The gasification kinetic modelling of two Victorian brown coal(Yallourn and Maddingley)chars and the validity for entrained flow gasification were investigated in this study.The study was conducted in a thermogravimet...The gasification kinetic modelling of two Victorian brown coal(Yallourn and Maddingley)chars and the validity for entrained flow gasification were investigated in this study.The study was conducted in a thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA)at 750–1100℃,30%–90%CO_(2)concentration using different char particle sizes within 20–106 mm.It was found that random pore model and modified volumetric model are applicable for TGA results,but volumetric model and grain model are not.The effect of particle size under106 mm on gasification rate is very limited.Activation energies of Maddingley char and Yallourn char in CO_(2)gasification are 219–220 and 197–208 k J/mol,respectively.The pre-exponential factors are in the same order of magnitude,and they increased as particle size decreased.A mathematical model was developed to predict carbon conversion over time for entrained flow gasification of Victorian brown coal chars at 1000–1400℃.展开更多
<strong>Background: </strong>Coronavirus disease 2019 which is officially known as COVID-19 belongs to family viruses. COVID-19 manifestations vary among affected people. These symptoms may become more ser...<strong>Background: </strong>Coronavirus disease 2019 which is officially known as COVID-19 belongs to family viruses. COVID-19 manifestations vary among affected people. These symptoms may become more serious among patients suffering from chronic disease and those who are on treatment which may af-fect their defense mechanism or immune-compromised patients who become more vulnerable to complications of COVID-19, and at high risk for morbidity and mortality with any bacterial or viral illness. <strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective, non-experimental research design was applied with a quantitative approach among patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to COVID-19 department at AVH with a total of 72 patients. Data were extracted from a patients’ elec-tronic medical record. <strong>Results:</strong> During COVID-19 outbreak 72 patients were admitted to COVID department at AVH, 54.2% were female and 33% of study participants were from Gaza governorate followed by Jerusalem 27%. Most participants 34.7% had first clinic visit after two days from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. 45.8% were discharged to home while 13.9% died. All inflammatory markers that include ferritin, C-RP, IL-6 and D-dimer are in-creasing in all patients that were admitted to hospital;IL-6 and D-dimer were significant inflammatory markers in relation to the mortality rate. The study found the risk of mortality with IL-6 mean (218.5), and D-dimer mean (12). Furthermore there was a relation between increased risk of mortality and im-mune comprised. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Mortality rate increased among COVID-19 pa-tients when IL-6 was higher than 218.5 and D-dimer higher than 12, and there was a relationship between increased risk of mortality and immune comprised.展开更多
Botanic gardens around the world maintain collections of living plants for science, conservation, education, beauty and more. These collections change over time-in scope and content-but the predicted impacts of climat...Botanic gardens around the world maintain collections of living plants for science, conservation, education, beauty and more. These collections change over time-in scope and content-but the predicted impacts of climate change will require a more strategic approach to the succession of plant species and their landscapes. Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria has recently published a 'Landscape Succession Strategy'for its Melbourne Gardens, a spectacular botanical landscape established in 1846. The strategy recognizes that with 1.6 million visitors each year, responsibility for a heritage-listed landscape and the need to care for a collection of 8500 plant species of conservation and scientific importance, planting and planning must take into account anticipated changes to rainfall and temperature. The trees we plant today must be suitable for the climate of the twenty-second century. Specifically, the Strategy sets out the steps needed over the next twenty years to transition the botanic garden to one resilient to the climate modelled for2090. The document includes a range of practical measures and achievable(and at times somewhat aspirational) targets. Climate analogues will be used to identify places in Australia and elsewhere with conditions today similar to those predicted for Melbourne in 2090, to help select new species for the collection. Modelling of the natural and cultivated distribution of species will be used to help select suitable growth forms to replace existing species of high value or interest. Improved understanding of temperature gradients within the botanic garden, water holding capacity of soils and plant water use behaviour is already resulting in better targeted planting and irrigation. The goal is to retain a similar diversity of species but transition the collection so that by 2036 at least 75% of the species are suitable for the climate in 2090. Over the next few years we hope to provide 100% of irrigation water from sustainable water sources, and infrastructure will be improved to adapt to predicted higher temperatures and more climatic extremes. At all times there will be a strong focus on assisting the broader community in their response to climate change.展开更多
This paper reports on the major cations（Ca, Mg, Na and K） and arsenic（As） compositions of surface waters collected from major creeks, rivers and lakes in Central Victoria （Australia）. The surface waters were fou...This paper reports on the major cations（Ca, Mg, Na and K） and arsenic（As） compositions of surface waters collected from major creeks, rivers and lakes in Central Victoria （Australia）. The surface waters were found to be neutral to alkaline （pH 6.7-9.4）, oxidised （average redox potential （Eh） about 130 mV） and showed variable concentrations of dissolved ions （EC, about 51-4386 /μS/cm）. The concen- trations of dissolved major cations in surface waters were found to be in the order of Na〉〉Mg〉Ca〉K and in soils the contents of metals followed an order of abundance as： Ca〉Mg〉〉K〉Na. While Na was the least abundant in soils, it registered the highest dissolved cation in surface waters. Of the four major cations, the average concentration ofNa（98.7 mg/L） was attributed to the weathering of feldspars and atmospheric input. Relatively highly dissolved concentrations of Na and Mg compared with the world average values of rivers reflected the weathering of rock and soil minerals within the catchments. The As soil level is naturally high（linked to lithology） as reflected by high background soil values and mining operations are also considered to be a contributory factor. Under relatively alkaline-oxidative conditions low mobility of dissolved As （average about 7.9 μg/L） was observed in most of the surface waters with a few higher values（〉15 μg/L） around a sewage disposal site and mine railings. Arsenic in soils is slowly released into water under alkaline and/or lower Eh conditions. The efficient sink of Fe, AI and Mn oxides acts as a barrier against the As release under near neutral-oxidising conditions. High As content （average about 28.3 mg/kg） in soils was found to be associated with Fe-hydroxides as revealed by XRD and SEM analysis. The dissolved As concentration was found to be below the recommended maximum levels for recreational water in all surface waters（lakes and rivers） in the study area. Catchment lithology exerted the fundamental control on surface water chemistry. Sites impacted by mining waste dumps showed a decline in water quality.展开更多
BACKGROUND The World Health Organisation declared the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)a pandemic on March 11,2020.While globally,the relative caseload has been high,Australia’s has been relatively low.During the pa...BACKGROUND The World Health Organisation declared the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)a pandemic on March 11,2020.While globally,the relative caseload has been high,Australia’s has been relatively low.During the pandemic,radiology services have seen significant changes in workflow across modalities and a reduction in imaging volumes.AIM To investigate differences in modality imaging volumes during the COVID-19 pandemic across a large Victorian public health network.METHODS A retrospective analysis from January 2019 to December 2020 compared imaging volumes across two periods corresponding to the pandemic’s first and second waves.Weekly volumes across patient class,modality and mobile imaging were summed for periods:wave 1(weeks 11 to 16 for 2019;weeks 63 to 68 for 2020)and wave 2(weeks 28 to 43 for 2019;weeks 80 to 95 for 2020).Microsoft Power Business Intelligence linked to the radiology information system was used to mine all completed examinations.RESULTS Summed weekly data during the pandemic’s first wave showed the greatest decrease of 29.8%in adult outpatient imaging volumes and 46.3%in paediatric emergency department imaging volumes.Adult nuclear medicine demonstrated the greatest decrease of 37.1%for the same period.Paediatric nuclear medicine showed the greatest decrease of 47.8%,with angiography increasing by 50%.The pandemic’s second wave demonstrated the greatest decrease of 23.5%in adult outpatient imaging volumes,with an increase of 18.2%in inpatient imaging volumes.The greatest decrease was 28.5%in paediatric emergency department imaging volumes.Nuclear medicine showed the greatest decrease of 37.1%for the same period.Paediatric nuclear medicine showed the greatest decrease of 36.7%.Mobile imaging utilisation increased between 57.8%and 135.1%during the first and second waves.A strong correlation was observed between mobile and nonmobile imaging in the emergency setting(Spearman’s correlation coefficient=-0.743,P=0.000).No correlation was observed in the inpatient setting(Spearman’s correlation coefficient=-0.059,P=0.554).CONCLUSION Nuclear medicine was most impacted,while computed tomography and angiography were the least affected by the pandemic.The impact was less during the pandemic’s second wave.Mobile imaging shows continuous growth during both waves.展开更多
Introduction:The Regent Honeyeater Project commenced ecological restoration in the Lurg district in 1994,with an aim to restore habitats for the critically endangered Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia and a range ...Introduction:The Regent Honeyeater Project commenced ecological restoration in the Lurg district in 1994,with an aim to restore habitats for the critically endangered Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia and a range of other threatened and declining species.Within this context,our study aimed to explore whether plant reproduction can be an effective measure of ecological restoration success.Methods:Evaluation involved comparing attributes at unrestored,restored and remnant sites to establish whether sites displayed evidence of a clear restoration trajectory.Five age classes(unrestored,4–6 years old,8–10 years old,12–14 years old and remnant areas)and two landforms(upper hills and lower hills)were considered.The diversity of woody plant species—which have easily recognisable reproductive material and which all recruit seedlings—provides easily measured parameters that have the potential to allow the determination of early establishment success and long-term ecological development of restored ecosystems.Results:Restoration plantings developed in a hybrid state towards a benchmark in the lower hills;seedling species composition differed significantly among age classes,increasing in similarity with time since restoration,with some divergence from the target pathway.Composition of functional groups with reproductive outputs was also significantly different among age classes;however,a restoration trajectory was only evident in the upper hills where sites converged towards the target goal.Conclusions:Divergence or deviation from the restoration trajectory was not deemed to be a restoration failure,as the variety of functional groups with fruits and diversity of seedlings recruiting indicated a potential increase in resilience in the future due to greater variability across the landscape.Plant recruitment was effective in detecting development trends towards a restoration target in this study and therefore may be a useful measure that contributes to determining ecological restoration success.展开更多
背景全科医学在初级卫生保健中发挥着重要的作用,其发展已成为应对人民健康需求增长的关键措施,了解全科医学的研究热点及发展趋势,能更好地指导全科医学研究。目的分析近五年全科医学研究热点和发展趋势,为全科医学学科发展提供参考。...背景全科医学在初级卫生保健中发挥着重要的作用,其发展已成为应对人民健康需求增长的关键措施,了解全科医学的研究热点及发展趋势,能更好地指导全科医学研究。目的分析近五年全科医学研究热点和发展趋势,为全科医学学科发展提供参考。方法以Web of Science核心合集数据库为数据来源,检索全科医学领域2019年1月-2023年11月的相关文献,并利用CiteSpace软件进行作者、国家、机构的共现分析,共被引文献聚类分析以及关键词聚类分析和突现分析。结果共检索到相关文献9580篇,全科医学相关研究集中在美国、英国和澳大利亚,发文量最多的机构是墨尔本大学,发文量最多的作者是PARKER MAGIN。全科医学研究热点为毕业后全科医学教育、全科医疗中的临终关怀,以及家庭医生的职业倦怠、远程医疗、定性研究,重点人群(女性、老年人)、心理健康、慢性病管理和治疗等。发展趋势是医学教育和培训、人群健康和远程医疗。结论全科医学近五年的研究热点主要聚焦在慢性病管理与治疗、毕业后全科医学教育、临终关怀、家庭医生职业倦怠、重点人群、心理健康等方面,此外,远程医疗、人群健康、全科医学教育与培训则是全科医学研究未来的发展趋势。展开更多
文摘The gasification kinetic modelling of two Victorian brown coal(Yallourn and Maddingley)chars and the validity for entrained flow gasification were investigated in this study.The study was conducted in a thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA)at 750–1100℃,30%–90%CO_(2)concentration using different char particle sizes within 20–106 mm.It was found that random pore model and modified volumetric model are applicable for TGA results,but volumetric model and grain model are not.The effect of particle size under106 mm on gasification rate is very limited.Activation energies of Maddingley char and Yallourn char in CO_(2)gasification are 219–220 and 197–208 k J/mol,respectively.The pre-exponential factors are in the same order of magnitude,and they increased as particle size decreased.A mathematical model was developed to predict carbon conversion over time for entrained flow gasification of Victorian brown coal chars at 1000–1400℃.
文摘<strong>Background: </strong>Coronavirus disease 2019 which is officially known as COVID-19 belongs to family viruses. COVID-19 manifestations vary among affected people. These symptoms may become more serious among patients suffering from chronic disease and those who are on treatment which may af-fect their defense mechanism or immune-compromised patients who become more vulnerable to complications of COVID-19, and at high risk for morbidity and mortality with any bacterial or viral illness. <strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective, non-experimental research design was applied with a quantitative approach among patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to COVID-19 department at AVH with a total of 72 patients. Data were extracted from a patients’ elec-tronic medical record. <strong>Results:</strong> During COVID-19 outbreak 72 patients were admitted to COVID department at AVH, 54.2% were female and 33% of study participants were from Gaza governorate followed by Jerusalem 27%. Most participants 34.7% had first clinic visit after two days from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. 45.8% were discharged to home while 13.9% died. All inflammatory markers that include ferritin, C-RP, IL-6 and D-dimer are in-creasing in all patients that were admitted to hospital;IL-6 and D-dimer were significant inflammatory markers in relation to the mortality rate. The study found the risk of mortality with IL-6 mean (218.5), and D-dimer mean (12). Furthermore there was a relation between increased risk of mortality and im-mune comprised. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Mortality rate increased among COVID-19 pa-tients when IL-6 was higher than 218.5 and D-dimer higher than 12, and there was a relationship between increased risk of mortality and immune comprised.
文摘Botanic gardens around the world maintain collections of living plants for science, conservation, education, beauty and more. These collections change over time-in scope and content-but the predicted impacts of climate change will require a more strategic approach to the succession of plant species and their landscapes. Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria has recently published a 'Landscape Succession Strategy'for its Melbourne Gardens, a spectacular botanical landscape established in 1846. The strategy recognizes that with 1.6 million visitors each year, responsibility for a heritage-listed landscape and the need to care for a collection of 8500 plant species of conservation and scientific importance, planting and planning must take into account anticipated changes to rainfall and temperature. The trees we plant today must be suitable for the climate of the twenty-second century. Specifically, the Strategy sets out the steps needed over the next twenty years to transition the botanic garden to one resilient to the climate modelled for2090. The document includes a range of practical measures and achievable(and at times somewhat aspirational) targets. Climate analogues will be used to identify places in Australia and elsewhere with conditions today similar to those predicted for Melbourne in 2090, to help select new species for the collection. Modelling of the natural and cultivated distribution of species will be used to help select suitable growth forms to replace existing species of high value or interest. Improved understanding of temperature gradients within the botanic garden, water holding capacity of soils and plant water use behaviour is already resulting in better targeted planting and irrigation. The goal is to retain a similar diversity of species but transition the collection so that by 2036 at least 75% of the species are suitable for the climate in 2090. Over the next few years we hope to provide 100% of irrigation water from sustainable water sources, and infrastructure will be improved to adapt to predicted higher temperatures and more climatic extremes. At all times there will be a strong focus on assisting the broader community in their response to climate change.
文摘This paper reports on the major cations（Ca, Mg, Na and K） and arsenic（As） compositions of surface waters collected from major creeks, rivers and lakes in Central Victoria （Australia）. The surface waters were found to be neutral to alkaline （pH 6.7-9.4）, oxidised （average redox potential （Eh） about 130 mV） and showed variable concentrations of dissolved ions （EC, about 51-4386 /μS/cm）. The concen- trations of dissolved major cations in surface waters were found to be in the order of Na〉〉Mg〉Ca〉K and in soils the contents of metals followed an order of abundance as： Ca〉Mg〉〉K〉Na. While Na was the least abundant in soils, it registered the highest dissolved cation in surface waters. Of the four major cations, the average concentration ofNa（98.7 mg/L） was attributed to the weathering of feldspars and atmospheric input. Relatively highly dissolved concentrations of Na and Mg compared with the world average values of rivers reflected the weathering of rock and soil minerals within the catchments. The As soil level is naturally high（linked to lithology） as reflected by high background soil values and mining operations are also considered to be a contributory factor. Under relatively alkaline-oxidative conditions low mobility of dissolved As （average about 7.9 μg/L） was observed in most of the surface waters with a few higher values（〉15 μg/L） around a sewage disposal site and mine railings. Arsenic in soils is slowly released into water under alkaline and/or lower Eh conditions. The efficient sink of Fe, AI and Mn oxides acts as a barrier against the As release under near neutral-oxidising conditions. High As content （average about 28.3 mg/kg） in soils was found to be associated with Fe-hydroxides as revealed by XRD and SEM analysis. The dissolved As concentration was found to be below the recommended maximum levels for recreational water in all surface waters（lakes and rivers） in the study area. Catchment lithology exerted the fundamental control on surface water chemistry. Sites impacted by mining waste dumps showed a decline in water quality.
文摘BACKGROUND The World Health Organisation declared the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)a pandemic on March 11,2020.While globally,the relative caseload has been high,Australia’s has been relatively low.During the pandemic,radiology services have seen significant changes in workflow across modalities and a reduction in imaging volumes.AIM To investigate differences in modality imaging volumes during the COVID-19 pandemic across a large Victorian public health network.METHODS A retrospective analysis from January 2019 to December 2020 compared imaging volumes across two periods corresponding to the pandemic’s first and second waves.Weekly volumes across patient class,modality and mobile imaging were summed for periods:wave 1(weeks 11 to 16 for 2019;weeks 63 to 68 for 2020)and wave 2(weeks 28 to 43 for 2019;weeks 80 to 95 for 2020).Microsoft Power Business Intelligence linked to the radiology information system was used to mine all completed examinations.RESULTS Summed weekly data during the pandemic’s first wave showed the greatest decrease of 29.8%in adult outpatient imaging volumes and 46.3%in paediatric emergency department imaging volumes.Adult nuclear medicine demonstrated the greatest decrease of 37.1%for the same period.Paediatric nuclear medicine showed the greatest decrease of 47.8%,with angiography increasing by 50%.The pandemic’s second wave demonstrated the greatest decrease of 23.5%in adult outpatient imaging volumes,with an increase of 18.2%in inpatient imaging volumes.The greatest decrease was 28.5%in paediatric emergency department imaging volumes.Nuclear medicine showed the greatest decrease of 37.1%for the same period.Paediatric nuclear medicine showed the greatest decrease of 36.7%.Mobile imaging utilisation increased between 57.8%and 135.1%during the first and second waves.A strong correlation was observed between mobile and nonmobile imaging in the emergency setting(Spearman’s correlation coefficient=-0.743,P=0.000).No correlation was observed in the inpatient setting(Spearman’s correlation coefficient=-0.059,P=0.554).CONCLUSION Nuclear medicine was most impacted,while computed tomography and angiography were the least affected by the pandemic.The impact was less during the pandemic’s second wave.Mobile imaging shows continuous growth during both waves.
基金Authors would like to thank Ray Thomas of the Regent Honeyeater Project for his willingness to provide access to project file notes and maps.We thank Dale Robinson,John Miller,Lucinda Monie,Kim Magnay,Tim D’Ombrain,Jacqui Monie and Belinda Taylor for their help in the field.We thank landholders in the Lurg district for allowing us to work on their properties.We also thank Tony Wilson and Tricia Wevill for statistical techniques.We thank Drs.Patrick Audet(The University of Queensland,Queensland)and Michael Perring(University of Western Australia,Perth)for providing constructive feedback on the earlier versions of our manuscript.The financial support was provided by The Regional Futures Grant,University of Ballarat.
文摘Introduction:The Regent Honeyeater Project commenced ecological restoration in the Lurg district in 1994,with an aim to restore habitats for the critically endangered Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia and a range of other threatened and declining species.Within this context,our study aimed to explore whether plant reproduction can be an effective measure of ecological restoration success.Methods:Evaluation involved comparing attributes at unrestored,restored and remnant sites to establish whether sites displayed evidence of a clear restoration trajectory.Five age classes(unrestored,4–6 years old,8–10 years old,12–14 years old and remnant areas)and two landforms(upper hills and lower hills)were considered.The diversity of woody plant species—which have easily recognisable reproductive material and which all recruit seedlings—provides easily measured parameters that have the potential to allow the determination of early establishment success and long-term ecological development of restored ecosystems.Results:Restoration plantings developed in a hybrid state towards a benchmark in the lower hills;seedling species composition differed significantly among age classes,increasing in similarity with time since restoration,with some divergence from the target pathway.Composition of functional groups with reproductive outputs was also significantly different among age classes;however,a restoration trajectory was only evident in the upper hills where sites converged towards the target goal.Conclusions:Divergence or deviation from the restoration trajectory was not deemed to be a restoration failure,as the variety of functional groups with fruits and diversity of seedlings recruiting indicated a potential increase in resilience in the future due to greater variability across the landscape.Plant recruitment was effective in detecting development trends towards a restoration target in this study and therefore may be a useful measure that contributes to determining ecological restoration success.
文摘背景全科医学在初级卫生保健中发挥着重要的作用,其发展已成为应对人民健康需求增长的关键措施,了解全科医学的研究热点及发展趋势,能更好地指导全科医学研究。目的分析近五年全科医学研究热点和发展趋势,为全科医学学科发展提供参考。方法以Web of Science核心合集数据库为数据来源,检索全科医学领域2019年1月-2023年11月的相关文献,并利用CiteSpace软件进行作者、国家、机构的共现分析,共被引文献聚类分析以及关键词聚类分析和突现分析。结果共检索到相关文献9580篇,全科医学相关研究集中在美国、英国和澳大利亚,发文量最多的机构是墨尔本大学,发文量最多的作者是PARKER MAGIN。全科医学研究热点为毕业后全科医学教育、全科医疗中的临终关怀,以及家庭医生的职业倦怠、远程医疗、定性研究,重点人群(女性、老年人)、心理健康、慢性病管理和治疗等。发展趋势是医学教育和培训、人群健康和远程医疗。结论全科医学近五年的研究热点主要聚焦在慢性病管理与治疗、毕业后全科医学教育、临终关怀、家庭医生职业倦怠、重点人群、心理健康等方面,此外,远程医疗、人群健康、全科医学教育与培训则是全科医学研究未来的发展趋势。
