The tested soils containing different Cd levels were obtained by mixing the normal cultivated soils with the Cd-contaminated soils taken from the paddies near a mine. Five major categories of vegetables, i.e. cucumber...The tested soils containing different Cd levels were obtained by mixing the normal cultivated soils with the Cd-contaminated soils taken from the paddies near a mine. Five major categories of vegetables, i.e. cucumber, cowpea, Bok choy, radish and lettuce, widely planted in the spring and autumn in Hunan Province, were selected for pool-culture experiments. Results showed that the Cd accumulations varied greatly according to the category of vegetables. The Cd accumulations in cucumber and cowpea growing in soils with high Cd levels (1.5 mg/kg) were within the threshold limits of the national standards, meaning that these two categories are safe to grow in Cd-contaminated soils. For either the cucumber or the cowpea category, there were no significant differences in the Cd accumulations of different genotypes. Most of the tested Bok choy and radish cultivars could grow safely in soils whose Cd levels were below 1.0 mg/kg. In comparison, the Cd accumulations in some cultivars tended to increase sharply as the Cd level in the soil went beyond 1.0 mg/kg. Significant variations were also observed in the Cd accumulations of different genotypes with mounting Cd levels in the soil. Besides, there were no positive correlations between Cd accumulations in plants and Cd levels in soils, indicating large fluctuations and poor ecological stability of Bok choy and radish. Therefore, the planting of Bok choy and radish should be strictly evaluated and controlled in Cdcontaminated regions. The Cd contents of most celtuce cultivars growing in mildlycontaminated soils had already exceeded the threshold limit. Therefore, it is not safe for celtuce to grow in Cd-contaminated environments.展开更多
Firstly,this paper analyzes the cause of obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables,and then introduces the soil ecological remediation technology used for overcoming obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables...Firstly,this paper analyzes the cause of obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables,and then introduces the soil ecological remediation technology used for overcoming obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables. Finally,this paper analyzes the effect of applying soil ecological remediation technology in overcoming obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables.展开更多
Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating disease of Cruciferous crops.Developing cultivars with clubroot resistance(CR)is the most effective control measure.For the two major Brassica vegetable spe...Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating disease of Cruciferous crops.Developing cultivars with clubroot resistance(CR)is the most effective control measure.For the two major Brassica vegetable species B.rapa and B.oleracea,several commercial cultivars with unclear CR pedigrees have been intensively used as CR donors in breeding.However,the continuous occurrence of CR-breaking makes the CR pedigree underlying these cultivars one of the breeders'most urgent concerns.The complex intraspecific diversity of these two major Brassica vegetables has also limited the applicability of CR markers in different breeding programs.Here we first traced the pedigree underlying two kinds of CR that have been widely applied in breeding by linkage and introgression analyses based on public resequencing data.In B.rapa,a major locus CRzi8 underlying the CR of the commercial CR donor‘DegaoCR117’was identified.CRzi8 was further shown to have been introgressed from turnip(B.rapa ssp.rapifera)and that it carried a potential functional allele of Crr1a.The turnip introgression carried CRb^(c),sharing the same coding sequence with the CRb that was also identified from chromosome C07 of B.oleracea CR cultivars with different morphotypes.Within natural populations,variation analysis of linkage intervals of CRzi8,PbBa8.1,CRb,and CRb^(c)yielded easily resolved InDel markers(>20 bp)for these fundamental CR genes.The specificity of these markers was tested in diverse cultivars panels,and each exhibited high reliability in breeding.Our research demonstrates the value of the practice of applying resequencing big data to solve urgent concerns in breeding programs.展开更多
This study was conducted to explore the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the growth and physiological characteristics of vegetable seedlings.Cucumber,Chinese cabbage and radish were cultured under...This study was conducted to explore the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the growth and physiological characteristics of vegetable seedlings.Cucumber,Chinese cabbage and radish were cultured under the stress of 16 PAHs at different concentrations of 0.3,0.6 and 0.9 mg/L,respectively,with the seedlings cultured without PAHs as the control,to study the growth and physiological responses of various vegetable seedlings under PAHs stress.The results showed that the leaf width,fresh weight,CAT activity and POD activity of cucumber and the chlorophyll b content and CAT activity of radish reached the minimum values when treated with 0.3 mg/L PAHs.When the treatment concentration was 0.6 mg/L,the POD activity of cucumber,the vitamin C content of Chinese cabbage and the MDA content of radish were the smallest.The dry weight of cucumber,the fresh weight of Chinese cabbage and the fresh weight and POD activity of radish reached the minimums under the treatment of 0.9 mg/L PAHs.Different concentrations of PAHs could promote the synthesis and photosynthesis of chlorophyll in cucumber and Chinese cabbage leaves and the vitamin C content in radish.With the increase of PAHs treatment concentration,the MDA contents of cucumber and Chinese cabbage were on the increase,and reached the maximums under the treatment of 0.9 mg/L PAHs.One of the reasons why different kinds of vegetable seedlings have different physiological responses to PAHs may be related to the differences in the amount of PAHs absorbed by different leaf structures.展开更多
Burundi is one of the least developed countries identified by the United Nations.Vegetable is the main crop in Burundi,but the variety is relatively simple and the planting level is low.Making use of the rich vegetabl...Burundi is one of the least developed countries identified by the United Nations.Vegetable is the main crop in Burundi,but the variety is relatively simple and the planting level is low.Making use of the rich vegetable varieties and advanced cultivation techniques in China,the adaptability evaluation of new vegetable varieties in China was jointly carried out in Burundi to screen the vegetable varieties suitable for local cultivation.The purpose of this paper is to study the integration of high-yield cultivation techniques and annual production model to improve the level of vegetable cultivation in Burundi.From 2009 to 2015,our unit,together with the Burundian Fruit and Vegetable Promotion Center,carried out screening experiments on 144 vegetable varieties,such as tomato,balsam pear,chieh-qua,wax gourd,and cabbage.Through the methods of preliminary screening and experimental screening,the vegetable varieties suitable for planting in Burundi were selected,and the cultivation techniques of some main vegetable varieties were studied.The demonstration new varieties and new techniques were integrated to verify the high-yield cultivation techniques in the field.In 2009,18 varieties suitable for local planting were selected from 96 vegetable varieties.In 2010,40 vegetable varieties were selected for screening test,and 9 varieties suitable for planting in Burundi were selected.In 2011,27 vegetable varieties selected in 2009 and 2010 were further evaluated for adaptability,and 13 vegetable varieties with high yield,strong resistance and good marketability were selected.Among them,there were 5 melon vegetables,3 solanaceous fruit vegetables,1 legume vegetables and 4 leafy vegetables.The cultivation techniques of some vegetable varieties were studied from 2011 to 2012,and the key points of cultivation techniques of chieh-qua and other vegetable varieties were clarified.According to the ecological characteristics of two main vegetable producing areas(the plateau and plain areas of Burundi),six sets of annual production and cropping arrangement plans covering melons,leafy vegetables,solanaceous fruits,beans and other vegetables were put forward,and the annual production model of multiple cropping and three-dimensional cultivation was integrated.From 2014 to 2015,according to the previous test results and market demand,8 vegetable varieties were selected for Burundi to carry out screening experiments.4 varieties with good yield and adaptability were selected for two consecutive years in 2014 and 2015.The integrated demonstration and effect verification of some selected vegetable varieties and cultivation techniques were carried out from 2015 to 2016,and the comprehensive advantages such as field yield and economic benefit were obvious.In this study,the adaptability of Chinese vegetable varieties in Burundi was evaluated,and 17 vegetable varieties suitable for local production were selected,including 5 melon vegetables,5 solanaceous fruit vegetables,1 legume vegetables and 6 leafy vegetables.This paper studies the integrated cultivation techniques and annual production model with obvious advantages in yield and benefit,which plays an important role in improving the planting level and benefit of vegetables in Burundi.展开更多
Wax gourd(Benincasa hispida)is an important cucurbit crop with economic and medicinal value.The myeloblastosis(MYB)gene family is one of the largest gene families in plants and regulates various biological processes,w...Wax gourd(Benincasa hispida)is an important cucurbit crop with economic and medicinal value.The myeloblastosis(MYB)gene family is one of the largest gene families in plants and regulates various biological processes,whereas the MYB gene family has not been systematically studied in wax gourd.In this study,we performed genome-wide identification of the MYB gene family in wax gourd and analyzed their phylogenetic relationship,MYB DNA-binding domain(MYB DBD),gene structure,protein motif,synteny,duplication mode and expression pattern.As a result,a total of 215 BhMYB genes(BhMYBs)were identified,belonging to four subfamilies:1R-,2R-,3R-and 4R-MYB subfamilies.Genes of 1R-MYB subfamily and 2R-MYB subfamily were subdivided into different subgroups respectively.The analysis of MYB DBD,gene structure and protein motif showed that the most genes in the same subgroup had similar characteristics and the 2R-MYB genes were more conserved than the 1R-MYB genes.Interestingly,the long terminal retrotransposons(LTR-RTs)were found in the long introns of several BhMYBs.The results of synteny analysis showed that there were more syntenic gene pairs between wax gourd and other cucurbit crops,while the least number of syntenic gene pairs existed between wax gourd and rice.Gene duplication was the main reason for the expansion of the MYB gene family in wax gourd,with the transposed duplication(TRD)mode contributing more.All duplication BhMYB genes were under purifying selection pressure.Further expression analysis showed that many BhMYBs exhibited obvious tissue-specific expression and several BhMYBs were significantly induced by one or more abiotic stresses.BhMYB79 was particularly expressed in roots and significantly induced by salt,drought,cold and heat stresses,overexpression of which led to reduced tolerance to salt stress in Arabidopsis.In conclusion,our results provide a systematic analysis of wax gourd MYB gene family and facilitate the biological role study of BhMYB79 during wax gourd salt stress response process.展开更多
The transcriptional cascade and regulatory loop play crucial roles in regulating plant-specialized metabolite biosynthesis.Capsaicinoids are unique to the genus Capsicum and confer a pungent flavor to its fruits.Howev...The transcriptional cascade and regulatory loop play crucial roles in regulating plant-specialized metabolite biosynthesis.Capsaicinoids are unique to the genus Capsicum and confer a pungent flavor to its fruits.However,the transcriptional regulation of capsaicinoid biosynthesis remains largely unknown.In this study,two AP2/ERF transcription factors(TFs),CaERF102 and CaERF111,were characterized for their role in the capsaicinoid biosynthesis process.Expression analysis of two ERFs and capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes(CBGs)suggested that they were associated with capsaicinoid biosynthesis.Both ERFs encode nuclear-localized proteins and function as transcriptional activators through their C-terminal activation motifs.The two ERF TFs participated in capsaicinoid biosynthesis by directly activating the promoters of key CBGs,and this activation was significantly enhanced when CaMYC2 was co-expressed.Moreover,CaERF102 and CaERF111 were found to interact with CaMYC2.This study helps elucidate the AP2/ERF TF regulatory network that governs capsaicinoid biosynthesis in Capsicum species.展开更多
Extreme environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations,drought,and pathogen attacks can significantly impact plant growth,development,and productivity.Plants have evolved intricate enzymatic systems to miti...Extreme environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations,drought,and pathogen attacks can significantly impact plant growth,development,and productivity.Plants have evolved intricate enzymatic systems to mitigate these stresses,among which GDSL esterase/lipase proteins(GELPs)―key members of the serine esterase/lipase superfamily―play important roles(Akoh et al.,2004).Characterized by a conserved GDSL motif and four essential amino acids(serine,glycine,asparagine,and histidine),GELPs exhibit versatile catalytic functions in lipid metabolism,cell wall modification,and stress responses(Ursache et al.,2021;Shen et al.,2022).展开更多
Soil denitrification,anammox,and Feammox are key for nitrogen(N)removal in agriculture.Despite potassium(K)fertilizer enhancing N efficiency,their role in regulation of these processes is unclear.A soil column incubat...Soil denitrification,anammox,and Feammox are key for nitrogen(N)removal in agriculture.Despite potassium(K)fertilizer enhancing N efficiency,their role in regulation of these processes is unclear.A soil column incubation with 15N isotope tracingwas conducted to explore millimeter-scale interactions of N and K on these pathways in soil fertilization zones.After 28 days,individual applications of N and K reduced denitrification-nitrogen removal rate(DNRR),anammox-nitrogen removal rate(ANRR),and feammox-nitrogen removal rate(FNRR)compared to a non-fertilizer control.N fertilizer had a greater effect than K,likely due to the high consumption of dissolved organic carbon by N fertilizer or the increased soil organic matter decomposition by K fertilizer.Combing of N and K increased DNRR,ANRR and FNRR rates by 31%,3090%and 244%compared to single N,and by-53.7%,885%and 222%compared to single K.These effects diminished with depth and distance from fertilizer sites.The effects of N fertilizer on these N removal processes might be regulate abundance of key microbes(e.g.,Limnobacter and Clostridium)and key gene(nirK,hzsB,ACM and Geo)by providing N substrates,while K enhances N metabolism efficiency through enzyme activation,indicated by the downregulation of certain genes(hzsB,ACM and Geo)and a negative correlation with N removal by simultaneously increasing gene expression and enzyme activity.These findings provide insights into how N and K together enhance N removal,emphasizing their importance for optimizing this process.展开更多
Houttuynia cordata, a characteristic edible and medicinal plant in southwestern China, is prone to absorbing lead (Pb^(2+)). Excessive consumption may lead to Pb^(2+) accumulation in the human body, which has been lin...Houttuynia cordata, a characteristic edible and medicinal plant in southwestern China, is prone to absorbing lead (Pb^(2+)). Excessive consumption may lead to Pb^(2+) accumulation in the human body, which has been linked to serious health risks such as neurotoxicity, kidney damage, anemia, and developmental disorders, particularly in children. Therefore, the development of molecular markers associated with Pb^(2+) uptake and the investigation of the plant’s physiological responses to Pb^(2+) pollution are of great significance. In this study, 72 H. cordata germplasms were evaluated for Pb^(2+) accumulation after exogenous Pb^(2+) treatment. A significant variation in Pb^(2+) content was observed among the germplasms, indicating rich genetic diversity. Using RAPD markers, seven loci were identified to be significantly associated with Pb^(2+) uptake, with locus 43 (R^(2) = 6.72%) and locus 53 (R^(2) = 5.39%) showing the strongest correlations. Marker validation was performed using five low- and five high-accumulating accessions. Two representative germplasms were further subjected to 0, 500 and 1000 mg/kg Pb^(2+) treatments for 40 days. Pb^(2+) content, membrane lipid peroxidation, and redox enzyme activities (SOD, POD and CAT) were measured across different organs. Organs with greater soil contact (roots) exhibited higher Pb^(2+) accumulation and oxidative damage. POD and CAT activities were markedly induced by Pb^(2+) stress, while SOD response was limited. This study provides a theoretical foundation for breeding low Pb^(2+)-accumulating H. cordata varieties through marker-assisted selection (MAS) and supports their safe use and application in phytoremediation.展开更多
Understanding the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions to altitudinal gradient variation is important for understanding changes in the carbon balance of forest ecosystems.In our study the SOC and its fracti...Understanding the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions to altitudinal gradient variation is important for understanding changes in the carbon balance of forest ecosystems.In our study the SOC and its fractions of readily oxidizable carbon(ROC),water-soluble carbon(WSC) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) in the soil organic and mineral horizons were investigated for four typical forest types,including mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest(MCB),dark coniferous spruce-fir forest(DCSF),dark coniferous spruce forest(DCS),and Ermans birch forest(EB),along an altitudinal gradient in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in Northeast China.The results showed that there was no obvious altitudinal pattern in the SOC.Similar variation trends of SOC with altitude were observed between the organic and mineral horizons.Significant differences in the contents of SOC,WSC,MBC and ROC were found among the four forest types and between horizons.The contents of ROC in the mineral horizon,WSC in the organic horizon and MBC in both horizons in the MCB and EB forests were significantly greater than those in either DCSF or DCS forest.The proportion of soil WSC to SOC was the lowest among the three main fractions.The contents of WSC,MBC and ROC were significantly correlated(P < 0.05) with SOC content.It can be concluded that vegetation types and climate were crucial factors in regulating the distribution of soil organic carbon fractions in Changbai Mountain.展开更多
The aim of this research was to evaluate weathered spent mushroom substrate （SMS）, made from spent Flammulina velutipes mushroom substrate, as a growing medium for nursery seedlings. Two vegetable species, cucumber ...The aim of this research was to evaluate weathered spent mushroom substrate （SMS）, made from spent Flammulina velutipes mushroom substrate, as a growing medium for nursery seedlings. Two vegetable species, cucumber （Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinchun No. 2） and tomato （Solanurn lycopersicum L. cv. Mandy）, were grown in 8 media of SMS in various ratios with perlite or vermiculite. A mixed substrate of peat with perlite （1：1; v：v） was used as the control （CK）. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions. Prior to sowing, some physical and chemical properties of the growing media were determined. Results showed that all the mixtures had desirable physical and chemical properties for their use in nursery tomato and cucumber seedlings except for the T4 （SMS：vermiculite = 1：1; v：v） and the T8 （SMS：perlite = 2：1; v：v） mixtures. Compared with the CK, increased plant height, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight and index of seedling quality were found in the T3 （SMS：vermiculite = 2：1; v：v） and T6 （SMS：perlite = 4：1; v：v） growing media. SMS should be considered as an alternative for the widely used but expensive and resource-limited peat in greenhouse cultivation.展开更多
TaPHT1.2 is a functional, root predominantly expressed and low phosphate （Pi） inducible high-affinity Pi transporter in wheat, which is more abundant in the roots of P-efficient wheat genotypes （e.g., Xiaoyan 54） ...TaPHT1.2 is a functional, root predominantly expressed and low phosphate （Pi） inducible high-affinity Pi transporter in wheat, which is more abundant in the roots of P-efficient wheat genotypes （e.g., Xiaoyan 54） than in P-inefficient genotypes （e.g., Jing 411） under both Pi-deficient and Pi-sufficient conditions. To characterize TaPHT1.2 further, we genetically mapped a TaPHT1.2 transporter, TaPHT1.2-D1, on the long arm of chromosome 4D using a recombinant inbred line population derived from Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411, and isolated a 1,302 bp fragment of the TaPHT1.2-D1 promoter （PrTaPHT1.2-D1） from Xiaoyan 54. TaPHT1.2-D1 shows collinearity with OsPHT1.2 that has previously been reported to mediate the translocation of Pi from roots to shoots. PrTaPHT1.2-D contains a number of Pi-starvation responsive elements, including P1BS, WRKY-binding W-box, and helix-loop-helix-binding elements. PrTaPHT1.2-D1 was then used to drive expression of 13-glucuronidase （GUS） reporter gene in Arabidopsis through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Histochemical analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed that the reporter gene was specifically induced by Pi-starvation and predominantly expressed in the roots. As there is only one SNP between the TaPHT1.2-D1 promoters of Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411, and this SNP does not exist within the Pi-starvation responsive elements, the differential expression of TaPHT1.2 in Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411 may not be caused by this SNP.展开更多
Resistant cultivars have played important roles in controlling Fusarium wilt disease,but the roles of rhizosphere interactions among different levels of resistant cultivars are still unknown.Here,two phenotypes of cuc...Resistant cultivars have played important roles in controlling Fusarium wilt disease,but the roles of rhizosphere interactions among different levels of resistant cultivars are still unknown.Here,two phenotypes of cucumber,one resistant and one with increased susceptibility to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum(Foc),were grown in the soil and hydroponically,and then 16S rRNA gene sequencing and nontargeted metabolomics techniques were used to investigate rhizosphere microflora and root exudate profiles.Relatively high microbial community evenness for the Foc-susceptible cultivar was detected,and the relative abundances of Comamonadaceae and Xanthomonadaceae were higher for the Foc-susceptible cultivar than for the other cultivar.FishTaco analysis revealed that specific functional traits,such as protein synthesis and secretion,bacterial chemotaxis,and small organic acid metabolism pathways,were significantly upregulated in the rhizobacterial community of the Foc-susceptible cultivar.A machinelearning approach in conjunction with FishTaco plus metabolic pathway analysis revealed that four organic acids(citric acid,pyruvate acid,succinic acid,and fumarate)were released at higher abundance by the Foc-susceptible cultivar compared with the resistant cultivar,which may be responsible for the recruitment of Comamonadaceae,a potential beneficial microbial group.Further validation demonstrated that Comamonadaceae can be“cultured”by these organic acids.Together,compared with the resistant cultivar,the susceptible cucumber tends to assemble beneficial microbes by secreting more organic acids.展开更多
Cauliflower is an important variety of Brassica oleracea and is planted worldwide.Here,the high-quality genome sequence of cauliflower was reported.The assembled cauliflower genome was 584.60 Mb in size,with a contig ...Cauliflower is an important variety of Brassica oleracea and is planted worldwide.Here,the high-quality genome sequence of cauliflower was reported.The assembled cauliflower genome was 584.60 Mb in size,with a contig N50 of 2.11 Mb,and contained 47,772 genes;56.65%of the genome was composed of repetitive sequences.Among these sequences,long terminal repeats(LTRs)were the most abundant(32.71%of the genome),followed by transposable elements(TEs)(12.62%).Comparative genomic analysis confirmed that after an ancient paleohexaploidy(γ)event,cauliflower underwent two whole-genome duplication(WGD)events shared with Arabidopsis and an additional whole-genome triplication(WGT)event shared with other Brassica species.The present cultivated cauliflower diverged from the ancestral B.oleracea species~3.0 million years ago(Mya).The speciation of cauliflower(~2.0 Mya)was later than that of B.oleracea L.var.capitata(approximately 2.6 Mya)and other Brassica species(over 2.0 Mya).Chromosome no.03 of cauliflower shared the most syntenic blocks with the A,B,and C genomes of Brassica species and its eight other chromosomes,implying that chromosome no.03 might be the most ancient one in the cauliflower genome,which was consistent with the chromosome being inherited from the common ancestor of Brassica species.In addition,2,718 specific genes,228 expanded genes,2 contracted genes,and 1,065 positively selected genes in cauliflower were identified and functionally annotated.These findings provide new insights into the genomic diversity of Brassica species and serve as a valuable reference for molecular breeding of cauliflower.展开更多
Through bioinformatic data mining, 10 SnRK2 and 31 CIPK genes were identified from sorghum genome. They are unevenly distributed in the sorghum chromosomes. Most SnRK2 genes have 8 introns, while the CIPK genes have a...Through bioinformatic data mining, 10 SnRK2 and 31 CIPK genes were identified from sorghum genome. They are unevenly distributed in the sorghum chromosomes. Most SnRK2 genes have 8 introns, while the CIPK genes have a few （no intron or less than 3 introns） or more than I0 introns. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SnRK2 genes belong to one cluster and CIPK genes form the other independent cluster. The sorghum SnRK2s are subgrouped into three parts, and CIPK into five parts. More than half SnRK2 and CIPK genes present in homologous pairs, suggesting gene duplication may be due to the amplification of SnRK family genes. The kinase domains of SnRK2 family are highly conserved with 88.40% identity, but those of the CIPK family are less conserved with 63.72% identity. And the identity of sorghum CBLinteracting NAF domains of CIPKs is 61.66%. What＇s more, regarding to the sorghum SnRK2 and CIPK kinases, they are characterized with distinct motifs and their subcellular localization is not necessarily the same, which suggests they may be divergent in functions. Due to less conserved sequences, complex subcellular localization, and more family members, sorghum CIPK genes may play more flexible and multiple biological functions. According to the phylogenetic analysis of SnRK genes and SnRK functional studies in other plants, it is speculated that sorghum SnRK2 and CIPK genes may play important roles in stress response, growth and development.展开更多
Dwarfism is an important plant architecture trait in crop breeding（Peng et al.,1999;Sasaki el al.,2002）.In cucurbits.the compact plant type was proposed to develop new varieties for the once-over mechanical harvest ...Dwarfism is an important plant architecture trait in crop breeding（Peng et al.,1999;Sasaki el al.,2002）.In cucurbits.the compact plant type was proposed to develop new varieties for the once-over mechanical harvest for concentrated fruit set and higher densities（Li et al.,2011;Mondal et al.,2011）.展开更多
Mesocarp color is an important agronomic trait of Cucurbita maxima and is determined mainly by the contents and compositions of the carotenoids.The two inbred lines with significant differences in fruit flesh color we...Mesocarp color is an important agronomic trait of Cucurbita maxima and is determined mainly by the contents and compositions of the carotenoids.The two inbred lines with significant differences in fruit flesh color were used in the study,the orange’312-1’and white’98-2’.Changes in seven carotenoid contents and compositions in the flesh of fruit produced by inbred lines’312-1’and’98-2’were analyzed during fruit development.The expression of eight key carotenoid biosynthesis genes in the fruit flesh were investigated during five fruit development stage in two inbred lines.As the flesh color intensified,the orange flesh color of’312-1’was determined mainly by the increased contents of lutein,β-carotene and zeaxanthin and the lack of carotenoid accumulation led to the formation of white flesh in’98-2’fruit.The expression of the LCY-e and CHYb genes was significantly stronger in’312-1’than in’98-2’,and their expression was strongly correlated with lutein andβ-carotene contents during fruit development.This study provides a deep understanding of the molecular mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis in fruit flesh and provides a basis for additional studies on the highly refined improvement of squash quality.展开更多
Although male sterility has been identified as a useful trait for hybrid vigor utilization and hybrid seed production,its underlying molecular mechanisms in Cucurbitaceae species are still largely unclear.Here,a spont...Although male sterility has been identified as a useful trait for hybrid vigor utilization and hybrid seed production,its underlying molecular mechanisms in Cucurbitaceae species are still largely unclear.Here,a spontaneous male-sterile watermelon mutant,Se18,was reported to have abnormal tapetum development,which resulted in completely aborted pollen grains.Map-based cloning demonstrated that the causal gene Citrullus lanatus Abnormal Tapetum 1(ClATM1)encodes a basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factor with a 10-bp deletion and produces a truncated protein without the bHLH interaction and functional(BIF)domain in Se18 plants.qRT–PCR and RNA in situ hybridization showed that ClATM1 is specifically expressed in the tapetum layer and in microsporocytes during stages 6–8a of anther development.The genetic function of ClATM1 in regulating anther development was verified by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis.Moreover,ClATM1 was significantly downregulated in the Se18 mutant,displaying a clear dose effect at the transcriptional level.Subsequent dual-luciferase reporter,β-glucuronidase(GUS)activity,and yeast one-hybrid assays indicated that ClATM1 could activate its own transcriptional expression through promoter binding.Collectively,ClATM1 is the first male sterility gene cloned from watermelon,and its self-regulatory activity provides new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying anther development in plants.展开更多
文摘The tested soils containing different Cd levels were obtained by mixing the normal cultivated soils with the Cd-contaminated soils taken from the paddies near a mine. Five major categories of vegetables, i.e. cucumber, cowpea, Bok choy, radish and lettuce, widely planted in the spring and autumn in Hunan Province, were selected for pool-culture experiments. Results showed that the Cd accumulations varied greatly according to the category of vegetables. The Cd accumulations in cucumber and cowpea growing in soils with high Cd levels (1.5 mg/kg) were within the threshold limits of the national standards, meaning that these two categories are safe to grow in Cd-contaminated soils. For either the cucumber or the cowpea category, there were no significant differences in the Cd accumulations of different genotypes. Most of the tested Bok choy and radish cultivars could grow safely in soils whose Cd levels were below 1.0 mg/kg. In comparison, the Cd accumulations in some cultivars tended to increase sharply as the Cd level in the soil went beyond 1.0 mg/kg. Significant variations were also observed in the Cd accumulations of different genotypes with mounting Cd levels in the soil. Besides, there were no positive correlations between Cd accumulations in plants and Cd levels in soils, indicating large fluctuations and poor ecological stability of Bok choy and radish. Therefore, the planting of Bok choy and radish should be strictly evaluated and controlled in Cdcontaminated regions. The Cd contents of most celtuce cultivars growing in mildlycontaminated soils had already exceeded the threshold limit. Therefore, it is not safe for celtuce to grow in Cd-contaminated environments.
基金Supported by Independent Agricultural Innovation Foundation in Jiangsu Province(CX151044)
文摘Firstly,this paper analyzes the cause of obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables,and then introduces the soil ecological remediation technology used for overcoming obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables. Finally,this paper analyzes the effect of applying soil ecological remediation technology in overcoming obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-23-A13)Hubei Agrotechnical Major Project(Grant No.2021-620-000-001-01)+1 种基金Wuhan Major Project of Key Technologies in Biological Breeding and New Variety Cultivation(Grant No.2022021302024852)HZAU-AGIS Cooperation Fund(Grant No.SZYJY2023022).
文摘Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating disease of Cruciferous crops.Developing cultivars with clubroot resistance(CR)is the most effective control measure.For the two major Brassica vegetable species B.rapa and B.oleracea,several commercial cultivars with unclear CR pedigrees have been intensively used as CR donors in breeding.However,the continuous occurrence of CR-breaking makes the CR pedigree underlying these cultivars one of the breeders'most urgent concerns.The complex intraspecific diversity of these two major Brassica vegetables has also limited the applicability of CR markers in different breeding programs.Here we first traced the pedigree underlying two kinds of CR that have been widely applied in breeding by linkage and introgression analyses based on public resequencing data.In B.rapa,a major locus CRzi8 underlying the CR of the commercial CR donor‘DegaoCR117’was identified.CRzi8 was further shown to have been introgressed from turnip(B.rapa ssp.rapifera)and that it carried a potential functional allele of Crr1a.The turnip introgression carried CRb^(c),sharing the same coding sequence with the CRb that was also identified from chromosome C07 of B.oleracea CR cultivars with different morphotypes.Within natural populations,variation analysis of linkage intervals of CRzi8,PbBa8.1,CRb,and CRb^(c)yielded easily resolved InDel markers(>20 bp)for these fundamental CR genes.The specificity of these markers was tested in diverse cultivars panels,and each exhibited high reliability in breeding.Our research demonstrates the value of the practice of applying resequencing big data to solve urgent concerns in breeding programs.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31360479)National Modern Agriculture Technology System of Guangxi in Special Vegetable Innovation Team(nycytxgxcxtd-10-03)Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2014GXNSFAA118100)
文摘This study was conducted to explore the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the growth and physiological characteristics of vegetable seedlings.Cucumber,Chinese cabbage and radish were cultured under the stress of 16 PAHs at different concentrations of 0.3,0.6 and 0.9 mg/L,respectively,with the seedlings cultured without PAHs as the control,to study the growth and physiological responses of various vegetable seedlings under PAHs stress.The results showed that the leaf width,fresh weight,CAT activity and POD activity of cucumber and the chlorophyll b content and CAT activity of radish reached the minimum values when treated with 0.3 mg/L PAHs.When the treatment concentration was 0.6 mg/L,the POD activity of cucumber,the vitamin C content of Chinese cabbage and the MDA content of radish were the smallest.The dry weight of cucumber,the fresh weight of Chinese cabbage and the fresh weight and POD activity of radish reached the minimums under the treatment of 0.9 mg/L PAHs.Different concentrations of PAHs could promote the synthesis and photosynthesis of chlorophyll in cucumber and Chinese cabbage leaves and the vitamin C content in radish.With the increase of PAHs treatment concentration,the MDA contents of cucumber and Chinese cabbage were on the increase,and reached the maximums under the treatment of 0.9 mg/L PAHs.One of the reasons why different kinds of vegetable seedlings have different physiological responses to PAHs may be related to the differences in the amount of PAHs absorbed by different leaf structures.
基金Special Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology to Assist Developing Countries in Science and TechnologyGuangxi Scientific Research and Technology Development Plan Project(GuiKeHe 1346009-4).
文摘Burundi is one of the least developed countries identified by the United Nations.Vegetable is the main crop in Burundi,but the variety is relatively simple and the planting level is low.Making use of the rich vegetable varieties and advanced cultivation techniques in China,the adaptability evaluation of new vegetable varieties in China was jointly carried out in Burundi to screen the vegetable varieties suitable for local cultivation.The purpose of this paper is to study the integration of high-yield cultivation techniques and annual production model to improve the level of vegetable cultivation in Burundi.From 2009 to 2015,our unit,together with the Burundian Fruit and Vegetable Promotion Center,carried out screening experiments on 144 vegetable varieties,such as tomato,balsam pear,chieh-qua,wax gourd,and cabbage.Through the methods of preliminary screening and experimental screening,the vegetable varieties suitable for planting in Burundi were selected,and the cultivation techniques of some main vegetable varieties were studied.The demonstration new varieties and new techniques were integrated to verify the high-yield cultivation techniques in the field.In 2009,18 varieties suitable for local planting were selected from 96 vegetable varieties.In 2010,40 vegetable varieties were selected for screening test,and 9 varieties suitable for planting in Burundi were selected.In 2011,27 vegetable varieties selected in 2009 and 2010 were further evaluated for adaptability,and 13 vegetable varieties with high yield,strong resistance and good marketability were selected.Among them,there were 5 melon vegetables,3 solanaceous fruit vegetables,1 legume vegetables and 4 leafy vegetables.The cultivation techniques of some vegetable varieties were studied from 2011 to 2012,and the key points of cultivation techniques of chieh-qua and other vegetable varieties were clarified.According to the ecological characteristics of two main vegetable producing areas(the plateau and plain areas of Burundi),six sets of annual production and cropping arrangement plans covering melons,leafy vegetables,solanaceous fruits,beans and other vegetables were put forward,and the annual production model of multiple cropping and three-dimensional cultivation was integrated.From 2014 to 2015,according to the previous test results and market demand,8 vegetable varieties were selected for Burundi to carry out screening experiments.4 varieties with good yield and adaptability were selected for two consecutive years in 2014 and 2015.The integrated demonstration and effect verification of some selected vegetable varieties and cultivation techniques were carried out from 2015 to 2016,and the comprehensive advantages such as field yield and economic benefit were obvious.In this study,the adaptability of Chinese vegetable varieties in Burundi was evaluated,and 17 vegetable varieties suitable for local production were selected,including 5 melon vegetables,5 solanaceous fruit vegetables,1 legume vegetables and 6 leafy vegetables.This paper studies the integrated cultivation techniques and annual production model with obvious advantages in yield and benefit,which plays an important role in improving the planting level and benefit of vegetables in Burundi.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2020B020220003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202504)+2 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515030049)Guangdong Rural Revitalization Strategy Special Project(Grant No.2023-NJS-00-003)Special fund for scientific and technological talents introduction of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.R2021YJ-YB2004)。
文摘Wax gourd(Benincasa hispida)is an important cucurbit crop with economic and medicinal value.The myeloblastosis(MYB)gene family is one of the largest gene families in plants and regulates various biological processes,whereas the MYB gene family has not been systematically studied in wax gourd.In this study,we performed genome-wide identification of the MYB gene family in wax gourd and analyzed their phylogenetic relationship,MYB DNA-binding domain(MYB DBD),gene structure,protein motif,synteny,duplication mode and expression pattern.As a result,a total of 215 BhMYB genes(BhMYBs)were identified,belonging to four subfamilies:1R-,2R-,3R-and 4R-MYB subfamilies.Genes of 1R-MYB subfamily and 2R-MYB subfamily were subdivided into different subgroups respectively.The analysis of MYB DBD,gene structure and protein motif showed that the most genes in the same subgroup had similar characteristics and the 2R-MYB genes were more conserved than the 1R-MYB genes.Interestingly,the long terminal retrotransposons(LTR-RTs)were found in the long introns of several BhMYBs.The results of synteny analysis showed that there were more syntenic gene pairs between wax gourd and other cucurbit crops,while the least number of syntenic gene pairs existed between wax gourd and rice.Gene duplication was the main reason for the expansion of the MYB gene family in wax gourd,with the transposed duplication(TRD)mode contributing more.All duplication BhMYB genes were under purifying selection pressure.Further expression analysis showed that many BhMYBs exhibited obvious tissue-specific expression and several BhMYBs were significantly induced by one or more abiotic stresses.BhMYB79 was particularly expressed in roots and significantly induced by salt,drought,cold and heat stresses,overexpression of which led to reduced tolerance to salt stress in Arabidopsis.In conclusion,our results provide a systematic analysis of wax gourd MYB gene family and facilitate the biological role study of BhMYB79 during wax gourd salt stress response process.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32202502,U21A20230,32070331,32102380 and 32072580)National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2018YFD1000800)+3 种基金the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2022B0202080001)the Special Fund for Seed Industry of Guangdong Province Rural Revitalization Strategy(Grant No.2022-NPY00-024)Tibet Autonomous Region of Lhasa City Science and Technology Project(Grant No.LSKJ202310)the Science and Technology Project of Bijie City(Grant No.BKK2022-3)。
文摘The transcriptional cascade and regulatory loop play crucial roles in regulating plant-specialized metabolite biosynthesis.Capsaicinoids are unique to the genus Capsicum and confer a pungent flavor to its fruits.However,the transcriptional regulation of capsaicinoid biosynthesis remains largely unknown.In this study,two AP2/ERF transcription factors(TFs),CaERF102 and CaERF111,were characterized for their role in the capsaicinoid biosynthesis process.Expression analysis of two ERFs and capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes(CBGs)suggested that they were associated with capsaicinoid biosynthesis.Both ERFs encode nuclear-localized proteins and function as transcriptional activators through their C-terminal activation motifs.The two ERF TFs participated in capsaicinoid biosynthesis by directly activating the promoters of key CBGs,and this activation was significantly enhanced when CaMYC2 was co-expressed.Moreover,CaERF102 and CaERF111 were found to interact with CaMYC2.This study helps elucidate the AP2/ERF TF regulatory network that governs capsaicinoid biosynthesis in Capsicum species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32402580)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2023A0505090005)Modern Seed Industry Innovation Capability Enhancement Project of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘Extreme environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations,drought,and pathogen attacks can significantly impact plant growth,development,and productivity.Plants have evolved intricate enzymatic systems to mitigate these stresses,among which GDSL esterase/lipase proteins(GELPs)―key members of the serine esterase/lipase superfamily―play important roles(Akoh et al.,2004).Characterized by a conserved GDSL motif and four essential amino acids(serine,glycine,asparagine,and histidine),GELPs exhibit versatile catalytic functions in lipid metabolism,cell wall modification,and stress responses(Ursache et al.,2021;Shen et al.,2022).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32271726 and 32171648)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China(No.2022CFB030)。
文摘Soil denitrification,anammox,and Feammox are key for nitrogen(N)removal in agriculture.Despite potassium(K)fertilizer enhancing N efficiency,their role in regulation of these processes is unclear.A soil column incubation with 15N isotope tracingwas conducted to explore millimeter-scale interactions of N and K on these pathways in soil fertilization zones.After 28 days,individual applications of N and K reduced denitrification-nitrogen removal rate(DNRR),anammox-nitrogen removal rate(ANRR),and feammox-nitrogen removal rate(FNRR)compared to a non-fertilizer control.N fertilizer had a greater effect than K,likely due to the high consumption of dissolved organic carbon by N fertilizer or the increased soil organic matter decomposition by K fertilizer.Combing of N and K increased DNRR,ANRR and FNRR rates by 31%,3090%and 244%compared to single N,and by-53.7%,885%and 222%compared to single K.These effects diminished with depth and distance from fertilizer sites.The effects of N fertilizer on these N removal processes might be regulate abundance of key microbes(e.g.,Limnobacter and Clostridium)and key gene(nirK,hzsB,ACM and Geo)by providing N substrates,while K enhances N metabolism efficiency through enzyme activation,indicated by the downregulation of certain genes(hzsB,ACM and Geo)and a negative correlation with N removal by simultaneously increasing gene expression and enzyme activity.These findings provide insights into how N and K together enhance N removal,emphasizing their importance for optimizing this process.
基金supported by the Guizhou Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Afairs,the Guizhou Provincial Department of Science and Technology,and the Guizhou Provincial Department of Education.Funding Project are Guizhou Highland Specialty Vegetable Green Production Science,Technology Innovation Talent Team(Qiankehe Platform Talent-CXTD[2022]003)Guizhou Mountain Agriculture Key Core Technology Research Project(GZNYGJHX 2023013)Platform construction project of Engineering Research Center for Protected Vegetable Crops in Higher Learning Institutions of Guizhou Province(Qian Jiao Ji[2022]No.040).
文摘Houttuynia cordata, a characteristic edible and medicinal plant in southwestern China, is prone to absorbing lead (Pb^(2+)). Excessive consumption may lead to Pb^(2+) accumulation in the human body, which has been linked to serious health risks such as neurotoxicity, kidney damage, anemia, and developmental disorders, particularly in children. Therefore, the development of molecular markers associated with Pb^(2+) uptake and the investigation of the plant’s physiological responses to Pb^(2+) pollution are of great significance. In this study, 72 H. cordata germplasms were evaluated for Pb^(2+) accumulation after exogenous Pb^(2+) treatment. A significant variation in Pb^(2+) content was observed among the germplasms, indicating rich genetic diversity. Using RAPD markers, seven loci were identified to be significantly associated with Pb^(2+) uptake, with locus 43 (R^(2) = 6.72%) and locus 53 (R^(2) = 5.39%) showing the strongest correlations. Marker validation was performed using five low- and five high-accumulating accessions. Two representative germplasms were further subjected to 0, 500 and 1000 mg/kg Pb^(2+) treatments for 40 days. Pb^(2+) content, membrane lipid peroxidation, and redox enzyme activities (SOD, POD and CAT) were measured across different organs. Organs with greater soil contact (roots) exhibited higher Pb^(2+) accumulation and oxidative damage. POD and CAT activities were markedly induced by Pb^(2+) stress, while SOD response was limited. This study provides a theoretical foundation for breeding low Pb^(2+)-accumulating H. cordata varieties through marker-assisted selection (MAS) and supports their safe use and application in phytoremediation.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (No.2011CB403204)the Youth Fund for Creative Research Groups,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Understanding the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions to altitudinal gradient variation is important for understanding changes in the carbon balance of forest ecosystems.In our study the SOC and its fractions of readily oxidizable carbon(ROC),water-soluble carbon(WSC) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) in the soil organic and mineral horizons were investigated for four typical forest types,including mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest(MCB),dark coniferous spruce-fir forest(DCSF),dark coniferous spruce forest(DCS),and Ermans birch forest(EB),along an altitudinal gradient in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in Northeast China.The results showed that there was no obvious altitudinal pattern in the SOC.Similar variation trends of SOC with altitude were observed between the organic and mineral horizons.Significant differences in the contents of SOC,WSC,MBC and ROC were found among the four forest types and between horizons.The contents of ROC in the mineral horizon,WSC in the organic horizon and MBC in both horizons in the MCB and EB forests were significantly greater than those in either DCSF or DCS forest.The proportion of soil WSC to SOC was the lowest among the three main fractions.The contents of WSC,MBC and ROC were significantly correlated(P < 0.05) with SOC content.It can be concluded that vegetation types and climate were crucial factors in regulating the distribution of soil organic carbon fractions in Changbai Mountain.
基金Supported by the Public Welfare Project of Ministry of Agriculture,China (No. 200903011)
文摘The aim of this research was to evaluate weathered spent mushroom substrate （SMS）, made from spent Flammulina velutipes mushroom substrate, as a growing medium for nursery seedlings. Two vegetable species, cucumber （Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinchun No. 2） and tomato （Solanurn lycopersicum L. cv. Mandy）, were grown in 8 media of SMS in various ratios with perlite or vermiculite. A mixed substrate of peat with perlite （1：1; v：v） was used as the control （CK）. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions. Prior to sowing, some physical and chemical properties of the growing media were determined. Results showed that all the mixtures had desirable physical and chemical properties for their use in nursery tomato and cucumber seedlings except for the T4 （SMS：vermiculite = 1：1; v：v） and the T8 （SMS：perlite = 2：1; v：v） mixtures. Compared with the CK, increased plant height, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight and index of seedling quality were found in the T3 （SMS：vermiculite = 2：1; v：v） and T6 （SMS：perlite = 4：1; v：v） growing media. SMS should be considered as an alternative for the widely used but expensive and resource-limited peat in greenhouse cultivation.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No.2005CB120904 and 2006AA10A105)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30890133 and 30521001)the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KSCX2-YW-N-001)
文摘TaPHT1.2 is a functional, root predominantly expressed and low phosphate （Pi） inducible high-affinity Pi transporter in wheat, which is more abundant in the roots of P-efficient wheat genotypes （e.g., Xiaoyan 54） than in P-inefficient genotypes （e.g., Jing 411） under both Pi-deficient and Pi-sufficient conditions. To characterize TaPHT1.2 further, we genetically mapped a TaPHT1.2 transporter, TaPHT1.2-D1, on the long arm of chromosome 4D using a recombinant inbred line population derived from Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411, and isolated a 1,302 bp fragment of the TaPHT1.2-D1 promoter （PrTaPHT1.2-D1） from Xiaoyan 54. TaPHT1.2-D1 shows collinearity with OsPHT1.2 that has previously been reported to mediate the translocation of Pi from roots to shoots. PrTaPHT1.2-D contains a number of Pi-starvation responsive elements, including P1BS, WRKY-binding W-box, and helix-loop-helix-binding elements. PrTaPHT1.2-D1 was then used to drive expression of 13-glucuronidase （GUS） reporter gene in Arabidopsis through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Histochemical analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed that the reporter gene was specifically induced by Pi-starvation and predominantly expressed in the roots. As there is only one SNP between the TaPHT1.2-D1 promoters of Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411, and this SNP does not exist within the Pi-starvation responsive elements, the differential expression of TaPHT1.2 in Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411 may not be caused by this SNP.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20170724)the Natural Science Foundation of China(31902107)+2 种基金the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest-Integrated Management Technology of Crop Wilt Disease(No.201503110)the Innovative Research Team Development Plan of the Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.IRT_17R56)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.KYT201802,KYXK2020010,and KJQN202017).
文摘Resistant cultivars have played important roles in controlling Fusarium wilt disease,but the roles of rhizosphere interactions among different levels of resistant cultivars are still unknown.Here,two phenotypes of cucumber,one resistant and one with increased susceptibility to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum(Foc),were grown in the soil and hydroponically,and then 16S rRNA gene sequencing and nontargeted metabolomics techniques were used to investigate rhizosphere microflora and root exudate profiles.Relatively high microbial community evenness for the Foc-susceptible cultivar was detected,and the relative abundances of Comamonadaceae and Xanthomonadaceae were higher for the Foc-susceptible cultivar than for the other cultivar.FishTaco analysis revealed that specific functional traits,such as protein synthesis and secretion,bacterial chemotaxis,and small organic acid metabolism pathways,were significantly upregulated in the rhizobacterial community of the Foc-susceptible cultivar.A machinelearning approach in conjunction with FishTaco plus metabolic pathway analysis revealed that four organic acids(citric acid,pyruvate acid,succinic acid,and fumarate)were released at higher abundance by the Foc-susceptible cultivar compared with the resistant cultivar,which may be responsible for the recruitment of Comamonadaceae,a potential beneficial microbial group.Further validation demonstrated that Comamonadaceae can be“cultured”by these organic acids.Together,compared with the resistant cultivar,the susceptible cucumber tends to assemble beneficial microbes by secreting more organic acids.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0101805)the Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System,China(CARS-23-A-07)+1 种基金the Vegetable Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System,Tianjin(ITTVRS2017004)the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31872115).
文摘Cauliflower is an important variety of Brassica oleracea and is planted worldwide.Here,the high-quality genome sequence of cauliflower was reported.The assembled cauliflower genome was 584.60 Mb in size,with a contig N50 of 2.11 Mb,and contained 47,772 genes;56.65%of the genome was composed of repetitive sequences.Among these sequences,long terminal repeats(LTRs)were the most abundant(32.71%of the genome),followed by transposable elements(TEs)(12.62%).Comparative genomic analysis confirmed that after an ancient paleohexaploidy(γ)event,cauliflower underwent two whole-genome duplication(WGD)events shared with Arabidopsis and an additional whole-genome triplication(WGT)event shared with other Brassica species.The present cultivated cauliflower diverged from the ancestral B.oleracea species~3.0 million years ago(Mya).The speciation of cauliflower(~2.0 Mya)was later than that of B.oleracea L.var.capitata(approximately 2.6 Mya)and other Brassica species(over 2.0 Mya).Chromosome no.03 of cauliflower shared the most syntenic blocks with the A,B,and C genomes of Brassica species and its eight other chromosomes,implying that chromosome no.03 might be the most ancient one in the cauliflower genome,which was consistent with the chromosome being inherited from the common ancestor of Brassica species.In addition,2,718 specific genes,228 expanded genes,2 contracted genes,and 1,065 positively selected genes in cauliflower were identified and functionally annotated.These findings provide new insights into the genomic diversity of Brassica species and serve as a valuable reference for molecular breeding of cauliflower.
基金supported by the National 973 Program of China (2007CB109000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30871577)
文摘Through bioinformatic data mining, 10 SnRK2 and 31 CIPK genes were identified from sorghum genome. They are unevenly distributed in the sorghum chromosomes. Most SnRK2 genes have 8 introns, while the CIPK genes have a few （no intron or less than 3 introns） or more than I0 introns. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SnRK2 genes belong to one cluster and CIPK genes form the other independent cluster. The sorghum SnRK2s are subgrouped into three parts, and CIPK into five parts. More than half SnRK2 and CIPK genes present in homologous pairs, suggesting gene duplication may be due to the amplification of SnRK family genes. The kinase domains of SnRK2 family are highly conserved with 88.40% identity, but those of the CIPK family are less conserved with 63.72% identity. And the identity of sorghum CBLinteracting NAF domains of CIPKs is 61.66%. What＇s more, regarding to the sorghum SnRK2 and CIPK kinases, they are characterized with distinct motifs and their subcellular localization is not necessarily the same, which suggests they may be divergent in functions. Due to less conserved sequences, complex subcellular localization, and more family members, sorghum CIPK genes may play more flexible and multiple biological functions. According to the phylogenetic analysis of SnRK genes and SnRK functional studies in other plants, it is speculated that sorghum SnRK2 and CIPK genes may play important roles in stress response, growth and development.
基金supported by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31225025)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program) (No.2012CB113900)+3 种基金the National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program)(No.2012AA100101)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-AGISCAAS)the leading talents of Guangdong province Program(No. 00201515)supported by the Shenzhen Municipal and Dapeng District governments
文摘Dwarfism is an important plant architecture trait in crop breeding（Peng et al.,1999;Sasaki el al.,2002）.In cucurbits.the compact plant type was proposed to develop new varieties for the once-over mechanical harvest for concentrated fruit set and higher densities（Li et al.,2011;Mondal et al.,2011）.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD0100706)。
文摘Mesocarp color is an important agronomic trait of Cucurbita maxima and is determined mainly by the contents and compositions of the carotenoids.The two inbred lines with significant differences in fruit flesh color were used in the study,the orange’312-1’and white’98-2’.Changes in seven carotenoid contents and compositions in the flesh of fruit produced by inbred lines’312-1’and’98-2’were analyzed during fruit development.The expression of eight key carotenoid biosynthesis genes in the fruit flesh were investigated during five fruit development stage in two inbred lines.As the flesh color intensified,the orange flesh color of’312-1’was determined mainly by the increased contents of lutein,β-carotene and zeaxanthin and the lack of carotenoid accumulation led to the formation of white flesh in’98-2’fruit.The expression of the LCY-e and CHYb genes was significantly stronger in’312-1’than in’98-2’,and their expression was strongly correlated with lutein andβ-carotene contents during fruit development.This study provides a deep understanding of the molecular mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis in fruit flesh and provides a basis for additional studies on the highly refined improvement of squash quality.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0100704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701939)the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agroindustry Technology Research System of China(CARS-25).
文摘Although male sterility has been identified as a useful trait for hybrid vigor utilization and hybrid seed production,its underlying molecular mechanisms in Cucurbitaceae species are still largely unclear.Here,a spontaneous male-sterile watermelon mutant,Se18,was reported to have abnormal tapetum development,which resulted in completely aborted pollen grains.Map-based cloning demonstrated that the causal gene Citrullus lanatus Abnormal Tapetum 1(ClATM1)encodes a basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factor with a 10-bp deletion and produces a truncated protein without the bHLH interaction and functional(BIF)domain in Se18 plants.qRT–PCR and RNA in situ hybridization showed that ClATM1 is specifically expressed in the tapetum layer and in microsporocytes during stages 6–8a of anther development.The genetic function of ClATM1 in regulating anther development was verified by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis.Moreover,ClATM1 was significantly downregulated in the Se18 mutant,displaying a clear dose effect at the transcriptional level.Subsequent dual-luciferase reporter,β-glucuronidase(GUS)activity,and yeast one-hybrid assays indicated that ClATM1 could activate its own transcriptional expression through promoter binding.Collectively,ClATM1 is the first male sterility gene cloned from watermelon,and its self-regulatory activity provides new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying anther development in plants.
