Object imaging beyond the direct line of sight is significant for applications in robotic vision,remote sensing,autonomous driving,and many other areas.Reconstruction of a non-line-of-sight(NLOS)screen is a complex in...Object imaging beyond the direct line of sight is significant for applications in robotic vision,remote sensing,autonomous driving,and many other areas.Reconstruction of a non-line-of-sight(NLOS)screen is a complex inverse problem that comes with ultrafast time-resolved imager requirements and substantial computational demands to extract information from the multi-bounce scattered light.Consequently,the echo signal always suffers from serious deterioration in both intensity and shape,leading to limited resolution and image contrast.Here,we propose a concept of vectorial digitelligent optics for high-resolution NLOS imaging to cancel the wall’s scattering and refocus the light onto hidden targets for enhanced echo.In this approach,the polarization and wavefront of the laser spot are intelligently optimized via a feedback algorithm to form a near-perfect focusing pattern through a random scattering wall.By raster scanning the focusing spot across the object’s surface within the optical-memory-effect range of the wall,we obtain nearly diffraction-limited NLOS imaging with an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio.Our experimental results demonstrate a resolution of 0.40 mm at a distance of 0.35 m,reaching the diffraction limit of the system.Furthermore,we demonstrate that the proposed method is feasible for various complex NLOS scenarios.Our methods may open an avenue for active imaging,communication,and laser wireless power transfer.展开更多
Objective:To determine the larvicidal and repellent activities of Sida acuta Burm.F.（Family: Malvaceae）extract against Culex quinquefasciatus,Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. Methods:Twenty five late III insta...Objective:To determine the larvicidal and repellent activities of Sida acuta Burm.F.（Family: Malvaceae）extract against Culex quinquefasciatus,Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. Methods:Twenty five late III instar larve of three mosquito species were exposed to various concentrations（15-90 mg/L） and were assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of WHO 2005:the 24 h LC<sub>50</sub> values of the Sida acuta leaf extract was determined following Probit analysis. The repellent efficacy was determined against three mosquito species at three concentrations viz.,1.0,2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm<sup>2</sup> under the laboratory conditions.Results:Results showed varying degree of larvicidal activity of crude extract of Sida acuta against three important mosquitoes with LC<sub>50</sub> values ranging between 38 to 48 mg/L.The crude extract had strong repellent action against three species of mosquitoes as it provided 100%protection against Anopheles stephensi for 180 min followed by Aedes aegypti（150 min） and Culex quinquefasciatus（120 min）.Conclusions: From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of Sida acuta was an excellent potential for controlling Culex quinquefasciatus,Aedes aegypti and Anopleles stephensi mosquitoes.展开更多
Objective:To determine the sand flies species responsible for most transmission of Leishmania major(L major) to human,as well as to determine the main reservoir hosts of the disease. Methods:Sand flies were collected ...Objective:To determine the sand flies species responsible for most transmission of Leishmania major(L major) to human,as well as to determine the main reservoir hosts of the disease. Methods:Sand flies were collected using sticky papers and mounted in Puri’s medium for species identification.Rodents were trapped by live Sherman traps.Both sand flies and rodents were subjected to molecular methods for detection of leishmanial parasite.Results:Phlebotomus papatasi(P.papatasi) was the common species in outdoor and indoor resting places.Employing PCR technique only three specimens of 150 P.papatasi(2%) were found naturally infected by parasites with a band of 350 bp which is equal to the L major parasite.Forty six rodents were captured by Sherman traps and identified.Microscopic investigation on blood smear of the animals for amastigote parasites revealed 1(3.22%) infected Meriones libycus(M.libycus). Infection of this animal to L.major was confirmed by PCR against rDNA loci of the parasite. Conclusions:This is the first molecular report of parasite infection of both vector(P.papatasi) and reservoir(M.libycus) to L major in the region.The results indicated that P.papatasi was the primary vector of the disease and circulating the parasite between human and reservoirs and M. libycus was the most important host reservoir for maintenance of the parasite source in the area.展开更多
Extraction of traffic information from image or video sequence is a hot research topic in intelligenttransportation system and computer vision. A real-time traffic information extraction method based on com-pressed vi...Extraction of traffic information from image or video sequence is a hot research topic in intelligenttransportation system and computer vision. A real-time traffic information extraction method based on com-pressed video with interframe motion vectors for speed, density and flow detection, has been proposed for ex-traction of traffic information under fixed camera setting and well-defined environment. The motion vectors arefirst separated from the compressed video streams, and then filtered to eliminate incorrect and noisy vectors u-sing the well-defined environmental knowledge. By applying the projective transform and using the filtered mo-tion vectors, speed can be calculated from motion vector statistics, density can be estimated using the motionvector occupancy, and flow can be detected using the combination of speed and density. The embodiment of aprototype system for sky camera traffic monitoring using the MPEG video has been implemented, and experi-mental results proved the effectiveness of the method proposed.展开更多
Objective: To determine the larvicidal activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of roots and fruits extracts of Astrodaucus persicus from Apiaceae family against malaria vector, ...Objective: To determine the larvicidal activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of roots and fruits extracts of Astrodaucus persicus from Apiaceae family against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi(An. stephensi).Methods: Twenty five third instar larvae of An. stephensi were exposed to various concentrations(10–160 g/L) of fractions and were assayed according to World Health Organization protocol. The larval mortality was calculated after 24 h treatment.Results: Among tested fractions, the highest larvicidal efficacy was observed from ethyl acetate fraction of fruits extract with 50% and 90% mortality values(LC_(50) and LC_(90)) of34.49 g/L and 108.61 g/L, respectively. Chloroform fraction of fruits extract was the second larvicidal sample with LC_(50) of 45.11 g/L and LC_(90) of 139.36 g/L. Petroleum ether fractions of fruits and roots and methanol fraction of fruits showed moderate toxicity against An. stephensi.Conclusions: Astrodaucus persicus is a potential source of valuable and natural larvicidal compounds against malaria vector, An. stephensi and can be used in mosquitoes control programs as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.展开更多
Objective: To construct the EGFR targeted non-viral vector GE7 system and explore the in vitro effect of p21WAF-1/CIPI gene on growth of human glioma cells mediated by the GE7 system. Methods: The EGFR targeted non-vi...Objective: To construct the EGFR targeted non-viral vector GE7 system and explore the in vitro effect of p21WAF-1/CIPI gene on growth of human glioma cells mediated by the GE7 system. Methods: The EGFR targeted non-viral vector GE7 gene delivery system was constructed. The malignant human glioma cell line U251MG was transfected in vitro with β-galactosidase gene ( reporter gene) and p21WAF-1/CIPI gee (therapeutic gene) using the GE7 system. By means of X-gal staining, MTS and FACS, the transfection efficiency of exogenous gene and apoptosis rate of tumor cells were examined. The expression of p21WAF-1/ CIPI gene in transfected U251MG cell was examined by immunohistochemis-try staining. Results: The highest transfer rate of exogenous gene was 70% . After transfection with p21WAF-1/CIPI gene, the expression of WAF-1 increased remarkably and steadily; the growth of U251MG cells were inhibited evidently. FACS examination showed G1 arrest. The average apoptosis rate was 25.2%. Conclusion: GE7 system has the ability to transfer exogenous gene to targeted cells efficiently, and expression of p21WAF-1/CIPI gene can induce apoptosis of glioma cell and inhibit its growth.展开更多
Objective:The present study deals with the investigation of larvicidal and ovicidal activities of benzene,hexane,ethyl acetate,methanol and chloroform leaf extract of Eclipta alba（E.alba） against dengue vector,Aedes...Objective:The present study deals with the investigation of larvicidal and ovicidal activities of benzene,hexane,ethyl acetate,methanol and chloroform leaf extract of Eclipta alba（E.alba） against dengue vector,Aedes aegypti（Ae.Aegypti）.Methods:Twenty five earlyⅢinstar larvae of Ae.aegypti was exposed to various concentrations（50-300 ppm） and was assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of WHO 2005;the 24 h LC<sub>50</sub> values of the E.alba leaf extract was determined by Probit analysis.For ovicidal activity,slightly modified method of Su and Mulla was performed.The ovicidal activity was determined against Ae.aegypti to various concentrations ranging from 100-350 ppm under the laboratory conditions.The egg hatch rates were assessed 48 h post treatment.Results:The LC<sub>50</sub> values of benzene,hexane,ethyl acetate,methanol and chloroform extract of E.alba against early third instar larvae of Ae.aegypti were 151.38,165.10, 154.88,127.64 and 146.28 ppm,respectively.Maximum larvicidal activity was observed in the methanol extract followed by chloroform,benzene,ethyl acetate and hexane extract.No mortality was observed in control.Among five solvent tested the methanol extract was found to be most effective for ovicidal activity against Ae.aegypti.The methanol extracts exerted 100%mortality （zero hatchability） at 300 ppm.Conclusions:From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of E.alba was an excellent potential for controlling Ae.aegypti mosquito.展开更多
Objective:To isolate the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhixium anisopliae(M.anisopliae) in the local environment,and evaluate its efficacy against the suspected dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Pakistan.Methods:Accordi...Objective:To isolate the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhixium anisopliae(M.anisopliae) in the local environment,and evaluate its efficacy against the suspected dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Pakistan.Methods:According to the standard procedure,M.anisopliae was isolated from the dead mosquitoes which were collected from the field or dead after the collection.Bioassay was performed to determine its efficacy.Results:The results indicated that M.anisopliae had larvicidal effect with LC,value 1.09×10~5 and LC_(50) value 1.90×10^(13) while it took 45.41 h to kill 50% of tested population.Conclusions:Taking long time to kill 50%population when compare with the synthetic insecticides,is the only drawback for the use of entomopathogenic fungus but these bio-pesticides are safe for the use.展开更多
ObjectiveTo determine the adulticidal and repellent activities of different solvent leaf extracts of Eclipta alba (E. alba) and Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (An....ObjectiveTo determine the adulticidal and repellent activities of different solvent leaf extracts of Eclipta alba (E. alba) and Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi).MethodsAdulticidal efficacy of the crude leaf extracts of E. alba and A. paniculata with five different solvents like benzene, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and chloroform was tested against the five to six day old adult female mosquitoes of An. stephensi. The adult mortality was observed after 24 h under the laboratory conditions. The repellent efficacy was determined against An. stephensi mosquito species at three concentrations viz., 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm2 under laboratory conditions.ResultsAmong the tested solvents the maximum efficacy was observed in the methanol extract. The LC50 and LC90 values of E. alba and A. paniculata against adults of An. stephensi were 150.36, 130.19 ppm and 285.22, 244.16 ppm, respectively. No mortality was observed in controls. The chi-square values were significant at P<0.05 level. Methanol extract of E. alba and A. paniculata was produce maximum repellency against An. stephensi.ConclusionsFrom the results it can be concluded the crude extract of E. alba and A. paniculata was an excellent potential for controlling An. stephensi mosquitoes.展开更多
Malaria is a main vector-borne public health problem in Iran.The last studies on Iranian mosquitoes show 31 Anopheles species including different sibling species and genotypes,eight of them are reported to play role i...Malaria is a main vector-borne public health problem in Iran.The last studies on Iranian mosquitoes show 31 Anopheles species including different sibling species and genotypes,eight of them are reported to play role in malaria transmission.The objective of this study is to provide a reference for malaria vectors of Iran and to map their spatial and temporal distribution in different climatic zones.Shape files of administrative boundaries and climates of Iran were provided by National Cartographic Center.Data on distribution and seasonal activity of malaria vectors were obtained from different sources and a databank in district level was created in Excel 2003, inserted to the shape files and analyzed by ArcGIS 9.2 to provide the maps.Anopheles culicifacies Giles s.l.,Anopheles dthali Patton,Anopheles fluviatilis James s.L,Anopheles maculipennis Meigen s.L,Anopheles sacharovi Favre,Anopheles stephensi IJston,and Anopheles superpictus Grassi have been introduced as primary and secondary malaria vectors and Anopheles puicherrimus Theobald as a suspected vector in Iran.Temporal distribution of anopheline mosquitoes is restricted to April_December in northern Iran,however mosquitoes can be found during the year in southern region.Spatial distribution of malaria vectors is different based on species,thus six of them(except for Anopheles maculipennis s.l.and Anopheles sacharovi) are reported from endemic malarious area in southern and southeastern areas of Iran.The climate of this part is usually warm and humid,which makes it favorable for mosquito rearing and malaria transmission.Correlation between climate conditions and vector distribution can help to predict the potential range of activity for each species and preparedness for malaria epidemics.展开更多
Objective:To determine the bionomics and susceptibility status of the malarial vector Anopheles superpictus(An.superpictus)to different insecticides in the Sistan-Baluchestan province which has the highest malarial pr...Objective:To determine the bionomics and susceptibility status of the malarial vector Anopheles superpictus(An.superpictus)to different insecticides in the Sistan-Baluchestan province which has the highest malarial prevalence in Iran.Methods:Different sampling methods,in addition to scoring abdominal conditions,were used to define the seasonal activity and endo/exophilic behavior of this species.In addition,the standard WHO susceptibility tests were applied on adult field strains.Results:Most adult mosquitoes were collected from outdoor shelters.The peak of seasonal activity of An.superpictus occurred at the end of autumn.Most larvae were collected from natural and permanent breeding places with full sunlight and no vegetation.Blood feeding activities occurred around midnight.Compared with the abdominal conditions of adult mosquitoes collected indoors,the abdominal conditions of adult mosquitoes collected outdoors were gravid and seniigravid.This species was suspected to be resistant to DDT,but was susceptible to other insecticides.Conclusions:An.superpictus was present in almost all outdoor shelters,and the ratios of gravid,semigravid/unfed,and freshly fed confirmed that this species had a higher tendency to rest outdoors than indoors.This behavior can protect An.superpictus from indoor residual spraying in this malarious area.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report on the susceptibility status of An.superpictus in Southeastern Iran.We do not suggest the use of DDT for indoor residual spraying in southeast Iran.展开更多
Malaria is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world which is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquitoes. There are several methods for malaria control.One of them is application of repellents on skin in ...Malaria is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world which is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquitoes. There are several methods for malaria control.One of them is application of repellents on skin in malarious area as an intergrated vectro management measures.This study evaluated two repellents of DMP as a synthtic and locally product of neem oil as a botanical repellent against Anopheles stephensi.The modified method of K & D was used for the tests.Probing/biting rates on the shaved belly of white rabbits were counted. ED50 and ED95 values were calculated by probit statistic software.Calculation of effective dose(ED50, ED90 ) on human volunteer and white rabbit was performed using regression line.Protection and failure time of DMP and neem oil was also determined.ED50 value of DMP and neem oil was determined as 0.0076 and 0. 159 mg/cm respectively on white rabit.The figures of ED90 value of DMP and neem oil was determined as 0. 046 and 1.388 mg/cm^2.DMP and neem oil showed repellency effects against An.stephensi on human volunteers with ED50 value of 0.0037 and 0.127 mg/cm^2 respectively.ED90 value of DMP was determined as 0. 032 mg/cm^2.neem oil exhibited a ED90 value of 1.066 mg/cm^2 on human volunteer.The protection time of 6-7 hours for DMP and 31 minute for neem oil was determined.The failure times for DMP and Neem was 9 hours and 65 minutes rspectively on human bait.Our results exhibited that plant-based repellent is generally less effective than synthetic repellents.However,use of locally made botanical materials would be of great advantages for personal protection against mosquito biting.展开更多
Objective:To determine repellent activity of hexane,ethyl acetate,benzene,chloroform and methanol extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum,(C.halicacabum) against Culex quinque/ascialus(Cx.quinquefuscialus),Aedes aegypti(...Objective:To determine repellent activity of hexane,ethyl acetate,benzene,chloroform and methanol extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum,(C.halicacabum) against Culex quinque/ascialus(Cx.quinquefuscialus),Aedes aegypti(Ae.aegypli) and Anopheles slephensi(An.slephensi). Methods:Evaluation was carried out in a net cage(45 cm×30 cm×25 cm) containing 100 blood starved female mosquitoes of three mosquito species and were assayed in the laboratory condition by using the protocol of WHO 2005;The plant leaf crude extracts of C.halicacabum was applied at 1.0,2.5,and 5.0 me/cm^2 separately in the exposed area of the fore arm.Only ethanol served as control.Results:In this observation,the plant crude extracts gave protection against mosquito bites without any allergic reaction to the test person,and also,the repellent activity was dependent on the strength of the plant extracts.The tested plant crude extracts had exerted promising repellent against all the three mosquitoes.Conclusions:From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of C.halicacabum was potential for controlling Cx.quinquefasciatus, Ae.aegypli and An.slephensi mosquitoes.展开更多
Objective:To determine phytochemistry and larvicidal activity of Eucalyptus eamaldulensis against Anopheles stephensi.Methods:The chemical compositions of the leaf essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography...Objective:To determine phytochemistry and larvicidal activity of Eucalyptus eamaldulensis against Anopheles stephensi.Methods:The chemical compositions of the leaf essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry（GC/MS）.The larvicidal activity of essential oils and extract of leaf were tested against 4th instar larvae of laboratory-reared Anopheles stephensi.Results:GC/MS analyses identified the presence of 28 compounds corresponding to 99.60%of the total oil.The main constituents in the leaf essential oil were 1,8-cineole（69.46%）,γ-Terpinene（15.10%）,α-Pinene（5.47%） and Globulol（2%）.The leaf extract and volatile oil exerted significant larvicidal activity with LC<sub>50</sub> values of 89.85 and 397.75 ppm,respectively.Clear dose-response relationships were established with the highest dose of 320 ppm essential oil extract resulted almost 100%mortality in the population.Conclusions:The larvicidal properties suggest that the essential oil of plant is a potential source of valuable larvicidal compounds against malaria vector and can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.展开更多
ObjectiveTo investiagte insecticide resistance in target species for better insecticide resistance managemnet in malaria control programs.MethodsThe status of insecticide resistance to different imagicides in Anophele...ObjectiveTo investiagte insecticide resistance in target species for better insecticide resistance managemnet in malaria control programs.MethodsThe status of insecticide resistance to different imagicides in Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi) including DDT 4%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.50%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, cyfluthrin 0.15% and etofenprox 0.50% was performed according to WHO standard method.ResultsThe mortality rate to lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, etofenprox and DDT was (88.0±3.2), (92.0±2.7), (52.0±5.0), (96.0±2.2), (90.0±3.0) and (41.0±5.7) percent, respectively at diagnostic dose for one hour exposure time followed by 24 h recovery period.ConclusionsThese results showed first indication of pyrethroid resistance in An. stephensi in a malarious area, from southern Iran. There is widespread, multiple resistances in the country in An. stephensi to organochlorine and some report of tolerance to organophosphate insecticides and recently to pyrethroids. However, results of this paper will provide a clue for monitoring and mapping of insecticide resistance in the main malaria vector for implementation of any vector control.展开更多
Objective: To determine abundance, distribution and diversity of potential breeding container habitats of the dengue vectors in public places including schools, restaurants,mosques and parks in southwest areas of Pena...Objective: To determine abundance, distribution and diversity of potential breeding container habitats of the dengue vectors in public places including schools, restaurants,mosques and parks in southwest areas of Penang Island, Malaysia.Methods: Premises at restaurants, schools, parks and mosques were surveyed simultaneously and inspected visually for container habitats and production of immature mosquitoes from March 2015 to March 2016. Abundance(mean ± SE) of breeding containers between sites was compared using One-way ANOVA. Independent sample ttest was used to compare total number of Aedes albopictus(Ae. albopictus) and Aedes aegypti(Ae. aegypti) surveyed.Results: The surveyed locations yielded a total of 3 741 breeding containers and 19 537 immature mosquitoes from four areas. Concurrent artificial and natural containers produced 78.4% immature Ae. albopictus and 6.3% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in wet season,with 14.2% Ae. albopictus and 1.1% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in dry season. Artificial containers accounted for 98.1% of the total containers recorded, with restaurants being the most productive locations(8 012) and schools being the least productive(2 234).Conclusions: It was concluded that public places are good sources of potential container habitats of Aedes mosquitoes in Penang Island, Malaysia and Ae. albopictus has exclusively replaced the home-grown Ae. aegypti even in urban areas. Therefore, treatment of artificial containers in such locations is critical in Aedes mosquito control campaigns during dengue outbreaks.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi(An. stephensi) Liston, the main malaria vector in southern Iran, to WHO recommended insecticides. Methods: Larvae of An. stephensi were collected from t...Objective: To evaluate the susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi(An. stephensi) Liston, the main malaria vector in southern Iran, to WHO recommended insecticides. Methods: Larvae of An. stephensi were collected from three different larval habitats in both urban and rural area of Bandar Abbas city and one rural area in Rudan county southern Iran. WHO standard method was used for evaluation of adult and larval mosquito susceptibility. Bendiocarb, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin as insecticide and temephos and chlorpyriphos as larvicide were used at the diagnostic dosages recommended by WHO. Results: Findings of this study showed all larval populations of An. stephensi were completely susceptible to temephos and candidate for resistance to chlorpyriphos. Adult mosquitoes in rural areas of Bandar Abbas city were resistant to pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides. Conclusion: Comparison of the results of this survey with previous studies indicates that the resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates in this malaria endemic region is increasing. Wide use of pesticides in agriculture is certainly effective in increasing resistance. The inter-sectoral coordination and collaboration in health and agriculture seem to be necessary to manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors.展开更多
Objective:To determine the susceptibility and irritability level of malaria vector Anopheles sacharovi(An.sachrovi) to different insecticides in a malaria-prone area.Methods:Susceptibility and irritability levels of f...Objective:To determine the susceptibility and irritability level of malaria vector Anopheles sacharovi(An.sachrovi) to different insecticides in a malaria-prone area.Methods:Susceptibility and irritability levels of field collected strain of An.sacharovi to WHO standard papers of DDT 4%,dieldrin 0.4%,malathion 5%,fenitrothion 1%,permethrin 0.75%,and deltamethrin 0.05% were determined in East Azerbaijan of Iran during reemerging of malaria as described by WHO.Results:Results showed that at the diagnostic dose of insecticides this species exhibited resistance to DDT,tolerant to dieldrin and but somehow susceptible to fenitrothion,malathion, permethrin and deltamethrin.The results of irritability of this species to DDT,lambdacyhalothrin. permethrin cyfluthrin and deltamethrin revealed that DDT had had the most and deltamethrin the least irritancy effect.The average number of take offs/fly/minules for DDT was 0.8±0.2.The order of irritability for permethrin,lambdacyhalothrin,cyfluthrin and deltamethrin were 0.7±0.2,0.5±0.2, 0.5±0.3,and 0.2±0.1,respectively.Conclusions:Results of this study reveals the responsiveness of the main malaria vector to different insecticides.This phenomenon is depending on several factors such as type and background of insecticide used previously,insecticide properties,and physiology of the species.Careful monitoring of insecticide resistance and irritability level of species could provide a clue for appropriate selection of insecticide for malaria control.展开更多
Objective:To determine spatial distribution of sand flies(Diptera:Psychodidae;Larroussius group),the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Ardabil province,Northwest of Iran.Methods:Sand flies were collected using stic...Objective:To determine spatial distribution of sand flies(Diptera:Psychodidae;Larroussius group),the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Ardabil province,Northwest of Iran.Methods:Sand flies were collected using sticky traps from the 30 selected points in Ardabil province,during May-November 2017.The MaxEnt model in GIS software was used for modeling.Results:A total of 2794 specimens of sand flies were collected,of which 33%were Larroussius subgenus sand flies.Phlebotomus kandelakii and Phlebotomus wenyoni were the highest and lowest collected species respectively.Based on the modeling,four areas in the province were identified with more than 70%probability of the presence of Larroussius group vectors which were at risk of visceral leishmaniasis disease transmission.Conclusions:The distribution of Larroussius subgenus sand flies was observed in all parts of Ardabil.But the northern parts of the province(Germi and Bilesavar counties)as well as central part(Ardabil and Meshkinshahr counties)were of great importance in terms of the presence of Larroussius subgenus sand flies and the possibility of transmission of the visceral leishmaniasis.展开更多
Objective: To explore the larvicidal activities of different plant parts of Melanochyla fasciculiflora(M. fasciculiflora), Gluta renghas(G. renghas), Anacardium occidentale and Mangifera indica from family Anacardiace...Objective: To explore the larvicidal activities of different plant parts of Melanochyla fasciculiflora(M. fasciculiflora), Gluta renghas(G. renghas), Anacardium occidentale and Mangifera indica from family Anacardiaceae against the laboratory and field strains of dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus(Ae. albopictus).Methods: Leaves and bark parts of study plants were collected from Taman Nageri,Bukit Pancor and Teluk Bahang National Park, Penang, Malaysia. Leaves and stem barks were separated, air dried, ground and extracted with methanol by Soxhlet apparatus.Crude extract was obtained by evaporating the extra solvent in rotary evaporator. The 4th instar larvae from laboratory and field strains were exposed to 50–1 300 mg/L concentrations according to World Health Organization standard larval bioassay. Larval mortality was recorded after 24 h of exposure.Results: Highest larvicidal activity was exhibited by G. renghas bark extract against Ae.albopictus laboratory strain at 600 mg/L. G. renghas also showed the highest larvicidal activities for other strains as compared to other plant extracts, followed by Mangifera indica and M. fasciculiflora and Anacardium occidentale.Conclusions: Ae. albopictus has been found to be more susceptible as compare to Aedes aegypti in both laboratory and field strains in this study. G. renghas and M. fasciculiflora were tested for the first time and exhibited prompting larvicidal activities against dengue vectors. These results revealed that all the plants especially G. renghas and M. fasciculiflora have the higher larvicidal activities and can be used for the control of dengue vector as a new environment friendly, target specific and low cost phytochemical.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB2805800 and 2021YFA1401003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62222513).
文摘Object imaging beyond the direct line of sight is significant for applications in robotic vision,remote sensing,autonomous driving,and many other areas.Reconstruction of a non-line-of-sight(NLOS)screen is a complex inverse problem that comes with ultrafast time-resolved imager requirements and substantial computational demands to extract information from the multi-bounce scattered light.Consequently,the echo signal always suffers from serious deterioration in both intensity and shape,leading to limited resolution and image contrast.Here,we propose a concept of vectorial digitelligent optics for high-resolution NLOS imaging to cancel the wall’s scattering and refocus the light onto hidden targets for enhanced echo.In this approach,the polarization and wavefront of the laser spot are intelligently optimized via a feedback algorithm to form a near-perfect focusing pattern through a random scattering wall.By raster scanning the focusing spot across the object’s surface within the optical-memory-effect range of the wall,we obtain nearly diffraction-limited NLOS imaging with an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio.Our experimental results demonstrate a resolution of 0.40 mm at a distance of 0.35 m,reaching the diffraction limit of the system.Furthermore,we demonstrate that the proposed method is feasible for various complex NLOS scenarios.Our methods may open an avenue for active imaging,communication,and laser wireless power transfer.
文摘Objective:To determine the larvicidal and repellent activities of Sida acuta Burm.F.（Family: Malvaceae）extract against Culex quinquefasciatus,Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. Methods:Twenty five late III instar larve of three mosquito species were exposed to various concentrations（15-90 mg/L） and were assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of WHO 2005:the 24 h LC<sub>50</sub> values of the Sida acuta leaf extract was determined following Probit analysis. The repellent efficacy was determined against three mosquito species at three concentrations viz.,1.0,2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm<sup>2</sup> under the laboratory conditions.Results:Results showed varying degree of larvicidal activity of crude extract of Sida acuta against three important mosquitoes with LC<sub>50</sub> values ranging between 38 to 48 mg/L.The crude extract had strong repellent action against three species of mosquitoes as it provided 100%protection against Anopheles stephensi for 180 min followed by Aedes aegypti（150 min） and Culex quinquefasciatus（120 min）.Conclusions: From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of Sida acuta was an excellent potential for controlling Culex quinquefasciatus,Aedes aegypti and Anopleles stephensi mosquitoes.
基金support by the School of Public Health,Tehran University of Medical Sciences:Project No.8952
文摘Objective:To determine the sand flies species responsible for most transmission of Leishmania major(L major) to human,as well as to determine the main reservoir hosts of the disease. Methods:Sand flies were collected using sticky papers and mounted in Puri’s medium for species identification.Rodents were trapped by live Sherman traps.Both sand flies and rodents were subjected to molecular methods for detection of leishmanial parasite.Results:Phlebotomus papatasi(P.papatasi) was the common species in outdoor and indoor resting places.Employing PCR technique only three specimens of 150 P.papatasi(2%) were found naturally infected by parasites with a band of 350 bp which is equal to the L major parasite.Forty six rodents were captured by Sherman traps and identified.Microscopic investigation on blood smear of the animals for amastigote parasites revealed 1(3.22%) infected Meriones libycus(M.libycus). Infection of this animal to L.major was confirmed by PCR against rDNA loci of the parasite. Conclusions:This is the first molecular report of parasite infection of both vector(P.papatasi) and reservoir(M.libycus) to L major in the region.The results indicated that P.papatasi was the primary vector of the disease and circulating the parasite between human and reservoirs and M. libycus was the most important host reservoir for maintenance of the parasite source in the area.
文摘Extraction of traffic information from image or video sequence is a hot research topic in intelligenttransportation system and computer vision. A real-time traffic information extraction method based on com-pressed video with interframe motion vectors for speed, density and flow detection, has been proposed for ex-traction of traffic information under fixed camera setting and well-defined environment. The motion vectors arefirst separated from the compressed video streams, and then filtered to eliminate incorrect and noisy vectors u-sing the well-defined environmental knowledge. By applying the projective transform and using the filtered mo-tion vectors, speed can be calculated from motion vector statistics, density can be estimated using the motionvector occupancy, and flow can be detected using the combination of speed and density. The embodiment of aprototype system for sky camera traffic monitoring using the MPEG video has been implemented, and experi-mental results proved the effectiveness of the method proposed.
基金part of pharm D thesissupported by a grant of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
文摘Objective: To determine the larvicidal activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of roots and fruits extracts of Astrodaucus persicus from Apiaceae family against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi(An. stephensi).Methods: Twenty five third instar larvae of An. stephensi were exposed to various concentrations(10–160 g/L) of fractions and were assayed according to World Health Organization protocol. The larval mortality was calculated after 24 h treatment.Results: Among tested fractions, the highest larvicidal efficacy was observed from ethyl acetate fraction of fruits extract with 50% and 90% mortality values(LC_(50) and LC_(90)) of34.49 g/L and 108.61 g/L, respectively. Chloroform fraction of fruits extract was the second larvicidal sample with LC_(50) of 45.11 g/L and LC_(90) of 139.36 g/L. Petroleum ether fractions of fruits and roots and methanol fraction of fruits showed moderate toxicity against An. stephensi.Conclusions: Astrodaucus persicus is a potential source of valuable and natural larvicidal compounds against malaria vector, An. stephensi and can be used in mosquitoes control programs as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.
基金Supported by the National High Science and Technical Foundation of China(No. 102-12-02-05)
文摘Objective: To construct the EGFR targeted non-viral vector GE7 system and explore the in vitro effect of p21WAF-1/CIPI gene on growth of human glioma cells mediated by the GE7 system. Methods: The EGFR targeted non-viral vector GE7 gene delivery system was constructed. The malignant human glioma cell line U251MG was transfected in vitro with β-galactosidase gene ( reporter gene) and p21WAF-1/CIPI gee (therapeutic gene) using the GE7 system. By means of X-gal staining, MTS and FACS, the transfection efficiency of exogenous gene and apoptosis rate of tumor cells were examined. The expression of p21WAF-1/ CIPI gene in transfected U251MG cell was examined by immunohistochemis-try staining. Results: The highest transfer rate of exogenous gene was 70% . After transfection with p21WAF-1/CIPI gene, the expression of WAF-1 increased remarkably and steadily; the growth of U251MG cells were inhibited evidently. FACS examination showed G1 arrest. The average apoptosis rate was 25.2%. Conclusion: GE7 system has the ability to transfer exogenous gene to targeted cells efficiently, and expression of p21WAF-1/CIPI gene can induce apoptosis of glioma cell and inhibit its growth.
基金the Department of Science and Technology(DST),New Delhi,India for providing financial assistance for the present investigation
文摘Objective:The present study deals with the investigation of larvicidal and ovicidal activities of benzene,hexane,ethyl acetate,methanol and chloroform leaf extract of Eclipta alba（E.alba） against dengue vector,Aedes aegypti（Ae.Aegypti）.Methods:Twenty five earlyⅢinstar larvae of Ae.aegypti was exposed to various concentrations（50-300 ppm） and was assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of WHO 2005;the 24 h LC<sub>50</sub> values of the E.alba leaf extract was determined by Probit analysis.For ovicidal activity,slightly modified method of Su and Mulla was performed.The ovicidal activity was determined against Ae.aegypti to various concentrations ranging from 100-350 ppm under the laboratory conditions.The egg hatch rates were assessed 48 h post treatment.Results:The LC<sub>50</sub> values of benzene,hexane,ethyl acetate,methanol and chloroform extract of E.alba against early third instar larvae of Ae.aegypti were 151.38,165.10, 154.88,127.64 and 146.28 ppm,respectively.Maximum larvicidal activity was observed in the methanol extract followed by chloroform,benzene,ethyl acetate and hexane extract.No mortality was observed in control.Among five solvent tested the methanol extract was found to be most effective for ovicidal activity against Ae.aegypti.The methanol extracts exerted 100%mortality （zero hatchability） at 300 ppm.Conclusions:From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of E.alba was an excellent potential for controlling Ae.aegypti mosquito.
文摘Objective:To isolate the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhixium anisopliae(M.anisopliae) in the local environment,and evaluate its efficacy against the suspected dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Pakistan.Methods:According to the standard procedure,M.anisopliae was isolated from the dead mosquitoes which were collected from the field or dead after the collection.Bioassay was performed to determine its efficacy.Results:The results indicated that M.anisopliae had larvicidal effect with LC,value 1.09×10~5 and LC_(50) value 1.90×10^(13) while it took 45.41 h to kill 50% of tested population.Conclusions:Taking long time to kill 50%population when compare with the synthetic insecticides,is the only drawback for the use of entomopathogenic fungus but these bio-pesticides are safe for the use.
基金the Department of Science and Technology(DST,SERC-Fast Track Young Scientist Project), New Delhi,India for providing financial assistance for the present investigation
文摘ObjectiveTo determine the adulticidal and repellent activities of different solvent leaf extracts of Eclipta alba (E. alba) and Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi).MethodsAdulticidal efficacy of the crude leaf extracts of E. alba and A. paniculata with five different solvents like benzene, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and chloroform was tested against the five to six day old adult female mosquitoes of An. stephensi. The adult mortality was observed after 24 h under the laboratory conditions. The repellent efficacy was determined against An. stephensi mosquito species at three concentrations viz., 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm2 under laboratory conditions.ResultsAmong the tested solvents the maximum efficacy was observed in the methanol extract. The LC50 and LC90 values of E. alba and A. paniculata against adults of An. stephensi were 150.36, 130.19 ppm and 285.22, 244.16 ppm, respectively. No mortality was observed in controls. The chi-square values were significant at P<0.05 level. Methanol extract of E. alba and A. paniculata was produce maximum repellency against An. stephensi.ConclusionsFrom the results it can be concluded the crude extract of E. alba and A. paniculata was an excellent potential for controlling An. stephensi mosquitoes.
文摘Malaria is a main vector-borne public health problem in Iran.The last studies on Iranian mosquitoes show 31 Anopheles species including different sibling species and genotypes,eight of them are reported to play role in malaria transmission.The objective of this study is to provide a reference for malaria vectors of Iran and to map their spatial and temporal distribution in different climatic zones.Shape files of administrative boundaries and climates of Iran were provided by National Cartographic Center.Data on distribution and seasonal activity of malaria vectors were obtained from different sources and a databank in district level was created in Excel 2003, inserted to the shape files and analyzed by ArcGIS 9.2 to provide the maps.Anopheles culicifacies Giles s.l.,Anopheles dthali Patton,Anopheles fluviatilis James s.L,Anopheles maculipennis Meigen s.L,Anopheles sacharovi Favre,Anopheles stephensi IJston,and Anopheles superpictus Grassi have been introduced as primary and secondary malaria vectors and Anopheles puicherrimus Theobald as a suspected vector in Iran.Temporal distribution of anopheline mosquitoes is restricted to April_December in northern Iran,however mosquitoes can be found during the year in southern region.Spatial distribution of malaria vectors is different based on species,thus six of them(except for Anopheles maculipennis s.l.and Anopheles sacharovi) are reported from endemic malarious area in southern and southeastern areas of Iran.The climate of this part is usually warm and humid,which makes it favorable for mosquito rearing and malaria transmission.Correlation between climate conditions and vector distribution can help to predict the potential range of activity for each species and preparedness for malaria epidemics.
基金Supported by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences,with the grant number 91-03-27-18800
文摘Objective:To determine the bionomics and susceptibility status of the malarial vector Anopheles superpictus(An.superpictus)to different insecticides in the Sistan-Baluchestan province which has the highest malarial prevalence in Iran.Methods:Different sampling methods,in addition to scoring abdominal conditions,were used to define the seasonal activity and endo/exophilic behavior of this species.In addition,the standard WHO susceptibility tests were applied on adult field strains.Results:Most adult mosquitoes were collected from outdoor shelters.The peak of seasonal activity of An.superpictus occurred at the end of autumn.Most larvae were collected from natural and permanent breeding places with full sunlight and no vegetation.Blood feeding activities occurred around midnight.Compared with the abdominal conditions of adult mosquitoes collected indoors,the abdominal conditions of adult mosquitoes collected outdoors were gravid and seniigravid.This species was suspected to be resistant to DDT,but was susceptible to other insecticides.Conclusions:An.superpictus was present in almost all outdoor shelters,and the ratios of gravid,semigravid/unfed,and freshly fed confirmed that this species had a higher tendency to rest outdoors than indoors.This behavior can protect An.superpictus from indoor residual spraying in this malarious area.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report on the susceptibility status of An.superpictus in Southeastern Iran.We do not suggest the use of DDT for indoor residual spraying in southeast Iran.
文摘Malaria is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world which is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquitoes. There are several methods for malaria control.One of them is application of repellents on skin in malarious area as an intergrated vectro management measures.This study evaluated two repellents of DMP as a synthtic and locally product of neem oil as a botanical repellent against Anopheles stephensi.The modified method of K & D was used for the tests.Probing/biting rates on the shaved belly of white rabbits were counted. ED50 and ED95 values were calculated by probit statistic software.Calculation of effective dose(ED50, ED90 ) on human volunteer and white rabbit was performed using regression line.Protection and failure time of DMP and neem oil was also determined.ED50 value of DMP and neem oil was determined as 0.0076 and 0. 159 mg/cm respectively on white rabit.The figures of ED90 value of DMP and neem oil was determined as 0. 046 and 1.388 mg/cm^2.DMP and neem oil showed repellency effects against An.stephensi on human volunteers with ED50 value of 0.0037 and 0.127 mg/cm^2 respectively.ED90 value of DMP was determined as 0. 032 mg/cm^2.neem oil exhibited a ED90 value of 1.066 mg/cm^2 on human volunteer.The protection time of 6-7 hours for DMP and 31 minute for neem oil was determined.The failure times for DMP and Neem was 9 hours and 65 minutes rspectively on human bait.Our results exhibited that plant-based repellent is generally less effective than synthetic repellents.However,use of locally made botanical materials would be of great advantages for personal protection against mosquito biting.
基金supported by Department of Science and Technology(DST.SERC-Fast Track Young Scientist Project-No.SR/FT/LS-072/2008).New Delhi.India
文摘Objective:To determine repellent activity of hexane,ethyl acetate,benzene,chloroform and methanol extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum,(C.halicacabum) against Culex quinque/ascialus(Cx.quinquefuscialus),Aedes aegypti(Ae.aegypli) and Anopheles slephensi(An.slephensi). Methods:Evaluation was carried out in a net cage(45 cm×30 cm×25 cm) containing 100 blood starved female mosquitoes of three mosquito species and were assayed in the laboratory condition by using the protocol of WHO 2005;The plant leaf crude extracts of C.halicacabum was applied at 1.0,2.5,and 5.0 me/cm^2 separately in the exposed area of the fore arm.Only ethanol served as control.Results:In this observation,the plant crude extracts gave protection against mosquito bites without any allergic reaction to the test person,and also,the repellent activity was dependent on the strength of the plant extracts.The tested plant crude extracts had exerted promising repellent against all the three mosquitoes.Conclusions:From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of C.halicacabum was potential for controlling Cx.quinquefasciatus, Ae.aegypli and An.slephensi mosquitoes.
基金Supported by Centre of Ernriromental Research,TUMS,Iran. (grant No.88-01-46-661)
文摘Objective:To determine phytochemistry and larvicidal activity of Eucalyptus eamaldulensis against Anopheles stephensi.Methods:The chemical compositions of the leaf essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry（GC/MS）.The larvicidal activity of essential oils and extract of leaf were tested against 4th instar larvae of laboratory-reared Anopheles stephensi.Results:GC/MS analyses identified the presence of 28 compounds corresponding to 99.60%of the total oil.The main constituents in the leaf essential oil were 1,8-cineole（69.46%）,γ-Terpinene（15.10%）,α-Pinene（5.47%） and Globulol（2%）.The leaf extract and volatile oil exerted significant larvicidal activity with LC<sub>50</sub> values of 89.85 and 397.75 ppm,respectively.Clear dose-response relationships were established with the highest dose of 320 ppm essential oil extract resulted almost 100%mortality in the population.Conclusions:The larvicidal properties suggest that the essential oil of plant is a potential source of valuable larvicidal compounds against malaria vector and can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.
基金supports of School of Public Health & National Institute of Health research,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, World Health Organization and postgraduate students for helping for conduction of study
文摘ObjectiveTo investiagte insecticide resistance in target species for better insecticide resistance managemnet in malaria control programs.MethodsThe status of insecticide resistance to different imagicides in Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi) including DDT 4%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.50%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, cyfluthrin 0.15% and etofenprox 0.50% was performed according to WHO standard method.ResultsThe mortality rate to lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, etofenprox and DDT was (88.0±3.2), (92.0±2.7), (52.0±5.0), (96.0±2.2), (90.0±3.0) and (41.0±5.7) percent, respectively at diagnostic dose for one hour exposure time followed by 24 h recovery period.ConclusionsThese results showed first indication of pyrethroid resistance in An. stephensi in a malarious area, from southern Iran. There is widespread, multiple resistances in the country in An. stephensi to organochlorine and some report of tolerance to organophosphate insecticides and recently to pyrethroids. However, results of this paper will provide a clue for monitoring and mapping of insecticide resistance in the main malaria vector for implementation of any vector control.
基金Funded by a grant from Universiti Sains Malaysia(Grant No.1001/PBIOLOGI/811277)
文摘Objective: To determine abundance, distribution and diversity of potential breeding container habitats of the dengue vectors in public places including schools, restaurants,mosques and parks in southwest areas of Penang Island, Malaysia.Methods: Premises at restaurants, schools, parks and mosques were surveyed simultaneously and inspected visually for container habitats and production of immature mosquitoes from March 2015 to March 2016. Abundance(mean ± SE) of breeding containers between sites was compared using One-way ANOVA. Independent sample ttest was used to compare total number of Aedes albopictus(Ae. albopictus) and Aedes aegypti(Ae. aegypti) surveyed.Results: The surveyed locations yielded a total of 3 741 breeding containers and 19 537 immature mosquitoes from four areas. Concurrent artificial and natural containers produced 78.4% immature Ae. albopictus and 6.3% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in wet season,with 14.2% Ae. albopictus and 1.1% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in dry season. Artificial containers accounted for 98.1% of the total containers recorded, with restaurants being the most productive locations(8 012) and schools being the least productive(2 234).Conclusions: It was concluded that public places are good sources of potential container habitats of Aedes mosquitoes in Penang Island, Malaysia and Ae. albopictus has exclusively replaced the home-grown Ae. aegypti even in urban areas. Therefore, treatment of artificial containers in such locations is critical in Aedes mosquito control campaigns during dengue outbreaks.
基金financially supported by deputy for research,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Project No.36251
文摘Objective: To evaluate the susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi(An. stephensi) Liston, the main malaria vector in southern Iran, to WHO recommended insecticides. Methods: Larvae of An. stephensi were collected from three different larval habitats in both urban and rural area of Bandar Abbas city and one rural area in Rudan county southern Iran. WHO standard method was used for evaluation of adult and larval mosquito susceptibility. Bendiocarb, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin as insecticide and temephos and chlorpyriphos as larvicide were used at the diagnostic dosages recommended by WHO. Results: Findings of this study showed all larval populations of An. stephensi were completely susceptible to temephos and candidate for resistance to chlorpyriphos. Adult mosquitoes in rural areas of Bandar Abbas city were resistant to pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides. Conclusion: Comparison of the results of this survey with previous studies indicates that the resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates in this malaria endemic region is increasing. Wide use of pesticides in agriculture is certainly effective in increasing resistance. The inter-sectoral coordination and collaboration in health and agriculture seem to be necessary to manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors.
基金supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences
文摘Objective:To determine the susceptibility and irritability level of malaria vector Anopheles sacharovi(An.sachrovi) to different insecticides in a malaria-prone area.Methods:Susceptibility and irritability levels of field collected strain of An.sacharovi to WHO standard papers of DDT 4%,dieldrin 0.4%,malathion 5%,fenitrothion 1%,permethrin 0.75%,and deltamethrin 0.05% were determined in East Azerbaijan of Iran during reemerging of malaria as described by WHO.Results:Results showed that at the diagnostic dose of insecticides this species exhibited resistance to DDT,tolerant to dieldrin and but somehow susceptible to fenitrothion,malathion, permethrin and deltamethrin.The results of irritability of this species to DDT,lambdacyhalothrin. permethrin cyfluthrin and deltamethrin revealed that DDT had had the most and deltamethrin the least irritancy effect.The average number of take offs/fly/minules for DDT was 0.8±0.2.The order of irritability for permethrin,lambdacyhalothrin,cyfluthrin and deltamethrin were 0.7±0.2,0.5±0.2, 0.5±0.3,and 0.2±0.1,respectively.Conclusions:Results of this study reveals the responsiveness of the main malaria vector to different insecticides.This phenomenon is depending on several factors such as type and background of insecticide used previously,insecticide properties,and physiology of the species.Careful monitoring of insecticide resistance and irritability level of species could provide a clue for appropriate selection of insecticide for malaria control.
基金funded and supported by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences(Project Number:31437)
文摘Objective:To determine spatial distribution of sand flies(Diptera:Psychodidae;Larroussius group),the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Ardabil province,Northwest of Iran.Methods:Sand flies were collected using sticky traps from the 30 selected points in Ardabil province,during May-November 2017.The MaxEnt model in GIS software was used for modeling.Results:A total of 2794 specimens of sand flies were collected,of which 33%were Larroussius subgenus sand flies.Phlebotomus kandelakii and Phlebotomus wenyoni were the highest and lowest collected species respectively.Based on the modeling,four areas in the province were identified with more than 70%probability of the presence of Larroussius group vectors which were at risk of visceral leishmaniasis disease transmission.Conclusions:The distribution of Larroussius subgenus sand flies was observed in all parts of Ardabil.But the northern parts of the province(Germi and Bilesavar counties)as well as central part(Ardabil and Meshkinshahr counties)were of great importance in terms of the presence of Larroussius subgenus sand flies and the possibility of transmission of the visceral leishmaniasis.
基金Supported by USM Research University Grant(1001/PBIOLOGI/815079)Ministry of Higher Education Commission,Malaysia(MOHE)
文摘Objective: To explore the larvicidal activities of different plant parts of Melanochyla fasciculiflora(M. fasciculiflora), Gluta renghas(G. renghas), Anacardium occidentale and Mangifera indica from family Anacardiaceae against the laboratory and field strains of dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus(Ae. albopictus).Methods: Leaves and bark parts of study plants were collected from Taman Nageri,Bukit Pancor and Teluk Bahang National Park, Penang, Malaysia. Leaves and stem barks were separated, air dried, ground and extracted with methanol by Soxhlet apparatus.Crude extract was obtained by evaporating the extra solvent in rotary evaporator. The 4th instar larvae from laboratory and field strains were exposed to 50–1 300 mg/L concentrations according to World Health Organization standard larval bioassay. Larval mortality was recorded after 24 h of exposure.Results: Highest larvicidal activity was exhibited by G. renghas bark extract against Ae.albopictus laboratory strain at 600 mg/L. G. renghas also showed the highest larvicidal activities for other strains as compared to other plant extracts, followed by Mangifera indica and M. fasciculiflora and Anacardium occidentale.Conclusions: Ae. albopictus has been found to be more susceptible as compare to Aedes aegypti in both laboratory and field strains in this study. G. renghas and M. fasciculiflora were tested for the first time and exhibited prompting larvicidal activities against dengue vectors. These results revealed that all the plants especially G. renghas and M. fasciculiflora have the higher larvicidal activities and can be used for the control of dengue vector as a new environment friendly, target specific and low cost phytochemical.
