV derived vegetation index were utilized to assess the stay-green rate(USG)facilitating the identification of senescent and stay-green lines.Results indicated that higher senescence rates significantly impacted grain yield,primarily by influencing thousand-kernel weight,and plant height.Quantitative trait loci(QTL)mapping for FLC,USG,and MSR using the 50K SNP array identified 38 stable loci associated with RGB-based vegetation indices and senescence-related traits:among which 19 loci related to senescence traits from UAV and FLC were consistently detected across at least two growth stages,with nine loci likely representing novel QTL.This study highlights the potential of UAV-based high-throughput phenotyping and phenology in identifying critical loci associated with senescence rates in wheat,validating the relationship between senescence rates and yield-related traits in wheat,offering valuable opportunities for gene discovery and significant applications in breeding programs.展开更多
Powdery mildew negatively impacts wheat yield and quality.Emmer wheat(Triticum dicoccum),an ancestral species of common wheat,is a gene donor for wheat improvement.Cultivated emmer accession H1-707 exhibited all-stage...Powdery mildew negatively impacts wheat yield and quality.Emmer wheat(Triticum dicoccum),an ancestral species of common wheat,is a gene donor for wheat improvement.Cultivated emmer accession H1-707 exhibited all-stage resistance to powdery mildew over consecutive years.Genetic analysis of H1-707 at the seedling stage revealed a dominant monogenic inheritance pattern,and the underlying gene was designated Pm71.By employing bulked segregant exome sequencing(BSE-Seq)and using 2000 F2:3 families,Pm71 was fine mapped to a 336-kb interval on chromosome arm 6AS by referencing to the durum cv.Svevo RefSeq 1.0.Collinearity analysis revealed high homology in the candidate interval between Svevo and six Triticum species.Among six high-confidence genes annotated within this interval,TRITD6Av1G005050 encoding a GDSL esterase/lipase was identified as a key candidate for Pm71.展开更多
One of agriculture’s major challenges is the low efficiency of phosphate(Pi)use,which leads to increased costs,harmful environmental impacts,and the depletion of phosphorus(P)resources.The TaPHT1;6 gene,which encodes...One of agriculture’s major challenges is the low efficiency of phosphate(Pi)use,which leads to increased costs,harmful environmental impacts,and the depletion of phosphorus(P)resources.The TaPHT1;6 gene,which encodes a high-affinity Pi transporter(PHT),plays a crucial role in Pi absorption and transport.In this study,the promoter and coding regions of three TaPHT1;6 gene copies on chromosomes 5A,5B,and 5D were individually amplified and sequenced from 167 common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)cultivars.Sequence analysis revealed 16 allelic variation sites within the promoters of TaPHT1;6-5B among these cultivars,forming three distinct haplotypes:Hap1,Hap2,and Hap3.Field trials were conducted over two years to compare wheat genotypes with these haplotypes,focusing on assessing plant dry weight,grain yield,P content,Pi fertilizer absorption efficiency,and Pi fertilizer utilization efficiency.Results indicated that Hap3 represented the favored Pi-efficient haplotype.Dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that the Hap3 promoter,carrying the identified allelic variation sites,exhibited higher gene-driven capability,leading to increased expression levels of the TaPHT1;6-5B gene.We developed a distributed cleaved amplified polymorphic site marker(dCAPS-571)to distinguish Hap3 from the other two haplotypes based on these allelic variation sites,presenting an opportunity for breeding Pi-efficient wheat cultivars.This study successfully identified polymorphic sites on TaPHT1;6-5B associated with Pi efficiency and developed a functional molecular marker to facilitate future breeding endeavors.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)uptake is regulated by water availability,and a water deficit can limit crop N responses by reducing N uptake and utilization.The complex and multifaceted interplay between water availability and the crop N...Nitrogen(N)uptake is regulated by water availability,and a water deficit can limit crop N responses by reducing N uptake and utilization.The complex and multifaceted interplay between water availability and the crop N response makes it difficult to predict and quantify the effect of water deficit on crop N status.The nitrogen nutrition index(NNI)has been widely used to accurately diagnose crop N status and to evaluate the effectiveness of N application.The decline of NNI under water-limiting conditions has been documented,although the underlying mechanism governing this decline is not fully understood.This study aimed to elucidate the reason for the decline of NNI under waterlimiting conditions and to provide insights into the accurate utilization of NNI for assessing crop N status under different water-N interaction treatments.Rainout shelter experiments were conducted over three growing seasons from 2018 to 2021 under different N(75 and 225 kg N ha^(-1),low N and high N)and water(120 to 510 mm,W0 to W3)co-limitation treatments.Plant N accumulation,shoot biomass(SB),plant N concentration(%N),soil nitrate-N content,actual evapotranspiration(ET_a),and yield were recorded at the stem elongation,booting,anthesis and grain filling stages.Compared to W0,W1 to W3 treatments exhibited NNI values that were greater by 10.2 to 20.5%,12.6to 24.8%,14 to 24.8%,and 16.8 to 24.8%at stem elongation,booting,anthesis,and grain filling,respectively,across the 2018-2021 seasons.This decline in NNI under water-limiting conditions stemmed from two main factors.First,reduced ET_(a) and SB led to a greater critical N concentration(%N_(c))under water-limiting conditions,which contributed to the decline in NNI primarily under high N conditions.Second,changes in plant%N played a more significant role under low N conditions.Plant N accumulation exhibited a positive allometric relationship with SB and a negative relationship with soil nitrate-N content under water-limiting conditions,indicating co-regulation by SB and the soil nitrate-N content.However,this regulation was influenced by water availability.Plant N accumulation sourced from the soil nitrate-N content reflects soil N availability.Greater soil water availability facilitated greater absorption of soil nitrate-N into the plants,leading to a positive correlation between plant N accumulation and ET_(a)across the different water-N interaction treatments.Therefore,considering the impact of soil water availability is crucial when assessing soil N availability under water-limiting conditions.The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the factors contributing to the decline in NNI among different water-N interaction treatments and can contribute to the more accurate utilization of NNI for assessing winter wheat N status.展开更多
Roots play a critical role in acquisition and utilization of nitrogen in wheat,influencing nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and ultimately determining yield.However,the detailed responses of root tips to fluctuations in n...Roots play a critical role in acquisition and utilization of nitrogen in wheat,influencing nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and ultimately determining yield.However,the detailed responses of root tips to fluctuations in nitrogen availability and the underlying regulatory mechanisms enabling adaptation to nitrogenlimited conditions,remain elusive.In this study,we used single-cell nuclear transcriptomics of the highnitrogen utilization variety(HNV)Zhengmai 1860(ZM1860)to construct a comprehensive map of root tip cells under both controlled and nitrogen starvation(N-starv)conditions.Identification of various cell types and their associated genes highlighted the diversity of cellular processes.Using single-nucleus consensus weighted gene co-expression network analysis(hdWGCNA),we identified key modules central to nitrogen metabolism.These identified the prominent role of epidermal cells(EC).The gene TaGS1.2,which is involved in glutamine synthesis,exhibited increased expression under nitrogen-deficient conditions,validating its functional significance in nutrient acquisition.Serving as a key functional gene that adapts to nitrogen-deficient conditions this gene also positively regulated root development.Analysis of the transcriptional regulatory network in EC further revealed the pivotal role of TaG S1.2 in the nitrogen metabolism network.We also uncovered mechanisms that enhance cell-to-cell communication in nitrogen-deficient environments by identifying specific receptors.Single-cell nuclear transcriptome mapping offers valuable insights into the complex responses of root tip cells to nitrogen scarcity and guides future breeding strategies aimed at developing more nitrogen-efficient wheat varieties.展开更多
Leaf rust,caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina,is one of the most destructive diseases affecting global wheat production.Developing disease-resistant wheat varieties is the most cost-effective and environmentally f...Leaf rust,caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina,is one of the most destructive diseases affecting global wheat production.Developing disease-resistant wheat varieties is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to managing this disease.We phenotyped a collection of 559 wheat accessions from five continents for resistance to leaf rust in field trials at three locations in China(Zhoukou,Henan;Wuhan,Hubei;and Xinxiang,Henan)during the 2020–2021,2021–2022,and 2022–2023 cropping seasons,followed by best-linear-unbiased-estimation analysis across environments.These accessions were genotyped using the MGISEQ-2000 re-sequencing platform,and a genome-wide association analysis was subsequently performed.Twenty-four stable leaf rust resistance loci across 15 chromosomes were identified.Among these,11 loci may represent new sources of resistance.Notably,Lr.hzau-2BS.1 and Lr.hzau-7AL were consistently detected across all three environments and BLUE.Lr.hzau-2BS.1 has the highest frequency in European wheat accessions,whereas Lr.hzau-7AL is most prevalent in South American accessions.Gene-expression analysis identified 101 candidate genes associated with these loci.Closely linked Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR(KASP)markers,2B-209172 and 7A-348992,were developed for Lr.hzau-2BS.1 and Lr.hzau-7AL,respectively.Chinese wheat varieties Mianmai 45 and Liaomai 16,which carry resistance alleles at both loci and exhibit<5%leaf rust severity,represent valuable sources of leaf rust resistance for wheat breeding programs.These newly identified resistance loci and their KASP markers provide valuable resource for their exploitation in wheat breeding.展开更多
Male reproductive development is necessary for the alternation of the life cycle in angiosperms.Due to functional redundancy of genes in the allohexaploid genome of common wheat,there are only two loci of recessive nu...Male reproductive development is necessary for the alternation of the life cycle in angiosperms.Due to functional redundancy of genes in the allohexaploid genome of common wheat,there are only two loci of recessive nuclear genic male sterility(GMS)mutations reported in wheat.Here,we report a new wheat recessive GMS gene,Ta Ms6,which encodes a GDSL esterase/lipase protein(GELP).Ta Ms6 is predominantly expressed in the anther during meiosis and the unicellular microspore stage,especially in meiotic cells(MCs),dyad cells,tapetum,and middle layer.The loss of Ta Ms6 function leads to male sterility,likely due to the downregulation of some pollen development-related genes and changes in lipid composition during meiosis.The ms6 mutant and Ms6 gene can potentially be utilized for developing commercialscale hybrid wheat breeding systems.We also systematically analyzed the GELP gene family in wheat,providing a comprehensive understanding of the Ta GELP family and offering valuable references for indepth genetic studies.Additionally,we discovered the nonallelic noncomplementation of two malesterile mutants,which presents an interesting and promising research direction.展开更多
High molecular weight glutenin subunits(HMW-GS),major components of seed storage proteins in wheat,have large effects on processing quality.GLU-1 genes encode HMW-GS and their expression is mainly controlled at the tr...High molecular weight glutenin subunits(HMW-GS),major components of seed storage proteins in wheat,have large effects on processing quality.GLU-1 genes encode HMW-GS and their expression is mainly controlled at the transcriptional level by interactions between cis-regulatory elements and transcription factors.We previously identified an Aux/IAA transcription factor TaIAA10-6D that bound to a conserved cis-regulatory module CCRM1-1,the most essential conserved cis-regulatory module in GLU-1.Here,we confirmed the binding of TaIAA10-6D to CCRM1-1 using yeast one hybrid and dualluciferase reporter assays.The enhanced expression of TaIAA10-6D suppressed glutenin accumulation and increased gliadin content.Dynamic transcriptome analyses revealed that TaIAA10-6D overexpression down-regulated glutenin and gliadin genes during an early stage of grain filling,but up-regulated gliadin genes during a late stage probably by endoplasmic reticulum stress,accounting for its effect on the tradeoff between glutenin and gliadin.Rheological property and processing quality assays showed that TaIAA10-6D overproduction reduced stabilization time and bread quality,but enhanced cookie quality.Overexpression of TaIAA10-6D also reduced plant height,leaf size,kernel number and grain yield.We identified two major haplotypes of TaIAA10-6D,Hap I and Hap II,and developed a breeding-friendly diagnostic marker.Hap I conferred higher expression of TaIAA10-6D and concomitantly reduced plant height and kernel number,but had little effect on grain yield,contributing to lodging resistance without yield penalty.Hap I was subjected to positive selection in breeding.The findings provide a useful gene for wheat improvement and broaden insights into the regulatory machinery underpinning auxin-mediated quality formation,plant morphogenesis and yield gain.展开更多
Subsoiling is widely used to improve soil productivity in the North China Plain(NCP).However,its effects on pore network-based hydraulic properties and their relationship with water use efficiency(WUE)are far from cle...Subsoiling is widely used to improve soil productivity in the North China Plain(NCP).However,its effects on pore network-based hydraulic properties and their relationship with water use efficiency(WUE)are far from clear.In this study,we evaluated the effects of three tillage systems(rotary tillage at 15 cm depth,RT15;subsoiling at 40 cm depth,SS40;and subsoiling at 35 cm depth,SS35)on soil pore structure,hydraulic properties,and WUE during the 2022-2024 winter wheat seasons.Results showed that the effects of SS40 and SS35 were similar in optimizing the soil pore structure and hydraulic properties.Compared with RT15,SS40 and SS35 increased the soil macroporosity ratio,the soil pore connectivity,and the soil water storage.Structural equation modeling revealed that optimized soil pore structure under subsoiling directly and positively influenced the WUE or indirectly increasing the soil water storage.As a result,compared with RT15,SS40 and SS35 increased the spike number,kernel number per spike,and 1000-grain weight,and ultimately improved the yield(35.59% and 39.32%,respectively)and WUE(36.69% and 41.55%,respectively).Overall,the results revealed the mechanism of high-efficiency water use from the perspective of pore network-based hydraulic properties,providing a theoretical basis for food security.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372223)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2301404)+1 种基金the College Students'Innovationand Entrepreneurship Training Program of Anhui Province,China(S202210364136)the Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee,China(2023AH040133).
文摘Low temperature(LT)in spring has become one of the principal abiotic stresses that restrict the growth and development of wheat.Diverse analyses were performed to investigate the mechanism underlying the response of wheat grain development to LT stress during booting.These included morphological observation,measurements of starch synthase activity,and determination of amylose and amylopectin content of wheat grain after exposure to treatment with LT during booting.Additionally,proteomic analysis was performed using tandem mass tags(TMT).Results showed that the plumpness of wheat grains decreased after LT stress.Moreover,the activities of sucrose synthase(SuS,EC 2.4.1.13)and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPase,EC 2.7.7.27)exhibited a significant reduction,leading to a significant reduction in the contents of amylose and amylopectin.A total of 509 differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)were identified by proteomics analysis.The Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment analysis showed that the protein difference multiple in the nutritional repository activity was the largest among the molecular functions,and the up-regulated seed storage protein(ssP)played an active role in the response of grains to LT stress and subsequent damage.The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis showed that LT stress reduced the expression of DEPs such as sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS),glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase(glgC),andβ-fructofuranosidase(FFase)in sucrose and starch metabolic pathways,thus affecting the synthesis of grain starch.In addition,many heat shock proteins(HsPs)were found in the protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathways,which can resist some damage caused by LT stress.These findings provide a new theoretical foundation for elucidating the underlying mechanism governing wheat yield developmentafterexposuretoLTstress inspring.
基金funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31930006 to Y.W.)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFF1002903 to Y.W.)+1 种基金the Top Talents Program “One Case One Discussion”(Yishiyiyi to Y.W.)from Shandong provinceShandong Agricultural University Talent Introduction Start-up Fund (to N.Z.)
文摘Branching is a critical aspect of plant architecture that significantly impacts the yield and adaptability of staple cereal crops like rice and wheat.Cereal crops develop tillers during the vegetative stage and panicle or spike branches during the reproductive stage,respectively,both of which are significantly impacted by hormones and genetic factors.Tillering and panicle branching are closely interconnected and exhibit high environmental plasticity.Here,we summarize the recent progress in genetic,hormonal,and environmental factors regulation in the branching of rice and wheat.This review not only provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on branching mechanisms in rice and wheat,but also explores the prospects for future research aimed at optimizing crop architecture for enhanced productivity.
基金supported by the projects of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2300202)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20241543)+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272213,32030076,U1803235,and 32021004)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(XUEKEN2023013)the Jiangsu Innovation Support Program for International Science and Technology Cooperation Project,China(BZ2023049)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(CX(22)1006)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-03)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production,China(JCIC-MCP)。
文摘Frequent drought events severely restrict global crop productivity,especially those occurring in the reproductive stages.Moderate drought priming during the earlier growth stages is a promising strategy for allowing plants to resist recurrent severe drought stress.However,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we subjected wheat plants to drought priming during the vegetative growth stage and to severe drought stress at 10 days after anthesis.We then collected leaf samples at the ends of the drought priming and recovery periods,and at the end of drought stress for transcriptome sequencing in combination with phenotypic and physiological analyses.The drought-primed wheat plants maintained a lower plant temperature,with higher stomatal openness and photosynthesis,thereby resulting in much lower 1,000-grain weight and grain yield losses under the later drought stress than the non-primed plants.Interestingly,416 genes,including 27 transcription factors(e.g.,MYB,NAC,HSF),seemed to be closely related to the improved drought tolerance as indicated by the dynamic transcriptome analysis.Moreover,the candidate genes showed six temporal expression patterns and were significantly enriched in several stress response related pathways,such as plant hormone signal transduction,starch and sucrose metabolism,arginine and proline metabolism,inositol phosphate metabolism,and wax synthesis.These findings provide new insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the long-term effects of early drought priming that can effectively improve drought tolerance in wheat,and may provide potential approaches for addressing the challenges of increasing abiotic stresses and securing food safety under global warming scenarios.
基金the financial support from FORMAS(2018-01029)the Swedish Institute(01132-2022)for supporting Ivan Motsnyi’s visit and research at Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Emerging new races of wheat stem rust(Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici)are threatening global wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production.Host resistance is the most effective and environmentally friendly method of controlling stem rust.The stem rust resistance gene Sr59 was previously identified within a T2DS 2RL wheat-rye whole arm translocation,providing broad-spectrum resistance to various stem rust races.Seedling evaluation,molecular marker analysis,and cytogenetic studies identified wheat-rye introgression line#284 containing a new translocation chromosome T2BL 2BS-2RL.This line has demonstrated broad-spectrum resistance to stem rust at the seedling stage.Seedling evaluation and cytogenetic analysis of three backcross populations between the line#284 and the adapted cultivars SLU-Elite,Navruz,and Linkert confirmed that Sr59 is located within the short distal 2RL translocation.This study aimed physical mapping of Sr59 in the 2RL introgression segment and develop a robust molecular marker for marker-assisted selection.Using genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS),GBS-derived SNPs were aligned with full-length annotated rye nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)genes in the parental lines CS ph1b,SLU238,SLU-Elite,Navruz,and Linkert,as well as in 33 BC4F5progeny.Four NLR genes were identified on the 2R chromosome,with Chr2R_NLR_60 being tightly linked to the Sr59resistance gene.In-silico functional enrichment analysis of the translocated 2RL region(25,681,915 bp)identified 223 genes,with seven candidate genes associated with plant disease resistance and three linked to agronomic performance,contributing to oxidative stress response,protein kinase activity,and cellular homeostasis.These findings facilitate a better understanding of the genetic basis of stem rust resistance provided by Sr59.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172117,32101834)the Shandong Province Agricultural Major Technology Collaborative Promotion Plan Project(SDNYXTTG-2023-33)+1 种基金Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(2022M711968)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020QC106).
文摘Population size plays a crucial role in determining wheat yields.Altered carbohydrate accumulation resulting from increased competition between populations and individuals leads to poor-quality stems.The sowing date can mitigate competition in densely planted populations.However,the underlying mechanism by which it confers resistance to wheat lodging remains elusive.In this study,Zimai 28(lodging-sensitive variety) and Shannong 28(lodging-resistant variety) were used with three sowing treatments on October 22(S1),October 28(S2),and November 3(S3).The sowing rate was adjusted to ensure adequate population size and consistency in the overwintering populations across sowing dates(300 plant m^(-2)for S1,375 plant m^(-2)for S2,and 525 plant m^(-2)for S3),The lodging resistance in winter wheat was increased by delayed sowing and increased sowing rate,which led to a reduction in tiller numbers and fostered primary stem development.A reduction in the overwinter cumulative temperature from 500 to 450℃,coupled with an elevation in sowing rates from 300 to 375 plant m^(-2)(transition from S1 to S2),corresponded with a notable increase in structural carbohydrates(lignin,cellulose,hemicellulose,and pectin) by 175.07 mg g^(-1).Additionally,there was a moderate increase in non-structural carbohydrates,including soluble sugars and starch,by 15.54 mg g^(-1).Delayed sowing and increased sowing rate elevated the precursor contents of lignin synthesis.Enhanced metabolic activity of related pathways ultimately increased dimer/trimer content.In summary,this study highlights the pivotal role of lignin metabolites and cross-linked structures in determining the stem stiffness breaking strength.
基金supported by the Key R&D Program of Shandong province(2022LZGC001,2024CXPT072)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201863)the Tai’shan Scholars Program。
文摘Spike length(SL)is an important factor affecting yield in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).Here,a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from a cross between Shannong 4155(SN4155)and Shimai 12(SM12)was used to map quantitative trait loci(QTL)controlling SL.A QTL,q SL2B,on chromosome 2B was identified in all experiments and explained 9.92%–12.71%of the phenotypic variation.Through transcriptome and gene expression analysis,we identified a gene encoding Elongation Factor 1-alpha(Tae EF1A)as the candidate gene for q SL2B.Genome editing of Tae EF1A demonstrated that Tae EF1A positively regulates SL,spikelet number per spike(SNS),and grain number per spike(GN).Transcriptome analysis showed that Tae EF1A may affect the protein translation process and photosynthesis to regulate spike development.We used haplotype analysis of wheat germplasm to identify seven types of genetic variations in Tae EF1A,with TypeⅠ,TypeⅡ,and TypeⅢbeing the major haplotypes.Screening of 428 cultivars and breeding lines identified 225 and 203 accessions as TypeⅠand TypeⅡhaplotypes,respectively,with TypeⅢnot detected.Comparison of SL,SNS,and GN between the TypeⅠand TypeⅡhaplotypes revealed that the TypeⅠallele can increase SL,SNS,and GN simultaneously,and is thus preferred for use in wheat molecular breeding efforts to increase SL,SNS,and GN.
基金supported by the projects of the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD2300202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32272213 and 31771693)+1 种基金the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-03)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, China (JCIC-MCP)。
文摘The impacts of drought stress on crop yield and quality are substantial. Drought priming during the early growth stage of plants has been shown to improve tolerance to drought stress during the reproductive stage, although its effects on grain quality remain elusive. This study investigated the influence of drought priming on starch and protein levels in grains under drought stress during grain filling. Our results revealed that drought stress leads to a reduction in the contents of starch and its constituents, while simultaneously increasing glutenin macropolymers and protein fractions. Notably, drought primed plants under drought stress(PD) exhibited mitigated declines in the contents of starch and its components, leading to improvements in starch swelling power and pasting properties. In addition, PD resulted in a slight increase in the protein fractions, limiting the overall rise in total protein content compared to drought stress alone. The results of our study underscore the efficacy of drought priming as a strategy to counteract the negative effects of drought stress on grain quality, particularly by minimizing starch losses and restraining protein content elevation.
基金jointly supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province,China(LJNY202103 and 2023TZXD086)the National Major Agricultural Science and Technology Project,China(NK202218080315)+1 种基金the Project of Central Government Guiding Local Science and Technology Development,China(YDZX2022130)the Cooperative Promotion Plan of Major Agricultural Technologies of Shandong Province,China(SDNYXTTG-2023-10)。
文摘Integrated agronomic optimization(IAO)adopts suitable crop varieties,sowing dates,planting density,and advanced nutrient management to redesign the entire production system according to the local environment,and it can achieve synergistic improvements in crop yields and resource utilization.However,the intensity and magnitude of the impacts of IAO on soil quality under long-term intensive production and high nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)require further clarification.Based on a 13-year field experiment conducted in Dawenkou,Tai'an,Shadong Province,China,we investigated the effects of four cultivation modes on the grain yield,NUE,and soil aggregate structure,as well as the fraction of organic matter(SOM)and soil quality,reflected by the integrated fertility index(IFI),during the winter wheat maturation periods in 2020–2022.The four cultivation modes were traditional local farming(T1),farmer-based improvement(T2),increased yield regardless of production cost(T3),and integrated soil–crop system management(T4).As the IAO modes,T2 and T4 were characterized by denser planting,reduced nitrogen(N)fertilizer application rates,and delayed sowing compared to T1 and T3,respectively.In this long-term experiment,IAO was found to maintain aggregate stability,increase SOM content(by increasing organic carbon and total nitrogen of the light fraction(LF)and the particulate organic matter fraction(POM)),and improve SOM quality(by increasing the proportions of LF and POM and the ratio of organic carbon to total nitrogen in SOM).Compared to T1,the IFI values of T2,T3,and T4 increased by 10.91,23.38,and 25.55%,and by 17.78,6.41,and 28.94%in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers,respectively.The grain yield of T4 was 22.52%higher than that of T1,and reached 95.98%of that in T3.Furthermore,the NUE of T4 was 35.61%higher than those of T1 and T3.In conclusion,our results suggest that the IAO mode T4 synergistically increases grain yield and NUE in winter wheat,while maximizing soil quality.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province,China(2008085qc118)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U19A2021)+1 种基金the Major Science and Technology Special Project of Anhui Province,China(S202003a06020035)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production,China(JCIC-MCP)。
文摘Global warming is primarily characterized by asymmetric temperature increases,with greater temperature rises in winter/spring and at night compared to summer/autumn and the daytime.We investigated the impact of winter night warming on the top expanded leaves of the spring wheat cultivar Yangmai 18 and the semi-winter wheat cultivar Yannong 19 during the 2020-2021 growing season.Results showed that the night-time mean temperature in the treatment group was 1.27°C higher than the ambient temperature,and winter night warming increased the yields of both wheat cultivars,the activities of sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase after anthesis,and the biosynthesis of sucrose and soluble sugars.Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified using criteria of P-value<0.05 and fold change>2,and they were subjected to Gene Ontology(GO)annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analyses.Genes differentially expressed in wheat leaves treated with night warming were primarily associated with starch and sucrose metabolism,amino acid biosynthesis,carbon metabolism,plant hormone signal transduction,and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism.Comparisons between the groups identified 14 DEGs related to temperature.These results highlight the effects of winter night warming on wheat development from various perspectives.Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the response of wheat to winter night warming and the candidate genes involved in this process.
基金funded byDepartment of Crop Physiology and Ecology,HajeeMohammad Danesh Science and Technology University,Dinajpur 5200 Bangladesh and Taif University,Saudi Arabia,Project No.TU-DSPP-2024-07.
文摘The increasing frequency and intensity of drought caused by climate change necessitate the implementation of effective ways to increase the ability of wheat to withstand drought, with humic acid being a promising approach. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of exogenous humic acid on wheat under water deficit stress via a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The impacts of four growing conditions, i.e., well water (65% field capacity), water deficit stress (35% field capacity), soil application of humic acid (44 mg kg−1 soil) under water deficit stress and foliar feeding of humic acid (200 ppm) under water deficit stress, were investigated on two wheat varieties (BWMRI Gom 1 and BWMRI Gom 3). The results demonstrated that water deficit stress substantially decreased the studied morphological and physiological traits, yield components and yield, in both genotypes, with the exception of the proline content of flag leaves. Compared with soil application, foliar feeding of humic acid promoted the ability of wheat to overcome stress conditions better. In the present study, humic acid as a soil application increased the grain yield by 9.13% and 13.86% and the biological yield by 9.94% and 5.19%, whereas foliar treatment increased the grain output by 24.76% and 25.19% and the biological yield by 19.23% and 6.50% in BWMRI Gom 1 and BWMRI Gom 3, respectively, under water deficit stress. Therefore, exogenous foliar humic acid treatment was more effective than soil application in alleviating the effects of drought stress on wheat.
基金supported by the Grand Science and Technology Special Project in Shanxi Province(202201140601025-2)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201749)supported by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant 2022-68013-36439(WheatCAP)from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
文摘The awn can contribute to photosynthesis and carbohydrates,enhancing grain yield in wheat.We mapped QAwn.sxau-5A,a major QTL for awn development in wheat(Triticum aestivum).This QTL was delimited to a 994-kb interval at the B1 locus on chromosome 5A,which included the candidate gene encoding a zinc finger protein(TraesCS5A01G542800)as an awn length inhibitor(ALI).The Ali-A1 allele for the awnless trait showed abundant sequence differences in the promoter regions compared to the ali-A1 allele for the long-awn trait.The results of the swap experiment on the promoters from the two ALI-A1 alleles showed that the two promoters caused a difference in the protein level,indicating the gene was regulated at the transcript level.However,the ali-A1 allele contained an SNP that caused a premature stop codon in its coding region,resulting in a truncated protein compared to the functional Ali-A1 protein.The Ali-A1 protein contained two ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression(EAR)motifs,one at the N terminus(EAR-N)and the other at the C terminus(EAR-C),and they were involved in interactions with the wheat co-repressor protein TOPLESS(TPL1).The ali-A1 protein retained the EAR-N motif but lost the EAR-C motif,resulting in the attenuated ability to interact with TPL1.The tpl1 mutant produced a longer awn compared to the wild type.Ali-A1 repressed the transcription of two downstream genes,TaLRP-A1 and TaARF-B1,involved in endogenous auxin concentrations and auxin responses in wheat.We concluded that the awn length is regulated not only by the ALI-A1 gene at transcript levels but also by Ali-A1 and TPL1 at the protein level in wheat.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022ZD0115703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372196)+1 种基金the Beijing Joint Research Program for Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding(G20220628002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32250410307)。
文摘Non-destructive time-series assessment of chlorophyll content in flag-leaf(FLC)accurately mimics the senescence rate and the identification of genetic loci associated with senescence provides valuable knowledge to improve yield stability under stressed environments.In this study,we employed both unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)equipped with red–green–blue(RGB)camera and ground-based SPAD-502 instrument to conduct temporal phenotyping of senescence.A total of 262 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of Zhongmai 578/Jimai 22 were evaluated for senescence-related traits across three environments,spanning from heading to 35 d post-anthesis.The manual senescence rate(MSR)was quantified using the FLC and the active accumulated temperature,and UAV derived vegetation index were utilized to assess the stay-green rate(USG)facilitating the identification of senescent and stay-green lines.Results indicated that higher senescence rates significantly impacted grain yield,primarily by influencing thousand-kernel weight,and plant height.Quantitative trait loci(QTL)mapping for FLC,USG,and MSR using the 50K SNP array identified 38 stable loci associated with RGB-based vegetation indices and senescence-related traits:among which 19 loci related to senescence traits from UAV and FLC were consistently detected across at least two growth stages,with nine loci likely representing novel QTL.This study highlights the potential of UAV-based high-throughput phenotyping and phenology in identifying critical loci associated with senescence rates in wheat,validating the relationship between senescence rates and yield-related traits in wheat,offering valuable opportunities for gene discovery and significant applications in breeding programs.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301800,32301923 and 32072053)Wheat Industrial Technology System of Shandong Province(SDAIT-01-01)Key Research and Development Project of Shandong Province(2022LZG002-4,2023LZGC009-4-4).
文摘Powdery mildew negatively impacts wheat yield and quality.Emmer wheat(Triticum dicoccum),an ancestral species of common wheat,is a gene donor for wheat improvement.Cultivated emmer accession H1-707 exhibited all-stage resistance to powdery mildew over consecutive years.Genetic analysis of H1-707 at the seedling stage revealed a dominant monogenic inheritance pattern,and the underlying gene was designated Pm71.By employing bulked segregant exome sequencing(BSE-Seq)and using 2000 F2:3 families,Pm71 was fine mapped to a 336-kb interval on chromosome arm 6AS by referencing to the durum cv.Svevo RefSeq 1.0.Collinearity analysis revealed high homology in the candidate interval between Svevo and six Triticum species.Among six high-confidence genes annotated within this interval,TRITD6Av1G005050 encoding a GDSL esterase/lipase was identified as a key candidate for Pm71.
基金supported by the Shennong Laboratory Project of Henan Province,China(SN01-2022-01)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M731006)the Project of Science and Technology of Henan Province,China(232102111104)。
文摘One of agriculture’s major challenges is the low efficiency of phosphate(Pi)use,which leads to increased costs,harmful environmental impacts,and the depletion of phosphorus(P)resources.The TaPHT1;6 gene,which encodes a high-affinity Pi transporter(PHT),plays a crucial role in Pi absorption and transport.In this study,the promoter and coding regions of three TaPHT1;6 gene copies on chromosomes 5A,5B,and 5D were individually amplified and sequenced from 167 common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)cultivars.Sequence analysis revealed 16 allelic variation sites within the promoters of TaPHT1;6-5B among these cultivars,forming three distinct haplotypes:Hap1,Hap2,and Hap3.Field trials were conducted over two years to compare wheat genotypes with these haplotypes,focusing on assessing plant dry weight,grain yield,P content,Pi fertilizer absorption efficiency,and Pi fertilizer utilization efficiency.Results indicated that Hap3 represented the favored Pi-efficient haplotype.Dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that the Hap3 promoter,carrying the identified allelic variation sites,exhibited higher gene-driven capability,leading to increased expression levels of the TaPHT1;6-5B gene.We developed a distributed cleaved amplified polymorphic site marker(dCAPS-571)to distinguish Hap3 from the other two haplotypes based on these allelic variation sites,presenting an opportunity for breeding Pi-efficient wheat cultivars.This study successfully identified polymorphic sites on TaPHT1;6-5B associated with Pi efficiency and developed a functional molecular marker to facilitate future breeding endeavors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51609247)the Henan Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(222300420589,202300410553)+4 种基金the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China(FIRI2022-22)the Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program,China(2022FY101601)the Science and Technology Project of Xinxiang City,Henan Province,China(GG2021024)the Major Special Science and Technology Project of Henan Province,China(221100110700)the Joint Fund of Science and Technology Research and Development Plan of Henan Province,China(Superior Discipline Cultivation)(222301420104)。
文摘Nitrogen(N)uptake is regulated by water availability,and a water deficit can limit crop N responses by reducing N uptake and utilization.The complex and multifaceted interplay between water availability and the crop N response makes it difficult to predict and quantify the effect of water deficit on crop N status.The nitrogen nutrition index(NNI)has been widely used to accurately diagnose crop N status and to evaluate the effectiveness of N application.The decline of NNI under water-limiting conditions has been documented,although the underlying mechanism governing this decline is not fully understood.This study aimed to elucidate the reason for the decline of NNI under waterlimiting conditions and to provide insights into the accurate utilization of NNI for assessing crop N status under different water-N interaction treatments.Rainout shelter experiments were conducted over three growing seasons from 2018 to 2021 under different N(75 and 225 kg N ha^(-1),low N and high N)and water(120 to 510 mm,W0 to W3)co-limitation treatments.Plant N accumulation,shoot biomass(SB),plant N concentration(%N),soil nitrate-N content,actual evapotranspiration(ET_a),and yield were recorded at the stem elongation,booting,anthesis and grain filling stages.Compared to W0,W1 to W3 treatments exhibited NNI values that were greater by 10.2 to 20.5%,12.6to 24.8%,14 to 24.8%,and 16.8 to 24.8%at stem elongation,booting,anthesis,and grain filling,respectively,across the 2018-2021 seasons.This decline in NNI under water-limiting conditions stemmed from two main factors.First,reduced ET_(a) and SB led to a greater critical N concentration(%N_(c))under water-limiting conditions,which contributed to the decline in NNI primarily under high N conditions.Second,changes in plant%N played a more significant role under low N conditions.Plant N accumulation exhibited a positive allometric relationship with SB and a negative relationship with soil nitrate-N content under water-limiting conditions,indicating co-regulation by SB and the soil nitrate-N content.However,this regulation was influenced by water availability.Plant N accumulation sourced from the soil nitrate-N content reflects soil N availability.Greater soil water availability facilitated greater absorption of soil nitrate-N into the plants,leading to a positive correlation between plant N accumulation and ET_(a)across the different water-N interaction treatments.Therefore,considering the impact of soil water availability is crucial when assessing soil N availability under water-limiting conditions.The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the factors contributing to the decline in NNI among different water-N interaction treatments and can contribute to the more accurate utilization of NNI for assessing winter wheat N status.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFD1200204)the Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research and Development Program Joint Fund(222301420025)the Fund of Shennong Laboratory(SN01-2022-01)。
文摘Roots play a critical role in acquisition and utilization of nitrogen in wheat,influencing nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and ultimately determining yield.However,the detailed responses of root tips to fluctuations in nitrogen availability and the underlying regulatory mechanisms enabling adaptation to nitrogenlimited conditions,remain elusive.In this study,we used single-cell nuclear transcriptomics of the highnitrogen utilization variety(HNV)Zhengmai 1860(ZM1860)to construct a comprehensive map of root tip cells under both controlled and nitrogen starvation(N-starv)conditions.Identification of various cell types and their associated genes highlighted the diversity of cellular processes.Using single-nucleus consensus weighted gene co-expression network analysis(hdWGCNA),we identified key modules central to nitrogen metabolism.These identified the prominent role of epidermal cells(EC).The gene TaGS1.2,which is involved in glutamine synthesis,exhibited increased expression under nitrogen-deficient conditions,validating its functional significance in nutrient acquisition.Serving as a key functional gene that adapts to nitrogen-deficient conditions this gene also positively regulated root development.Analysis of the transcriptional regulatory network in EC further revealed the pivotal role of TaG S1.2 in the nitrogen metabolism network.We also uncovered mechanisms that enhance cell-to-cell communication in nitrogen-deficient environments by identifying specific receptors.Single-cell nuclear transcriptome mapping offers valuable insights into the complex responses of root tip cells to nitrogen scarcity and guides future breeding strategies aimed at developing more nitrogen-efficient wheat varieties.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1201300,2022YFD1201500)Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD04025)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(W2412009,32372173,32101779,32260485)the Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(2022hspy001,2021hskf008,and 2022hspy010).
文摘Leaf rust,caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina,is one of the most destructive diseases affecting global wheat production.Developing disease-resistant wheat varieties is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to managing this disease.We phenotyped a collection of 559 wheat accessions from five continents for resistance to leaf rust in field trials at three locations in China(Zhoukou,Henan;Wuhan,Hubei;and Xinxiang,Henan)during the 2020–2021,2021–2022,and 2022–2023 cropping seasons,followed by best-linear-unbiased-estimation analysis across environments.These accessions were genotyped using the MGISEQ-2000 re-sequencing platform,and a genome-wide association analysis was subsequently performed.Twenty-four stable leaf rust resistance loci across 15 chromosomes were identified.Among these,11 loci may represent new sources of resistance.Notably,Lr.hzau-2BS.1 and Lr.hzau-7AL were consistently detected across all three environments and BLUE.Lr.hzau-2BS.1 has the highest frequency in European wheat accessions,whereas Lr.hzau-7AL is most prevalent in South American accessions.Gene-expression analysis identified 101 candidate genes associated with these loci.Closely linked Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR(KASP)markers,2B-209172 and 7A-348992,were developed for Lr.hzau-2BS.1 and Lr.hzau-7AL,respectively.Chinese wheat varieties Mianmai 45 and Liaomai 16,which carry resistance alleles at both loci and exhibit<5%leaf rust severity,represent valuable sources of leaf rust resistance for wheat breeding programs.These newly identified resistance loci and their KASP markers provide valuable resource for their exploitation in wheat breeding.
基金supported by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2022ZD22,ZR2021ZD30,SYS202206)Shandong Agricultural University Dezhou(Qihe)Wheat Research Institute。
文摘Male reproductive development is necessary for the alternation of the life cycle in angiosperms.Due to functional redundancy of genes in the allohexaploid genome of common wheat,there are only two loci of recessive nuclear genic male sterility(GMS)mutations reported in wheat.Here,we report a new wheat recessive GMS gene,Ta Ms6,which encodes a GDSL esterase/lipase protein(GELP).Ta Ms6 is predominantly expressed in the anther during meiosis and the unicellular microspore stage,especially in meiotic cells(MCs),dyad cells,tapetum,and middle layer.The loss of Ta Ms6 function leads to male sterility,likely due to the downregulation of some pollen development-related genes and changes in lipid composition during meiosis.The ms6 mutant and Ms6 gene can potentially be utilized for developing commercialscale hybrid wheat breeding systems.We also systematically analyzed the GELP gene family in wheat,providing a comprehensive understanding of the Ta GELP family and offering valuable references for indepth genetic studies.Additionally,we discovered the nonallelic noncomplementation of two malesterile mutants,which presents an interesting and promising research direction.
基金supported by the STI 2030-Major Projects(2023ZD0406903)the National Natural and Science Foundation of China(32272182)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20241955)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS).
文摘High molecular weight glutenin subunits(HMW-GS),major components of seed storage proteins in wheat,have large effects on processing quality.GLU-1 genes encode HMW-GS and their expression is mainly controlled at the transcriptional level by interactions between cis-regulatory elements and transcription factors.We previously identified an Aux/IAA transcription factor TaIAA10-6D that bound to a conserved cis-regulatory module CCRM1-1,the most essential conserved cis-regulatory module in GLU-1.Here,we confirmed the binding of TaIAA10-6D to CCRM1-1 using yeast one hybrid and dualluciferase reporter assays.The enhanced expression of TaIAA10-6D suppressed glutenin accumulation and increased gliadin content.Dynamic transcriptome analyses revealed that TaIAA10-6D overexpression down-regulated glutenin and gliadin genes during an early stage of grain filling,but up-regulated gliadin genes during a late stage probably by endoplasmic reticulum stress,accounting for its effect on the tradeoff between glutenin and gliadin.Rheological property and processing quality assays showed that TaIAA10-6D overproduction reduced stabilization time and bread quality,but enhanced cookie quality.Overexpression of TaIAA10-6D also reduced plant height,leaf size,kernel number and grain yield.We identified two major haplotypes of TaIAA10-6D,Hap I and Hap II,and developed a breeding-friendly diagnostic marker.Hap I conferred higher expression of TaIAA10-6D and concomitantly reduced plant height and kernel number,but had little effect on grain yield,contributing to lodging resistance without yield penalty.Hap I was subjected to positive selection in breeding.The findings provide a useful gene for wheat improvement and broaden insights into the regulatory machinery underpinning auxin-mediated quality formation,plant morphogenesis and yield gain.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Plan(2023YFD1902605)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(ZR2021MC123)the Shandong Province First-class Discipline Construction“811”Project。
文摘Subsoiling is widely used to improve soil productivity in the North China Plain(NCP).However,its effects on pore network-based hydraulic properties and their relationship with water use efficiency(WUE)are far from clear.In this study,we evaluated the effects of three tillage systems(rotary tillage at 15 cm depth,RT15;subsoiling at 40 cm depth,SS40;and subsoiling at 35 cm depth,SS35)on soil pore structure,hydraulic properties,and WUE during the 2022-2024 winter wheat seasons.Results showed that the effects of SS40 and SS35 were similar in optimizing the soil pore structure and hydraulic properties.Compared with RT15,SS40 and SS35 increased the soil macroporosity ratio,the soil pore connectivity,and the soil water storage.Structural equation modeling revealed that optimized soil pore structure under subsoiling directly and positively influenced the WUE or indirectly increasing the soil water storage.As a result,compared with RT15,SS40 and SS35 increased the spike number,kernel number per spike,and 1000-grain weight,and ultimately improved the yield(35.59% and 39.32%,respectively)and WUE(36.69% and 41.55%,respectively).Overall,the results revealed the mechanism of high-efficiency water use from the perspective of pore network-based hydraulic properties,providing a theoretical basis for food security.
