This article focuses on the Israel-Palestine conflict from the Six Day War perspective. The authors try to make a clarification of the Six Day War impact on Israel and its role in the regional and international scenes...This article focuses on the Israel-Palestine conflict from the Six Day War perspective. The authors try to make a clarification of the Six Day War impact on Israel and its role in the regional and international scenes on the one hand, and the war＇s effect on the Arab states, including the Palestinian resistance against Israel, on the other hand. The war changed Israel＇s status from being a small state to becoming one of the most powerful regional powers. While the image of most Arab states was damaged and they lost their confidence among their peoples. The Six Day War changed the balance of power in the Middle East and intensified the Cold War following the end of the war. A climate of war was created and the individuals of both bearings, Israel and Arab countries, prepared for a new war.展开更多
Organic dye pollutants present in wastewater pose a significant global challenge.Among pollutants,the synthetic dye Rhodamine B(RB)stands out due to its non-biodegradable nature and associated neurotoxic,carcinogenic,...Organic dye pollutants present in wastewater pose a significant global challenge.Among pollutants,the synthetic dye Rhodamine B(RB)stands out due to its non-biodegradable nature and associated neurotoxic,carcinogenic,and respiratory irritant properties.Extensive research has been conducted on the efficacy of adsorption and photodegradation techniques for the removal of RB from wastewater.While adsorption and advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)have gained considerable attention for their effectiveness in recent years,the underlying behaviors and mechanisms of these technologies remain incompletely understood.Therefore,a comprehensive of recent research progress in this domain is imperative to clarify the basics and present the up-to-date achievements.This review provides an in-depth exploration of the fundamentals,advancements,and future trajectories of RB wastewater treatment technologies,mainly encompassing adsorption and photodegradation.This work starts with a general introduction of outlining the sources,toxicity,and diverse applicable removal strategies.Subsequently,it thoroughly examines crucial techniques within non-photochemical,photochemical,and adsorption technologies,such as UV light assisted AOP,catalyst assisted AOP,ozonation,Fenton system,electrochemical AOP,and adsorption technology.The primary objective is to furnish a broad overview of these techniques,elucidating their effectiveness,limitations,and applicability.Following this,the review encapsulates state-of-theart computational simulations pertaining to RB adsorption and interactions with clays and other adsorbents.Lastly,it delves into column adsorption of RB dye,and elucidates various influencing factors,including bed height,feed concentration,pollutant(RB)feeding or flow rate,and column regeneration.This panoramic review aims to provide valuable insights into suitable techniques,research gaps,and the applicability of nonphotochemical,photochemical,and adsorption technologies in the treatment of wastewater containing RB dye.展开更多
In this study,the scenario of a two-component warm tachyon inflation is considered,where the tachyon field plays the role of the inflaton by driving the inflation.During inflation,the tachyon scalar field interacts wi...In this study,the scenario of a two-component warm tachyon inflation is considered,where the tachyon field plays the role of the inflaton by driving the inflation.During inflation,the tachyon scalar field interacts with the other component of the Universe,which is assumed to be photon gas,i.e.,radiation.The interacting term contains a dissipation coefficient,and the study is modeled based on two different and familiar choices of the coefficient that were studied in the literature.By employing the latest observational data,the acceptable ranges for the free parameters of the model are obtained.For any choice within the estimated ranges,there is an acceptable concordance between the theoretical predictions and observations.Although the model is established based on several assumptions,it is crucial to verify their validity for the obtained values of the free parameters of the model.It is found that the model is not self-consistent for all values of the ranges,and for some cases,the assumptions are violated.Therefore,to achieve both self-consistency and agreement with the data,the parameters of the model must be constrained.Subsequently,we consider the recently proposed swampland conjecture,which imposes two conditions on the inflationary models.These criteria rule out some inflationary models;however,warm inflation is among those that successfully satisfy the swampland criteria.We conduct a precise investigation,which indicates that the proposed warm tachyon inflation cannot satisfy the swampland criteria for some cases.In fact,for the first case of the dissipation coefficient,in which,there is dependency only on the scalar field,the model agrees with observational data.However,it is in direct tension with the swampland criteria.Nevertheless,for the second case,wherein the dissipation coefficient has a dependency on both the scalar field and temperature,the model exhibits acceptable agreement with observational data,and suitably satisfies the swampland criteria.展开更多
A Dvali–Gabadadze–Porrati(DGP)brane-world model with perfect fluid brane matter including a Brans-Dicke(BD)scalar field on brane was utilized to investigate the problem of the quark-hadron phase(QHP)transition in ea...A Dvali–Gabadadze–Porrati(DGP)brane-world model with perfect fluid brane matter including a Brans-Dicke(BD)scalar field on brane was utilized to investigate the problem of the quark-hadron phase(QHP)transition in early evolution of the Universe.The presence of the BD scalar field arises with several modified terms in the Friedmann equation.Because the behavior of the phase transition strongly depends on the basic evolution equations,even a small change in these relations might lead to interesting results about the time of transition.The phase transition is investigated in two scenarios,namely the first-order phase transition and smooth crossover phase transition.For the first-order scenario,which is used for the intermediate temperature regime,the evolution of the physical quantities,such as temperature and scale factor,are investigated before,during,and after the phase transition.The results show that the transition occurs in about a micro-second.In the following part,the phenomenon is studied by assuming a smooth crossover transition,where the lattice QCD data is utilized to obtain a realistic equation for the state of the matter.The investigation for this part is performed in the high and low-temperature regimes.Using the trace anomaly in the high-temperature regime specifies a simple equation of state,which states that the quark-gluon behaves like radiation.However,in the low-temperature regime,the trace anomaly is affected by discretization effects,and the hadron resonance gas model is utilized instead.Using this model,a more realistic equation of state is found in the low-temperature regime.The crossover phase transition in both regimes is considered.The results determine that the transition lasts around a few micro-seconds.Further,the transition in the low-temperature regime occurs after the transition in the high-temperature regime.展开更多
Mathematical models and computer simulations are useful experimental tools for building and testing theories. Many mathematical models in biology can be formulated by a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equati...Mathematical models and computer simulations are useful experimental tools for building and testing theories. Many mathematical models in biology can be formulated by a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations. This work deals with the numerical solution of the hantavirus infection model, the human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） infection model of CD4^＋T cells and the susceptible-infected-removed （SIR） epidemic model using a new reliable algorithm based on shifted Boubaker Lagrangian （SBL） method. This method reduces the solution of such system to a system of linear or non- linear algebraic equations which are solved using the Newton iteration method. The obtained results of the proposed method show highly accurate and valid for an arbitrary finite interval. Also, those are compared with fourth-order Runge-Kutta （RK4） method and with the solutions obtained by some other methods in the literature.展开更多
文摘This article focuses on the Israel-Palestine conflict from the Six Day War perspective. The authors try to make a clarification of the Six Day War impact on Israel and its role in the regional and international scenes on the one hand, and the war＇s effect on the Arab states, including the Palestinian resistance against Israel, on the other hand. The war changed Israel＇s status from being a small state to becoming one of the most powerful regional powers. While the image of most Arab states was damaged and they lost their confidence among their peoples. The Six Day War changed the balance of power in the Middle East and intensified the Cold War following the end of the war. A climate of war was created and the individuals of both bearings, Israel and Arab countries, prepared for a new war.
文摘Organic dye pollutants present in wastewater pose a significant global challenge.Among pollutants,the synthetic dye Rhodamine B(RB)stands out due to its non-biodegradable nature and associated neurotoxic,carcinogenic,and respiratory irritant properties.Extensive research has been conducted on the efficacy of adsorption and photodegradation techniques for the removal of RB from wastewater.While adsorption and advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)have gained considerable attention for their effectiveness in recent years,the underlying behaviors and mechanisms of these technologies remain incompletely understood.Therefore,a comprehensive of recent research progress in this domain is imperative to clarify the basics and present the up-to-date achievements.This review provides an in-depth exploration of the fundamentals,advancements,and future trajectories of RB wastewater treatment technologies,mainly encompassing adsorption and photodegradation.This work starts with a general introduction of outlining the sources,toxicity,and diverse applicable removal strategies.Subsequently,it thoroughly examines crucial techniques within non-photochemical,photochemical,and adsorption technologies,such as UV light assisted AOP,catalyst assisted AOP,ozonation,Fenton system,electrochemical AOP,and adsorption technology.The primary objective is to furnish a broad overview of these techniques,elucidating their effectiveness,limitations,and applicability.Following this,the review encapsulates state-of-theart computational simulations pertaining to RB adsorption and interactions with clays and other adsorbents.Lastly,it delves into column adsorption of RB dye,and elucidates various influencing factors,including bed height,feed concentration,pollutant(RB)feeding or flow rate,and column regeneration.This panoramic review aims to provide valuable insights into suitable techniques,research gaps,and the applicability of nonphotochemical,photochemical,and adsorption technologies in the treatment of wastewater containing RB dye.
基金The work of A.M.has been supported financially by‘Vice Chancellorship of Research and Technology,University of Kurdistan’under research Project No.98/10/34704The work of T.G.has been supported financially by‘Vice Chancellorship of Research and Technology,University of Kurdistan’under research Project No.98/11/2724。
文摘In this study,the scenario of a two-component warm tachyon inflation is considered,where the tachyon field plays the role of the inflaton by driving the inflation.During inflation,the tachyon scalar field interacts with the other component of the Universe,which is assumed to be photon gas,i.e.,radiation.The interacting term contains a dissipation coefficient,and the study is modeled based on two different and familiar choices of the coefficient that were studied in the literature.By employing the latest observational data,the acceptable ranges for the free parameters of the model are obtained.For any choice within the estimated ranges,there is an acceptable concordance between the theoretical predictions and observations.Although the model is established based on several assumptions,it is crucial to verify their validity for the obtained values of the free parameters of the model.It is found that the model is not self-consistent for all values of the ranges,and for some cases,the assumptions are violated.Therefore,to achieve both self-consistency and agreement with the data,the parameters of the model must be constrained.Subsequently,we consider the recently proposed swampland conjecture,which imposes two conditions on the inflationary models.These criteria rule out some inflationary models;however,warm inflation is among those that successfully satisfy the swampland criteria.We conduct a precise investigation,which indicates that the proposed warm tachyon inflation cannot satisfy the swampland criteria for some cases.In fact,for the first case of the dissipation coefficient,in which,there is dependency only on the scalar field,the model agrees with observational data.However,it is in direct tension with the swampland criteria.Nevertheless,for the second case,wherein the dissipation coefficient has a dependency on both the scalar field and temperature,the model exhibits acceptable agreement with observational data,and suitably satisfies the swampland criteria.
基金supported financially by Vice Chancellorship of Research and Technology,University of Kurdistan under research Project(98/11/2724)supported financially by Vice Chancellorship of Research and Technology,University of Kurdistan under research Project(98/10/34704)。
文摘A Dvali–Gabadadze–Porrati(DGP)brane-world model with perfect fluid brane matter including a Brans-Dicke(BD)scalar field on brane was utilized to investigate the problem of the quark-hadron phase(QHP)transition in early evolution of the Universe.The presence of the BD scalar field arises with several modified terms in the Friedmann equation.Because the behavior of the phase transition strongly depends on the basic evolution equations,even a small change in these relations might lead to interesting results about the time of transition.The phase transition is investigated in two scenarios,namely the first-order phase transition and smooth crossover phase transition.For the first-order scenario,which is used for the intermediate temperature regime,the evolution of the physical quantities,such as temperature and scale factor,are investigated before,during,and after the phase transition.The results show that the transition occurs in about a micro-second.In the following part,the phenomenon is studied by assuming a smooth crossover transition,where the lattice QCD data is utilized to obtain a realistic equation for the state of the matter.The investigation for this part is performed in the high and low-temperature regimes.Using the trace anomaly in the high-temperature regime specifies a simple equation of state,which states that the quark-gluon behaves like radiation.However,in the low-temperature regime,the trace anomaly is affected by discretization effects,and the hadron resonance gas model is utilized instead.Using this model,a more realistic equation of state is found in the low-temperature regime.The crossover phase transition in both regimes is considered.The results determine that the transition lasts around a few micro-seconds.Further,the transition in the low-temperature regime occurs after the transition in the high-temperature regime.
文摘Mathematical models and computer simulations are useful experimental tools for building and testing theories. Many mathematical models in biology can be formulated by a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations. This work deals with the numerical solution of the hantavirus infection model, the human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） infection model of CD4^＋T cells and the susceptible-infected-removed （SIR） epidemic model using a new reliable algorithm based on shifted Boubaker Lagrangian （SBL） method. This method reduces the solution of such system to a system of linear or non- linear algebraic equations which are solved using the Newton iteration method. The obtained results of the proposed method show highly accurate and valid for an arbitrary finite interval. Also, those are compared with fourth-order Runge-Kutta （RK4） method and with the solutions obtained by some other methods in the literature.
