This study reports the investigations for repair of thermoplastic based automotive bumpers and bars with modified friction stir welding(MFSW)process.For MFSW,consumable tool of polyamide6(PA6)composite has been used f...This study reports the investigations for repair of thermoplastic based automotive bumpers and bars with modified friction stir welding(MFSW)process.For MFSW,consumable tool of polyamide6(PA6)composite has been used for joining of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS)composites.The dissimilar thermoplastics were processed for maintaining a useful range of melt flow properties followed by preparation of feed stock filament for fused deposition modeling(FDM)process through screw extrusion.Finally,3D printed PA6 based consumable rapid tool(RT)was prepared for MFSW.The joints prepared were subjected to flexural,hardness,morphological and thermal testing.The study has suggested the that maximum mechanical strength was obtained for sample welded at 1400 r/min,50 mm/min transverse speed and 3 mm plunge depth,whereas the minimum mechanical strength was obtained for sample welded at 1000 r/min,30 mm/min transverse speed and 2 mm plunge depth.The results are also supported with thermal analysis and photomicrographs.展开更多
The present study reports investigations on rheological,mechanical,thermal,tribological and morphological properties of feedstock filaments prepared with polylactic acid-polyether ketone ketone-hydroxyapatite-chitosan...The present study reports investigations on rheological,mechanical,thermal,tribological and morphological properties of feedstock filaments prepared with polylactic acid-polyether ketone ketone-hydroxyapatite-chitosan(PLA-PEKK-HAp-CS)composite for 3D printing of functional prototypes.The study consists of a series of melt processing operations on melt flow index(MFI)setup as per ASTM D-1238 for melt flow certainty followed by fixation of reinforcement composition/proportion as 94%PEKK-4%HAp-2%CS(B)by mass in PLA matrix(A).The blending of reinforcement and preparation of feedstock filament for fused deposition modeling(FDM)set up has been performed on commercial twin screw extruder(TSE).The results of study suggest that feedstock filaments prepared with blend of 95%A-5%B(by mass)at 200℃processing temperature and 100 r/min rotational speed on TSE resulted into better tensile properties(35.9 MPa peak strength and 32.3 MPa break strength)with 6.24%surface porosity,42.67 nm surface roughness(R_(a))and acceptable heat capacity(2.14 J/g).However as regards to tribological behavior,the minimum wear of 316μm was observed for sample with poor tensile properties.As regards to crash application for scaffolds the maximum toughness of 1.16 MPa was observed for 85%A-15%B(by mass)at 200℃processing temperature and 150 r/min rotational speed on TSE.展开更多
The optimization of cognitive radio(CR)system using an enhanced firefly algorithm(EFA)is presented in this work.The Firefly algorithm(FA)is a nature-inspired algorithm based on the unique light-flashing behavior of fi...The optimization of cognitive radio(CR)system using an enhanced firefly algorithm(EFA)is presented in this work.The Firefly algorithm(FA)is a nature-inspired algorithm based on the unique light-flashing behavior of fireflies.It has already proved its competence in various optimization prob-lems,but it suffers from slow convergence issues.To improve the convergence performance of FA,a new variant named EFA is proposed.The effectiveness of EFA as a good optimizer is demonstrated by optimizing benchmark functions,and simulation results show its superior performance compared to biogeography-based optimization(BBO),bat algorithm,artificial bee colony,and FA.As an application of this algorithm to real-world problems,EFA is also applied to optimize the CR system.CR is a revolutionary technique that uses a dynamic spectrum allocation strategy to solve the spectrum scarcity problem.However,it requires optimization to meet specific performance objectives.The results obtained by EFA in CR system optimization are compared with results in the literature of BBO,simulated annealing,and genetic algorithm.Statistical results further prove that the proposed algorithm is highly efficient and provides superior results.展开更多
Background Pediatric anemia is a pervasive public health issue in Asia,significantly impairing children’s growth,cognitive development,and future potential.This study evaluates trends,prevalence,and socio-economic di...Background Pediatric anemia is a pervasive public health issue in Asia,significantly impairing children’s growth,cognitive development,and future potential.This study evaluates trends,prevalence,and socio-economic disparities of pediatric anemia across Asia from 1990 to 2021,leveraging data from the Global Burden of Disease Study(GBD)2021 study.Methods Using estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)and Pearson’s correlation coefficient,geographic variations and temporal trends were analysed alongside associations between prevalence,years lived with disability(YLDs),and Socio-demographic index(SDI).Results The study reveals a modest overall decline in anemia prevalence by 11.9%,from 464.53 million cases in 1990 to 409.07 million in 2021.High-SDI regions such as East Asia achieved significant reductions(−71.36%),with countries like Singapore,the Republic of Korea,Seychelles,Qatar,and the United Arab Emirates(UAE)showing substantial progress.In stark contrast,low-SDI countries,including Yemen(108.34%)and Afghanistan(130.28%),along with Cambodia,India,and Pakistan,experienced alarming increases.Dietary iron deficiency was the dominant cause,followed by hemoglobinopathies and neglected tropical diseases.Females,particularly adolescents,and children under five faced disproportionate burdens,with prevalence rates in low-SDI regions exceeding 47,000 per 100,000 compared to<10,000 per 100,000 in high-SDI areas.Conclusions These findings emphasize profound regional and socio-economic inequalities in anemia burden.Urgent,evidence-based interventions are imperative,focusing on enhancing nutrition,expanding healthcare access,and integrating sex-sensitive strategies to address this multifaceted issue.Strengthened policies and targeted actions are critical to mitigating the burden and fostering health equity,particularly in vulnerable low-SDI regions.展开更多
Minimum quantity lubrication(MQL)is a relatively efficient and clean alternative to flooding workpiece machining.Electrostatic atomization has the merits of small droplet diameter,high uniformity of droplet size,and s...Minimum quantity lubrication(MQL)is a relatively efficient and clean alternative to flooding workpiece machining.Electrostatic atomization has the merits of small droplet diameter,high uniformity of droplet size,and strong coating,hence its superiority to pneumatic atomization.However,as the current research hotspot,the influence of jet parameters and electrical parameters on the average diameter of droplets is not clear.First,by observing the shape of the liquid film at the nozzle outlet,the influence law of air pressure and voltage on liquid film thickness(h)and transverse and longitudinal fluctuations are determined.Then,the mathematical model of charged droplet volume average diameter(VAD)is constructed based on three dimensions of the liquid film,namely its thickness,transverse wavelength(λ_(h)),and longitudinal wavelength(λ_(z)).The model results under different working conditions are obtained by numerical simulation.Comparisons of the model results with the experimental VAD of the droplet confirm the error of the mathematical model to be less than 10%.The droplet diameter distribution span value Rosin–Rammler distribution span(R.S)and percentage concentrations of PM10(particle size of less than 10μm)/PM2.5(particle size of less than 2.5μm)under different working conditions are further analyzed.The results show that electrostatic atomization not only reduces the diameter distribution span of atomized droplets but also significantly inhibits the formation of PM10 and PM2.5 fine-suspension droplets.When the air pressure is 0.3 MPa,and the voltage is 40 kV,the percentage concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 can be reduced by 80.72%and 92.05%,respectively,compared with that under the pure pneumatic atomization condition at 0.3 MPa.展开更多
Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are deployed to detect anomalies in real time. They classify a network’s incoming traffic as benign or anomalous (attack). An efficient and robust IDS in software-defined networks i...Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are deployed to detect anomalies in real time. They classify a network’s incoming traffic as benign or anomalous (attack). An efficient and robust IDS in software-defined networks is an inevitable component of network security. The main challenges of such an IDS are achieving zero or extremely low false positive rates and high detection rates. Internet of Things (IoT) networks run by using devices with minimal resources. This situation makes deploying traditional IDSs in IoT networks unfeasible. Machine learning (ML) techniques are extensively applied to build robust IDSs. Many researchers have utilized different ML methods and techniques to address the above challenges. The development of an efficient IDS starts with a good feature selection process to avoid overfitting the ML model. This work proposes a multiple feature selection process followed by classification. In this study, the Software-defined networking (SDN) dataset is used to train and test the proposed model. This model applies multiple feature selection techniques to select high-scoring features from a set of features. Highly relevant features for anomaly detection are selected on the basis of their scores to generate the candidate dataset. Multiple classification algorithms are applied to the candidate dataset to build models. The proposed model exhibits considerable improvement in the detection of attacks with high accuracy and low false positive rates, even with a few features selected.展开更多
Background and Objective:This study presents a comprehensive analysis of site-wise variations in lead concentrations in water from the Yamuna,India,over 1 year.Materials and Methods:Monthly samples were collected from...Background and Objective:This study presents a comprehensive analysis of site-wise variations in lead concentrations in water from the Yamuna,India,over 1 year.Materials and Methods:Monthly samples were collected from five sites,and the lead concentrations were analyzed using established standard methods.Significant fluctuations were observed in lead concentrations across the sites.Result and Discussion:Site 3 consistently maintained the highest lead concentrations throughout the year.The highest lead concentrations at all sites were recorded in May.Site 4 exhibited a steady increase in concentration from January to May,followed by a decrease throughout the rest of the year.The concentration at site 2 consistently increased up to a peak in April.Site 5 showed fluctuations throughout the year,with the highest concentration in April.At site 1,a notable increase was observed from January to April,followed by a decrease over the rest of the year.These variations in lead concentrations have significant implications for environmental forensics and public health.High lead concentrations,especially at Site 3,indicate that there are potential pollution sources in the vicinity.Conclusion:The study underscores the importance of ongoing monitoring and remediation efforts to mitigate the adverse health effects associated with lead exposure.The concentrations at some of the sites exceed limits set by the World Health Organization.Understanding the site-wise variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Yamuna is crucial for identifying pollution sources,implementing effective remediation strategies,and safeguarding public health.This research provides valuable insight into the dynamic nature of heavy metal pollution in the river Yauma.展开更多
Concerns have been raised about how readily available over-the-counter(OTC)codeine formulations may be contributing to the expanding opioid epidemic.Focusing on the analytical methods used to find and measure codeine ...Concerns have been raised about how readily available over-the-counter(OTC)codeine formulations may be contributing to the expanding opioid epidemic.Focusing on the analytical methods used to find and measure codeine in various sample types,this systematic review provides a thorough analysis of OTC codeine abuse and misuse.It also includes case studies that highlight the seriousness of the problem by describing codeine-related deaths and intoxications.A wider view of the issue is provided by the crime statistics in this paper that relate to codeine and related drugs in India from 2017 to 2021.A thorough electronic search covering the years 2012-2022 was carried out from February 2023 to April 2023 to compile this review.Google Scholar,Science Direct,and PubMed were just a few of the search engines used.While crime statistics for India were sourced from the National Crime Records Bureau website,case reports were gathered from the Journal of Medical Case Reports and Wiley Online Library.Studies examining OTC codeine,its abuse,and the analytical methods used for its detection and quantification were all covered by our inclusion criteria.Case reports involving codeine seizures,fatalities,and intoxications were also included,along with review and research papers.On the other hand,studies with little connection to OTC codeine,books,documents,clinical trials,meta-analyses,non-English papers,and publications with only abstracts were disregarded.With the help of this systematic review,we located 531 studies in databases,83 of which satisfied our inclusion requirements.Our research is organized into sections that cover crime data,case studies of codeine-related overdoses or deaths,and detection methods.For researchers,medical professionals,and policymakers actively engaged in the fight against codeine abuse and the societal harms it causes,this review is an invaluable resource.展开更多
Diphenhydramine(DPH),a commonly used over-the-counter(OTC)antihistamine and sedative,requires accurate and reliable analytical methods to be evaluated in various matrices.The systematic review provides a comprehensive...Diphenhydramine(DPH),a commonly used over-the-counter(OTC)antihistamine and sedative,requires accurate and reliable analytical methods to be evaluated in various matrices.The systematic review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current analytical techniques to detect DPH in biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations between 2012 and 2022.Case reports of DPH-related fatalities and intoxications were included along with crime statistics of OTC drug seizure in India from 2017 to 2021.The review also points out gaps in the body of knowledge and recommends areas for future study to provide novel and reliable analytical techniques for detecting DPH.Researchers,analysts,and regulatory bodies engaged in toxicology,drug analysis,and pharmaceutical quality control will find this review’s conclusions helpful.展开更多
The Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)is a network that is constructed in regions that are inaccessible to human beings.The widespread deployment of wireless micro sensors will make it possible to conduct accurate environme...The Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)is a network that is constructed in regions that are inaccessible to human beings.The widespread deployment of wireless micro sensors will make it possible to conduct accurate environmental monitoring for a use in both civil and military environments.They make use of these data to monitor and keep track of the physical data of the surrounding environment in order to ensure the sustainability of the area.The data have to be picked up by the sensor,and then sent to the sink node where they may be processed.The nodes of the WSNs are powered by batteries,therefore they eventually run out of power.This energy restriction has an effect on the network life span and environmental sustainability.The objective of this study is to further improve the Engroove Leach(EL)protocol’s energy efficiency so that the network can operate for a very long time while consuming the least amount of energy.The lifespan of WSNs is being extended often using clustering and routing strategies.The Meta Inspired Hawks Fragment Optimization(MIHFO)system,which is based on passive clustering,is used in this study to do clustering.The cluster head is chosen based on the nodes’residual energy,distance to neighbors,distance to base station,node degree,and node centrality.Based on distance,residual energy,and node degree,an algorithm known as Heuristic Wing Antfly Optimization(HWAFO)selects the optimum path between the cluster head and Base Station(BS).They examine the number of nodes that are active,their energy consumption,and the number of data packets that the BS receives.The overall experimentation is carried out under the MATLAB environment.From the analysis,it has been discovered that the suggested approach yields noticeably superior outcomes in terms of throughput,packet delivery and drop ratio,and average energy consumption.展开更多
文摘This study reports the investigations for repair of thermoplastic based automotive bumpers and bars with modified friction stir welding(MFSW)process.For MFSW,consumable tool of polyamide6(PA6)composite has been used for joining of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS)composites.The dissimilar thermoplastics were processed for maintaining a useful range of melt flow properties followed by preparation of feed stock filament for fused deposition modeling(FDM)process through screw extrusion.Finally,3D printed PA6 based consumable rapid tool(RT)was prepared for MFSW.The joints prepared were subjected to flexural,hardness,morphological and thermal testing.The study has suggested the that maximum mechanical strength was obtained for sample welded at 1400 r/min,50 mm/min transverse speed and 3 mm plunge depth,whereas the minimum mechanical strength was obtained for sample welded at 1000 r/min,30 mm/min transverse speed and 2 mm plunge depth.The results are also supported with thermal analysis and photomicrographs.
基金Guru Nanak at Dev Engg. College, Ludhiana (GNDEC) and SERB (File No. IMRC/AISTDF/R&D/P-10/2017) for providing financial/technical assistance to carry out the research
文摘The present study reports investigations on rheological,mechanical,thermal,tribological and morphological properties of feedstock filaments prepared with polylactic acid-polyether ketone ketone-hydroxyapatite-chitosan(PLA-PEKK-HAp-CS)composite for 3D printing of functional prototypes.The study consists of a series of melt processing operations on melt flow index(MFI)setup as per ASTM D-1238 for melt flow certainty followed by fixation of reinforcement composition/proportion as 94%PEKK-4%HAp-2%CS(B)by mass in PLA matrix(A).The blending of reinforcement and preparation of feedstock filament for fused deposition modeling(FDM)set up has been performed on commercial twin screw extruder(TSE).The results of study suggest that feedstock filaments prepared with blend of 95%A-5%B(by mass)at 200℃processing temperature and 100 r/min rotational speed on TSE resulted into better tensile properties(35.9 MPa peak strength and 32.3 MPa break strength)with 6.24%surface porosity,42.67 nm surface roughness(R_(a))and acceptable heat capacity(2.14 J/g).However as regards to tribological behavior,the minimum wear of 316μm was observed for sample with poor tensile properties.As regards to crash application for scaffolds the maximum toughness of 1.16 MPa was observed for 85%A-15%B(by mass)at 200℃processing temperature and 150 r/min rotational speed on TSE.
基金funded by King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.Researchers Supporting Proiect Number(RSP2023R167)King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The optimization of cognitive radio(CR)system using an enhanced firefly algorithm(EFA)is presented in this work.The Firefly algorithm(FA)is a nature-inspired algorithm based on the unique light-flashing behavior of fireflies.It has already proved its competence in various optimization prob-lems,but it suffers from slow convergence issues.To improve the convergence performance of FA,a new variant named EFA is proposed.The effectiveness of EFA as a good optimizer is demonstrated by optimizing benchmark functions,and simulation results show its superior performance compared to biogeography-based optimization(BBO),bat algorithm,artificial bee colony,and FA.As an application of this algorithm to real-world problems,EFA is also applied to optimize the CR system.CR is a revolutionary technique that uses a dynamic spectrum allocation strategy to solve the spectrum scarcity problem.However,it requires optimization to meet specific performance objectives.The results obtained by EFA in CR system optimization are compared with results in the literature of BBO,simulated annealing,and genetic algorithm.Statistical results further prove that the proposed algorithm is highly efficient and provides superior results.
文摘Background Pediatric anemia is a pervasive public health issue in Asia,significantly impairing children’s growth,cognitive development,and future potential.This study evaluates trends,prevalence,and socio-economic disparities of pediatric anemia across Asia from 1990 to 2021,leveraging data from the Global Burden of Disease Study(GBD)2021 study.Methods Using estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)and Pearson’s correlation coefficient,geographic variations and temporal trends were analysed alongside associations between prevalence,years lived with disability(YLDs),and Socio-demographic index(SDI).Results The study reveals a modest overall decline in anemia prevalence by 11.9%,from 464.53 million cases in 1990 to 409.07 million in 2021.High-SDI regions such as East Asia achieved significant reductions(−71.36%),with countries like Singapore,the Republic of Korea,Seychelles,Qatar,and the United Arab Emirates(UAE)showing substantial progress.In stark contrast,low-SDI countries,including Yemen(108.34%)and Afghanistan(130.28%),along with Cambodia,India,and Pakistan,experienced alarming increases.Dietary iron deficiency was the dominant cause,followed by hemoglobinopathies and neglected tropical diseases.Females,particularly adolescents,and children under five faced disproportionate burdens,with prevalence rates in low-SDI regions exceeding 47,000 per 100,000 compared to<10,000 per 100,000 in high-SDI areas.Conclusions These findings emphasize profound regional and socio-economic inequalities in anemia burden.Urgent,evidence-based interventions are imperative,focusing on enhancing nutrition,expanding healthcare access,and integrating sex-sensitive strategies to address this multifaceted issue.Strengthened policies and targeted actions are critical to mitigating the burden and fostering health equity,particularly in vulnerable low-SDI regions.
基金This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52105457 and 51975305)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFB2010500)+1 种基金Major Science and Technology Innovation Engineering Projects of Shandong Province(Grant No.2019JZZY020111)General project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(Grant No.LJKMZ20220971).
文摘Minimum quantity lubrication(MQL)is a relatively efficient and clean alternative to flooding workpiece machining.Electrostatic atomization has the merits of small droplet diameter,high uniformity of droplet size,and strong coating,hence its superiority to pneumatic atomization.However,as the current research hotspot,the influence of jet parameters and electrical parameters on the average diameter of droplets is not clear.First,by observing the shape of the liquid film at the nozzle outlet,the influence law of air pressure and voltage on liquid film thickness(h)and transverse and longitudinal fluctuations are determined.Then,the mathematical model of charged droplet volume average diameter(VAD)is constructed based on three dimensions of the liquid film,namely its thickness,transverse wavelength(λ_(h)),and longitudinal wavelength(λ_(z)).The model results under different working conditions are obtained by numerical simulation.Comparisons of the model results with the experimental VAD of the droplet confirm the error of the mathematical model to be less than 10%.The droplet diameter distribution span value Rosin–Rammler distribution span(R.S)and percentage concentrations of PM10(particle size of less than 10μm)/PM2.5(particle size of less than 2.5μm)under different working conditions are further analyzed.The results show that electrostatic atomization not only reduces the diameter distribution span of atomized droplets but also significantly inhibits the formation of PM10 and PM2.5 fine-suspension droplets.When the air pressure is 0.3 MPa,and the voltage is 40 kV,the percentage concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 can be reduced by 80.72%and 92.05%,respectively,compared with that under the pure pneumatic atomization condition at 0.3 MPa.
基金The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research&Innovation,Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number(IF2/PSAU/2022/01/23126)。
文摘Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are deployed to detect anomalies in real time. They classify a network’s incoming traffic as benign or anomalous (attack). An efficient and robust IDS in software-defined networks is an inevitable component of network security. The main challenges of such an IDS are achieving zero or extremely low false positive rates and high detection rates. Internet of Things (IoT) networks run by using devices with minimal resources. This situation makes deploying traditional IDSs in IoT networks unfeasible. Machine learning (ML) techniques are extensively applied to build robust IDSs. Many researchers have utilized different ML methods and techniques to address the above challenges. The development of an efficient IDS starts with a good feature selection process to avoid overfitting the ML model. This work proposes a multiple feature selection process followed by classification. In this study, the Software-defined networking (SDN) dataset is used to train and test the proposed model. This model applies multiple feature selection techniques to select high-scoring features from a set of features. Highly relevant features for anomaly detection are selected on the basis of their scores to generate the candidate dataset. Multiple classification algorithms are applied to the candidate dataset to build models. The proposed model exhibits considerable improvement in the detection of attacks with high accuracy and low false positive rates, even with a few features selected.
文摘Background and Objective:This study presents a comprehensive analysis of site-wise variations in lead concentrations in water from the Yamuna,India,over 1 year.Materials and Methods:Monthly samples were collected from five sites,and the lead concentrations were analyzed using established standard methods.Significant fluctuations were observed in lead concentrations across the sites.Result and Discussion:Site 3 consistently maintained the highest lead concentrations throughout the year.The highest lead concentrations at all sites were recorded in May.Site 4 exhibited a steady increase in concentration from January to May,followed by a decrease throughout the rest of the year.The concentration at site 2 consistently increased up to a peak in April.Site 5 showed fluctuations throughout the year,with the highest concentration in April.At site 1,a notable increase was observed from January to April,followed by a decrease over the rest of the year.These variations in lead concentrations have significant implications for environmental forensics and public health.High lead concentrations,especially at Site 3,indicate that there are potential pollution sources in the vicinity.Conclusion:The study underscores the importance of ongoing monitoring and remediation efforts to mitigate the adverse health effects associated with lead exposure.The concentrations at some of the sites exceed limits set by the World Health Organization.Understanding the site-wise variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Yamuna is crucial for identifying pollution sources,implementing effective remediation strategies,and safeguarding public health.This research provides valuable insight into the dynamic nature of heavy metal pollution in the river Yauma.
文摘Concerns have been raised about how readily available over-the-counter(OTC)codeine formulations may be contributing to the expanding opioid epidemic.Focusing on the analytical methods used to find and measure codeine in various sample types,this systematic review provides a thorough analysis of OTC codeine abuse and misuse.It also includes case studies that highlight the seriousness of the problem by describing codeine-related deaths and intoxications.A wider view of the issue is provided by the crime statistics in this paper that relate to codeine and related drugs in India from 2017 to 2021.A thorough electronic search covering the years 2012-2022 was carried out from February 2023 to April 2023 to compile this review.Google Scholar,Science Direct,and PubMed were just a few of the search engines used.While crime statistics for India were sourced from the National Crime Records Bureau website,case reports were gathered from the Journal of Medical Case Reports and Wiley Online Library.Studies examining OTC codeine,its abuse,and the analytical methods used for its detection and quantification were all covered by our inclusion criteria.Case reports involving codeine seizures,fatalities,and intoxications were also included,along with review and research papers.On the other hand,studies with little connection to OTC codeine,books,documents,clinical trials,meta-analyses,non-English papers,and publications with only abstracts were disregarded.With the help of this systematic review,we located 531 studies in databases,83 of which satisfied our inclusion requirements.Our research is organized into sections that cover crime data,case studies of codeine-related overdoses or deaths,and detection methods.For researchers,medical professionals,and policymakers actively engaged in the fight against codeine abuse and the societal harms it causes,this review is an invaluable resource.
文摘Diphenhydramine(DPH),a commonly used over-the-counter(OTC)antihistamine and sedative,requires accurate and reliable analytical methods to be evaluated in various matrices.The systematic review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current analytical techniques to detect DPH in biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations between 2012 and 2022.Case reports of DPH-related fatalities and intoxications were included along with crime statistics of OTC drug seizure in India from 2017 to 2021.The review also points out gaps in the body of knowledge and recommends areas for future study to provide novel and reliable analytical techniques for detecting DPH.Researchers,analysts,and regulatory bodies engaged in toxicology,drug analysis,and pharmaceutical quality control will find this review’s conclusions helpful.
基金supported via funding from Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University(No.PSAU/2023/R/1444).
文摘The Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)is a network that is constructed in regions that are inaccessible to human beings.The widespread deployment of wireless micro sensors will make it possible to conduct accurate environmental monitoring for a use in both civil and military environments.They make use of these data to monitor and keep track of the physical data of the surrounding environment in order to ensure the sustainability of the area.The data have to be picked up by the sensor,and then sent to the sink node where they may be processed.The nodes of the WSNs are powered by batteries,therefore they eventually run out of power.This energy restriction has an effect on the network life span and environmental sustainability.The objective of this study is to further improve the Engroove Leach(EL)protocol’s energy efficiency so that the network can operate for a very long time while consuming the least amount of energy.The lifespan of WSNs is being extended often using clustering and routing strategies.The Meta Inspired Hawks Fragment Optimization(MIHFO)system,which is based on passive clustering,is used in this study to do clustering.The cluster head is chosen based on the nodes’residual energy,distance to neighbors,distance to base station,node degree,and node centrality.Based on distance,residual energy,and node degree,an algorithm known as Heuristic Wing Antfly Optimization(HWAFO)selects the optimum path between the cluster head and Base Station(BS).They examine the number of nodes that are active,their energy consumption,and the number of data packets that the BS receives.The overall experimentation is carried out under the MATLAB environment.From the analysis,it has been discovered that the suggested approach yields noticeably superior outcomes in terms of throughput,packet delivery and drop ratio,and average energy consumption.
