Introduction: Post-hospital syndrome (PHS) is defined as a period of vulnerability during the first 30 days after a patient is discharged from hospital, in which multiple factors come into play. Hyponatremia is the mo...Introduction: Post-hospital syndrome (PHS) is defined as a period of vulnerability during the first 30 days after a patient is discharged from hospital, in which multiple factors come into play. Hyponatremia is the most frequent hydroelectrolytic disorder in hospitalized patients and may be related to the appearance of PHS. Objective: The objective is to estimate the prevalence of PHS that is assessed as the rate of readmissions in the first 30 days after discharge, in patients with hyponatremia. Material and Methods: It is a descriptive observational study of patients with hyponatremia who were discharged from 1 September 2010 to 2 February 2020 at the Internal Medicine Service of the Hospital University of San Juan (Alicante, Spain). Results: Of the 25 included patients, 5 (20%) were readmitted within a month of discharge, after a mean of 11.4 days (standard deviation [SD] 5.1). The overall mortality of the study was 20% (n = 5), with one case of death in the first 30 days post-hospitalization (4%). In 12 patients (48%) the origin of the hyponatremia was undetermined. The most frequently recorded etiology for the condition was pharmacological (n = 7, 28%), and there was pronounced variability in its clinical and laboratory study. The most widely used corrective measure was drug withdrawal, in 16 patients (64%). Water intake restriction was the most common treatment after discharge (5 patients, 20%), followed by urea (2 patients, 8%), while tolvaptan was not used. Conclusion: Hyponatremia may be the cause of PHS, which could increase the rate of early readmission. Hyponatremia is an underdiagnosed and undertreated entity, so it is necessary to apply an appropriate system to optimize its management and, in future studies, to assess its impact on PHS.展开更多
Gastrointestinal(GI)parasites are a global concern and cause serious damage to the health of animals,including horses,because of their deleterious effects on the health of these animals.Owing to improperly diagnosing ...Gastrointestinal(GI)parasites are a global concern and cause serious damage to the health of animals,including horses,because of their deleterious effects on the health of these animals.Owing to improperly diagnosing the parasitic load and the resulting incorrect treatment,anthelmintics are becoming a global problem.Although rapid diagnostic techniques such as McMaster and FECPAK^(G2) are available in Africa,concentration techniques,including flotation and sedimentation,are commonly used in screening for gastrointestinal parasites.In this study,we compared the sensitivity of diagnostic techniques,namely,McMaster and FECPAK^(G2),in quantifying and determining the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites as an alternative to the commonly used flotation and sedimentation techniques for equine fecal samples in Jos,Plateau State,Nigeria.Three hundred fecal samples were collected from different locations.The instructions provided by the manufacturers of FECPAK^(G2) and McMasters were used as the methodology for egg count per gram of fecal matter,while parasite egg/ova identification was performed through sedimentation and flotation techniques.In general,a prevalence of 66.3%was recorded,with a higher prevalence on Babale ranch(84%)than on Jos Polo Club(62%)and Jos mounted troop(53%).A total of nine gastrointestinal parasites were identified via both sedimentation and flotation techniques:Strongylus spp.(19.3%)was the most prevalent parasite identified via the flotation method,whereas Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus(25.3%)was the most prevalent parasite identified via the sedimentation technique.In general,FECPAK^(G2) had a sensitivity of 86%,whereas McMaster had a sensitivity of 64%in terms of egg counts per gram of fecal sample.This finding suggests that equines in Jos are highly infected with a variety of gastrointestinal parasites to varying degrees,with Strongylus spp.and Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus being more prevalent.Although the parasite load was found to range from low to moderate levels,the majority of the equine samples contained<200 eggs per gram,suggesting a low infection rate via both the McMaster technique and the FECPAK^(G2) technique.On the basis of these findings,FECPAK^(G2) is recommended for rapid diagnosis because of its prompt outcome and infestation rate as well as ease of routine examination.Additionally,routine examination should be carried out to determine infestation by gastrointestinal parasites in all equine holdings and the effectiveness of the therapeutic agents used.展开更多
Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to biodiversity and an important public health issue.Flaviviruses are the cause of several emerging vector-borne zoonotic arboviruses whose distribution is currently inc...Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to biodiversity and an important public health issue.Flaviviruses are the cause of several emerging vector-borne zoonotic arboviruses whose distribution is currently increasing in Europe.The evidence that West Nile virus(WNV)circulates in resident and migratory species has implications for both animal and public health and should therefore be studied in depth.USUTU(USUV),Bagaza(BAGV)and tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV)are other viruses that are beginning to spread more widely.An integrated surveillance program,namely in birds,is essential for reducing the risk of infection in human populations within the One Health principles.In the present study,wild birds admitted to wildlife rehabilitation centers in Portugal were sampled.Two hundred eight blood samples were assayed serologically for antibodies to flaviviruses by using a commercial ELISA kit.An over-all seroprevalence of 19.6%(95%confidence interval[CI]:13.7-26.7%)was observed.Antibodies against flaviviruses were detected in 13(35.1%)different species of wild birds.Accipitriformes(26.7%;95%CI:18.5-36.2%)and Strigi-formes(26.7%;95%CI:14.6-42.0%)were the orders with the highest seroprevalence rates recorded.There were no statistically significant differences(p=0.725)between the geographical regions(NUTSⅡ)studied,but a statistically significant difference(p=0.017)was found between sex(male:34.4%;female:4.8%).A higher seroprevalence was detected in adults(32.1%)than in juvenile birds(9.3%)(p=0.014),and age was considered a risk factor for flavivirus infection in wild birds(odds ratio 1.4;95%CI:0.5-4.0).More epidemiological studies are needed in Portugal since the actual spread of the genus Flavivirus throughout the country is unknown.展开更多
Traumatic brain injury is a severe health problem leading to autophagy and apoptosis in the brain.3,6-Dibromo-beta-fluoro-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-9H-carbazole-9-propanamine(P7C3-A20)can be neuroprotective in various disea...Traumatic brain injury is a severe health problem leading to autophagy and apoptosis in the brain.3,6-Dibromo-beta-fluoro-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-9H-carbazole-9-propanamine(P7C3-A20)can be neuroprotective in various diseases,including ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.However,whether P7C3-A20 has a therapeutic effect on traumatic brain injury and its possible molecular mechanisms are unclear.Therefore,in the present study,we investigated the therapeutic effects of P7C3-A20 on traumatic brain injury and explored the putative underlying molecular mechanisms.We established a traumatic brain injury rat model using a modified weight drop method.P7C3-A20 or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally after traumatic brain injury.Severe neurological deficits were found in rats after traumatic brain injury,with deterioration in balance,walking function,and learning memory.Furthermore,hematoxylin and eosin staining showed significant neuronal cell damage,while terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining indicated a high rate of apoptosis.The presence of autolysosomes was observed using transmission electron microscope.P7C3-A20 treatment reversed these pathological features.Western blotting showed that P7C3-A20 treatment reduced microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-Ⅱ(LC3-Ⅱ)autophagy protein,apoptosis-related proteins(namely,Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3[BNIP3],and Bcl-2 associated x protein[Bax]),and elevated ubiquitin-binding protein p62(p62)autophagy protein expression.Thus,P7C3-A20 can treat traumatic brain injury in rats by inhibiting excessive autophagy and apoptosis.展开更多
Understanding and sustaining biodiversity is a multi-disciplinary science that benefits highly from the creation of organized and accessible collections of biomaterials （Genome Resource Banks）. Large cryo-collection...Understanding and sustaining biodiversity is a multi-disciplinary science that benefits highly from the creation of organized and accessible collections of biomaterials （Genome Resource Banks）. Large cryo-collections are invaluable tools for understanding, cataloging, and protecting the genetic diversity of the world＇s unique animals and plants. Specifically, the systematic collection and preservation of semen from rare species has been developed significantly in recent decades with some biobanks now being actively used for endangered species management and propagation （including the introduction of species such as the black-footed ferret and the giant panda）. Innovations emerging from the growing field of male fertility preservation for humans, livestock species, and laboratory animals are also becoming relevant to the protection and the propagation of valuable domestic and wild species. These new approaches extend beyond the ＂classical＂ methods associated with sperm freezing to include testicular tissue preservation combined with xenografting or in vitro culture, all of which have potential for rescuing vast amounts of unused germplasm. There also are other options under development that are predicted to have a high impact within the next decade （stem cell technologies, bio-stabilization of sperm cells at ambient temperatures, and the use of genomics tools）. However, biobanking efforts and new fertility preservation strategies have to expand the way beyond mammalian species, which will offer knowledge and tools to better manage species that serve as valuable biomedical models or require assistance to reverse endangerment.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effects of combination therapy of methanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica(A.indica) and diminazene diaceturate(DDA) in the treatment of experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei(T.bruce...Objective:To investigate the effects of combination therapy of methanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica(A.indica) and diminazene diaceturate(DDA) in the treatment of experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei(T.brucei brucei) infection in rats.Methods:Acute toxicity study of the drug and extract combinations were done.Selection of the best drug and extract combinations was carried out using fifty four rats of both sexes separated into 9 groups.Three dose combinations were derived from selection of the best drug and extract combinations used for the final study viz:7 mg/kg bw DDA plus 125 mg/kg bw extract(group B),3.5 mg/kg bw DDA plus 250 mg/kg bw extract(group C),and 1.8 mg/kg bw DDA plus 500 mg/kg bw extract(group D).The final study had in addition to the three groups derived from the dose response study,four other groups viz:uninfected untreated negative control(group F),infected and treated with 3 000 mg/kg bw extract alone(group E),infected and treated with 7 mg/kg bw DDA alone(group A),and infected untreated positive control(group G).The parameters assessed were onset of parasitaemia(OP), level of parasitaemia(LOP),clearance of parasites post treatment(COPPT),relapse infection period(RIP),post infection survival period(PIST).Results:There was no significant difference in OP between the groups(P【0.05).One day post treatment,the mean LOP of groups A,B,and C were found to be significantly lower than that of group D which in turn was lower than that of group E and G respectively.The mean LOP of group E was significantly lower than group G two days post treatment and this trend continued throughout the experimental period.Mean COPPT of group D was significantly longer than that of groups A,C and B.There was no significant difference in the mean COPPT among groups B,C and A.The mean RIP of group D was significantly shorter than group C,and that of group C was significantly shorter than that of group A.There was no relapse of infection in group B.The PIST of group E did not differ significantly from group G.Conclusions:This experiment stands to conclude that combination of 125 mg/kg bw extract and 7 mg/kg bw DDA is very effective in the treatment of trypanosomosis,caused by T. brucei.This combination therapy proved to be better than single therapy of DDA.展开更多
This is the first reported study in which various cytological and microbial components of the ear canal of wild jackals (Canis aureus) were examined and compared with those of domesticated dogs (C. domesticus). It is ...This is the first reported study in which various cytological and microbial components of the ear canal of wild jackals (Canis aureus) were examined and compared with those of domesticated dogs (C. domesticus). It is proposed that the differences between them might be attributable to domestication. The normal cytology of the jackals' ears includes cerumen, keratinous debris, coccoid bacteria and yeast-like organisms similar to domesticated dogs, but the frequencies of these findings differed significantly between the two species. In the jackals the incidences of ceruminous debris and yeasts were significantly lower (p p = 0.004 respectively), while keratinous debris and coccoid bacteria were significantly higher (p < 0.001). During domestication some changes have probably occurred in the dogs' lifestyle that predisposed them to the growth of yeasts in their ears but less to bacterial growth. It is possible that the higher numbers of bacteria might be a result of environmental contamination, because some of the jackals lived near urban centers and feed on garbage.展开更多
Electrochemical treatment is an alternative modality for tumor treatment based on the application of a low intensity direct electric current to the tumor tissue through two or more platinum electrodes placed within th...Electrochemical treatment is an alternative modality for tumor treatment based on the application of a low intensity direct electric current to the tumor tissue through two or more platinum electrodes placed within the tumor zone or in the surrounding areas. This treatment is noted for its great effectiveness, minimal invasiveness and local effect. Several studies have been conducted worldwide to evaluate the anfitumoral effect of this therapy. In all these studies a variety of biochemical and physiological responses of tumors to the applied treatment have been obtained. By this reason, researchers have suggested various mechanisms to explain how direct electric current destroys tumor ceils. Although, it is generally accepted this treatment induces electrolysis, electroosmosis and electroporation in tumoral tissues. However, action mechanism of this alternative modality on the tumor tissue is not well understood. Although the principle of Electrochemical treatment is simple, a standardized method is not yet available. The mechanism by which Electrochemical treatment affects tumor growth and survival may represent more complex process. The present work analyzes the latest and most important research done on the electrochemical treatment of tumors. We conclude with our point of view about the destruction mechanism features of this alternative therapy. Also, we suggest some mechanisms and strategies from the thermodynamic point of view for this therapy. In the area of Electrochemical treatment of cancer this tool has been exploited very little and much work remains to be done. Electrochemical treatment constitutes a good therapeutic option for patients that have failed the conventional oncology methods.展开更多
<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Equines are affected by a large number of endoparasites, these can cause gastrointestinal signs, respiratory, poor pe...<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Equines are affected by a large number of endoparasites, these can cause gastrointestinal signs, respiratory, poor performance, slow growth and even cause sudden death. The presence of parasites can be associated with various factors related to the animal and environmental or geographical factors. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite infection and risk factors in horses were evaluated. Stool samples belonging to 218 horses from different regions </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of central Mexico were analyzed by coproparasitological concentra</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tion-flotation technique. The fecal examinations were carried out from February to August in 2017. Among the 218 samples that were examined, 103 (47.24%) were found to be positive with several gastrointestinal parasites, with </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Strongylus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp. being the most prevalent (23.85%) followed by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichostrongylus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp. (21.56%) and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Parascaris</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp. (11.93%). Breed and place of origin were significantly associated with helminth infection. Sex was associated as a significant risk factor (p < 0.01) with the infection by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Strongylus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp. on females and by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Anoplocephala</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, on males. In central Mexico, gastrointestinal helminth infection appears to be relatively low.展开更多
Background: Right ventricle failure(RVF) is associated with serious cardiac and pulmonary diseases that contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of patients. Currently, the mechanisms of RVF are not ful...Background: Right ventricle failure(RVF) is associated with serious cardiac and pulmonary diseases that contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of patients. Currently, the mechanisms of RVF are not fully understood and it is partly due to the lack of large animal models in adult RVF. In this study, we aim to establish a model of RVF in adult ovine and examine the structure and function relations in the RV.Methods: RV pressure overload was induced in adult male sheep by revised pulmonary artery constriction(PAC). Briefly, an adjustable hydraulic occluder was placed around the main pulmonary artery trunk. Then, repeated saline injection was performed at weeks 0, 1, and 4, where the amount of saline was determined in an animal-specific manner. Healthy, age-matched male sheep were used as additional controls. Echocardiography was performed bi-weekly and on week 11 post-PAC, hemodynamic and biological measurements were obtained.Results: This PAC methodology resulted in a marked increase in RV systolic pressure and decreases in stroke volume and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, indicating signs of RVF. Significant increases in RV chamber size, wall thickness, and Fulton's index were observed. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen accumulation(particularly type III collagen) were evident, and these structural changes were correlated with RV dysfunction.Conclusion: In summary, the animal-specific, repeated PAC provided a robust approach to induce adult RVF, and this ovine model will offer a useful tool to study the progression and treatment of adult RVF that is translatable to human diseases.展开更多
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is a highly malignant cancer of the digestive system common among humans.However,it is rarely reported in wild animals.In 2018,a giant panda died in the Beijing Zoo.During subsequ...Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is a highly malignant cancer of the digestive system common among humans.However,it is rarely reported in wild animals.In 2018,a giant panda died in the Beijing Zoo.During subsequent histological observation of the pancreas,it was discovered that the glandular epithelial cells had lost the pancreatic acinar structure,tubular areas with obvious structure in the pancreas,and the ductal epithelium was substituted by high columnar mucus cells.Masson staining showed that there were several fibrous tissue proliferative reactions around the ductal adenocarcinoma and immunohistochemical staining revealed that CK7 and CK19 were positively expressed in the pancreatic tissue.Therefore,the pathological diagnosis indicated that the panda had PDAC.In this paper,the panda’s living conditions and pathological diagnosis results are examined,with the aim of providing a reference point for the future diagnosis of wild animal tumors.展开更多
Almost all healthy female chickens are expected to optimally produce eggs regularly. To maximize profits, nonproductive birds are often culled in commercial layer farms without due considerations to causes. Genetic an...Almost all healthy female chickens are expected to optimally produce eggs regularly. To maximize profits, nonproductive birds are often culled in commercial layer farms without due considerations to causes. Genetic and therapeutic manipulations to increase egg production per cycle often predispose birds to obstetric problems. Information on the detection and management techniques of reproductive abnormalities of the domestic chicken appear scarce. This study reports on clinical evaluation and surgical management of three major reproductive abnormalities of the commercial layer chickens. Egg yolk peritonitis, oviduct impaction and egg bound conditions were diagnosed and surgically managed following standard surgical procedures. Palpation and abdominocenthesis using flexible rubber catheter, abdomino-pelvic ultrasound scan and ventra-dorsal X-ray techniques were used to establish diagnosis. In all reported conditions herein, surgery was employed to correct them. The study showed values of diagnostic imaging and surgery to correcting obstetric conditions of domestic chickens.展开更多
Canine hypoadrenocorticism may be characterized by insufficiency of adrenocortical hormonal secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Clinical signs are nonspecific such as dehydration, hypovolemic shock, b...Canine hypoadrenocorticism may be characterized by insufficiency of adrenocortical hormonal secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Clinical signs are nonspecific such as dehydration, hypovolemic shock, bradycardia, hypotension, emesis, diarrhea, among other clinical and laboratory changes, and can mimic other diseases, and because of this, the disease can go unnoticed by the veterinarian, increasing the mortality and morbidity of patients seen in emergency consultations. Despite being of low occurrence, hypoadrenocorticism is often underdiagnosed, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in the presence of gastrointestinal clinical signs or hypovolemic shock, and low Sodium:Potassium ratio. The definitive diagnosis is based on the dosage of cortisol before and after the application of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Acute treatment consists of patient stabilization, and chronic includes replacement of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Prognosis is usually favorable if the diagnosis is early and the correct treatment is performed. This article is a review focusing on clinical signs, laboratory findings, diagnosis and treatment on canine hypoadrenocorticism, to increase the knowledge about the disease to veterinarians.展开更多
The owner of an intensively reared pig farm in Nsukka, South-East Nigeria reported the deaths (within one week) of 90 piglets (2-3 months of age) out of 150 piglets on the farm. The piglets were being fed home-compoun...The owner of an intensively reared pig farm in Nsukka, South-East Nigeria reported the deaths (within one week) of 90 piglets (2-3 months of age) out of 150 piglets on the farm. The piglets were being fed home-compounded ration composed of spent grain (which appeared moldy) and other locally sourced materials. Clinical signs observed in affected piglets include sudden loss of appetite, diarrhea and distress grunting sound prior to death. Symptomatic treatment of the piglets which included the use of antibiotics (tetracycline, LA) did not appear to have ameliorated the condition. At necropsy carcasses were generally in fair to good body condition;with subcutaneous hemorrhages, mainly under the skin of head and neck regions. Lungs were congested and edematous, with froth along the tracheal and bronchial airways. The liver and spleen were moderately congested, while the mucosae of the gastrointestinal tract (which was free of ingesta) appeared mildly hyperaemic. No pathogenic bacterium was isolated from the heart blood and spleen. Histologic section of the liver showed centrilobular hepatocytes vacoulation and necrosis with hypertrophy of Kupffer cells that were in erythrophagocytosis. There was moderate fibrinous exudation into the interlobular septae. Spleen section showed severe erythrophagocytosis, but mild haemosiderosis. White pulp was either reactive or depopulated. Lungs were severely haemorrhagic with bronchitis and bronchiolitis. A tentative diagnosis of mycotoxicosis was made and the spent grain-compounded ration was fed to different groups of ducklings, with/without arginine and lysine supplementation. On the bases of clinical signs and mortality pattern;gross and histologic changes in the liver of the ducklings, a definitive diagnosis of aflatoxicosis was made. This paper emphasizes the experimental feeding of suspected feeds/feed ingredient to ducklings as a reliable diagnostic model for aflatoxicosis.展开更多
Currently, canine obesity is a worldwide problem and is based on the excessive deposit of fat tissue, which plays an important role as a store of energy and endocrine organ. This study aimed to compare the values of s...Currently, canine obesity is a worldwide problem and is based on the excessive deposit of fat tissue, which plays an important role as a store of energy and endocrine organ. This study aimed to compare the values of systolic blood pressure, serum chemistry profile and glucose metabolism in eight obese dogs without endocrine diseases before and after 16 weeks of a weight loss program. A statistical difference was noticed in the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase, glucose, cholesterol and insulin, before and after the program. Besides, there was a statistical difference between the moments in systolic blood pressure, body weight and body condition scale. Therefore, it was concluded that the use of a diet rich in fiber and protein is suitable for performing weight loss and obese dogs undergoing a weight loss program presented a significant reduction in blood pressure, blood glucose, insulin, blood cholesterol, serum activity of alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transferase.展开更多
Background: Rabies is endemic in India and every half an hour a person dies of this dreaded disease. Stray roaming dogs, mostly unvaccinated, are most dangerous host in spread of rabies in India and in our state of Hi...Background: Rabies is endemic in India and every half an hour a person dies of this dreaded disease. Stray roaming dogs, mostly unvaccinated, are most dangerous host in spread of rabies in India and in our state of Himachal Pradesh. Timely prophylaxis is the only method to save animal bite victims, including that of rabid dog bite patients. Objectives: Objective of this study was to investigate an impending outbreak of rabies in Shimla town in the absence of life saving rabies immunoglobulins (RIGs) in the market, and to know the source of infection by using one health approach and using epidemiological tools. Methods: On April 7, 2015, there was a sudden surge in cases of suspected rabid dog bites. Impending rabies outbreak was suspected as there were no RIGs available in the market. A rapid Response Team (RRT) consisting of the author, veterinary doctor, dog squad of Municipal Corporation (MC) Shimla along with the vehicles to impound rabid dogs was constituted to investigate the terror spread by two rabid dogs on biting spree in the Shimla Municipality. Results: A total of 18 people were bitten by suspected rabid dogs within three days period. A black bitch and a brown dog, on the identity of affected people, were captured by the dog squad of Municipality next day on April 8, 2015 and taken to Dog Sterilization Centre, Animal Birth Control (ABC) programme, MC Shimla for observation. The most furious Black bitch died of clinically confirmed symptoms of furious rabies after three days. The second rabid dog, brown in color, died after a month of observation due to paralytic dumb rabies. The brain of the brown dog was extracted for Fluorescent Antibody Testing (FAT) at central research Institute (CRI) Kasauli and was found to be positive for FAT. Follow up of patients was 100% by house to house visit and over telephone and no casualty was reported. Conclusion: While we were working on hypothesis of rabid dogs getting the infection from nearby forest about 8 - 10 KM away but on follow up of the patients, they reported that both the dog and bitch used to stay in the compound of their colony since the bitch was pregnant and there was no history of the bitch moving for away to forests neither any outside dog which was seen near them in the compound. This led us to think of other causes of what must had happened to the bitch that caused her to be rabid as for the past 9 years we had observed bitches becoming rabid after litter birth (Whelping) and making their pups rabid due to licking. Since the carrier state for rabies virus in bitches/dogs is known and a state of immunosuppression after whelping/parturition is also known, therefore there is a possibility of latent rabies virus getting activated due to immunosuppression after litter birth and it is thought to be as one of the probable causes of black bitch getting rabid and inflicting the infection to accompanying brown dog. We need to do further studies to ascertain this phenomenon before coming to a definite conclusion and suspect such a possibility in case a dam suddenly becomes rabid among a pack of stray dogs in rabies endemic countries like ours.展开更多
The popularity of keeping reptiles such as snakes and lizards is ever increasing. The health and welfare of these animals depends on the knowledge and understanding of their environmental and nutritional needs. But wh...The popularity of keeping reptiles such as snakes and lizards is ever increasing. The health and welfare of these animals depends on the knowledge and understanding of their environmental and nutritional needs. But where does a new owner of these species obtain such information? This study aims to investigate what information is available in pet shops and stores for the reptile owning public and how well this information is imparted. Our findings show that there is a lot of excellent advice on the husbandry of reptiles in some shops while others offer less advice. It is hoped that through this study areas of downfall on primary knowledge can be recognized so that all shops can aspire to the highest levels of information.展开更多
AIM To determine if activation of the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor channel induces phosphatidylserine(PS)exposure in erythrocytes from multiple dog breeds.METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from 25 dogs representing 13...AIM To determine if activation of the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor channel induces phosphatidylserine(PS)exposure in erythrocytes from multiple dog breeds.METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from 25 dogs representing 13 pedigrees and seven crossbreeds.ATP-induced PS exposure on canine erythrocytes in vitro was assessed using a flow cytometric Annexin V binding assay.RESULTS ATP induced PS exposure in erythrocytes from all dogs studied.ATP caused PS exposure in a concentrationdependent manner with an EC50 value of 395μmol/L.The non-P2X7 agonists,ADP or AMP,did not cause PS exposure.The P2X7 antagonist,AZ10606120,but not the P2X1 antagonist,NF449,blocked ATP-induced PS exposure.CONCLUSION The results indicate that ATP induces PS exposure in erythrocytes from various dog breeds and that this process is mediated by P2X7 activation.展开更多
This paper presents a methodology for analytical calculation and computational simulation using the finite element method for piezoresistive graphite sensor element on flexible polymer substrate,A4 paper.The computer ...This paper presents a methodology for analytical calculation and computational simulation using the finite element method for piezoresistive graphite sensor element on flexible polymer substrate,A4 paper.The computer simulation aims to find the region of greatest mechanical tension and deflection of the circular diaphragm set in the circumference edges.The steps for simulation are geometry definition,mesh generation,inclusion of material physical properties and simulation execution.The mathematical modeling of maximum mechanical stress and deflection is described analytically and computationally.The analytical calculations were compared with the computer simulation and presented a relative percentage error of 3.38%for the maximum deflection.The results show that the piezoresistor should be positioned at the edges of the circular diaphragm to take advantage of maximum mechanical stress by defining the best location for graphite film deposition for sensor device designs and fabrications.展开更多
Therapeutic efficacy of QS （quinapyramine sulphate） and FCA （Freund＇s complete adjuvant） combination was studied. The aim of the study was to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of QS using FCA in Trypanosorna congolen...Therapeutic efficacy of QS （quinapyramine sulphate） and FCA （Freund＇s complete adjuvant） combination was studied. The aim of the study was to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of QS using FCA in Trypanosorna congolense infection. GrouPs treated with QS and FCA had parasite disappeared in peripheral circulation 2 days pi, relapse was observed one week later. Effect of treatment on rectal temperature shows no significance （p 〈 0.05）, normalization of rectal temperature occurred in QS and FCA treated groups （34.1℃） than untreated （42.8 ℃）, QS （37.4 ℃） and FCA （35.92 ℃） treated groups. Mean body weight was significant （p 〈 0.001） in QS and FCA, QS, and FCA groups. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration for untreated groups were lower, but increased in QS, FCA, QS and FCA treated groups, indicating anemia amelioration. White blood cell counted in untreated, QS and FCA treated groups showed no significance （p 〈 0.05）, however, there was leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis in QS and FCA treated group （6.79 × 10^3/μl） compared with untreated and other groups. There was comparative decrease in serum liver enzymes in QS and FCA treated group than other groups. Therefore, QS at lower recommended dose with FCA may enhance efficacy of QS in trypanosomiasis.展开更多
文摘Introduction: Post-hospital syndrome (PHS) is defined as a period of vulnerability during the first 30 days after a patient is discharged from hospital, in which multiple factors come into play. Hyponatremia is the most frequent hydroelectrolytic disorder in hospitalized patients and may be related to the appearance of PHS. Objective: The objective is to estimate the prevalence of PHS that is assessed as the rate of readmissions in the first 30 days after discharge, in patients with hyponatremia. Material and Methods: It is a descriptive observational study of patients with hyponatremia who were discharged from 1 September 2010 to 2 February 2020 at the Internal Medicine Service of the Hospital University of San Juan (Alicante, Spain). Results: Of the 25 included patients, 5 (20%) were readmitted within a month of discharge, after a mean of 11.4 days (standard deviation [SD] 5.1). The overall mortality of the study was 20% (n = 5), with one case of death in the first 30 days post-hospitalization (4%). In 12 patients (48%) the origin of the hyponatremia was undetermined. The most frequently recorded etiology for the condition was pharmacological (n = 7, 28%), and there was pronounced variability in its clinical and laboratory study. The most widely used corrective measure was drug withdrawal, in 16 patients (64%). Water intake restriction was the most common treatment after discharge (5 patients, 20%), followed by urea (2 patients, 8%), while tolvaptan was not used. Conclusion: Hyponatremia may be the cause of PHS, which could increase the rate of early readmission. Hyponatremia is an underdiagnosed and undertreated entity, so it is necessary to apply an appropriate system to optimize its management and, in future studies, to assess its impact on PHS.
文摘Gastrointestinal(GI)parasites are a global concern and cause serious damage to the health of animals,including horses,because of their deleterious effects on the health of these animals.Owing to improperly diagnosing the parasitic load and the resulting incorrect treatment,anthelmintics are becoming a global problem.Although rapid diagnostic techniques such as McMaster and FECPAK^(G2) are available in Africa,concentration techniques,including flotation and sedimentation,are commonly used in screening for gastrointestinal parasites.In this study,we compared the sensitivity of diagnostic techniques,namely,McMaster and FECPAK^(G2),in quantifying and determining the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites as an alternative to the commonly used flotation and sedimentation techniques for equine fecal samples in Jos,Plateau State,Nigeria.Three hundred fecal samples were collected from different locations.The instructions provided by the manufacturers of FECPAK^(G2) and McMasters were used as the methodology for egg count per gram of fecal matter,while parasite egg/ova identification was performed through sedimentation and flotation techniques.In general,a prevalence of 66.3%was recorded,with a higher prevalence on Babale ranch(84%)than on Jos Polo Club(62%)and Jos mounted troop(53%).A total of nine gastrointestinal parasites were identified via both sedimentation and flotation techniques:Strongylus spp.(19.3%)was the most prevalent parasite identified via the flotation method,whereas Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus(25.3%)was the most prevalent parasite identified via the sedimentation technique.In general,FECPAK^(G2) had a sensitivity of 86%,whereas McMaster had a sensitivity of 64%in terms of egg counts per gram of fecal sample.This finding suggests that equines in Jos are highly infected with a variety of gastrointestinal parasites to varying degrees,with Strongylus spp.and Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus being more prevalent.Although the parasite load was found to range from low to moderate levels,the majority of the equine samples contained<200 eggs per gram,suggesting a low infection rate via both the McMaster technique and the FECPAK^(G2) technique.On the basis of these findings,FECPAK^(G2) is recommended for rapid diagnosis because of its prompt outcome and infestation rate as well as ease of routine examination.Additionally,routine examination should be carried out to determine infestation by gastrointestinal parasites in all equine holdings and the effectiveness of the therapeutic agents used.
基金funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology(FCT)sup-ported by the projects UIDB/00772/2020(https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00772/2020)。
文摘Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to biodiversity and an important public health issue.Flaviviruses are the cause of several emerging vector-borne zoonotic arboviruses whose distribution is currently increasing in Europe.The evidence that West Nile virus(WNV)circulates in resident and migratory species has implications for both animal and public health and should therefore be studied in depth.USUTU(USUV),Bagaza(BAGV)and tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV)are other viruses that are beginning to spread more widely.An integrated surveillance program,namely in birds,is essential for reducing the risk of infection in human populations within the One Health principles.In the present study,wild birds admitted to wildlife rehabilitation centers in Portugal were sampled.Two hundred eight blood samples were assayed serologically for antibodies to flaviviruses by using a commercial ELISA kit.An over-all seroprevalence of 19.6%(95%confidence interval[CI]:13.7-26.7%)was observed.Antibodies against flaviviruses were detected in 13(35.1%)different species of wild birds.Accipitriformes(26.7%;95%CI:18.5-36.2%)and Strigi-formes(26.7%;95%CI:14.6-42.0%)were the orders with the highest seroprevalence rates recorded.There were no statistically significant differences(p=0.725)between the geographical regions(NUTSⅡ)studied,but a statistically significant difference(p=0.017)was found between sex(male:34.4%;female:4.8%).A higher seroprevalence was detected in adults(32.1%)than in juvenile birds(9.3%)(p=0.014),and age was considered a risk factor for flavivirus infection in wild birds(odds ratio 1.4;95%CI:0.5-4.0).More epidemiological studies are needed in Portugal since the actual spread of the genus Flavivirus throughout the country is unknown.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.32102745(to XL).
文摘Traumatic brain injury is a severe health problem leading to autophagy and apoptosis in the brain.3,6-Dibromo-beta-fluoro-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-9H-carbazole-9-propanamine(P7C3-A20)can be neuroprotective in various diseases,including ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.However,whether P7C3-A20 has a therapeutic effect on traumatic brain injury and its possible molecular mechanisms are unclear.Therefore,in the present study,we investigated the therapeutic effects of P7C3-A20 on traumatic brain injury and explored the putative underlying molecular mechanisms.We established a traumatic brain injury rat model using a modified weight drop method.P7C3-A20 or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally after traumatic brain injury.Severe neurological deficits were found in rats after traumatic brain injury,with deterioration in balance,walking function,and learning memory.Furthermore,hematoxylin and eosin staining showed significant neuronal cell damage,while terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining indicated a high rate of apoptosis.The presence of autolysosomes was observed using transmission electron microscope.P7C3-A20 treatment reversed these pathological features.Western blotting showed that P7C3-A20 treatment reduced microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-Ⅱ(LC3-Ⅱ)autophagy protein,apoptosis-related proteins(namely,Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3[BNIP3],and Bcl-2 associated x protein[Bax]),and elevated ubiquitin-binding protein p62(p62)autophagy protein expression.Thus,P7C3-A20 can treat traumatic brain injury in rats by inhibiting excessive autophagy and apoptosis.
文摘Understanding and sustaining biodiversity is a multi-disciplinary science that benefits highly from the creation of organized and accessible collections of biomaterials （Genome Resource Banks）. Large cryo-collections are invaluable tools for understanding, cataloging, and protecting the genetic diversity of the world＇s unique animals and plants. Specifically, the systematic collection and preservation of semen from rare species has been developed significantly in recent decades with some biobanks now being actively used for endangered species management and propagation （including the introduction of species such as the black-footed ferret and the giant panda）. Innovations emerging from the growing field of male fertility preservation for humans, livestock species, and laboratory animals are also becoming relevant to the protection and the propagation of valuable domestic and wild species. These new approaches extend beyond the ＂classical＂ methods associated with sperm freezing to include testicular tissue preservation combined with xenografting or in vitro culture, all of which have potential for rescuing vast amounts of unused germplasm. There also are other options under development that are predicted to have a high impact within the next decade （stem cell technologies, bio-stabilization of sperm cells at ambient temperatures, and the use of genomics tools）. However, biobanking efforts and new fertility preservation strategies have to expand the way beyond mammalian species, which will offer knowledge and tools to better manage species that serve as valuable biomedical models or require assistance to reverse endangerment.
文摘Objective:To investigate the effects of combination therapy of methanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica(A.indica) and diminazene diaceturate(DDA) in the treatment of experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei(T.brucei brucei) infection in rats.Methods:Acute toxicity study of the drug and extract combinations were done.Selection of the best drug and extract combinations was carried out using fifty four rats of both sexes separated into 9 groups.Three dose combinations were derived from selection of the best drug and extract combinations used for the final study viz:7 mg/kg bw DDA plus 125 mg/kg bw extract(group B),3.5 mg/kg bw DDA plus 250 mg/kg bw extract(group C),and 1.8 mg/kg bw DDA plus 500 mg/kg bw extract(group D).The final study had in addition to the three groups derived from the dose response study,four other groups viz:uninfected untreated negative control(group F),infected and treated with 3 000 mg/kg bw extract alone(group E),infected and treated with 7 mg/kg bw DDA alone(group A),and infected untreated positive control(group G).The parameters assessed were onset of parasitaemia(OP), level of parasitaemia(LOP),clearance of parasites post treatment(COPPT),relapse infection period(RIP),post infection survival period(PIST).Results:There was no significant difference in OP between the groups(P【0.05).One day post treatment,the mean LOP of groups A,B,and C were found to be significantly lower than that of group D which in turn was lower than that of group E and G respectively.The mean LOP of group E was significantly lower than group G two days post treatment and this trend continued throughout the experimental period.Mean COPPT of group D was significantly longer than that of groups A,C and B.There was no significant difference in the mean COPPT among groups B,C and A.The mean RIP of group D was significantly shorter than group C,and that of group C was significantly shorter than that of group A.There was no relapse of infection in group B.The PIST of group E did not differ significantly from group G.Conclusions:This experiment stands to conclude that combination of 125 mg/kg bw extract and 7 mg/kg bw DDA is very effective in the treatment of trypanosomosis,caused by T. brucei.This combination therapy proved to be better than single therapy of DDA.
文摘This is the first reported study in which various cytological and microbial components of the ear canal of wild jackals (Canis aureus) were examined and compared with those of domesticated dogs (C. domesticus). It is proposed that the differences between them might be attributable to domestication. The normal cytology of the jackals' ears includes cerumen, keratinous debris, coccoid bacteria and yeast-like organisms similar to domesticated dogs, but the frequencies of these findings differed significantly between the two species. In the jackals the incidences of ceruminous debris and yeasts were significantly lower (p p = 0.004 respectively), while keratinous debris and coccoid bacteria were significantly higher (p < 0.001). During domestication some changes have probably occurred in the dogs' lifestyle that predisposed them to the growth of yeasts in their ears but less to bacterial growth. It is possible that the higher numbers of bacteria might be a result of environmental contamination, because some of the jackals lived near urban centers and feed on garbage.
基金supported by the Ministry of Superior Education, Republic of Cubaby the Brazilian financial agencies (FAPERJ, CNPq and FUJB)
文摘Electrochemical treatment is an alternative modality for tumor treatment based on the application of a low intensity direct electric current to the tumor tissue through two or more platinum electrodes placed within the tumor zone or in the surrounding areas. This treatment is noted for its great effectiveness, minimal invasiveness and local effect. Several studies have been conducted worldwide to evaluate the anfitumoral effect of this therapy. In all these studies a variety of biochemical and physiological responses of tumors to the applied treatment have been obtained. By this reason, researchers have suggested various mechanisms to explain how direct electric current destroys tumor ceils. Although, it is generally accepted this treatment induces electrolysis, electroosmosis and electroporation in tumoral tissues. However, action mechanism of this alternative modality on the tumor tissue is not well understood. Although the principle of Electrochemical treatment is simple, a standardized method is not yet available. The mechanism by which Electrochemical treatment affects tumor growth and survival may represent more complex process. The present work analyzes the latest and most important research done on the electrochemical treatment of tumors. We conclude with our point of view about the destruction mechanism features of this alternative therapy. Also, we suggest some mechanisms and strategies from the thermodynamic point of view for this therapy. In the area of Electrochemical treatment of cancer this tool has been exploited very little and much work remains to be done. Electrochemical treatment constitutes a good therapeutic option for patients that have failed the conventional oncology methods.
文摘<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Equines are affected by a large number of endoparasites, these can cause gastrointestinal signs, respiratory, poor performance, slow growth and even cause sudden death. The presence of parasites can be associated with various factors related to the animal and environmental or geographical factors. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite infection and risk factors in horses were evaluated. Stool samples belonging to 218 horses from different regions </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of central Mexico were analyzed by coproparasitological concentra</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tion-flotation technique. The fecal examinations were carried out from February to August in 2017. Among the 218 samples that were examined, 103 (47.24%) were found to be positive with several gastrointestinal parasites, with </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Strongylus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp. being the most prevalent (23.85%) followed by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Trichostrongylus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp. (21.56%) and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Parascaris</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp. (11.93%). Breed and place of origin were significantly associated with helminth infection. Sex was associated as a significant risk factor (p < 0.01) with the infection by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Strongylus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp. on females and by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Anoplocephala</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, on males. In central Mexico, gastrointestinal helminth infection appears to be relatively low.
文摘Background: Right ventricle failure(RVF) is associated with serious cardiac and pulmonary diseases that contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of patients. Currently, the mechanisms of RVF are not fully understood and it is partly due to the lack of large animal models in adult RVF. In this study, we aim to establish a model of RVF in adult ovine and examine the structure and function relations in the RV.Methods: RV pressure overload was induced in adult male sheep by revised pulmonary artery constriction(PAC). Briefly, an adjustable hydraulic occluder was placed around the main pulmonary artery trunk. Then, repeated saline injection was performed at weeks 0, 1, and 4, where the amount of saline was determined in an animal-specific manner. Healthy, age-matched male sheep were used as additional controls. Echocardiography was performed bi-weekly and on week 11 post-PAC, hemodynamic and biological measurements were obtained.Results: This PAC methodology resulted in a marked increase in RV systolic pressure and decreases in stroke volume and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, indicating signs of RVF. Significant increases in RV chamber size, wall thickness, and Fulton's index were observed. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen accumulation(particularly type III collagen) were evident, and these structural changes were correlated with RV dysfunction.Conclusion: In summary, the animal-specific, repeated PAC provided a robust approach to induce adult RVF, and this ovine model will offer a useful tool to study the progression and treatment of adult RVF that is translatable to human diseases.
基金Technology project of Beijing municipal administration center of parksGrant/Award Number:zx2021019。
文摘Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is a highly malignant cancer of the digestive system common among humans.However,it is rarely reported in wild animals.In 2018,a giant panda died in the Beijing Zoo.During subsequent histological observation of the pancreas,it was discovered that the glandular epithelial cells had lost the pancreatic acinar structure,tubular areas with obvious structure in the pancreas,and the ductal epithelium was substituted by high columnar mucus cells.Masson staining showed that there were several fibrous tissue proliferative reactions around the ductal adenocarcinoma and immunohistochemical staining revealed that CK7 and CK19 were positively expressed in the pancreatic tissue.Therefore,the pathological diagnosis indicated that the panda had PDAC.In this paper,the panda’s living conditions and pathological diagnosis results are examined,with the aim of providing a reference point for the future diagnosis of wild animal tumors.
文摘Almost all healthy female chickens are expected to optimally produce eggs regularly. To maximize profits, nonproductive birds are often culled in commercial layer farms without due considerations to causes. Genetic and therapeutic manipulations to increase egg production per cycle often predispose birds to obstetric problems. Information on the detection and management techniques of reproductive abnormalities of the domestic chicken appear scarce. This study reports on clinical evaluation and surgical management of three major reproductive abnormalities of the commercial layer chickens. Egg yolk peritonitis, oviduct impaction and egg bound conditions were diagnosed and surgically managed following standard surgical procedures. Palpation and abdominocenthesis using flexible rubber catheter, abdomino-pelvic ultrasound scan and ventra-dorsal X-ray techniques were used to establish diagnosis. In all reported conditions herein, surgery was employed to correct them. The study showed values of diagnostic imaging and surgery to correcting obstetric conditions of domestic chickens.
文摘Canine hypoadrenocorticism may be characterized by insufficiency of adrenocortical hormonal secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Clinical signs are nonspecific such as dehydration, hypovolemic shock, bradycardia, hypotension, emesis, diarrhea, among other clinical and laboratory changes, and can mimic other diseases, and because of this, the disease can go unnoticed by the veterinarian, increasing the mortality and morbidity of patients seen in emergency consultations. Despite being of low occurrence, hypoadrenocorticism is often underdiagnosed, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in the presence of gastrointestinal clinical signs or hypovolemic shock, and low Sodium:Potassium ratio. The definitive diagnosis is based on the dosage of cortisol before and after the application of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Acute treatment consists of patient stabilization, and chronic includes replacement of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Prognosis is usually favorable if the diagnosis is early and the correct treatment is performed. This article is a review focusing on clinical signs, laboratory findings, diagnosis and treatment on canine hypoadrenocorticism, to increase the knowledge about the disease to veterinarians.
文摘The owner of an intensively reared pig farm in Nsukka, South-East Nigeria reported the deaths (within one week) of 90 piglets (2-3 months of age) out of 150 piglets on the farm. The piglets were being fed home-compounded ration composed of spent grain (which appeared moldy) and other locally sourced materials. Clinical signs observed in affected piglets include sudden loss of appetite, diarrhea and distress grunting sound prior to death. Symptomatic treatment of the piglets which included the use of antibiotics (tetracycline, LA) did not appear to have ameliorated the condition. At necropsy carcasses were generally in fair to good body condition;with subcutaneous hemorrhages, mainly under the skin of head and neck regions. Lungs were congested and edematous, with froth along the tracheal and bronchial airways. The liver and spleen were moderately congested, while the mucosae of the gastrointestinal tract (which was free of ingesta) appeared mildly hyperaemic. No pathogenic bacterium was isolated from the heart blood and spleen. Histologic section of the liver showed centrilobular hepatocytes vacoulation and necrosis with hypertrophy of Kupffer cells that were in erythrophagocytosis. There was moderate fibrinous exudation into the interlobular septae. Spleen section showed severe erythrophagocytosis, but mild haemosiderosis. White pulp was either reactive or depopulated. Lungs were severely haemorrhagic with bronchitis and bronchiolitis. A tentative diagnosis of mycotoxicosis was made and the spent grain-compounded ration was fed to different groups of ducklings, with/without arginine and lysine supplementation. On the bases of clinical signs and mortality pattern;gross and histologic changes in the liver of the ducklings, a definitive diagnosis of aflatoxicosis was made. This paper emphasizes the experimental feeding of suspected feeds/feed ingredient to ducklings as a reliable diagnostic model for aflatoxicosis.
文摘Currently, canine obesity is a worldwide problem and is based on the excessive deposit of fat tissue, which plays an important role as a store of energy and endocrine organ. This study aimed to compare the values of systolic blood pressure, serum chemistry profile and glucose metabolism in eight obese dogs without endocrine diseases before and after 16 weeks of a weight loss program. A statistical difference was noticed in the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase, glucose, cholesterol and insulin, before and after the program. Besides, there was a statistical difference between the moments in systolic blood pressure, body weight and body condition scale. Therefore, it was concluded that the use of a diet rich in fiber and protein is suitable for performing weight loss and obese dogs undergoing a weight loss program presented a significant reduction in blood pressure, blood glucose, insulin, blood cholesterol, serum activity of alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transferase.
文摘Background: Rabies is endemic in India and every half an hour a person dies of this dreaded disease. Stray roaming dogs, mostly unvaccinated, are most dangerous host in spread of rabies in India and in our state of Himachal Pradesh. Timely prophylaxis is the only method to save animal bite victims, including that of rabid dog bite patients. Objectives: Objective of this study was to investigate an impending outbreak of rabies in Shimla town in the absence of life saving rabies immunoglobulins (RIGs) in the market, and to know the source of infection by using one health approach and using epidemiological tools. Methods: On April 7, 2015, there was a sudden surge in cases of suspected rabid dog bites. Impending rabies outbreak was suspected as there were no RIGs available in the market. A rapid Response Team (RRT) consisting of the author, veterinary doctor, dog squad of Municipal Corporation (MC) Shimla along with the vehicles to impound rabid dogs was constituted to investigate the terror spread by two rabid dogs on biting spree in the Shimla Municipality. Results: A total of 18 people were bitten by suspected rabid dogs within three days period. A black bitch and a brown dog, on the identity of affected people, were captured by the dog squad of Municipality next day on April 8, 2015 and taken to Dog Sterilization Centre, Animal Birth Control (ABC) programme, MC Shimla for observation. The most furious Black bitch died of clinically confirmed symptoms of furious rabies after three days. The second rabid dog, brown in color, died after a month of observation due to paralytic dumb rabies. The brain of the brown dog was extracted for Fluorescent Antibody Testing (FAT) at central research Institute (CRI) Kasauli and was found to be positive for FAT. Follow up of patients was 100% by house to house visit and over telephone and no casualty was reported. Conclusion: While we were working on hypothesis of rabid dogs getting the infection from nearby forest about 8 - 10 KM away but on follow up of the patients, they reported that both the dog and bitch used to stay in the compound of their colony since the bitch was pregnant and there was no history of the bitch moving for away to forests neither any outside dog which was seen near them in the compound. This led us to think of other causes of what must had happened to the bitch that caused her to be rabid as for the past 9 years we had observed bitches becoming rabid after litter birth (Whelping) and making their pups rabid due to licking. Since the carrier state for rabies virus in bitches/dogs is known and a state of immunosuppression after whelping/parturition is also known, therefore there is a possibility of latent rabies virus getting activated due to immunosuppression after litter birth and it is thought to be as one of the probable causes of black bitch getting rabid and inflicting the infection to accompanying brown dog. We need to do further studies to ascertain this phenomenon before coming to a definite conclusion and suspect such a possibility in case a dam suddenly becomes rabid among a pack of stray dogs in rabies endemic countries like ours.
文摘The popularity of keeping reptiles such as snakes and lizards is ever increasing. The health and welfare of these animals depends on the knowledge and understanding of their environmental and nutritional needs. But where does a new owner of these species obtain such information? This study aims to investigate what information is available in pet shops and stores for the reptile owning public and how well this information is imparted. Our findings show that there is a lot of excellent advice on the husbandry of reptiles in some shops while others offer less advice. It is hoped that through this study areas of downfall on primary knowledge can be recognized so that all shops can aspire to the highest levels of information.
基金The Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience(University of Wollongong)the American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation
文摘AIM To determine if activation of the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor channel induces phosphatidylserine(PS)exposure in erythrocytes from multiple dog breeds.METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from 25 dogs representing 13 pedigrees and seven crossbreeds.ATP-induced PS exposure on canine erythrocytes in vitro was assessed using a flow cytometric Annexin V binding assay.RESULTS ATP induced PS exposure in erythrocytes from all dogs studied.ATP caused PS exposure in a concentrationdependent manner with an EC50 value of 395μmol/L.The non-P2X7 agonists,ADP or AMP,did not cause PS exposure.The P2X7 antagonist,AZ10606120,but not the P2X1 antagonist,NF449,blocked ATP-induced PS exposure.CONCLUSION The results indicate that ATP induces PS exposure in erythrocytes from various dog breeds and that this process is mediated by P2X7 activation.
文摘This paper presents a methodology for analytical calculation and computational simulation using the finite element method for piezoresistive graphite sensor element on flexible polymer substrate,A4 paper.The computer simulation aims to find the region of greatest mechanical tension and deflection of the circular diaphragm set in the circumference edges.The steps for simulation are geometry definition,mesh generation,inclusion of material physical properties and simulation execution.The mathematical modeling of maximum mechanical stress and deflection is described analytically and computationally.The analytical calculations were compared with the computer simulation and presented a relative percentage error of 3.38%for the maximum deflection.The results show that the piezoresistor should be positioned at the edges of the circular diaphragm to take advantage of maximum mechanical stress by defining the best location for graphite film deposition for sensor device designs and fabrications.
文摘Therapeutic efficacy of QS （quinapyramine sulphate） and FCA （Freund＇s complete adjuvant） combination was studied. The aim of the study was to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of QS using FCA in Trypanosorna congolense infection. GrouPs treated with QS and FCA had parasite disappeared in peripheral circulation 2 days pi, relapse was observed one week later. Effect of treatment on rectal temperature shows no significance （p 〈 0.05）, normalization of rectal temperature occurred in QS and FCA treated groups （34.1℃） than untreated （42.8 ℃）, QS （37.4 ℃） and FCA （35.92 ℃） treated groups. Mean body weight was significant （p 〈 0.001） in QS and FCA, QS, and FCA groups. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration for untreated groups were lower, but increased in QS, FCA, QS and FCA treated groups, indicating anemia amelioration. White blood cell counted in untreated, QS and FCA treated groups showed no significance （p 〈 0.05）, however, there was leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis in QS and FCA treated group （6.79 × 10^3/μl） compared with untreated and other groups. There was comparative decrease in serum liver enzymes in QS and FCA treated group than other groups. Therefore, QS at lower recommended dose with FCA may enhance efficacy of QS in trypanosomiasis.
