Dear Editor,Sturge-Weber Syndrome(SWS)is a rare congenital neurocutaneous syndrome[1,2],with an estimated prevalence of 0.19 in 100,000 annually[3].It is a non-hereditary disease linked to a somatic mutation in the GN...Dear Editor,Sturge-Weber Syndrome(SWS)is a rare congenital neurocutaneous syndrome[1,2],with an estimated prevalence of 0.19 in 100,000 annually[3].It is a non-hereditary disease linked to a somatic mutation in the GNAQ,GNA11,or GNB2 gene[1],leading to vascular malformations in the cutaneous forehead,cerebral cortex,and eye[1,2].Notably,~70%of pediatric patients diagnosed with SWS exhibit brain calcification(BC)[4],though the prevalence of BC ranges from only 1%in young individuals to>20%in the senior population(>60 years old)[5].Similar to the elderly,BC in pediatric SWS patients is identified as vascular calcification[6,7],whereas BC in pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis and tumors has been previously described as dystrophic calcification[6].展开更多
Due to global warming, glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are experiencing widespread shrinkage; however, the mechanisms controlling glacier variations across the TP are still rather unclear, especially on the northe...Due to global warming, glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are experiencing widespread shrinkage; however, the mechanisms controlling glacier variations across the TP are still rather unclear, especially on the northeastern TP. In this study, a physically based, distributed surface-energy and mass-balance model was used to simulate glacier mass balance forced by meteorological data. The model was applied to Laohugou No. 12 Glacier, western Qilian Mountains, China, during2010~2012. The simulated albedo and mass balance were validated and calibrated by in situ measurements. The simulated annual glacier-wide mass balances were-385 mm water equivalent(w.e.) in 2010/2011 and-232 mm w.e. in 2011/2012,respectively. The mean equilibrium-line altitude(ELA) was 5,015 m a.s.l., during 2010~2012, which ascended by 215 m compared to that in the 1970 s. The mean accumulation area ratio(AAR) was 39% during the two years. Climatic-sensitivity experiments indicated that the change of glacier mass balance resulting from a 1.5 °C increase in air temperature could be offset by a 30% increase in annual precipitation. The glacier mass balance varied linearly with precipitation, at a rate of130 mm w.e. per 10% change in total precipitation.展开更多
The traditional model selection criterions try to make a balance between fitted error and model complexity. Assumptions on the distribution of the response or the noise, which may be misspecified, should be made befor...The traditional model selection criterions try to make a balance between fitted error and model complexity. Assumptions on the distribution of the response or the noise, which may be misspecified, should be made before using the traditional ones. In this ar- ticle, we give a new model selection criterion, based on the assumption that noise term in the model is independent with explanatory variables, of minimizing the association strength between regression residuals and the response, with fewer assumptions. Maximal Information Coe^cient （MIC）, a recently proposed dependence measure, captures a wide range of associ- ations, and gives almost the same score to different type of relationships with equal noise, so MIC is used to measure the association strength. Furthermore, partial maximal information coefficient （PMIC） is introduced to capture the association between two variables removing a third controlling random variable. In addition, the definition of general partial relationship is given.展开更多
The frontal pole cortex(FPC)plays key roles in various higher-order functions and is highly developed in non-human primates.An essential missing piece of information is the detailed anatomical connections for finer pa...The frontal pole cortex(FPC)plays key roles in various higher-order functions and is highly developed in non-human primates.An essential missing piece of information is the detailed anatomical connections for finer parcellation of the macaque FPC than provided by the previous tracer results.This is important for understanding the functional architecture of the cerebral cortex.Here,combining cross-validation and principal component analysis,we formed a tractography-based parcellation scheme that applied a machine learning algorithm to divide the macaque FPC(2 males and 6 females)into eight subareas using high-resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging with the 9.4 T Bruker system,and then revealed their subregional connections.Furthermore,we applied improved hierarchical clustering to the obtained parcels to probe the modular structure of the subregions,and found that the dorsolateral FPC,which contains an extension to the medial FPC,was mainly connected to regions of the default-mode network.The ventral FPC was mainly involved in the social-interaction network and the dorsal FPC in the metacognitive network.These results enhance our understanding of the anatomy and circuitry of the macaque brain,and contribute to FPC-related clinical research.展开更多
The authors examine the equilibrium climatic response to the direct radiative effect （DRE） of mineral dust and sea salt aerosols in a doubled-CO2 climate with two-way coupling of aerosol-climate interactions.In resp...The authors examine the equilibrium climatic response to the direct radiative effect （DRE） of mineral dust and sea salt aerosols in a doubled-CO2 climate with two-way coupling of aerosol-climate interactions.In response to the drier and windier conditions,dust emissions increase by 26％ in the Sahara Desert and by 18％ on the global scale relative to present day.Sea salt emissions increase in high latitudes （＞60°） but decrease in middle latitudes （30°-60°） of both hemispheres due to the poleward shift of westerlies,leading to a 3％ decrease in global emissions.The burdens of dust and sea salt increase by 31％ and 7％ respectively,because reductions in rainfall over the tropical oceans increase the lifetime of particles in the warmer climate.The higher aerosol loading in the doubled-CO2 climate reinforces aerosol DRE by -0.2 W m-2,leading to an additional cooling of 0.1℃ at the surface compared with the climatic effects of aerosols in present day.The additional cooling from changes in natural aerosols compensates for up to 15％ of the regional warming induced by doubled CO2.展开更多
Cotton plants are not only the global crops integrating fiber,oil and protein(Hu et al.2020;Xiao et al.2017),but also the medicinal plants with potent application values,which were well described in the most complete ...Cotton plants are not only the global crops integrating fiber,oil and protein(Hu et al.2020;Xiao et al.2017),but also the medicinal plants with potent application values,which were well described in the most complete and comprehensive medical book such as Compendium of Materia Medica and Chinese Materia Medica.Cot-ton extract has various activities such as stopping bleed-ing,relieving pain,removing phlegm,and curing chronic bronchitis.Different types of metabolites or defense compounds are produced in cotton plants.展开更多
China Association for Science and Technology （CAST） began the research and survey of the Chinese Public Understanding of Science and Technology at the beginning of the 1990s with the help of Prof. Jon D. Miller, the...China Association for Science and Technology （CAST） began the research and survey of the Chinese Public Understanding of Science and Technology at the beginning of the 1990s with the help of Prof. Jon D. Miller, then Director of US National Public Opinion Research Center and Longitudinal Studies of the Youth at the Illinois University.展开更多
In this paper, we propose a fine-grained grid-based multi-objective model which aims at optimizing base station antennas' configurations, such as transmit power, antenna tilt and antenna azimuth, in order to upgra...In this paper, we propose a fine-grained grid-based multi-objective model which aims at optimizing base station antennas' configurations, such as transmit power, antenna tilt and antenna azimuth, in order to upgrading network performance in cellular networks. As the model is non-convex, non-smooth and discrete and computationally expensive, we use decomposition method to solve the MOP problem. We mainly focus on addressing the scalarized sub-problem after decomposition. For the scalarized sub-problem, we propose an enhanced difference method. First, difference of each component is calculated, which provides the guidance of optimization. Then an OPSO is applied to search the optimal step length. The method is applied to GSM network optimization on an area in Beijing. The effect of the application shows that proposed method has a good performance, and is effective/efficient to solve mobile network optimization problems.展开更多
The hierarchical structure of molybdenum disulfide(MoS2)nanosheet arrays stemmed from nickelcobalt layered double hydroxide(NiCo-LDH)/carbon cloth was prepared by growing the MoS_(2) nanosheet arrays onto the NiCo-LDH...The hierarchical structure of molybdenum disulfide(MoS2)nanosheet arrays stemmed from nickelcobalt layered double hydroxide(NiCo-LDH)/carbon cloth was prepared by growing the MoS_(2) nanosheet arrays onto the NiCo-LDH template which was pre-deposited onto the carbon cloth substrate.In this electrode configuration,carbon cloth is the three dimensional and conductive skeleton;NiCo-LDH nanosheets,as the template,ensure the oriented growth of MoS2 nanosheet arrays.Therefore,more MoS_(2) active sites are exposed and the catalyst exhibits good hydrogen evolution reaction activity.展开更多
Simultaneously improving the efficiency and stability on a large scale is significant for the development of photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting systems.Here,we demonstrated a novel design of GaP/GaPN core/shell ...Simultaneously improving the efficiency and stability on a large scale is significant for the development of photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting systems.Here,we demonstrated a novel design of GaP/GaPN core/shell nanowire(NW)decorated p-Si photocathode for improved PEC hydrogen production performance compared to that of bare p-Si photocathode.The formation of the p-n junction between p-Si and GaP NW promotes charge separation,and the lower conduction band position of GaPN relative to that of GaP further facilitates the transfer of photogenerated electrons to the electrode surface.In addition,the NW morphology both shortens the carrier collection distance and increases the specific surface area,which result in superior reaction kinetics.Moreover,introduction of N in GaP is beneficial for enhancing the light absorption as well as stability.Our efficient and facile strategy can be applied to other solar energy conversion systems as well.展开更多
Xiliaohe River watershed plays an important role in regional and national grain security.With the development of society and economy,water consumption that increased dramatically causes water shortages.Crop water requ...Xiliaohe River watershed plays an important role in regional and national grain security.With the development of society and economy,water consumption that increased dramatically causes water shortages.Crop water requirement can provide quantitative basis for making regional irrigation scheme.In this study,spring maize water requirement is calculated by using PenmanMonteith formula and spring maize coefficient from May to September at 10 meteorological stations in Xiliaohe River watershed from 1951 to 2005.The variation trend of the spring maize water requirement during the whole growing stage,water requirement in every month,and meteorological influencing factors are obtained by using Mann-Kendall method,and the degree of grey incidence between the water requirement and meteorological influencing factors are shown.The results are the spring maize water requirement during the whole growing stages increases at half of the stations in Xiliaohe River watershed,and are remarkably affected by the water requirement in May.The monthly mean,maximum and minimum air temperature form May to September show an increasing trend in Xiliaohe River watershed in recent 55 years.The monthly mean and minimum air temperature increases notably.The relative humidity,precipitation,wind speed and sunshine show a decreasing trend with variety for different months.The monthly maximum air temperature,wind speed,sunshine and monthly mean air temperature have the highest correlation degree with spring maize water requirement from May to September.展开更多
Given the increasing dependence of development on energy consumption, an understanding of the rules and trends of national energy consumption is required for boosting social energy conservation. By using two models --...Given the increasing dependence of development on energy consumption, an understanding of the rules and trends of national energy consumption is required for boosting social energy conservation. By using two models -- the structural evolution energy consumption model and the structural evolution per-unit energy consumption model, this article attempts to make an international comparison of the industrial structure development versus energy consumption patterns in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and India. The results of this analysis indicate that the dominance of secondary industry over the industrial structure evolution process noticeably accelerates national energy consumption at the initial stage of modernization. Subsequently, a slowdown in energy consumption as a result of industrial structure development yields effects as the diversification process speeds up. Under such influence, energy consumption per unit of GDP follows an inverted U-shaped curve from rise to decline. As one of the world’s major energy producers and consumers, China has long employed a one- sided sector development policy. Under the influence of this policy, national energy conservation endeavors have been inhibited by the rigidity in its industry structural evolution. Thus, in China, energy consumption per unit of GDP has remained at a high level.展开更多
The authors have retracted this article.After publication we found an error in the implementation code that resulted in data leakage in the age-prediction model training process.We have redesigned the prediction model...The authors have retracted this article.After publication we found an error in the implementation code that resulted in data leakage in the age-prediction model training process.We have redesigned the prediction model and tested the mode with an extended dataset(around 2000 subjects,in contrast to the 600 subjects in this article).展开更多
Dear Editor,The brain experiences ongoing changes across different ages to support brain development and functional reorganization.During the span of adulthood,although the brain has matured from a neurobiological per...Dear Editor,The brain experiences ongoing changes across different ages to support brain development and functional reorganization.During the span of adulthood,although the brain has matured from a neurobiological perspective,it is still continuously shaped by external factors such as habits,the family setting,socioeconomic status,and the work environment [1].In contrast to chronological age (CA),brain(or biological) age (BA) is conceptualized as an important index for characterizing the aging process and neuropsychological state,as well as individual cognitiveperformance.Growing evidence indicates that BA can be assessed by neuroimaging techniques,including MRI [2].展开更多
Tripterygium wilfordii and T.hypoglaucum,which belong to family Celastraceae,are perennial vine shrubs with medicinal uses in treating rheumatoid arthritis,cancer,and male contraception.Among the bioactive ingredients...Tripterygium wilfordii and T.hypoglaucum,which belong to family Celastraceae,are perennial vine shrubs with medicinal uses in treating rheumatoid arthritis,cancer,and male contraception.Among the bioactive ingredients,the macrocyclic dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpene alkaloids(DASAs),also serving as chemotaxonomic markers of Celastraceae,are well-known for cytotoxicity and insecticidal properties.Despite intensive phytochemical investigations over the last half-century,the DASAs biosynthetic pathway remains unsolved.Here,we mined multi-omics data of Tripterygium species and identified 14 sesquiterpene synthase genes.Detailed characterization revealed that a group of enzymes(TwTPS5,TwTPS16,ThTPS5)catalyzed the key step committed to the biosynthesis of DASAs in Tripterygium,as evidenced by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of TwTPS5 in T.wilfordii.Our biochemical assay showed that these enzymes converted FPP to gamma-selinene.Homologues in other Celastraceae species(EaTPS3,CaTPS5,and CaTPS6)also produced gamma-selinene,suggesting functional conservation in this DASAs-producing lineage.Notably,knocking out TwTPS5 resulted in a reduction of DASAs and enhanced accumulation of pharmaceutically valuable compounds,generating a safer and innovative medicinal plant resource for future applications.展开更多
In this paper we construct an extended non-competitive input-occupancy-output model that captures China＇s processing trade and also develop a methodology to estimate the domestic value-added and employment generated ...In this paper we construct an extended non-competitive input-occupancy-output model that captures China＇s processing trade and also develop a methodology to estimate the domestic value-added and employment generated by each unit of total exports, of exports by sector, and of exports by commodity, respectively. We also prove mathematically that the gross value of exports is equal to the sum of total value added and total imports. Based on the methodology proposed here, we compile the 2002 extended Chinese non-competitive input-occupancy-output table and the United States non-competitive input-occupancy- output table, and then estimate and analyze the effects of China＇s exports and US exports on their respective domestic value added and employment.展开更多
Cotton is an irreplaceable economic crop currently domesticated in the human world for its extremely elongated fiber cells specialized in seed epidermis,which makes it of high research and application value.To date,nu...Cotton is an irreplaceable economic crop currently domesticated in the human world for its extremely elongated fiber cells specialized in seed epidermis,which makes it of high research and application value.To date,numerous research on cotton has navigated various aspects,from multi-genome assembly,genome editing,mechanism of fiber development,metabolite biosynthesis,and analysis to genetic breeding.Genomic and 3D genomic studies reveal the origin of cotton species and the spatiotemporal asymmetric chromatin structure in fibers.Mature multiple genome editing systems,such as CRISPR/Cas9,Cas12(Cpf1)and cytidine base editing(CBE),have been widely used in the study of candidate genes affecting fiber development.Based on this,the cotton fiber cell development network has been preliminarily drawn.Among them,the MYB-b HLH-WDR(MBW)transcription factor complex and IAA and BR signaling pathway regulate the initiation;various plant hormones,including ethylene,mediated regulatory network and membrane protein overlap fine-regulate elongation.Multistage transcription factors targeting Ces A 4,7,and 8 specifically dominate the whole process of secondary cell wall thickening.And fluorescently labeled cytoskeletal proteins can observe real-time dynamic changes in fiber development.Furthermore,research on the synthesis of cotton secondary metabolite gossypol,resistance to diseases and insect pests,plant architecture regulation,and seed oil utilization are all conducive to finding more high-quality breeding-related genes and subsequently facilitating the cultivation of better cotton varieties.This review summarizes the paramount research achievements in cotton molecular biology over the last few decades from the above aspects,thereby enabling us to conduct a status review on the current studies of cotton and provide strong theoretical support for the future direction.展开更多
A total of 14 surface snow (0―10 cm) samples were collected along the climbing route (6500―8844 m a.s.l.) on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma in May, 2005. Analysis of elemental concentrations in these samples s...A total of 14 surface snow (0―10 cm) samples were collected along the climbing route (6500―8844 m a.s.l.) on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma in May, 2005. Analysis of elemental concentrations in these samples showed that there are no clear trends for element variations with elevation due to re- distribution of surface snow by strong winds during spring. In addition, local crustal aerosol inputs also have an influence on elemental composition of surface snow. Comparison between elemental concentration datasets of 2005 and 1997 indicated that data from 2005 were of higher quality. Elemental concentrations (especially for heavy metals) at Mt. Qomolangma are comparable with polar sites, and far lower than large cities. This indicates that anthropogenic activities and heavy metal pollution have little effect on the Mt. Qomolangma atmospheric environment, which can be representative of the background atmospheric environment.展开更多
Aortic aneurysm and dissection(AAD)are leading causes of death in the elderly.Recent studies have demonstrated that silicate ions can manipulate multiple cells,especially vascular-related cells.We demonstrated in this...Aortic aneurysm and dissection(AAD)are leading causes of death in the elderly.Recent studies have demonstrated that silicate ions can manipulate multiple cells,especially vascular-related cells.We demonstrated in this study that silicate ions as soluble form of bioactive ceramics effectively alleviated aortic aneurysm and dissection in both Ang II andβ-BAPN induced AAD models.Different from the single targeting therapeutic drug approaches,the bioactive ceramic derived approach attributes to the effect of bioactive silicate ions on the inhibition of the AAD progression through regulating the local vascular microenvironment of aorta systematically in a multi-functional way.The in vitro experiments revealed that silicate ions did not only alleviate senescence and inflammation of the mouse aortic endothelial cells,enhance M2 polarization of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages,and reduce apoptosis of mouse aortic smooth muscle cells,but also regulate their interactions.The in vivo studies further confirm that silicate ions could effectively alleviate senescence,inflammation,and cell apoptosis of aortas,accomplished with reduced aortic dilation,collagen deposition,and elastin laminae degradation.This bioactive ceramic derived therapy provides a potential new treatment strategy in attenuating AAD progression.展开更多
Pulsar glitches are sudden increases in the rotation rate which probably result from angular momentum transfer within the neutron star.We review the observational features of the 39 glitches detected at Nanshan from 2...Pulsar glitches are sudden increases in the rotation rate which probably result from angular momentum transfer within the neutron star.We review the observational features of the 39 glitches detected at Nanshan from 2000 to 2008,including several events which appear to be slow glitches.A wide variety of post-glitch behavior is observed with very little recovery in some pulsars and over-recovery in others.Analysis of the whole sample of known glitches shows that fractional glitch amplitudes are correlated with characteristic age with a peak at about 105 years,but there is a spread of two or three orders of magnitude at all ages.For individual pulsars with many glitches,the time until the next glitch is sometimes proportional to the fractional glitch amplitude.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2022A1515010297)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100765)+1 种基金the Xiamen Medical Health Science and Technology Project(3502Z20194098)the Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Macao Science and Technology Innovation Project(SGDX2020110309280100).
文摘Dear Editor,Sturge-Weber Syndrome(SWS)is a rare congenital neurocutaneous syndrome[1,2],with an estimated prevalence of 0.19 in 100,000 annually[3].It is a non-hereditary disease linked to a somatic mutation in the GNAQ,GNA11,or GNB2 gene[1],leading to vascular malformations in the cutaneous forehead,cerebral cortex,and eye[1,2].Notably,~70%of pediatric patients diagnosed with SWS exhibit brain calcification(BC)[4],though the prevalence of BC ranges from only 1%in young individuals to>20%in the senior population(>60 years old)[5].Similar to the elderly,BC in pediatric SWS patients is identified as vascular calcification[6,7],whereas BC in pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis and tumors has been previously described as dystrophic calcification[6].
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KJZD-EW-G03-04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41721091,41671071)Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering(No.2017490711)
文摘Due to global warming, glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are experiencing widespread shrinkage; however, the mechanisms controlling glacier variations across the TP are still rather unclear, especially on the northeastern TP. In this study, a physically based, distributed surface-energy and mass-balance model was used to simulate glacier mass balance forced by meteorological data. The model was applied to Laohugou No. 12 Glacier, western Qilian Mountains, China, during2010~2012. The simulated albedo and mass balance were validated and calibrated by in situ measurements. The simulated annual glacier-wide mass balances were-385 mm water equivalent(w.e.) in 2010/2011 and-232 mm w.e. in 2011/2012,respectively. The mean equilibrium-line altitude(ELA) was 5,015 m a.s.l., during 2010~2012, which ascended by 215 m compared to that in the 1970 s. The mean accumulation area ratio(AAR) was 39% during the two years. Climatic-sensitivity experiments indicated that the change of glacier mass balance resulting from a 1.5 °C increase in air temperature could be offset by a 30% increase in annual precipitation. The glacier mass balance varied linearly with precipitation, at a rate of130 mm w.e. per 10% change in total precipitation.
基金partly supported by National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2011CB707802,2013CB910200)National Science Foundation of China(11201466)
文摘The traditional model selection criterions try to make a balance between fitted error and model complexity. Assumptions on the distribution of the response or the noise, which may be misspecified, should be made before using the traditional ones. In this ar- ticle, we give a new model selection criterion, based on the assumption that noise term in the model is independent with explanatory variables, of minimizing the association strength between regression residuals and the response, with fewer assumptions. Maximal Information Coe^cient （MIC）, a recently proposed dependence measure, captures a wide range of associ- ations, and gives almost the same score to different type of relationships with equal noise, so MIC is used to measure the association strength. Furthermore, partial maximal information coefficient （PMIC） is introduced to capture the association between two variables removing a third controlling random variable. In addition, the definition of general partial relationship is given.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91432302 and 31620103905)the Science Frontier Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDJ-SSW-SMC019)+3 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0105203)Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z161100000216152,Z161100000216139,Z181100001518004and Z171100000117002)the Beijing Brain Initiative of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z181100001518004)the Guangdong Pearl River Talents Plan(2016ZT06S220)。
文摘The frontal pole cortex(FPC)plays key roles in various higher-order functions and is highly developed in non-human primates.An essential missing piece of information is the detailed anatomical connections for finer parcellation of the macaque FPC than provided by the previous tracer results.This is important for understanding the functional architecture of the cerebral cortex.Here,combining cross-validation and principal component analysis,we formed a tractography-based parcellation scheme that applied a machine learning algorithm to divide the macaque FPC(2 males and 6 females)into eight subareas using high-resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging with the 9.4 T Bruker system,and then revealed their subregional connections.Furthermore,we applied improved hierarchical clustering to the obtained parcels to probe the modular structure of the subregions,and found that the dorsolateral FPC,which contains an extension to the medial FPC,was mainly connected to regions of the default-mode network.The ventral FPC was mainly involved in the social-interaction network and the dorsal FPC in the metacognitive network.These results enhance our understanding of the anatomy and circuitry of the macaque brain,and contribute to FPC-related clinical research.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 program,Grant 2010CB951901)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant XDA05100503)
文摘The authors examine the equilibrium climatic response to the direct radiative effect （DRE） of mineral dust and sea salt aerosols in a doubled-CO2 climate with two-way coupling of aerosol-climate interactions.In response to the drier and windier conditions,dust emissions increase by 26％ in the Sahara Desert and by 18％ on the global scale relative to present day.Sea salt emissions increase in high latitudes （＞60°） but decrease in middle latitudes （30°-60°） of both hemispheres due to the poleward shift of westerlies,leading to a 3％ decrease in global emissions.The burdens of dust and sea salt increase by 31％ and 7％ respectively,because reductions in rainfall over the tropical oceans increase the lifetime of particles in the warmer climate.The higher aerosol loading in the doubled-CO2 climate reinforces aerosol DRE by -0.2 W m-2,leading to an additional cooling of 0.1℃ at the surface compared with the climatic effects of aerosols in present day.The additional cooling from changes in natural aerosols compensates for up to 15％ of the regional warming induced by doubled CO2.
基金This research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31788103)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB27020207).
文摘Cotton plants are not only the global crops integrating fiber,oil and protein(Hu et al.2020;Xiao et al.2017),but also the medicinal plants with potent application values,which were well described in the most complete and comprehensive medical book such as Compendium of Materia Medica and Chinese Materia Medica.Cot-ton extract has various activities such as stopping bleed-ing,relieving pain,removing phlegm,and curing chronic bronchitis.Different types of metabolites or defense compounds are produced in cotton plants.
文摘China Association for Science and Technology （CAST） began the research and survey of the Chinese Public Understanding of Science and Technology at the beginning of the 1990s with the help of Prof. Jon D. Miller, then Director of US National Public Opinion Research Center and Longitudinal Studies of the Youth at the Illinois University.
文摘In this paper, we propose a fine-grained grid-based multi-objective model which aims at optimizing base station antennas' configurations, such as transmit power, antenna tilt and antenna azimuth, in order to upgrading network performance in cellular networks. As the model is non-convex, non-smooth and discrete and computationally expensive, we use decomposition method to solve the MOP problem. We mainly focus on addressing the scalarized sub-problem after decomposition. For the scalarized sub-problem, we propose an enhanced difference method. First, difference of each component is calculated, which provides the guidance of optimization. Then an OPSO is applied to search the optimal step length. The method is applied to GSM network optimization on an area in Beijing. The effect of the application shows that proposed method has a good performance, and is effective/efficient to solve mobile network optimization problems.
基金financial support for this work from the Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS(XDB36030000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21422303,21573049,21872043,22002028)+3 种基金the National Basic Research Plan of China(2016YFA0201600)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(2142036)the Youth Innovation Promotion Associationthe Special Program of “One Belt One Road”of CAS。
文摘The hierarchical structure of molybdenum disulfide(MoS2)nanosheet arrays stemmed from nickelcobalt layered double hydroxide(NiCo-LDH)/carbon cloth was prepared by growing the MoS_(2) nanosheet arrays onto the NiCo-LDH template which was pre-deposited onto the carbon cloth substrate.In this electrode configuration,carbon cloth is the three dimensional and conductive skeleton;NiCo-LDH nanosheets,as the template,ensure the oriented growth of MoS2 nanosheet arrays.Therefore,more MoS_(2) active sites are exposed and the catalyst exhibits good hydrogen evolution reaction activity.
基金financial support for this work from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21422303, 21573049, 21872043, 81602643)Beijing Natural Science Foundation (2142036)+1 种基金Youth Innovation Promotion AssociationSpecial Program of “One Belt One Road” of CAS~~
文摘Simultaneously improving the efficiency and stability on a large scale is significant for the development of photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting systems.Here,we demonstrated a novel design of GaP/GaPN core/shell nanowire(NW)decorated p-Si photocathode for improved PEC hydrogen production performance compared to that of bare p-Si photocathode.The formation of the p-n junction between p-Si and GaP NW promotes charge separation,and the lower conduction band position of GaPN relative to that of GaP further facilitates the transfer of photogenerated electrons to the electrode surface.In addition,the NW morphology both shortens the carrier collection distance and increases the specific surface area,which result in superior reaction kinetics.Moreover,introduction of N in GaP is beneficial for enhancing the light absorption as well as stability.Our efficient and facile strategy can be applied to other solar energy conversion systems as well.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no.40771204,Grant no. 40801006 and Grant no.40801223)
文摘Xiliaohe River watershed plays an important role in regional and national grain security.With the development of society and economy,water consumption that increased dramatically causes water shortages.Crop water requirement can provide quantitative basis for making regional irrigation scheme.In this study,spring maize water requirement is calculated by using PenmanMonteith formula and spring maize coefficient from May to September at 10 meteorological stations in Xiliaohe River watershed from 1951 to 2005.The variation trend of the spring maize water requirement during the whole growing stage,water requirement in every month,and meteorological influencing factors are obtained by using Mann-Kendall method,and the degree of grey incidence between the water requirement and meteorological influencing factors are shown.The results are the spring maize water requirement during the whole growing stages increases at half of the stations in Xiliaohe River watershed,and are remarkably affected by the water requirement in May.The monthly mean,maximum and minimum air temperature form May to September show an increasing trend in Xiliaohe River watershed in recent 55 years.The monthly mean and minimum air temperature increases notably.The relative humidity,precipitation,wind speed and sunshine show a decreasing trend with variety for different months.The monthly maximum air temperature,wind speed,sunshine and monthly mean air temperature have the highest correlation degree with spring maize water requirement from May to September.
基金A project in NSFC Research Plan (Grant No.: 90610009)a key NSFC project (Grant No.: 40535026)
文摘Given the increasing dependence of development on energy consumption, an understanding of the rules and trends of national energy consumption is required for boosting social energy conservation. By using two models -- the structural evolution energy consumption model and the structural evolution per-unit energy consumption model, this article attempts to make an international comparison of the industrial structure development versus energy consumption patterns in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and India. The results of this analysis indicate that the dominance of secondary industry over the industrial structure evolution process noticeably accelerates national energy consumption at the initial stage of modernization. Subsequently, a slowdown in energy consumption as a result of industrial structure development yields effects as the diversification process speeds up. Under such influence, energy consumption per unit of GDP follows an inverted U-shaped curve from rise to decline. As one of the world’s major energy producers and consumers, China has long employed a one- sided sector development policy. Under the influence of this policy, national energy conservation endeavors have been inhibited by the rigidity in its industry structural evolution. Thus, in China, energy consumption per unit of GDP has remained at a high level.
文摘The authors have retracted this article.After publication we found an error in the implementation code that resulted in data leakage in the age-prediction model training process.We have redesigned the prediction model and tested the mode with an extended dataset(around 2000 subjects,in contrast to the 600 subjects in this article).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61971420)the Beijing Brain Initiative of the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z181100001518003)+1 种基金Special Projects of Brain Science of the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z161100000216139 and Z171100000117002)the International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31620103905)。
文摘Dear Editor,The brain experiences ongoing changes across different ages to support brain development and functional reorganization.During the span of adulthood,although the brain has matured from a neurobiological perspective,it is still continuously shaped by external factors such as habits,the family setting,socioeconomic status,and the work environment [1].In contrast to chronological age (CA),brain(or biological) age (BA) is conceptualized as an important index for characterizing the aging process and neuropsychological state,as well as individual cognitiveperformance.Growing evidence indicates that BA can be assessed by neuroimaging techniques,including MRI [2].
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0907901)the Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program“Top Team”Project(202305AT350001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32388201).
文摘Tripterygium wilfordii and T.hypoglaucum,which belong to family Celastraceae,are perennial vine shrubs with medicinal uses in treating rheumatoid arthritis,cancer,and male contraception.Among the bioactive ingredients,the macrocyclic dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpene alkaloids(DASAs),also serving as chemotaxonomic markers of Celastraceae,are well-known for cytotoxicity and insecticidal properties.Despite intensive phytochemical investigations over the last half-century,the DASAs biosynthetic pathway remains unsolved.Here,we mined multi-omics data of Tripterygium species and identified 14 sesquiterpene synthase genes.Detailed characterization revealed that a group of enzymes(TwTPS5,TwTPS16,ThTPS5)catalyzed the key step committed to the biosynthesis of DASAs in Tripterygium,as evidenced by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of TwTPS5 in T.wilfordii.Our biochemical assay showed that these enzymes converted FPP to gamma-selinene.Homologues in other Celastraceae species(EaTPS3,CaTPS5,and CaTPS6)also produced gamma-selinene,suggesting functional conservation in this DASAs-producing lineage.Notably,knocking out TwTPS5 resulted in a reduction of DASAs and enhanced accumulation of pharmaceutically valuable compounds,generating a safer and innovative medicinal plant resource for future applications.
基金This is a translated version of the paper published in Chinese in Social Sciences in China （Zhongguo shehui kexue, 2007, no. 5, pp. 91-103）, which has received the ＂Pei-Kang CHANG Development Economics Award＂ and ＂Sun Yefang Economics Award.＂ The authors are grateful to Mr. Tung Chee- hwa, former President of Hong Kong SAR, Chinese University of Hong Kong and National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 70810107020, 70871108, 60474063） for their financial support. The authors thank Dr Wang Zhi from US International Trade Commission, and anonymous referees for their useful comments. Usual claims are applied.
文摘In this paper we construct an extended non-competitive input-occupancy-output model that captures China＇s processing trade and also develop a methodology to estimate the domestic value-added and employment generated by each unit of total exports, of exports by sector, and of exports by commodity, respectively. We also prove mathematically that the gross value of exports is equal to the sum of total value added and total imports. Based on the methodology proposed here, we compile the 2002 extended Chinese non-competitive input-occupancy-output table and the United States non-competitive input-occupancy- output table, and then estimate and analyze the effects of China＇s exports and US exports on their respective domestic value added and employment.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32200286)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022TQ0240,2022M722470)。
文摘Cotton is an irreplaceable economic crop currently domesticated in the human world for its extremely elongated fiber cells specialized in seed epidermis,which makes it of high research and application value.To date,numerous research on cotton has navigated various aspects,from multi-genome assembly,genome editing,mechanism of fiber development,metabolite biosynthesis,and analysis to genetic breeding.Genomic and 3D genomic studies reveal the origin of cotton species and the spatiotemporal asymmetric chromatin structure in fibers.Mature multiple genome editing systems,such as CRISPR/Cas9,Cas12(Cpf1)and cytidine base editing(CBE),have been widely used in the study of candidate genes affecting fiber development.Based on this,the cotton fiber cell development network has been preliminarily drawn.Among them,the MYB-b HLH-WDR(MBW)transcription factor complex and IAA and BR signaling pathway regulate the initiation;various plant hormones,including ethylene,mediated regulatory network and membrane protein overlap fine-regulate elongation.Multistage transcription factors targeting Ces A 4,7,and 8 specifically dominate the whole process of secondary cell wall thickening.And fluorescently labeled cytoskeletal proteins can observe real-time dynamic changes in fiber development.Furthermore,research on the synthesis of cotton secondary metabolite gossypol,resistance to diseases and insect pests,plant architecture regulation,and seed oil utilization are all conducive to finding more high-quality breeding-related genes and subsequently facilitating the cultivation of better cotton varieties.This review summarizes the paramount research achievements in cotton molecular biology over the last few decades from the above aspects,thereby enabling us to conduct a status review on the current studies of cotton and provide strong theoretical support for the future direction.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40401054, 90411003 and 40121101)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2005CB422004)+1 种基金Social Commonweal Research Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No.2005DIA3J106)the "Talent Project" and Innovation Project (Grant No.KZCX3-SW-334/339) of CAS, and Dean Founda-tion of CAS
文摘A total of 14 surface snow (0―10 cm) samples were collected along the climbing route (6500―8844 m a.s.l.) on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma in May, 2005. Analysis of elemental concentrations in these samples showed that there are no clear trends for element variations with elevation due to re- distribution of surface snow by strong winds during spring. In addition, local crustal aerosol inputs also have an influence on elemental composition of surface snow. Comparison between elemental concentration datasets of 2005 and 1997 indicated that data from 2005 were of higher quality. Elemental concentrations (especially for heavy metals) at Mt. Qomolangma are comparable with polar sites, and far lower than large cities. This indicates that anthropogenic activities and heavy metal pollution have little effect on the Mt. Qomolangma atmospheric environment, which can be representative of the background atmospheric environment.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(82100427)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA16010203)the seed grants from the Wenzhou Institute,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(WIUCASQD2020013,WIUCASQD2021030),the founding from First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University.
文摘Aortic aneurysm and dissection(AAD)are leading causes of death in the elderly.Recent studies have demonstrated that silicate ions can manipulate multiple cells,especially vascular-related cells.We demonstrated in this study that silicate ions as soluble form of bioactive ceramics effectively alleviated aortic aneurysm and dissection in both Ang II andβ-BAPN induced AAD models.Different from the single targeting therapeutic drug approaches,the bioactive ceramic derived approach attributes to the effect of bioactive silicate ions on the inhibition of the AAD progression through regulating the local vascular microenvironment of aorta systematically in a multi-functional way.The in vitro experiments revealed that silicate ions did not only alleviate senescence and inflammation of the mouse aortic endothelial cells,enhance M2 polarization of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages,and reduce apoptosis of mouse aortic smooth muscle cells,but also regulate their interactions.The in vivo studies further confirm that silicate ions could effectively alleviate senescence,inflammation,and cell apoptosis of aortas,accomplished with reduced aortic dilation,collagen deposition,and elastin laminae degradation.This bioactive ceramic derived therapy provides a potential new treatment strategy in attenuating AAD progression.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB824800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10673021)the Knowledge Innovation Program of CAS Project (Grant No. KJCX2-YW-T09)
文摘Pulsar glitches are sudden increases in the rotation rate which probably result from angular momentum transfer within the neutron star.We review the observational features of the 39 glitches detected at Nanshan from 2000 to 2008,including several events which appear to be slow glitches.A wide variety of post-glitch behavior is observed with very little recovery in some pulsars and over-recovery in others.Analysis of the whole sample of known glitches shows that fractional glitch amplitudes are correlated with characteristic age with a peak at about 105 years,but there is a spread of two or three orders of magnitude at all ages.For individual pulsars with many glitches,the time until the next glitch is sometimes proportional to the fractional glitch amplitude.
