AIM: Despite the presence of lymphocyte infiltration, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is typically a rapidly progressive disease. The mechanism of regulation of lymphocyte migration is poorly understood. In this ...AIM: Despite the presence of lymphocyte infiltration, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is typically a rapidly progressive disease. The mechanism of regulation of lymphocyte migration is poorly understood. In this study,we investigated various factors regulating T cell migration in HCC patients. We examined serum CXC chemokine levels in HCC patients and demonstrated the production of CXC chemokines by HCC cell lines. We determined the effect of both HCC patient serum and tumor cell conditioned supernatant upon lymphocyte expression of chemokine receptor CXCR3 as well as lymphocyte migration. Lastly,we examined the chemotactic responses of lymphocytes derived from HCC patients.METHODS: The serum chemokines IP-10 (CXCL10) and Mig (CXCL9) levels were measured by cytometric bead array (CBA) and the tumor tissue IP-10 concentration was measured by ELISA. The surface expression of CXCR3 on lymphocytes was determined by flow cytometry. The migratory function of lymphocytes to the corresponding chemokines was assessed using an in vitro chemotactic assay. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was determined by Western blot analysis.RESULTS: Increased levels of IP-10 and Mig were detected in HCC patient serum and culture supernatants of HCC cell lines. The IP-10 concentration in the tumor was significantly higher than that in the non-involved adjacent liver tissues.HCC cell lines secreted functional chemokines that induced a CXCR3-specific chemotactic response of lymphocytes.Furthermore, tumor-cell-derived chemokines induced initial rapid phosphorylation of lymphocyte ERK followed by later inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. The culture of normal lymphocytes with HCC cell line supernatants or medium containing serum from HCC patients resulted in a significant reduction in the proportion of lymphocytes exhibiting surface expression of CXCR3. The reduction in T cell expression of CXCR3 resulted in reduced migration toward the ligand IP-10, and both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from HCC patients exhibited diminished chemotactic responses to IP-10 in vitro compared to T cells from healthy control subjects.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates functional desensitization of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 in lymphocytes from HCC patients by CXCR3 ligands secreted by tumor cells. This may cause lymphocyte dysfunction and subsequently impaired immune defense against the tumor.展开更多
Antigestogens such as mifepristone oppose the action of endogenous progesteroneby blocking the progesterone receptor in the uterus. There is a modest increase in thecapacity of endonterium from the luteal phase of the...Antigestogens such as mifepristone oppose the action of endogenous progesteroneby blocking the progesterone receptor in the uterus. There is a modest increase in thecapacity of endonterium from the luteal phase of the cyele and.from decidua of early pregnancy to generate prostaglandins after the administration of antigestogens. Coup-led with a decrease in the metabolism of prostaglandins, this may lead to an increase inconcentration of PGF, and other prostaglandins which cause myometrial contractionsand decidual necrosis.展开更多
In this update report about an Object Oriented (OO) track reconstruction model,which was presented at CHEP'97,CHEP'98,and CHEP'2000,we shall describe subsequent new developments since the beginning of year...In this update report about an Object Oriented (OO) track reconstruction model,which was presented at CHEP'97,CHEP'98,and CHEP'2000,we shall describe subsequent new developments since the beginning of year 2000.The OO model for the Kalman filtering method has been designed for high energy physics experiments at high luminosity hadron colliders.It has been coded in the C++ programming language originally for the CMS experiment at the future Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN,and later has been successfully implemented into three different OO computing environments(including the level-2 trigger and offline software systems)of the ATLAS(another major experiment at LHC).For the level-2 trigger software environment.we shall selectively present some latest performance results(e.g.the B-physics event selection for ATLAS level-2 trigger,the robustness study result,ets.).For the offline environment,we shall present a new 3-D space point package which provides the essential offline input.A major development after CHEP'2000 is the implementation of the OO model into the new OO software frameworkAthena"of ATLAS experiment.The new modularization of this OO package enables the model to be more flexible and to be more easily implemented into different software environments.Also it provides the potential to handle the more comlpicated realistic situation(e.g.to include the calibration correction and the alignment correction,etc.) Some general interface issues(e.g.design of the common track class)of the algorithms to different framework environments have been investigated by using this OO package.展开更多
This paper compares the development of telecom regulation and deregulation between some typical Asian countries, and analyzes the telecom regulatory systems and industrial organizations of China. This paper also inves...This paper compares the development of telecom regulation and deregulation between some typical Asian countries, and analyzes the telecom regulatory systems and industrial organizations of China. This paper also investigates the approaches and strategies of Asian countries to reduce the regulation, reinforce the competition and establish efficient telecom industries. Having examined the Asian telecommunication markets, the paper attempts to apply the lessons learned from the opening of the telecoms markets of the developed economies. Finally the paper contends that if Asian economies wish to have nationally based companies, state or private enterprises, in a competitive postion, the format of the implementation of the WTO/GATS basic telecoms agreement should be carefully examined.展开更多
基金Supported by the Sun C. Y. Research Foundation for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the University of Hong Kong
文摘AIM: Despite the presence of lymphocyte infiltration, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is typically a rapidly progressive disease. The mechanism of regulation of lymphocyte migration is poorly understood. In this study,we investigated various factors regulating T cell migration in HCC patients. We examined serum CXC chemokine levels in HCC patients and demonstrated the production of CXC chemokines by HCC cell lines. We determined the effect of both HCC patient serum and tumor cell conditioned supernatant upon lymphocyte expression of chemokine receptor CXCR3 as well as lymphocyte migration. Lastly,we examined the chemotactic responses of lymphocytes derived from HCC patients.METHODS: The serum chemokines IP-10 (CXCL10) and Mig (CXCL9) levels were measured by cytometric bead array (CBA) and the tumor tissue IP-10 concentration was measured by ELISA. The surface expression of CXCR3 on lymphocytes was determined by flow cytometry. The migratory function of lymphocytes to the corresponding chemokines was assessed using an in vitro chemotactic assay. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was determined by Western blot analysis.RESULTS: Increased levels of IP-10 and Mig were detected in HCC patient serum and culture supernatants of HCC cell lines. The IP-10 concentration in the tumor was significantly higher than that in the non-involved adjacent liver tissues.HCC cell lines secreted functional chemokines that induced a CXCR3-specific chemotactic response of lymphocytes.Furthermore, tumor-cell-derived chemokines induced initial rapid phosphorylation of lymphocyte ERK followed by later inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. The culture of normal lymphocytes with HCC cell line supernatants or medium containing serum from HCC patients resulted in a significant reduction in the proportion of lymphocytes exhibiting surface expression of CXCR3. The reduction in T cell expression of CXCR3 resulted in reduced migration toward the ligand IP-10, and both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from HCC patients exhibited diminished chemotactic responses to IP-10 in vitro compared to T cells from healthy control subjects.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates functional desensitization of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 in lymphocytes from HCC patients by CXCR3 ligands secreted by tumor cells. This may cause lymphocyte dysfunction and subsequently impaired immune defense against the tumor.
文摘Antigestogens such as mifepristone oppose the action of endogenous progesteroneby blocking the progesterone receptor in the uterus. There is a modest increase in thecapacity of endonterium from the luteal phase of the cyele and.from decidua of early pregnancy to generate prostaglandins after the administration of antigestogens. Coup-led with a decrease in the metabolism of prostaglandins, this may lead to an increase inconcentration of PGF, and other prostaglandins which cause myometrial contractionsand decidual necrosis.
文摘In this update report about an Object Oriented (OO) track reconstruction model,which was presented at CHEP'97,CHEP'98,and CHEP'2000,we shall describe subsequent new developments since the beginning of year 2000.The OO model for the Kalman filtering method has been designed for high energy physics experiments at high luminosity hadron colliders.It has been coded in the C++ programming language originally for the CMS experiment at the future Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN,and later has been successfully implemented into three different OO computing environments(including the level-2 trigger and offline software systems)of the ATLAS(another major experiment at LHC).For the level-2 trigger software environment.we shall selectively present some latest performance results(e.g.the B-physics event selection for ATLAS level-2 trigger,the robustness study result,ets.).For the offline environment,we shall present a new 3-D space point package which provides the essential offline input.A major development after CHEP'2000 is the implementation of the OO model into the new OO software frameworkAthena"of ATLAS experiment.The new modularization of this OO package enables the model to be more flexible and to be more easily implemented into different software environments.Also it provides the potential to handle the more comlpicated realistic situation(e.g.to include the calibration correction and the alignment correction,etc.) Some general interface issues(e.g.design of the common track class)of the algorithms to different framework environments have been investigated by using this OO package.
文摘This paper compares the development of telecom regulation and deregulation between some typical Asian countries, and analyzes the telecom regulatory systems and industrial organizations of China. This paper also investigates the approaches and strategies of Asian countries to reduce the regulation, reinforce the competition and establish efficient telecom industries. Having examined the Asian telecommunication markets, the paper attempts to apply the lessons learned from the opening of the telecoms markets of the developed economies. Finally the paper contends that if Asian economies wish to have nationally based companies, state or private enterprises, in a competitive postion, the format of the implementation of the WTO/GATS basic telecoms agreement should be carefully examined.
