The tested soils containing different Cd levels were obtained by mixing the normal cultivated soils with the Cd-contaminated soils taken from the paddies near a mine. Five major categories of vegetables, i.e. cucumber...The tested soils containing different Cd levels were obtained by mixing the normal cultivated soils with the Cd-contaminated soils taken from the paddies near a mine. Five major categories of vegetables, i.e. cucumber, cowpea, Bok choy, radish and lettuce, widely planted in the spring and autumn in Hunan Province, were selected for pool-culture experiments. Results showed that the Cd accumulations varied greatly according to the category of vegetables. The Cd accumulations in cucumber and cowpea growing in soils with high Cd levels (1.5 mg/kg) were within the threshold limits of the national standards, meaning that these two categories are safe to grow in Cd-contaminated soils. For either the cucumber or the cowpea category, there were no significant differences in the Cd accumulations of different genotypes. Most of the tested Bok choy and radish cultivars could grow safely in soils whose Cd levels were below 1.0 mg/kg. In comparison, the Cd accumulations in some cultivars tended to increase sharply as the Cd level in the soil went beyond 1.0 mg/kg. Significant variations were also observed in the Cd accumulations of different genotypes with mounting Cd levels in the soil. Besides, there were no positive correlations between Cd accumulations in plants and Cd levels in soils, indicating large fluctuations and poor ecological stability of Bok choy and radish. Therefore, the planting of Bok choy and radish should be strictly evaluated and controlled in Cdcontaminated regions. The Cd contents of most celtuce cultivars growing in mildlycontaminated soils had already exceeded the threshold limit. Therefore, it is not safe for celtuce to grow in Cd-contaminated environments.展开更多
Firstly,this paper analyzes the cause of obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables,and then introduces the soil ecological remediation technology used for overcoming obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables...Firstly,this paper analyzes the cause of obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables,and then introduces the soil ecological remediation technology used for overcoming obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables. Finally,this paper analyzes the effect of applying soil ecological remediation technology in overcoming obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables.展开更多
Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating disease of Cruciferous crops.Developing cultivars with clubroot resistance(CR)is the most effective control measure.For the two major Brassica vegetable spe...Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating disease of Cruciferous crops.Developing cultivars with clubroot resistance(CR)is the most effective control measure.For the two major Brassica vegetable species B.rapa and B.oleracea,several commercial cultivars with unclear CR pedigrees have been intensively used as CR donors in breeding.However,the continuous occurrence of CR-breaking makes the CR pedigree underlying these cultivars one of the breeders'most urgent concerns.The complex intraspecific diversity of these two major Brassica vegetables has also limited the applicability of CR markers in different breeding programs.Here we first traced the pedigree underlying two kinds of CR that have been widely applied in breeding by linkage and introgression analyses based on public resequencing data.In B.rapa,a major locus CRzi8 underlying the CR of the commercial CR donor‘DegaoCR117’was identified.CRzi8 was further shown to have been introgressed from turnip(B.rapa ssp.rapifera)and that it carried a potential functional allele of Crr1a.The turnip introgression carried CRb^(c),sharing the same coding sequence with the CRb that was also identified from chromosome C07 of B.oleracea CR cultivars with different morphotypes.Within natural populations,variation analysis of linkage intervals of CRzi8,PbBa8.1,CRb,and CRb^(c)yielded easily resolved InDel markers(>20 bp)for these fundamental CR genes.The specificity of these markers was tested in diverse cultivars panels,and each exhibited high reliability in breeding.Our research demonstrates the value of the practice of applying resequencing big data to solve urgent concerns in breeding programs.展开更多
This study was conducted to explore the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the growth and physiological characteristics of vegetable seedlings.Cucumber,Chinese cabbage and radish were cultured under...This study was conducted to explore the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the growth and physiological characteristics of vegetable seedlings.Cucumber,Chinese cabbage and radish were cultured under the stress of 16 PAHs at different concentrations of 0.3,0.6 and 0.9 mg/L,respectively,with the seedlings cultured without PAHs as the control,to study the growth and physiological responses of various vegetable seedlings under PAHs stress.The results showed that the leaf width,fresh weight,CAT activity and POD activity of cucumber and the chlorophyll b content and CAT activity of radish reached the minimum values when treated with 0.3 mg/L PAHs.When the treatment concentration was 0.6 mg/L,the POD activity of cucumber,the vitamin C content of Chinese cabbage and the MDA content of radish were the smallest.The dry weight of cucumber,the fresh weight of Chinese cabbage and the fresh weight and POD activity of radish reached the minimums under the treatment of 0.9 mg/L PAHs.Different concentrations of PAHs could promote the synthesis and photosynthesis of chlorophyll in cucumber and Chinese cabbage leaves and the vitamin C content in radish.With the increase of PAHs treatment concentration,the MDA contents of cucumber and Chinese cabbage were on the increase,and reached the maximums under the treatment of 0.9 mg/L PAHs.One of the reasons why different kinds of vegetable seedlings have different physiological responses to PAHs may be related to the differences in the amount of PAHs absorbed by different leaf structures.展开更多
Burundi is one of the least developed countries identified by the United Nations.Vegetable is the main crop in Burundi,but the variety is relatively simple and the planting level is low.Making use of the rich vegetabl...Burundi is one of the least developed countries identified by the United Nations.Vegetable is the main crop in Burundi,but the variety is relatively simple and the planting level is low.Making use of the rich vegetable varieties and advanced cultivation techniques in China,the adaptability evaluation of new vegetable varieties in China was jointly carried out in Burundi to screen the vegetable varieties suitable for local cultivation.The purpose of this paper is to study the integration of high-yield cultivation techniques and annual production model to improve the level of vegetable cultivation in Burundi.From 2009 to 2015,our unit,together with the Burundian Fruit and Vegetable Promotion Center,carried out screening experiments on 144 vegetable varieties,such as tomato,balsam pear,chieh-qua,wax gourd,and cabbage.Through the methods of preliminary screening and experimental screening,the vegetable varieties suitable for planting in Burundi were selected,and the cultivation techniques of some main vegetable varieties were studied.The demonstration new varieties and new techniques were integrated to verify the high-yield cultivation techniques in the field.In 2009,18 varieties suitable for local planting were selected from 96 vegetable varieties.In 2010,40 vegetable varieties were selected for screening test,and 9 varieties suitable for planting in Burundi were selected.In 2011,27 vegetable varieties selected in 2009 and 2010 were further evaluated for adaptability,and 13 vegetable varieties with high yield,strong resistance and good marketability were selected.Among them,there were 5 melon vegetables,3 solanaceous fruit vegetables,1 legume vegetables and 4 leafy vegetables.The cultivation techniques of some vegetable varieties were studied from 2011 to 2012,and the key points of cultivation techniques of chieh-qua and other vegetable varieties were clarified.According to the ecological characteristics of two main vegetable producing areas(the plateau and plain areas of Burundi),six sets of annual production and cropping arrangement plans covering melons,leafy vegetables,solanaceous fruits,beans and other vegetables were put forward,and the annual production model of multiple cropping and three-dimensional cultivation was integrated.From 2014 to 2015,according to the previous test results and market demand,8 vegetable varieties were selected for Burundi to carry out screening experiments.4 varieties with good yield and adaptability were selected for two consecutive years in 2014 and 2015.The integrated demonstration and effect verification of some selected vegetable varieties and cultivation techniques were carried out from 2015 to 2016,and the comprehensive advantages such as field yield and economic benefit were obvious.In this study,the adaptability of Chinese vegetable varieties in Burundi was evaluated,and 17 vegetable varieties suitable for local production were selected,including 5 melon vegetables,5 solanaceous fruit vegetables,1 legume vegetables and 6 leafy vegetables.This paper studies the integrated cultivation techniques and annual production model with obvious advantages in yield and benefit,which plays an important role in improving the planting level and benefit of vegetables in Burundi.展开更多
Wax gourd(Benincasa hispida)is an important cucurbit crop with economic and medicinal value.The myeloblastosis(MYB)gene family is one of the largest gene families in plants and regulates various biological processes,w...Wax gourd(Benincasa hispida)is an important cucurbit crop with economic and medicinal value.The myeloblastosis(MYB)gene family is one of the largest gene families in plants and regulates various biological processes,whereas the MYB gene family has not been systematically studied in wax gourd.In this study,we performed genome-wide identification of the MYB gene family in wax gourd and analyzed their phylogenetic relationship,MYB DNA-binding domain(MYB DBD),gene structure,protein motif,synteny,duplication mode and expression pattern.As a result,a total of 215 BhMYB genes(BhMYBs)were identified,belonging to four subfamilies:1R-,2R-,3R-and 4R-MYB subfamilies.Genes of 1R-MYB subfamily and 2R-MYB subfamily were subdivided into different subgroups respectively.The analysis of MYB DBD,gene structure and protein motif showed that the most genes in the same subgroup had similar characteristics and the 2R-MYB genes were more conserved than the 1R-MYB genes.Interestingly,the long terminal retrotransposons(LTR-RTs)were found in the long introns of several BhMYBs.The results of synteny analysis showed that there were more syntenic gene pairs between wax gourd and other cucurbit crops,while the least number of syntenic gene pairs existed between wax gourd and rice.Gene duplication was the main reason for the expansion of the MYB gene family in wax gourd,with the transposed duplication(TRD)mode contributing more.All duplication BhMYB genes were under purifying selection pressure.Further expression analysis showed that many BhMYBs exhibited obvious tissue-specific expression and several BhMYBs were significantly induced by one or more abiotic stresses.BhMYB79 was particularly expressed in roots and significantly induced by salt,drought,cold and heat stresses,overexpression of which led to reduced tolerance to salt stress in Arabidopsis.In conclusion,our results provide a systematic analysis of wax gourd MYB gene family and facilitate the biological role study of BhMYB79 during wax gourd salt stress response process.展开更多
Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is one of the most consumed vegetable crops around the world,and its breeding is performed by exploiting heterosis in F1hybrid crosses.Male sterility is one of the most desirable agronomic ...Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is one of the most consumed vegetable crops around the world,and its breeding is performed by exploiting heterosis in F1hybrid crosses.Male sterility is one of the most desirable agronomic traits in tomato hybrid seed production,as it can reduce the cost of artificial emasculation and ensure high varietal purity.Abnormal pollen development is a critical factor for male sterility.To date,several genes have been identified to be involved in pollen development,in which EXCESS MICROSPOROCYTES1(EMS1)controls the formation of tapetum,which is necessary for pollen production(Chang et al.,2011).EMS1 encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase that is specifically expressed in the tapetum.In Arabidopsis,the anthers in the ems1mutant lack tapetal cells but can produce excess microsporocytes,which do not undergo cytokinesis,leading to microsporogenesis failure and male sterility(Zhao et al.,2002).However,there is no evidence of the role of EMS1 in tomato pollen development,which limits a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying tomato male fertility.展开更多
The transcriptional cascade and regulatory loop play crucial roles in regulating plant-specialized metabolite biosynthesis.Capsaicinoids are unique to the genus Capsicum and confer a pungent flavor to its fruits.Howev...The transcriptional cascade and regulatory loop play crucial roles in regulating plant-specialized metabolite biosynthesis.Capsaicinoids are unique to the genus Capsicum and confer a pungent flavor to its fruits.However,the transcriptional regulation of capsaicinoid biosynthesis remains largely unknown.In this study,two AP2/ERF transcription factors(TFs),CaERF102 and CaERF111,were characterized for their role in the capsaicinoid biosynthesis process.Expression analysis of two ERFs and capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes(CBGs)suggested that they were associated with capsaicinoid biosynthesis.Both ERFs encode nuclear-localized proteins and function as transcriptional activators through their C-terminal activation motifs.The two ERF TFs participated in capsaicinoid biosynthesis by directly activating the promoters of key CBGs,and this activation was significantly enhanced when CaMYC2 was co-expressed.Moreover,CaERF102 and CaERF111 were found to interact with CaMYC2.This study helps elucidate the AP2/ERF TF regulatory network that governs capsaicinoid biosynthesis in Capsicum species.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the chemical composition,antioxidant property,and nematicidal activity of Cucumis metuliferus and establish a theoretical foundation for the development of botanical nematicides.[Methods]The...[Objectives]To investigate the chemical composition,antioxidant property,and nematicidal activity of Cucumis metuliferus and establish a theoretical foundation for the development of botanical nematicides.[Methods]The compounds were isolated and purified using silica gel,reversed-phase medium,low-pressure gel Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography,and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography.Their identification was based on physicochemical properties,various spectral analyses,and data reported in the literature.Subsequently,the nematicidal and antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated.[Results]A total of four compounds were isolated from C.metuliferus,which were identified as isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside(compound 1),9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid(compound 2),2E,4E-tridecadienedioic acid(compound 3),and 9E,11E-(13-hydroxy)tridecadienoic acid(compound 4).Compound 1 demonstrated a notable degree of antioxidant activity,achieving a DPPH scavenging rate of 49.40%at a mass concentration of 1 mg/mL.Additionally,compounds 1,3,and 4 exhibited varying levels of nematicidal activity.Specifically,compound 1 displayed strong nematicidal activity at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL,resulting in a mortality rate of 90.5%against nematodes.Furthermore,compounds 3 and 4 achieved a mortality rate of 100%against nematodes at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL.[Conclusions]This study reports the first isolation of four compounds:isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside,9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid,2E,4E-tridecadienedioic acid,and 9E,11E-(13-hydroxy)tridecadienoic acid from C.metuliferus.Notably,2E,4E-tridecadienedioic acid and 9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid are identified as novel natural products.Among these compounds,isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside,9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid,and 9E,11E-(13-hydroxy)tridecadienoic acid exhibit nematicidal activity,whereas isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside demonstrates antioxidant properties.展开更多
Extreme environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations,drought,and pathogen attacks can significantly impact plant growth,development,and productivity.Plants have evolved intricate enzymatic systems to miti...Extreme environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations,drought,and pathogen attacks can significantly impact plant growth,development,and productivity.Plants have evolved intricate enzymatic systems to mitigate these stresses,among which GDSL esterase/lipase proteins (GELPs)-key members of the serine esterase/lipase superfamily-play important roles (Akoh et al.,2004).Characterized by a conserved GDSL motif and four essential amino acids (serine,glycine,asparagine,and histidine),GELPs exhibit versatile catalytic functions in lipid metabolism,cell wall modification,and stress responses (Ursache et al.,2021;Shen et al.,2022).展开更多
Seedlessness has always been a valuable quality characteristic of edible grape varieties.Although the production of seedless grapes has been ongoing for decades,the genetic complexity of seedless grapes is not yet ful...Seedlessness has always been a valuable quality characteristic of edible grape varieties.Although the production of seedless grapes has been ongoing for decades,the genetic complexity of seedless grapes is not yet fully understood.Therefore,determining the genetic mechanisms and key regulatory genes of seedless grapes is of great significance for seedless grape breeding and meeting market demands.The emergence of high-throughput analysis software offers greater possibilities for mining genes related to plant organ development.Specifically,to mine a greater number of candidate genes related to grape seed traits,this study used the seed trait parameters analyzed by Tomato Analyzer as the target trait and then used a genome-wide association study(GWAS)to mine candidate genes.In the two-year analysis using principal component analysis(PCA),we extracted five principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 96.586%.The cumulative contribution rate for component 1 reached 87.352%.Correlation analysis revealed correlation coefficients ranging from 0.54 to 0.98 among the seven basic traits.The GWAS results indicated that 370 SNP loci were significantly correlated with seed traits.These SNP loci were distributed on 18 chromosomes,except for chromosome 4,with most SNP loci distributed on chromosome 18.Based on the physical location of single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers significantly associated with seed-related traits in the grape reference genome,candidate genes are screened within the range of linkage disequilibrium(LD)attenuation distance,both upstream and downstream of the significant SNP loci.These candidate genes were mainly transcription factor-related genes(VvMADS4 and VvMADS5),ubiquitin ligase-related genes(E3 ubiquitin ligase BIG BROTHER),serine/threonine protein kinase-related genes,and carbohydrate metabolism-related genes(Sucrose Synthase 2)and simultaneously controlled multiple(at least two or more)seed traits.These results indicate that seed traits are jointly regulated by some genes involved in seed morphology regulation.In this work,we identified new gene loci related to grape seed traits.Identifying molecular markers closely related to these seed traits is of great significance for breeding seedless grape varieties.展开更多
Soil denitrification,anammox,and Feammox are key for nitrogen(N)removal in agriculture.Despite potassium(K)fertilizer enhancing N efficiency,their role in regulation of these processes is unclear.A soil column incubat...Soil denitrification,anammox,and Feammox are key for nitrogen(N)removal in agriculture.Despite potassium(K)fertilizer enhancing N efficiency,their role in regulation of these processes is unclear.A soil column incubation with 15N isotope tracingwas conducted to explore millimeter-scale interactions of N and K on these pathways in soil fertilization zones.After 28 days,individual applications of N and K reduced denitrification-nitrogen removal rate(DNRR),anammox-nitrogen removal rate(ANRR),and feammox-nitrogen removal rate(FNRR)compared to a non-fertilizer control.N fertilizer had a greater effect than K,likely due to the high consumption of dissolved organic carbon by N fertilizer or the increased soil organic matter decomposition by K fertilizer.Combing of N and K increased DNRR,ANRR and FNRR rates by 31%,3090%and 244%compared to single N,and by-53.7%,885%and 222%compared to single K.These effects diminished with depth and distance from fertilizer sites.The effects of N fertilizer on these N removal processes might be regulate abundance of key microbes(e.g.,Limnobacter and Clostridium)and key gene(nirK,hzsB,ACM and Geo)by providing N substrates,while K enhances N metabolism efficiency through enzyme activation,indicated by the downregulation of certain genes(hzsB,ACM and Geo)and a negative correlation with N removal by simultaneously increasing gene expression and enzyme activity.These findings provide insights into how N and K together enhance N removal,emphasizing their importance for optimizing this process.展开更多
Understanding the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions to altitudinal gradient variation is important for understanding changes in the carbon balance of forest ecosystems.In our study the SOC and its fracti...Understanding the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions to altitudinal gradient variation is important for understanding changes in the carbon balance of forest ecosystems.In our study the SOC and its fractions of readily oxidizable carbon(ROC),water-soluble carbon(WSC) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) in the soil organic and mineral horizons were investigated for four typical forest types,including mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest(MCB),dark coniferous spruce-fir forest(DCSF),dark coniferous spruce forest(DCS),and Ermans birch forest(EB),along an altitudinal gradient in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in Northeast China.The results showed that there was no obvious altitudinal pattern in the SOC.Similar variation trends of SOC with altitude were observed between the organic and mineral horizons.Significant differences in the contents of SOC,WSC,MBC and ROC were found among the four forest types and between horizons.The contents of ROC in the mineral horizon,WSC in the organic horizon and MBC in both horizons in the MCB and EB forests were significantly greater than those in either DCSF or DCS forest.The proportion of soil WSC to SOC was the lowest among the three main fractions.The contents of WSC,MBC and ROC were significantly correlated(P < 0.05) with SOC content.It can be concluded that vegetation types and climate were crucial factors in regulating the distribution of soil organic carbon fractions in Changbai Mountain.展开更多
The aim of this research was to evaluate weathered spent mushroom substrate （SMS）, made from spent Flammulina velutipes mushroom substrate, as a growing medium for nursery seedlings. Two vegetable species, cucumber ...The aim of this research was to evaluate weathered spent mushroom substrate （SMS）, made from spent Flammulina velutipes mushroom substrate, as a growing medium for nursery seedlings. Two vegetable species, cucumber （Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinchun No. 2） and tomato （Solanurn lycopersicum L. cv. Mandy）, were grown in 8 media of SMS in various ratios with perlite or vermiculite. A mixed substrate of peat with perlite （1：1; v：v） was used as the control （CK）. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions. Prior to sowing, some physical and chemical properties of the growing media were determined. Results showed that all the mixtures had desirable physical and chemical properties for their use in nursery tomato and cucumber seedlings except for the T4 （SMS：vermiculite = 1：1; v：v） and the T8 （SMS：perlite = 2：1; v：v） mixtures. Compared with the CK, increased plant height, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight and index of seedling quality were found in the T3 （SMS：vermiculite = 2：1; v：v） and T6 （SMS：perlite = 4：1; v：v） growing media. SMS should be considered as an alternative for the widely used but expensive and resource-limited peat in greenhouse cultivation.展开更多
TaPHT1.2 is a functional, root predominantly expressed and low phosphate （Pi） inducible high-affinity Pi transporter in wheat, which is more abundant in the roots of P-efficient wheat genotypes （e.g., Xiaoyan 54） ...TaPHT1.2 is a functional, root predominantly expressed and low phosphate （Pi） inducible high-affinity Pi transporter in wheat, which is more abundant in the roots of P-efficient wheat genotypes （e.g., Xiaoyan 54） than in P-inefficient genotypes （e.g., Jing 411） under both Pi-deficient and Pi-sufficient conditions. To characterize TaPHT1.2 further, we genetically mapped a TaPHT1.2 transporter, TaPHT1.2-D1, on the long arm of chromosome 4D using a recombinant inbred line population derived from Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411, and isolated a 1,302 bp fragment of the TaPHT1.2-D1 promoter （PrTaPHT1.2-D1） from Xiaoyan 54. TaPHT1.2-D1 shows collinearity with OsPHT1.2 that has previously been reported to mediate the translocation of Pi from roots to shoots. PrTaPHT1.2-D contains a number of Pi-starvation responsive elements, including P1BS, WRKY-binding W-box, and helix-loop-helix-binding elements. PrTaPHT1.2-D1 was then used to drive expression of 13-glucuronidase （GUS） reporter gene in Arabidopsis through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Histochemical analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed that the reporter gene was specifically induced by Pi-starvation and predominantly expressed in the roots. As there is only one SNP between the TaPHT1.2-D1 promoters of Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411, and this SNP does not exist within the Pi-starvation responsive elements, the differential expression of TaPHT1.2 in Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411 may not be caused by this SNP.展开更多
Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-t...Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-term Genebank for Vegetables,Beijing,China was analyzed based on 29 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,which were evenly distributed over 12 pepper chromosomes.The pepper accessions were divided into two groups in a genetic structure analysis,and the two groups showed obvious differences in fruit type and geographical distribution.We finally selected 248 accessions capturing 75.6%of the SSR alleles as the core collection for further research.Insights into the genetic structure of pepper provide the basis for population-level gene mining and genetic improvement.展开更多
Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, HydriUa verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. verticillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with hig...Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, HydriUa verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. verticillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand （COD）. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity and malondialdehyde （MDA） contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD （980 rag/L） and decreased with low COD （63 mg/L）, respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant ceils from the control experiment （untreated with chitosan） were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.展开更多
Leaf color is directly related to altered photosynthesis.Hence,leaf yellowing mutants can be widely used for the researching plant physiology and functional genomes,for cultivating new varieties of popular horticultur...Leaf color is directly related to altered photosynthesis.Hence,leaf yellowing mutants can be widely used for the researching plant physiology and functional genomes,for cultivating new varieties of popular horticultural plants,and for identifying hybrid purity(as markers).Here,we constructed a^(60)Co-γF_(2)population from the leaf-yellowing mutant R24 via radiation mutation with the inbred line WT21 of pepper.Genetic analysis showed that the leaf-yellowing of the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene.By applying the Bulk Segregation Analysis and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR markers,the leaf-yellowing gene CaLY1(Capsicum annuum Leaf yellow 1)was mapped on chromosome 9,SNP5791587-SNP6011215,with a size of 214.5 kb.One non-synonymous mutated gene Capana09g000166 was found in the interval.The gene encoded a Psb X,which is the core complex of PSⅡ.Transcriptome analysis further showed that 2301 differentially expressed genes were identified under shading treatment for 24 h in R24.The Gene Ontology enrichment pathways were related to photosynthesis light harvesting,cell wall,activity of quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and flavonoid metabolic process,which likely regulate the response of pepper leaves to different light levels.Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the most abundant pathways were photosynthesis antenna proteins and metabolic.展开更多
The stay-green trait is of considerable importance in extending the shelf life of green pepper fruit(Capsicum annuum L.)and in enhancing the appearance of ornamental plants.The study revealed the genetic and regulator...The stay-green trait is of considerable importance in extending the shelf life of green pepper fruit(Capsicum annuum L.)and in enhancing the appearance of ornamental plants.The study revealed the genetic and regulatory mechanisms of the stay-green trait in pepper,which will aid in the selection of ornamental pepper varieties.In this study,a pepper mutant with stay-green fruit named TNX348 was identified from a germplasm resource bank.Two segregating populations were constructed using the stay-green mutant TNX348 and then used in bulked segregant analysis combined with RNA sequencing and linkage analyses.The causal gene of the stay-green trait was mapped to an approximately 131-kb region,and a senescence-induced chloroplast protein gene,CaSGR1(Capana01g000359),was identified as a candidate gene.Sequencing analysis revealed a G→A single-base mutation of CaSGR1 in TNX348 that led to early termination of translation.Based on the single-base mutation,a single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)marker co-segregating with the stay-green trait was developed.Furthermore,in transcriptome analysis,expression patterns of 11 hormone transduction-related transcription factors,such as abscisic acid-insensitive(ABI),abscisic acidresponsive element-binding factor(ABF),and NAC transcription factor,were similar or opposite to that of CaSGR1.The results indicated that the transcription factors might mediate chlorophyll degradation by regulating the expression of CaSGR1.展开更多
文摘The tested soils containing different Cd levels were obtained by mixing the normal cultivated soils with the Cd-contaminated soils taken from the paddies near a mine. Five major categories of vegetables, i.e. cucumber, cowpea, Bok choy, radish and lettuce, widely planted in the spring and autumn in Hunan Province, were selected for pool-culture experiments. Results showed that the Cd accumulations varied greatly according to the category of vegetables. The Cd accumulations in cucumber and cowpea growing in soils with high Cd levels (1.5 mg/kg) were within the threshold limits of the national standards, meaning that these two categories are safe to grow in Cd-contaminated soils. For either the cucumber or the cowpea category, there were no significant differences in the Cd accumulations of different genotypes. Most of the tested Bok choy and radish cultivars could grow safely in soils whose Cd levels were below 1.0 mg/kg. In comparison, the Cd accumulations in some cultivars tended to increase sharply as the Cd level in the soil went beyond 1.0 mg/kg. Significant variations were also observed in the Cd accumulations of different genotypes with mounting Cd levels in the soil. Besides, there were no positive correlations between Cd accumulations in plants and Cd levels in soils, indicating large fluctuations and poor ecological stability of Bok choy and radish. Therefore, the planting of Bok choy and radish should be strictly evaluated and controlled in Cdcontaminated regions. The Cd contents of most celtuce cultivars growing in mildlycontaminated soils had already exceeded the threshold limit. Therefore, it is not safe for celtuce to grow in Cd-contaminated environments.
基金Supported by Independent Agricultural Innovation Foundation in Jiangsu Province(CX151044)
文摘Firstly,this paper analyzes the cause of obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables,and then introduces the soil ecological remediation technology used for overcoming obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables. Finally,this paper analyzes the effect of applying soil ecological remediation technology in overcoming obstacles to continuous cropping of vegetables.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-23-A13)Hubei Agrotechnical Major Project(Grant No.2021-620-000-001-01)+1 种基金Wuhan Major Project of Key Technologies in Biological Breeding and New Variety Cultivation(Grant No.2022021302024852)HZAU-AGIS Cooperation Fund(Grant No.SZYJY2023022).
文摘Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating disease of Cruciferous crops.Developing cultivars with clubroot resistance(CR)is the most effective control measure.For the two major Brassica vegetable species B.rapa and B.oleracea,several commercial cultivars with unclear CR pedigrees have been intensively used as CR donors in breeding.However,the continuous occurrence of CR-breaking makes the CR pedigree underlying these cultivars one of the breeders'most urgent concerns.The complex intraspecific diversity of these two major Brassica vegetables has also limited the applicability of CR markers in different breeding programs.Here we first traced the pedigree underlying two kinds of CR that have been widely applied in breeding by linkage and introgression analyses based on public resequencing data.In B.rapa,a major locus CRzi8 underlying the CR of the commercial CR donor‘DegaoCR117’was identified.CRzi8 was further shown to have been introgressed from turnip(B.rapa ssp.rapifera)and that it carried a potential functional allele of Crr1a.The turnip introgression carried CRb^(c),sharing the same coding sequence with the CRb that was also identified from chromosome C07 of B.oleracea CR cultivars with different morphotypes.Within natural populations,variation analysis of linkage intervals of CRzi8,PbBa8.1,CRb,and CRb^(c)yielded easily resolved InDel markers(>20 bp)for these fundamental CR genes.The specificity of these markers was tested in diverse cultivars panels,and each exhibited high reliability in breeding.Our research demonstrates the value of the practice of applying resequencing big data to solve urgent concerns in breeding programs.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31360479)National Modern Agriculture Technology System of Guangxi in Special Vegetable Innovation Team(nycytxgxcxtd-10-03)Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2014GXNSFAA118100)
文摘This study was conducted to explore the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the growth and physiological characteristics of vegetable seedlings.Cucumber,Chinese cabbage and radish were cultured under the stress of 16 PAHs at different concentrations of 0.3,0.6 and 0.9 mg/L,respectively,with the seedlings cultured without PAHs as the control,to study the growth and physiological responses of various vegetable seedlings under PAHs stress.The results showed that the leaf width,fresh weight,CAT activity and POD activity of cucumber and the chlorophyll b content and CAT activity of radish reached the minimum values when treated with 0.3 mg/L PAHs.When the treatment concentration was 0.6 mg/L,the POD activity of cucumber,the vitamin C content of Chinese cabbage and the MDA content of radish were the smallest.The dry weight of cucumber,the fresh weight of Chinese cabbage and the fresh weight and POD activity of radish reached the minimums under the treatment of 0.9 mg/L PAHs.Different concentrations of PAHs could promote the synthesis and photosynthesis of chlorophyll in cucumber and Chinese cabbage leaves and the vitamin C content in radish.With the increase of PAHs treatment concentration,the MDA contents of cucumber and Chinese cabbage were on the increase,and reached the maximums under the treatment of 0.9 mg/L PAHs.One of the reasons why different kinds of vegetable seedlings have different physiological responses to PAHs may be related to the differences in the amount of PAHs absorbed by different leaf structures.
基金Special Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology to Assist Developing Countries in Science and TechnologyGuangxi Scientific Research and Technology Development Plan Project(GuiKeHe 1346009-4).
文摘Burundi is one of the least developed countries identified by the United Nations.Vegetable is the main crop in Burundi,but the variety is relatively simple and the planting level is low.Making use of the rich vegetable varieties and advanced cultivation techniques in China,the adaptability evaluation of new vegetable varieties in China was jointly carried out in Burundi to screen the vegetable varieties suitable for local cultivation.The purpose of this paper is to study the integration of high-yield cultivation techniques and annual production model to improve the level of vegetable cultivation in Burundi.From 2009 to 2015,our unit,together with the Burundian Fruit and Vegetable Promotion Center,carried out screening experiments on 144 vegetable varieties,such as tomato,balsam pear,chieh-qua,wax gourd,and cabbage.Through the methods of preliminary screening and experimental screening,the vegetable varieties suitable for planting in Burundi were selected,and the cultivation techniques of some main vegetable varieties were studied.The demonstration new varieties and new techniques were integrated to verify the high-yield cultivation techniques in the field.In 2009,18 varieties suitable for local planting were selected from 96 vegetable varieties.In 2010,40 vegetable varieties were selected for screening test,and 9 varieties suitable for planting in Burundi were selected.In 2011,27 vegetable varieties selected in 2009 and 2010 were further evaluated for adaptability,and 13 vegetable varieties with high yield,strong resistance and good marketability were selected.Among them,there were 5 melon vegetables,3 solanaceous fruit vegetables,1 legume vegetables and 4 leafy vegetables.The cultivation techniques of some vegetable varieties were studied from 2011 to 2012,and the key points of cultivation techniques of chieh-qua and other vegetable varieties were clarified.According to the ecological characteristics of two main vegetable producing areas(the plateau and plain areas of Burundi),six sets of annual production and cropping arrangement plans covering melons,leafy vegetables,solanaceous fruits,beans and other vegetables were put forward,and the annual production model of multiple cropping and three-dimensional cultivation was integrated.From 2014 to 2015,according to the previous test results and market demand,8 vegetable varieties were selected for Burundi to carry out screening experiments.4 varieties with good yield and adaptability were selected for two consecutive years in 2014 and 2015.The integrated demonstration and effect verification of some selected vegetable varieties and cultivation techniques were carried out from 2015 to 2016,and the comprehensive advantages such as field yield and economic benefit were obvious.In this study,the adaptability of Chinese vegetable varieties in Burundi was evaluated,and 17 vegetable varieties suitable for local production were selected,including 5 melon vegetables,5 solanaceous fruit vegetables,1 legume vegetables and 6 leafy vegetables.This paper studies the integrated cultivation techniques and annual production model with obvious advantages in yield and benefit,which plays an important role in improving the planting level and benefit of vegetables in Burundi.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2020B020220003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202504)+2 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515030049)Guangdong Rural Revitalization Strategy Special Project(Grant No.2023-NJS-00-003)Special fund for scientific and technological talents introduction of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.R2021YJ-YB2004)。
文摘Wax gourd(Benincasa hispida)is an important cucurbit crop with economic and medicinal value.The myeloblastosis(MYB)gene family is one of the largest gene families in plants and regulates various biological processes,whereas the MYB gene family has not been systematically studied in wax gourd.In this study,we performed genome-wide identification of the MYB gene family in wax gourd and analyzed their phylogenetic relationship,MYB DNA-binding domain(MYB DBD),gene structure,protein motif,synteny,duplication mode and expression pattern.As a result,a total of 215 BhMYB genes(BhMYBs)were identified,belonging to four subfamilies:1R-,2R-,3R-and 4R-MYB subfamilies.Genes of 1R-MYB subfamily and 2R-MYB subfamily were subdivided into different subgroups respectively.The analysis of MYB DBD,gene structure and protein motif showed that the most genes in the same subgroup had similar characteristics and the 2R-MYB genes were more conserved than the 1R-MYB genes.Interestingly,the long terminal retrotransposons(LTR-RTs)were found in the long introns of several BhMYBs.The results of synteny analysis showed that there were more syntenic gene pairs between wax gourd and other cucurbit crops,while the least number of syntenic gene pairs existed between wax gourd and rice.Gene duplication was the main reason for the expansion of the MYB gene family in wax gourd,with the transposed duplication(TRD)mode contributing more.All duplication BhMYB genes were under purifying selection pressure.Further expression analysis showed that many BhMYBs exhibited obvious tissue-specific expression and several BhMYBs were significantly induced by one or more abiotic stresses.BhMYB79 was particularly expressed in roots and significantly induced by salt,drought,cold and heat stresses,overexpression of which led to reduced tolerance to salt stress in Arabidopsis.In conclusion,our results provide a systematic analysis of wax gourd MYB gene family and facilitate the biological role study of BhMYB79 during wax gourd salt stress response process.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32372723,U1906205)Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(Grant No.2023CXPT018,2022TZXD0025)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2023MC206)Key Research and Development Task Special Project of Xinjiang(Grant No.2022B02002)。
文摘Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is one of the most consumed vegetable crops around the world,and its breeding is performed by exploiting heterosis in F1hybrid crosses.Male sterility is one of the most desirable agronomic traits in tomato hybrid seed production,as it can reduce the cost of artificial emasculation and ensure high varietal purity.Abnormal pollen development is a critical factor for male sterility.To date,several genes have been identified to be involved in pollen development,in which EXCESS MICROSPOROCYTES1(EMS1)controls the formation of tapetum,which is necessary for pollen production(Chang et al.,2011).EMS1 encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase that is specifically expressed in the tapetum.In Arabidopsis,the anthers in the ems1mutant lack tapetal cells but can produce excess microsporocytes,which do not undergo cytokinesis,leading to microsporogenesis failure and male sterility(Zhao et al.,2002).However,there is no evidence of the role of EMS1 in tomato pollen development,which limits a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying tomato male fertility.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32202502,U21A20230,32070331,32102380 and 32072580)National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2018YFD1000800)+3 种基金the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2022B0202080001)the Special Fund for Seed Industry of Guangdong Province Rural Revitalization Strategy(Grant No.2022-NPY00-024)Tibet Autonomous Region of Lhasa City Science and Technology Project(Grant No.LSKJ202310)the Science and Technology Project of Bijie City(Grant No.BKK2022-3)。
文摘The transcriptional cascade and regulatory loop play crucial roles in regulating plant-specialized metabolite biosynthesis.Capsaicinoids are unique to the genus Capsicum and confer a pungent flavor to its fruits.However,the transcriptional regulation of capsaicinoid biosynthesis remains largely unknown.In this study,two AP2/ERF transcription factors(TFs),CaERF102 and CaERF111,were characterized for their role in the capsaicinoid biosynthesis process.Expression analysis of two ERFs and capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes(CBGs)suggested that they were associated with capsaicinoid biosynthesis.Both ERFs encode nuclear-localized proteins and function as transcriptional activators through their C-terminal activation motifs.The two ERF TFs participated in capsaicinoid biosynthesis by directly activating the promoters of key CBGs,and this activation was significantly enhanced when CaMYC2 was co-expressed.Moreover,CaERF102 and CaERF111 were found to interact with CaMYC2.This study helps elucidate the AP2/ERF TF regulatory network that governs capsaicinoid biosynthesis in Capsicum species.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2021D01B59)Youth Science and Technology Backbone Project of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences(XJNKQ-2021011)+2 种基金General Program of Hainan Natural Science Foundation(319MS109)Major Science and Technology Program of Hainan Province(ZDKJ2021005)Specific Research Fund of the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province(YSPTZX202141).
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the chemical composition,antioxidant property,and nematicidal activity of Cucumis metuliferus and establish a theoretical foundation for the development of botanical nematicides.[Methods]The compounds were isolated and purified using silica gel,reversed-phase medium,low-pressure gel Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography,and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography.Their identification was based on physicochemical properties,various spectral analyses,and data reported in the literature.Subsequently,the nematicidal and antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated.[Results]A total of four compounds were isolated from C.metuliferus,which were identified as isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside(compound 1),9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid(compound 2),2E,4E-tridecadienedioic acid(compound 3),and 9E,11E-(13-hydroxy)tridecadienoic acid(compound 4).Compound 1 demonstrated a notable degree of antioxidant activity,achieving a DPPH scavenging rate of 49.40%at a mass concentration of 1 mg/mL.Additionally,compounds 1,3,and 4 exhibited varying levels of nematicidal activity.Specifically,compound 1 displayed strong nematicidal activity at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL,resulting in a mortality rate of 90.5%against nematodes.Furthermore,compounds 3 and 4 achieved a mortality rate of 100%against nematodes at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL.[Conclusions]This study reports the first isolation of four compounds:isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside,9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid,2E,4E-tridecadienedioic acid,and 9E,11E-(13-hydroxy)tridecadienoic acid from C.metuliferus.Notably,2E,4E-tridecadienedioic acid and 9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid are identified as novel natural products.Among these compounds,isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside,9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid,and 9E,11E-(13-hydroxy)tridecadienoic acid exhibit nematicidal activity,whereas isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside demonstrates antioxidant properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32402580)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2023A0505090005)Modern Seed Industry Innovation Capability Enhancement Project of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘Extreme environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations,drought,and pathogen attacks can significantly impact plant growth,development,and productivity.Plants have evolved intricate enzymatic systems to mitigate these stresses,among which GDSL esterase/lipase proteins (GELPs)-key members of the serine esterase/lipase superfamily-play important roles (Akoh et al.,2004).Characterized by a conserved GDSL motif and four essential amino acids (serine,glycine,asparagine,and histidine),GELPs exhibit versatile catalytic functions in lipid metabolism,cell wall modification,and stress responses (Ursache et al.,2021;Shen et al.,2022).
基金supported by grants from the Basic Research Business Fees for Public Welfare in Xinjiang Autonomous Region(Mining candidate genes related to grape seed traits based on GWAS,KY2023028)the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Tianchi Talent-Young Doctor for Chuan Zhang(Revealing the domestication history of Xinjiang native grape varieties and genetic analysis of important agronomic traits)the Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Youth Science and Technology Backbone Innovation Ability Training Project(xjnkq-2023006).
文摘Seedlessness has always been a valuable quality characteristic of edible grape varieties.Although the production of seedless grapes has been ongoing for decades,the genetic complexity of seedless grapes is not yet fully understood.Therefore,determining the genetic mechanisms and key regulatory genes of seedless grapes is of great significance for seedless grape breeding and meeting market demands.The emergence of high-throughput analysis software offers greater possibilities for mining genes related to plant organ development.Specifically,to mine a greater number of candidate genes related to grape seed traits,this study used the seed trait parameters analyzed by Tomato Analyzer as the target trait and then used a genome-wide association study(GWAS)to mine candidate genes.In the two-year analysis using principal component analysis(PCA),we extracted five principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 96.586%.The cumulative contribution rate for component 1 reached 87.352%.Correlation analysis revealed correlation coefficients ranging from 0.54 to 0.98 among the seven basic traits.The GWAS results indicated that 370 SNP loci were significantly correlated with seed traits.These SNP loci were distributed on 18 chromosomes,except for chromosome 4,with most SNP loci distributed on chromosome 18.Based on the physical location of single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers significantly associated with seed-related traits in the grape reference genome,candidate genes are screened within the range of linkage disequilibrium(LD)attenuation distance,both upstream and downstream of the significant SNP loci.These candidate genes were mainly transcription factor-related genes(VvMADS4 and VvMADS5),ubiquitin ligase-related genes(E3 ubiquitin ligase BIG BROTHER),serine/threonine protein kinase-related genes,and carbohydrate metabolism-related genes(Sucrose Synthase 2)and simultaneously controlled multiple(at least two or more)seed traits.These results indicate that seed traits are jointly regulated by some genes involved in seed morphology regulation.In this work,we identified new gene loci related to grape seed traits.Identifying molecular markers closely related to these seed traits is of great significance for breeding seedless grape varieties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32271726 and 32171648)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China(No.2022CFB030)。
文摘Soil denitrification,anammox,and Feammox are key for nitrogen(N)removal in agriculture.Despite potassium(K)fertilizer enhancing N efficiency,their role in regulation of these processes is unclear.A soil column incubation with 15N isotope tracingwas conducted to explore millimeter-scale interactions of N and K on these pathways in soil fertilization zones.After 28 days,individual applications of N and K reduced denitrification-nitrogen removal rate(DNRR),anammox-nitrogen removal rate(ANRR),and feammox-nitrogen removal rate(FNRR)compared to a non-fertilizer control.N fertilizer had a greater effect than K,likely due to the high consumption of dissolved organic carbon by N fertilizer or the increased soil organic matter decomposition by K fertilizer.Combing of N and K increased DNRR,ANRR and FNRR rates by 31%,3090%and 244%compared to single N,and by-53.7%,885%and 222%compared to single K.These effects diminished with depth and distance from fertilizer sites.The effects of N fertilizer on these N removal processes might be regulate abundance of key microbes(e.g.,Limnobacter and Clostridium)and key gene(nirK,hzsB,ACM and Geo)by providing N substrates,while K enhances N metabolism efficiency through enzyme activation,indicated by the downregulation of certain genes(hzsB,ACM and Geo)and a negative correlation with N removal by simultaneously increasing gene expression and enzyme activity.These findings provide insights into how N and K together enhance N removal,emphasizing their importance for optimizing this process.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (No.2011CB403204)the Youth Fund for Creative Research Groups,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Understanding the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions to altitudinal gradient variation is important for understanding changes in the carbon balance of forest ecosystems.In our study the SOC and its fractions of readily oxidizable carbon(ROC),water-soluble carbon(WSC) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) in the soil organic and mineral horizons were investigated for four typical forest types,including mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest(MCB),dark coniferous spruce-fir forest(DCSF),dark coniferous spruce forest(DCS),and Ermans birch forest(EB),along an altitudinal gradient in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in Northeast China.The results showed that there was no obvious altitudinal pattern in the SOC.Similar variation trends of SOC with altitude were observed between the organic and mineral horizons.Significant differences in the contents of SOC,WSC,MBC and ROC were found among the four forest types and between horizons.The contents of ROC in the mineral horizon,WSC in the organic horizon and MBC in both horizons in the MCB and EB forests were significantly greater than those in either DCSF or DCS forest.The proportion of soil WSC to SOC was the lowest among the three main fractions.The contents of WSC,MBC and ROC were significantly correlated(P < 0.05) with SOC content.It can be concluded that vegetation types and climate were crucial factors in regulating the distribution of soil organic carbon fractions in Changbai Mountain.
基金Supported by the Public Welfare Project of Ministry of Agriculture,China (No. 200903011)
文摘The aim of this research was to evaluate weathered spent mushroom substrate （SMS）, made from spent Flammulina velutipes mushroom substrate, as a growing medium for nursery seedlings. Two vegetable species, cucumber （Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinchun No. 2） and tomato （Solanurn lycopersicum L. cv. Mandy）, were grown in 8 media of SMS in various ratios with perlite or vermiculite. A mixed substrate of peat with perlite （1：1; v：v） was used as the control （CK）. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions. Prior to sowing, some physical and chemical properties of the growing media were determined. Results showed that all the mixtures had desirable physical and chemical properties for their use in nursery tomato and cucumber seedlings except for the T4 （SMS：vermiculite = 1：1; v：v） and the T8 （SMS：perlite = 2：1; v：v） mixtures. Compared with the CK, increased plant height, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight and index of seedling quality were found in the T3 （SMS：vermiculite = 2：1; v：v） and T6 （SMS：perlite = 4：1; v：v） growing media. SMS should be considered as an alternative for the widely used but expensive and resource-limited peat in greenhouse cultivation.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No.2005CB120904 and 2006AA10A105)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30890133 and 30521001)the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KSCX2-YW-N-001)
文摘TaPHT1.2 is a functional, root predominantly expressed and low phosphate （Pi） inducible high-affinity Pi transporter in wheat, which is more abundant in the roots of P-efficient wheat genotypes （e.g., Xiaoyan 54） than in P-inefficient genotypes （e.g., Jing 411） under both Pi-deficient and Pi-sufficient conditions. To characterize TaPHT1.2 further, we genetically mapped a TaPHT1.2 transporter, TaPHT1.2-D1, on the long arm of chromosome 4D using a recombinant inbred line population derived from Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411, and isolated a 1,302 bp fragment of the TaPHT1.2-D1 promoter （PrTaPHT1.2-D1） from Xiaoyan 54. TaPHT1.2-D1 shows collinearity with OsPHT1.2 that has previously been reported to mediate the translocation of Pi from roots to shoots. PrTaPHT1.2-D contains a number of Pi-starvation responsive elements, including P1BS, WRKY-binding W-box, and helix-loop-helix-binding elements. PrTaPHT1.2-D1 was then used to drive expression of 13-glucuronidase （GUS） reporter gene in Arabidopsis through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Histochemical analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed that the reporter gene was specifically induced by Pi-starvation and predominantly expressed in the roots. As there is only one SNP between the TaPHT1.2-D1 promoters of Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411, and this SNP does not exist within the Pi-starvation responsive elements, the differential expression of TaPHT1.2 in Xiaoyan 54 and Jing 411 may not be caused by this SNP.
基金funded by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0100200 and 2016YFD0101700)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-25 and CARS-24-A-01)+1 种基金the Core Research Budget of the Non-profit Governmental Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1610032011011)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIPIVFCAAS)
文摘Genetic diversity plays an essential role in plant breeding and utilization.Pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop worldwide.The genetic diversity of 1 904 accessions of pepper conserved at the National Mid-term Genebank for Vegetables,Beijing,China was analyzed based on 29 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,which were evenly distributed over 12 pepper chromosomes.The pepper accessions were divided into two groups in a genetic structure analysis,and the two groups showed obvious differences in fruit type and geographical distribution.We finally selected 248 accessions capturing 75.6%of the SSR alleles as the core collection for further research.Insights into the genetic structure of pepper provide the basis for population-level gene mining and genetic improvement.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2002CB412307)the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2002AA601013).
文摘Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, HydriUa verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. verticillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand （COD）. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity and malondialdehyde （MDA） contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD （980 rag/L） and decreased with low COD （63 mg/L）, respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant ceils from the control experiment （untreated with chitosan） were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for CARS(Grant No.CARS-24-A05)。
文摘Leaf color is directly related to altered photosynthesis.Hence,leaf yellowing mutants can be widely used for the researching plant physiology and functional genomes,for cultivating new varieties of popular horticultural plants,and for identifying hybrid purity(as markers).Here,we constructed a^(60)Co-γF_(2)population from the leaf-yellowing mutant R24 via radiation mutation with the inbred line WT21 of pepper.Genetic analysis showed that the leaf-yellowing of the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene.By applying the Bulk Segregation Analysis and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR markers,the leaf-yellowing gene CaLY1(Capsicum annuum Leaf yellow 1)was mapped on chromosome 9,SNP5791587-SNP6011215,with a size of 214.5 kb.One non-synonymous mutated gene Capana09g000166 was found in the interval.The gene encoded a Psb X,which is the core complex of PSⅡ.Transcriptome analysis further showed that 2301 differentially expressed genes were identified under shading treatment for 24 h in R24.The Gene Ontology enrichment pathways were related to photosynthesis light harvesting,cell wall,activity of quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and flavonoid metabolic process,which likely regulate the response of pepper leaves to different light levels.Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the most abundant pathways were photosynthesis antenna proteins and metabolic.
基金supported by Ph D research startup foundation of Hengyang Normal University(Grant No.2020QD17)China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-23-G-29)
文摘The stay-green trait is of considerable importance in extending the shelf life of green pepper fruit(Capsicum annuum L.)and in enhancing the appearance of ornamental plants.The study revealed the genetic and regulatory mechanisms of the stay-green trait in pepper,which will aid in the selection of ornamental pepper varieties.In this study,a pepper mutant with stay-green fruit named TNX348 was identified from a germplasm resource bank.Two segregating populations were constructed using the stay-green mutant TNX348 and then used in bulked segregant analysis combined with RNA sequencing and linkage analyses.The causal gene of the stay-green trait was mapped to an approximately 131-kb region,and a senescence-induced chloroplast protein gene,CaSGR1(Capana01g000359),was identified as a candidate gene.Sequencing analysis revealed a G→A single-base mutation of CaSGR1 in TNX348 that led to early termination of translation.Based on the single-base mutation,a single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)marker co-segregating with the stay-green trait was developed.Furthermore,in transcriptome analysis,expression patterns of 11 hormone transduction-related transcription factors,such as abscisic acid-insensitive(ABI),abscisic acidresponsive element-binding factor(ABF),and NAC transcription factor,were similar or opposite to that of CaSGR1.The results indicated that the transcription factors might mediate chlorophyll degradation by regulating the expression of CaSGR1.
