Evolutionarily conserved antiviral RNA interference(RNAi)mediates a primary antiviral innate immunity preventing infection of broad-spectrum viruses in plants.However,the detailed mechanism in plants is still largely ...Evolutionarily conserved antiviral RNA interference(RNAi)mediates a primary antiviral innate immunity preventing infection of broad-spectrum viruses in plants.However,the detailed mechanism in plants is still largely unknown,especially in important agricultural crops,including tomato.Varieties of pathogenic viruses evolve to possess viral suppressors of RNA silencing(VSRs)to suppress antiviral RNAi in the host.Due to the prevalence of VSRs,it is still unknown whether antiviral RNAi truly functions to prevent invasion by natural wild-type viruses in plants and animals.In this research,for the first time we applied CRISPR-Cas9 to generate ago2a,ago2b,or ago2ab mutants for two differentiated Solanum lycopersicum AGO2s,key effectors in antiviral RNAi.We found that AGO2a but not AGO2b was significantly induced to inhibit the propagation of not only VSR-deficient Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV)but also wild-type CMV-Fny in tomato;however,neither AGO2a nor AGO2b regulated disease induction after infection with either virus.Our findings firstly reveal a prominent role of AGO2a in antiviral RNAi innate immunity in tomato and demonstrate that antiviral RNAi evolves to defend against infection of natural wild-type CMV-Fny in tomato.However,AGO2a-mediated antiviral RNAi does not play major roles in promoting tolerance of tomato plants to CMV infection for maintaining health.展开更多
The ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS)is an important post-translational regulatory mechanism that controls many cellular functions in eukaryotes.Here,we show that stable expression of P3 protein encoded by Rice grassy ...The ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS)is an important post-translational regulatory mechanism that controls many cellular functions in eukaryotes.Here,we show that stable expression of P3 protein encoded by Rice grassy stunt virus(RGSV),a negative-strand RNA virus in the Bunyavirales,causes developmental abnormities similar to the disease symptoms caused by RGSV,such as dwarfing and excess tillering,in transgenic rice plants.We found that both transgenic expression of P3 and RGSV infection induce ubiquitination and UPS-dependent degradation of rice NUCLEAR RNA POLYMERASE D1a(OsNRPD1a),one of two orthologs of the largest subunit of plant-specific RNA polymerase IV(Pol IV),which is required for RNA-directed DNA methylation(RdDM).Furthermore,we identified a P3-inducible U-box type E3 ubiquitin ligase,designated as P3-inducible protein 1(P3IP1),which interacts with OsNRPD1a and mediates its ubiquitination and UPS-dependent degradation in vitro and in vivo.Notably,both knockdown of OsNRPD1 and overexpression of P3IP1 in rice plants induced developmental phenotypes similar to RGSV disease symptomss.Taken together,our findings reveal a novel virulence mechanism whereby plant pathogens target host RNA Pol IV for UPS-dependent degradation to induce disease symptoms.Our study also identified an E3 ubiquitin ligase,which targets the RdDM compotent NRPD1 for UPS-mediated degradation in rice.展开更多
Plants and viruses coexist in the natural ecosystem for extended periods of time,interacting with each other and even coevolving,maintaining a dynamic balance between plant disease resistance and virus pathogenicity.D...Plants and viruses coexist in the natural ecosystem for extended periods of time,interacting with each other and even coevolving,maintaining a dynamic balance between plant disease resistance and virus pathogenicity.During virus–host interactions,plants often exhibit abnormal growth and development.However,plants do not passively withstand virus attacks but have evolved sophisticated and effective defense mechanisms to resist,limit,or undermine virus infections.It is widely believed that the initial stage of infection features the most intense interactions between the virus and the host and the greatest variety of activated signal transduction pathways.This review describes the most recent findings in rice antiviral research and discusses a variety of rice antiviral molecular mechanisms,including those based on R genes and recessive resistance,RNA silencing,phytohormone signaling,autophagy and WUSmediated antiviral immunity.Finally,we discuss the challenges and future prospects of breeding rice for enhanced virus resistance.展开更多
Multiple viral infections in insect vectors with synergistic effects are common in nature,but the underlying mechanism remains elusive.Here,we find that rice gall dwarf reovirus(RGDV)facilitates the transmission of ri...Multiple viral infections in insect vectors with synergistic effects are common in nature,but the underlying mechanism remains elusive.Here,we find that rice gall dwarf reovirus(RGDV)facilitates the transmission of rice stripe mosaic rhabdovirus(RSMV)by co-infected leafhopper vectors.RSMV nucleoprotein(N)alone activates complete anti-viral autophagy,while RGDV nonstructural protein Pns11 alone induces pro-viral incomplete autophagy.In co-infected vectors,RSMVexploits Pns11-induced autophagosomes to assemble enveloped virions via N-Pns11-ATG5 interaction.Furthermore,RSMV could effectively propagate in Sf9 cells.Expression of Pns11 in Sf9 cells or leafhopper vectors causes the recruitment of N from the ER to Pns11-induced autophagosomes and inhibits N-induced complete autophagic flux,finally facilitating RSMV propagation.In summary,these results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role of autophagy in the regulation of the direct synergistic interaction during co-transmission of two distinct arboviruses by insect vectors and reveal the functional importance of virus-induced autophagosomes in rhabdovirus assembly.展开更多
Insects are the host or vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates,plants,and fungi.Insect viruses reside inside their insect hosts and are vertically transmitted from parent to offspring.The in...Insects are the host or vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates,plants,and fungi.Insect viruses reside inside their insect hosts and are vertically transmitted from parent to offspring.The insect virus-host relationship is intricate,as these viruses can impact various aspects of insect biology,such as development,reproduction,sex ratios,and immunity.Arthropod-borne viruses(arboviruses)that cause substantial global health or agricultural problems can also be vertically transmitted to insect vector progeny.Multiple infections with insect viruses and arboviruses are common in nature.Such coinfections involve complex interactions,including synergism,dependence,and antagonism.Recent studies have shed light on the influence of insect viruses on the competence of insect vectors for arboviruses.In this review,we focus on the biological effects of insect viruses on the transmission of arboviruses by insects.We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which insect viruses affect the ability of hosts to transmit arboviruses,as well as potential strategies for disease control through manipulation of insect viruses.Analyses of the interactions among insect vectors,insect viruses and arboviruses will provide new opportunities for development of innovative strategies to control arbovirus transmission.展开更多
Plant jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine(JA-Ile)is a major defense signal against insect feeding,but whether or how insect salivary effectors suppress JA-Ile synthesis and thus facilitate viral transmission in the plant phloem re...Plant jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine(JA-Ile)is a major defense signal against insect feeding,but whether or how insect salivary effectors suppress JA-Ile synthesis and thus facilitate viral transmission in the plant phloem remains elusive.Insect carboxylesterases(CarEs)are the third major family of detoxification enzymes.Here,we identify a new leafhopper CarE,CarE10,that is specifically expressed in salivary glands and is secreted into the rice phloem as a saliva component.Leafhopper CarE10 directly binds to rice jasmonate resistant 1(JAR1)and promotes its degradation by the proteasome system.Moreover,the direct association of CarE10 with JAR1 clearly impairs JAR1 enzyme activity for conversion of JA to JA-Ile in an in vitro JAIle synthesis system.A devastating rice reovirus activates and promotes the co-secretion of virions and CarE10 via virus-induced vesicles into the saliva-storing salivary cavities of the leafhopper vector and ultimately into the rice phloem to establish initial infection.Furthermore,a virus-mediated increase in CarE10 secretion or overexpression of CarE10 in transgenic rice plants causes reduced levels of JAR1 and thus suppresses JA-Ile synthesis,promoting host attractiveness to insect vectors and facilitating initial viral transmission.Our findings provide insight into how the insect salivary protein CarE10 suppresses host JA-Ile synthesis to promote initial virus transmission in the rice phloem.展开更多
In plants,lipid transfer proteins(LTPs)transport pollen wall constituents from the tapetum to the exine,a process essential for pollen wall development.However,the functional cooperation of different LTPs in pollen wa...In plants,lipid transfer proteins(LTPs)transport pollen wall constituents from the tapetum to the exine,a process essential for pollen wall development.However,the functional cooperation of different LTPs in pollen wall development is not well understood.In this study,we have identified and characterized a grassspecific LTP gene,Os LTP47,an important regulator of pollen wall formation in rice(Oryza sativa).Os LTP47 encodes a membrane-localized LTP and in vitro lipid-binding assays confirms that Os LTP47 has lipidbinding activity.Dysfunction of Os LTP47 causes disordered lipid metabolism and defective pollen walls,leading to male sterility.Yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays reveal that Os LTP47 physically interacts with another LTP,Os C6.These findings suggest that the plasma membrane-localized Os LTP47 may function as a mediator in a lipid transfer relay through association with cytosolic and/or locular Os C6 for pollen wall development and that various LTPs may function in a coordinated manner to transport lipid molecules during pollen wall development.展开更多
Jasmine virus H(JaVH)is a newly reported viral pathogen of jasmine in China and USA.To study the viral gene function and pathogenic mechanism,a full-length infectious clone of JaVH(pXT-JaVHFJ)was constructed under the...Jasmine virus H(JaVH)is a newly reported viral pathogen of jasmine in China and USA.To study the viral gene function and pathogenic mechanism,a full-length infectious clone of JaVH(pXT-JaVHFJ)was constructed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.pXT-JaVHFJ induced a systemic infection in Nicotiana benthamiana plants by Agro-infiltration,which demonstrated that pXT-JaVHFJ was biologically active.Jasmine showed yellow spots after rubbing with total RNA extracted from Agro-infiltrated N.benthamiana,indicating that JaVH was highly associated with yellow mosaic symptoms observed on jasmine.To investigate the occurrence and mutations of the virus,jasmine samples were collected from eight provinces of China and were tested for JaVH.The samples that were tested positive for JaVH were used to determine the complete genome sequences.They were comprised of 3867 or 3868 nucleotides and their genome organizations resembled that we previous reported for JaVH-FJ.Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons suggest that the eight virus isolates were close isolates of JaVH-FJ and the isolate from Jilin Province was most closely related to JaVH-FJ with 99.2%nucleotide identity over the entire genome and 99.7%identity of coat protein.Further comparative analyses of JaVH-FJ and JaVH-JL revealed additional nucleotide differences in the 3′-untranslated region(3′UTR).An infectious clone of JaVH-JL and chimeric mutants containing JaVH-FJ or JaVH-JL 3′UTRs were then constructed for further study.The differential accumulation of JaVH with distinct 3′UTR suggested that the 3′UTR of JaVH plays a crucial role in viral RNA accumulation.展开更多
The escalating demand for sustainable and eco-friendly pest management strategies has raised interest in harnessing the pathogenic potential of microorganisms.Serratia marcescens,a Gram-negative bacterium,has emerged ...The escalating demand for sustainable and eco-friendly pest management strategies has raised interest in harnessing the pathogenic potential of microorganisms.Serratia marcescens,a Gram-negative bacterium,has emerged as a potential biological control agent for sustainable pest management.This review critically examines the history,biology,identification,and pathogenicity of S.marcescens strain with their potential application in pest management.The diverse mechanisms employed by the strain to exert control over pests,including the production of metabolites and the induction of systemic resistance in plants,are examined.The review also summarizes the ecological significance and global distribution of S.marcescens associated with the use of S.marcescens in biological control strategies.Furthermore,the usage efficacy of S.marcescens over other conventional chemicals is discussed.A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic potential of S.marcescens strains as biological control agents is crucial for developing effective and sustainable pest management strategies.This review consolidates current research advances on S.marcescens,and provides insights into the prospects and challenges of using S.marcescens for integrated pest management.展开更多
Rice is one of the most important staple food supplies worldwide,as well as a model plant for monocots.However,the sustainable development of rice yield and quality is under constant threats of emerging and reemerging...Rice is one of the most important staple food supplies worldwide,as well as a model plant for monocots.However,the sustainable development of rice yield and quality is under constant threats of emerging and reemerging viral diseases(Wu et al.,2015,2017;Yang et al.,2024;Huang et al.,2025).Rice stripe virus(RSV)and Rice dwarf virus(RDV)are two primary pathogens causing rice viral diseases,which are transmitted persistently by different arthropod vectors to harm gramineous crops,such as rice.RSV is a typical member of Tenuivirus whose genome consists of four negativestranded RNAs,while the member of Phytoreovirus,RDV,contains 12double-stranded RNAs.The two viruses were used as models to unravel rice antiviral defense mechanisms(Du et al.,2011).展开更多
Argonaute proteins(AGOs) are central to RNA silencing pathways and play critical roles in plant antiviral defense.However,the functions of individual AGOs in rice remain incompletely understood.In this study,we demons...Argonaute proteins(AGOs) are central to RNA silencing pathways and play critical roles in plant antiviral defense.However,the functions of individual AGOs in rice remain incompletely understood.In this study,we demonstrate that rice AGO2contributes to resistance against rice ragged stunt virus(RRSV) through a regulatory module involving mi R167g-3p and its target gene,SNAP32.Immunoprecipitation coupled with small RNA sequencing revealed that AGO2 associates not only with virus-derived small interfering RNAs(vsi RNAs)but also preferentially associates with mi R167g-3p during RRSV infection.Functional analyses further showed that mi R167g-3p expression is induced upon infection.Transgenic rice lines overexpressing mi R167g-3p exhibited enhanced resistance,whereas knockdown lines were more susceptible.SNAP32 was validated as a direct target of mi R167g-3p through transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana and dual-luciferase assays in rice protoplasts.Expression analyses confirmed that mi R167g-3p represses SNAP32 at the transcript level.Consistently,SNAP32-overexpressing plants displayed increased susceptibility to RRSV,while snap32 knockout plants showed enhanced resistance,supporting a negative role of SNAP32 in antiviral defense.Together,these findings establish a regulatory pathway in which AGO2 promotes antiviral immunity by stabilizing mi R167g-3p to repress SNAP32,thereby restricting RRSV infection.This work advances our understanding of AGO2-mediated defense in rice and highlights the use of a mi RNA 3p strand within an AGO-mi RNA-target module as an important layer of resistance against viral pathogens.展开更多
Most plant reoviruses encode a type of nonstructural protein that assembles tubular structures to package virions for viral spread in planthopper or leafhopper vectors.These tubules are propelled by actin filaments an...Most plant reoviruses encode a type of nonstructural protein that assembles tubular structures to package virions for viral spread in planthopper or leafhopper vectors.These tubules are propelled by actin filaments and facilitate viruses to overcome transmission barriers in insect vectors.This is known as actin-based tubule motility(ABTM),in which insect proteins,especially actin-associated proteins participate.To better understand the insect components that play a role in the ABTM,the proteins interacting with tubule protein Pns11 of the Rice gall dwarf virus(RGDV)in the leafhopper vector were investigated.We found that gelsolin,an actin-modulating protein,interacted with Pns11 in the yeast-two-hybrid system and Sf9 cells.The interaction and co-localization of gelsolin and Pns11 were also verified in cultured cells and insect bodies of the leafhopper vector.Further,the expression of gelsolin was up-regulated by the RGDV infection both in cultured cells and insects.The knockdown of the gelsolin gene triggered by RNA interference increased viral accumulation,thus increasing the viruliferous rates of the leafhopper vector.This negative association of gelsolin with Pns11 and virus infection revealed that gelsolin negatively affected the ability of the virus to spread by interacting with Pns11 tubules,finally acting to negatively regulate RGDV infection.The results of this study indicate that ABTM is negatively regulated by insects in the coevolution of the insect vector and virus.展开更多
Rice viruses,known as“rice killer”,are vector-borne pathogens that cause severe disease and significant yield loss in rice production around the world.Rice virus disease is characterized by uncontrolled virus replic...Rice viruses,known as“rice killer”,are vector-borne pathogens that cause severe disease and significant yield loss in rice production around the world.Rice virus disease is characterized by uncontrolled virus replication and the activation of host responses that contribute to pathogenesis.Underlying these phenomena is the potent suppression of rice antiviral responses,particularly the RNA silencing pathway and plant hormone pathways,which play vital roles in antiviral immunity.Classical rice virus disease control strategies include chemotherapeutics and use of disease resistance rice varieties.Here,we summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms behind the immune evasion and rice viral pathogenesis.Based on these mechanistic insights,we discuss how to combine different strategies for maintaining the effectiveness of rice resistance to viruses,and propose theoretical basis for the next generation of virus-resistant rice plants.展开更多
Plant diseases,caused by a wide range of pathogens,severely reduce crop yield and quality,posing a significant threat to global food security.Developing broad-spectrum resistance(BSR)in crops is a key strategy for con...Plant diseases,caused by a wide range of pathogens,severely reduce crop yield and quality,posing a significant threat to global food security.Developing broad-spectrum resistance(BSR)in crops is a key strategy for controlling crop diseases and ensuring sustainable crop production.Cloning disease-resistance(R)genes and understanding their underlying molecular mechanisms provide new genetic resources and strategies for crop breeding.Novel genetic engineering and genome editing tools have accelerated the study and engineering of BSR genes in crops,which is the primary focus of this review.We first summarize recent advances in understanding the plant immune system,followed by an examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying BSR in crops.Finally,we highlight diverse strategies employed to achieve BSR,including gene stacking to combine multiple R genes,multiplexed genome editing of susceptibility genes and promoter regions of executor R genes,editing cis-regulatory elements to fine-tune gene expression,RNA interference,saturation mutagenesis,and precise genomic insertions.The genetic studies and engineering of BSR are accelerating the breeding of disease-resistant cultivars,contributing to crop improvement and enhancing global food security.展开更多
The areca palm(Areca catechu L.)is a vital tropical forest species widely utilized for vegetation restoration,landscaping,and greening purposes.Its nuts hold significant importance in traditional medicine,serving as r...The areca palm(Areca catechu L.)is a vital tropical forest species widely utilized for vegetation restoration,landscaping,and greening purposes.Its nuts hold significant importance in traditional medicine,serving as remedies for various ailments such as parasitic infections,digestive disorders,and depression[1–3].Areca palm yellow leaf disease(AYLD)poses a serious threat to areca palm growth.展开更多
Tillering is a major determinant of rice plant architecture and grain yield.Here,we report that depletion of rice OsNRPD1a and OsNRPD1b,two orthologs of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase IV,leads to a high-tilleri...Tillering is a major determinant of rice plant architecture and grain yield.Here,we report that depletion of rice OsNRPD1a and OsNRPD1b,two orthologs of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase IV,leads to a high-tillering phenotype,in addition to dwarfism and smaller panicles.OsNRPD1a and OsNRPD1b are required for the production of 24-nt small interfering RNAs that direct DNA methylation at transposable elements(TEs)including miniature inverted-repeat TEs(MITEs).Interestingly,many genes are regulated either positively or negatively by TE methylation.Among them,OsMIR156d and OsMIR156j,which promote rice tillering,are repressed by CHH methylation at two MITEs in the promoters.By contrast,D14,which suppresses rice tillering,is activated by CHH methylation at an MITE in its downstream.Our findings reveal regulation of rice tillering by RNA-directed DNA methylation at MITEs and provide potential targets for agronomic trait enhancement through epigenome editing.展开更多
On acid soils,the trivalent aluminium ion(Al3+)predominates and is very rhizotoxic to most plant species.For some native plant species adapted to acid soils including tea(Camellia sinensis),Al3+has been regarded as a ...On acid soils,the trivalent aluminium ion(Al3+)predominates and is very rhizotoxic to most plant species.For some native plant species adapted to acid soils including tea(Camellia sinensis),Al3+has been regarded as a beneficial mineral element.In this study,we discovered that Al3+is actually essential for tea root growth and development in all the tested varieties.Aluminum ion promoted new root growth in five representative tea varieties with dose-dependent responses to Al3+availability.In the absence of Al3+,the tea plants failed to generate new roots,and the root tips were damaged within 1 d of Al deprivation.Struc-tural analysis of root tips demonstrated that Al was required for root meristem development and activity.In situ morin@staining of Al3+in roots revealed that Al mainly localized to nuclei in root meristem cells,but then gradually moved to the cytosol when Al3+was subsequently withdrawn.This movement of Al3+from nuclei to cytosols was accompanied by exacerbated DNA damage,which suggests that the nuclear-targeted Al primarily acts to maintain DNA integrity.Taken together,these results provide novel evidence that Al3+is essential for root growth in tea plants through maintenance of DNA integrity in meristematic cells.展开更多
Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security.Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years,including bas...Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security.Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years,including basic research and technologies for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases.Here,we review these milestones and advances,including the identification of new crop-infecting viruses,dissection of pathogenic mechanisms of multiple viruses,examination of multilayered interactions among viruses,their host plants,and virus-transmitting arthropod vectors,and in-depth interrogation of plantencoded resistance and susceptibility determinants.Notably,various plant virus-based vectors have also been successfully developed for gene function studies and target gene expression in plants.We also recommend future plant virology studies in China.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870146 and 32160619)the Science Foundation of Fujian province(2020 J02014)+1 种基金‘Hundred Talent’of Fujian Province,Yunnan Seed Industry Joint Laboratory(202205AR070001)the Science and Technology Major Project of Yunnan(202202AE090022).
文摘Evolutionarily conserved antiviral RNA interference(RNAi)mediates a primary antiviral innate immunity preventing infection of broad-spectrum viruses in plants.However,the detailed mechanism in plants is still largely unknown,especially in important agricultural crops,including tomato.Varieties of pathogenic viruses evolve to possess viral suppressors of RNA silencing(VSRs)to suppress antiviral RNAi in the host.Due to the prevalence of VSRs,it is still unknown whether antiviral RNAi truly functions to prevent invasion by natural wild-type viruses in plants and animals.In this research,for the first time we applied CRISPR-Cas9 to generate ago2a,ago2b,or ago2ab mutants for two differentiated Solanum lycopersicum AGO2s,key effectors in antiviral RNAi.We found that AGO2a but not AGO2b was significantly induced to inhibit the propagation of not only VSR-deficient Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV)but also wild-type CMV-Fny in tomato;however,neither AGO2a nor AGO2b regulated disease induction after infection with either virus.Our findings firstly reveal a prominent role of AGO2a in antiviral RNAi innate immunity in tomato and demonstrate that antiviral RNAi evolves to defend against infection of natural wild-type CMV-Fny in tomato.However,AGO2a-mediated antiviral RNAi does not play major roles in promoting tolerance of tomato plants to CMV infection for maintaining health.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.31772128,31722045,U1905203,and 31701757)the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation(161024).
文摘The ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS)is an important post-translational regulatory mechanism that controls many cellular functions in eukaryotes.Here,we show that stable expression of P3 protein encoded by Rice grassy stunt virus(RGSV),a negative-strand RNA virus in the Bunyavirales,causes developmental abnormities similar to the disease symptoms caused by RGSV,such as dwarfing and excess tillering,in transgenic rice plants.We found that both transgenic expression of P3 and RGSV infection induce ubiquitination and UPS-dependent degradation of rice NUCLEAR RNA POLYMERASE D1a(OsNRPD1a),one of two orthologs of the largest subunit of plant-specific RNA polymerase IV(Pol IV),which is required for RNA-directed DNA methylation(RdDM).Furthermore,we identified a P3-inducible U-box type E3 ubiquitin ligase,designated as P3-inducible protein 1(P3IP1),which interacts with OsNRPD1a and mediates its ubiquitination and UPS-dependent degradation in vitro and in vivo.Notably,both knockdown of OsNRPD1 and overexpression of P3IP1 in rice plants induced developmental phenotypes similar to RGSV disease symptomss.Taken together,our findings reveal a novel virulence mechanism whereby plant pathogens target host RNA Pol IV for UPS-dependent degradation to induce disease symptoms.Our study also identified an E3 ubiquitin ligase,which targets the RdDM compotent NRPD1 for UPS-mediated degradation in rice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32025031,U1905203,31772128,and 32072381)the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation(161024)the Outstanding Youth Research Program of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(xjq202003)。
文摘Plants and viruses coexist in the natural ecosystem for extended periods of time,interacting with each other and even coevolving,maintaining a dynamic balance between plant disease resistance and virus pathogenicity.During virus–host interactions,plants often exhibit abnormal growth and development.However,plants do not passively withstand virus attacks but have evolved sophisticated and effective defense mechanisms to resist,limit,or undermine virus infections.It is widely believed that the initial stage of infection features the most intense interactions between the virus and the host and the greatest variety of activated signal transduction pathways.This review describes the most recent findings in rice antiviral research and discusses a variety of rice antiviral molecular mechanisms,including those based on R genes and recessive resistance,RNA silencing,phytohormone signaling,autophagy and WUSmediated antiviral immunity.Finally,we discuss the challenges and future prospects of breeding rice for enhanced virus resistance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31920103014,31970160)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2020J06015)。
文摘Multiple viral infections in insect vectors with synergistic effects are common in nature,but the underlying mechanism remains elusive.Here,we find that rice gall dwarf reovirus(RGDV)facilitates the transmission of rice stripe mosaic rhabdovirus(RSMV)by co-infected leafhopper vectors.RSMV nucleoprotein(N)alone activates complete anti-viral autophagy,while RGDV nonstructural protein Pns11 alone induces pro-viral incomplete autophagy.In co-infected vectors,RSMVexploits Pns11-induced autophagosomes to assemble enveloped virions via N-Pns11-ATG5 interaction.Furthermore,RSMV could effectively propagate in Sf9 cells.Expression of Pns11 in Sf9 cells or leafhopper vectors causes the recruitment of N from the ER to Pns11-induced autophagosomes and inhibits N-induced complete autophagic flux,finally facilitating RSMV propagation.In summary,these results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role of autophagy in the regulation of the direct synergistic interaction during co-transmission of two distinct arboviruses by insect vectors and reveal the functional importance of virus-induced autophagosomes in rhabdovirus assembly.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972239).
文摘Insects are the host or vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates,plants,and fungi.Insect viruses reside inside their insect hosts and are vertically transmitted from parent to offspring.The insect virus-host relationship is intricate,as these viruses can impact various aspects of insect biology,such as development,reproduction,sex ratios,and immunity.Arthropod-borne viruses(arboviruses)that cause substantial global health or agricultural problems can also be vertically transmitted to insect vector progeny.Multiple infections with insect viruses and arboviruses are common in nature.Such coinfections involve complex interactions,including synergism,dependence,and antagonism.Recent studies have shed light on the influence of insect viruses on the competence of insect vectors for arboviruses.In this review,we focus on the biological effects of insect viruses on the transmission of arboviruses by insects.We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which insect viruses affect the ability of hosts to transmit arboviruses,as well as potential strategies for disease control through manipulation of insect viruses.Analyses of the interactions among insect vectors,insect viruses and arboviruses will provide new opportunities for development of innovative strategies to control arbovirus transmission.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1400300)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2021J01065 and 2022J01127)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.61831920103014 and 32202270).
文摘Plant jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine(JA-Ile)is a major defense signal against insect feeding,but whether or how insect salivary effectors suppress JA-Ile synthesis and thus facilitate viral transmission in the plant phloem remains elusive.Insect carboxylesterases(CarEs)are the third major family of detoxification enzymes.Here,we identify a new leafhopper CarE,CarE10,that is specifically expressed in salivary glands and is secreted into the rice phloem as a saliva component.Leafhopper CarE10 directly binds to rice jasmonate resistant 1(JAR1)and promotes its degradation by the proteasome system.Moreover,the direct association of CarE10 with JAR1 clearly impairs JAR1 enzyme activity for conversion of JA to JA-Ile in an in vitro JAIle synthesis system.A devastating rice reovirus activates and promotes the co-secretion of virions and CarE10 via virus-induced vesicles into the saliva-storing salivary cavities of the leafhopper vector and ultimately into the rice phloem to establish initial infection.Furthermore,a virus-mediated increase in CarE10 secretion or overexpression of CarE10 in transgenic rice plants causes reduced levels of JAR1 and thus suppresses JA-Ile synthesis,promoting host attractiveness to insect vectors and facilitating initial viral transmission.Our findings provide insight into how the insect salivary protein CarE10 suppresses host JA-Ile synthesis to promote initial virus transmission in the rice phloem.
基金supported by grants from the Guangdong Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars (2021B1515020089)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32030080)the Major Program of Guangdong Basic and Applied Research(2019B030302006)
文摘In plants,lipid transfer proteins(LTPs)transport pollen wall constituents from the tapetum to the exine,a process essential for pollen wall development.However,the functional cooperation of different LTPs in pollen wall development is not well understood.In this study,we have identified and characterized a grassspecific LTP gene,Os LTP47,an important regulator of pollen wall formation in rice(Oryza sativa).Os LTP47 encodes a membrane-localized LTP and in vitro lipid-binding assays confirms that Os LTP47 has lipidbinding activity.Dysfunction of Os LTP47 causes disordered lipid metabolism and defective pollen walls,leading to male sterility.Yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays reveal that Os LTP47 physically interacts with another LTP,Os C6.These findings suggest that the plasma membrane-localized Os LTP47 may function as a mediator in a lipid transfer relay through association with cytosolic and/or locular Os C6 for pollen wall development and that various LTPs may function in a coordinated manner to transport lipid molecules during pollen wall development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31900153 to YH)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(Grant No.2017J01600 to YH)Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(FAFU)Construction Project for Technological Innovation and Service System of Tea Industry Chain(K1520005A02).
文摘Jasmine virus H(JaVH)is a newly reported viral pathogen of jasmine in China and USA.To study the viral gene function and pathogenic mechanism,a full-length infectious clone of JaVH(pXT-JaVHFJ)was constructed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.pXT-JaVHFJ induced a systemic infection in Nicotiana benthamiana plants by Agro-infiltration,which demonstrated that pXT-JaVHFJ was biologically active.Jasmine showed yellow spots after rubbing with total RNA extracted from Agro-infiltrated N.benthamiana,indicating that JaVH was highly associated with yellow mosaic symptoms observed on jasmine.To investigate the occurrence and mutations of the virus,jasmine samples were collected from eight provinces of China and were tested for JaVH.The samples that were tested positive for JaVH were used to determine the complete genome sequences.They were comprised of 3867 or 3868 nucleotides and their genome organizations resembled that we previous reported for JaVH-FJ.Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons suggest that the eight virus isolates were close isolates of JaVH-FJ and the isolate from Jilin Province was most closely related to JaVH-FJ with 99.2%nucleotide identity over the entire genome and 99.7%identity of coat protein.Further comparative analyses of JaVH-FJ and JaVH-JL revealed additional nucleotide differences in the 3′-untranslated region(3′UTR).An infectious clone of JaVH-JL and chimeric mutants containing JaVH-FJ or JaVH-JL 3′UTRs were then constructed for further study.The differential accumulation of JaVH with distinct 3′UTR suggested that the 3′UTR of JaVH plays a crucial role in viral RNA accumulation.
基金supported by the Program of Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests(MIMCP-202302)the Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(KFB23024A).
文摘The escalating demand for sustainable and eco-friendly pest management strategies has raised interest in harnessing the pathogenic potential of microorganisms.Serratia marcescens,a Gram-negative bacterium,has emerged as a potential biological control agent for sustainable pest management.This review critically examines the history,biology,identification,and pathogenicity of S.marcescens strain with their potential application in pest management.The diverse mechanisms employed by the strain to exert control over pests,including the production of metabolites and the induction of systemic resistance in plants,are examined.The review also summarizes the ecological significance and global distribution of S.marcescens associated with the use of S.marcescens in biological control strategies.Furthermore,the usage efficacy of S.marcescens over other conventional chemicals is discussed.A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic potential of S.marcescens strains as biological control agents is crucial for developing effective and sustainable pest management strategies.This review consolidates current research advances on S.marcescens,and provides insights into the prospects and challenges of using S.marcescens for integrated pest management.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China to Zhenjia Zhang(2022YFD1401700)National Natural Science Foundation of China to Xueying Wu(31601606)National Key R&D Program of China to Changtian Chen(2023YFD1400300)。
文摘Rice is one of the most important staple food supplies worldwide,as well as a model plant for monocots.However,the sustainable development of rice yield and quality is under constant threats of emerging and reemerging viral diseases(Wu et al.,2015,2017;Yang et al.,2024;Huang et al.,2025).Rice stripe virus(RSV)and Rice dwarf virus(RDV)are two primary pathogens causing rice viral diseases,which are transmitted persistently by different arthropod vectors to harm gramineous crops,such as rice.RSV is a typical member of Tenuivirus whose genome consists of four negativestranded RNAs,while the member of Phytoreovirus,RDV,contains 12double-stranded RNAs.The two viruses were used as models to unravel rice antiviral defense mechanisms(Du et al.,2011).
基金supported by grants from the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD04070)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 32025031,31871934,32170167)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2025J01549)。
文摘Argonaute proteins(AGOs) are central to RNA silencing pathways and play critical roles in plant antiviral defense.However,the functions of individual AGOs in rice remain incompletely understood.In this study,we demonstrate that rice AGO2contributes to resistance against rice ragged stunt virus(RRSV) through a regulatory module involving mi R167g-3p and its target gene,SNAP32.Immunoprecipitation coupled with small RNA sequencing revealed that AGO2 associates not only with virus-derived small interfering RNAs(vsi RNAs)but also preferentially associates with mi R167g-3p during RRSV infection.Functional analyses further showed that mi R167g-3p expression is induced upon infection.Transgenic rice lines overexpressing mi R167g-3p exhibited enhanced resistance,whereas knockdown lines were more susceptible.SNAP32 was validated as a direct target of mi R167g-3p through transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana and dual-luciferase assays in rice protoplasts.Expression analyses confirmed that mi R167g-3p represses SNAP32 at the transcript level.Consistently,SNAP32-overexpressing plants displayed increased susceptibility to RRSV,while snap32 knockout plants showed enhanced resistance,supporting a negative role of SNAP32 in antiviral defense.Together,these findings establish a regulatory pathway in which AGO2 promotes antiviral immunity by stabilizing mi R167g-3p to repress SNAP32,thereby restricting RRSV infection.This work advances our understanding of AGO2-mediated defense in rice and highlights the use of a mi RNA 3p strand within an AGO-mi RNA-target module as an important layer of resistance against viral pathogens.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant numbers 3173007131772124+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China under grant number 2017 J06011the National Key R&D Program of China under grant number 2017YFD0200900the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Fujian Province University under grant number Kla18057A.
文摘Most plant reoviruses encode a type of nonstructural protein that assembles tubular structures to package virions for viral spread in planthopper or leafhopper vectors.These tubules are propelled by actin filaments and facilitate viruses to overcome transmission barriers in insect vectors.This is known as actin-based tubule motility(ABTM),in which insect proteins,especially actin-associated proteins participate.To better understand the insect components that play a role in the ABTM,the proteins interacting with tubule protein Pns11 of the Rice gall dwarf virus(RGDV)in the leafhopper vector were investigated.We found that gelsolin,an actin-modulating protein,interacted with Pns11 in the yeast-two-hybrid system and Sf9 cells.The interaction and co-localization of gelsolin and Pns11 were also verified in cultured cells and insect bodies of the leafhopper vector.Further,the expression of gelsolin was up-regulated by the RGDV infection both in cultured cells and insects.The knockdown of the gelsolin gene triggered by RNA interference increased viral accumulation,thus increasing the viruliferous rates of the leafhopper vector.This negative association of gelsolin with Pns11 and virus infection revealed that gelsolin negatively affected the ability of the virus to spread by interacting with Pns11 tubules,finally acting to negatively regulate RGDV infection.The results of this study indicate that ABTM is negatively regulated by insects in the coevolution of the insect vector and virus.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31722045,31871934 and 31772128)Fok Ying-Tong Education Foundation,China(No.161024)+1 种基金Education and Research Projects for Young Teachers in Fujian Provincial Department of Education(No.JT180112)Outstanding Youth Research Program of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(No.XJQ201804).
文摘Rice viruses,known as“rice killer”,are vector-borne pathogens that cause severe disease and significant yield loss in rice production around the world.Rice virus disease is characterized by uncontrolled virus replication and the activation of host responses that contribute to pathogenesis.Underlying these phenomena is the potent suppression of rice antiviral responses,particularly the RNA silencing pathway and plant hormone pathways,which play vital roles in antiviral immunity.Classical rice virus disease control strategies include chemotherapeutics and use of disease resistance rice varieties.Here,we summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms behind the immune evasion and rice viral pathogenesis.Based on these mechanistic insights,we discuss how to combine different strategies for maintaining the effectiveness of rice resistance to viruses,and propose theoretical basis for the next generation of virus-resistant rice plants.
基金supported by Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Projects(2023ZD04070)the Key R&D Program of Hubei Province(2023BBB171)+3 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1304402)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662023PY006,AML2023A05,2662024ZKPY001)(to G.L.)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662023PY006)(to K.X.)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172373 and 32293243)(to G.L.and K.X.,respectively)and Hubei Hongshan Laboratory.
文摘Plant diseases,caused by a wide range of pathogens,severely reduce crop yield and quality,posing a significant threat to global food security.Developing broad-spectrum resistance(BSR)in crops is a key strategy for controlling crop diseases and ensuring sustainable crop production.Cloning disease-resistance(R)genes and understanding their underlying molecular mechanisms provide new genetic resources and strategies for crop breeding.Novel genetic engineering and genome editing tools have accelerated the study and engineering of BSR genes in crops,which is the primary focus of this review.We first summarize recent advances in understanding the plant immune system,followed by an examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying BSR in crops.Finally,we highlight diverse strategies employed to achieve BSR,including gene stacking to combine multiple R genes,multiplexed genome editing of susceptibility genes and promoter regions of executor R genes,editing cis-regulatory elements to fine-tune gene expression,RNA interference,saturation mutagenesis,and precise genomic insertions.The genetic studies and engineering of BSR are accelerating the breeding of disease-resistant cultivars,contributing to crop improvement and enhancing global food security.
基金The raw sequences of AYLP(short reads S1:SRR19151409,short reads S2:SRR29507615,long reads S1:SRR29507613,long reads S2:SRR29507612)have been deposited into NCBI Sequence Read Archive under the BioProject PRJNA835721The draft genome sequence has been deposited into the NCBI genome database(CP169277).
文摘The areca palm(Areca catechu L.)is a vital tropical forest species widely utilized for vegetation restoration,landscaping,and greening purposes.Its nuts hold significant importance in traditional medicine,serving as remedies for various ailments such as parasitic infections,digestive disorders,and depression[1–3].Areca palm yellow leaf disease(AYLD)poses a serious threat to areca palm growth.
基金This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.31788103)to J.L.and Y.Q.and the National Key R&D Program of China(grant no.2016YFA0500800)to Y.Q.Y.Q.is a visiting investigator of the CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences.
文摘Tillering is a major determinant of rice plant architecture and grain yield.Here,we report that depletion of rice OsNRPD1a and OsNRPD1b,two orthologs of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase IV,leads to a high-tillering phenotype,in addition to dwarfism and smaller panicles.OsNRPD1a and OsNRPD1b are required for the production of 24-nt small interfering RNAs that direct DNA methylation at transposable elements(TEs)including miniature inverted-repeat TEs(MITEs).Interestingly,many genes are regulated either positively or negatively by TE methylation.Among them,OsMIR156d and OsMIR156j,which promote rice tillering,are repressed by CHH methylation at two MITEs in the promoters.By contrast,D14,which suppresses rice tillering,is activated by CHH methylation at an MITE in its downstream.Our findings reveal regulation of rice tillering by RNA-directed DNA methylation at MITEs and provide potential targets for agronomic trait enhancement through epigenome editing.
基金This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701989)MOA Modern Agricultural Talents Support Project and the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province in China(2017J01602).
文摘On acid soils,the trivalent aluminium ion(Al3+)predominates and is very rhizotoxic to most plant species.For some native plant species adapted to acid soils including tea(Camellia sinensis),Al3+has been regarded as a beneficial mineral element.In this study,we discovered that Al3+is actually essential for tea root growth and development in all the tested varieties.Aluminum ion promoted new root growth in five representative tea varieties with dose-dependent responses to Al3+availability.In the absence of Al3+,the tea plants failed to generate new roots,and the root tips were damaged within 1 d of Al deprivation.Struc-tural analysis of root tips demonstrated that Al was required for root meristem development and activity.In situ morin@staining of Al3+in roots revealed that Al mainly localized to nuclei in root meristem cells,but then gradually moved to the cytosol when Al3+was subsequently withdrawn.This movement of Al3+from nuclei to cytosols was accompanied by exacerbated DNA damage,which suggests that the nuclear-targeted Al primarily acts to maintain DNA integrity.Taken together,these results provide novel evidence that Al3+is essential for root growth in tea plants through maintenance of DNA integrity in meristematic cells.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China for financial support(31530062 and 32025031)。
文摘Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security.Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years,including basic research and technologies for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases.Here,we review these milestones and advances,including the identification of new crop-infecting viruses,dissection of pathogenic mechanisms of multiple viruses,examination of multilayered interactions among viruses,their host plants,and virus-transmitting arthropod vectors,and in-depth interrogation of plantencoded resistance and susceptibility determinants.Notably,various plant virus-based vectors have also been successfully developed for gene function studies and target gene expression in plants.We also recommend future plant virology studies in China.
