Industrial discharge water, and especially that from the surface treatment industry (ST), contains non-negligible amounts of pollutants even though the legislation is fully respected. In spite of this, no detailed stu...Industrial discharge water, and especially that from the surface treatment industry (ST), contains non-negligible amounts of pollutants even though the legislation is fully respected. In spite of this, no detailed studies list the exact chemical composition of these effluents. The present study reports the results of analyses performed over a 6-month period involving 15 standard water parameters. Over 160 substances including 33 metals, 58 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 24 chlorophenols (CPs), 16 alkylphenols (APs), 5 chloroanilines (CAs) and 7 polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were monitored. The industrial effluents presented polycontamination involving metals, minerals and organics with a high degree of qualitative and quantitative variability. Of the 160 substances monitored, 46 were regularly found: 25 inorganics including 8 metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) and 21 organics (4 PAHs, 10 VOCs, 4 CPs and 3 APs). Eighteen were systematically presented at quantifiable levels.展开更多
Reedbeds are crucial breeding habitats for vulnerable songbird species.Irrespective of their protection status,these habitats may be threatened by organic matter accumulation,progressively leading to structural homoge...Reedbeds are crucial breeding habitats for vulnerable songbird species.Irrespective of their protection status,these habitats may be threatened by organic matter accumulation,progressively leading to structural homoge-nization and habitat succession towards woodland.Managers prevent excessive litter build-up with various in-terventions opening-up the reedbeds,such as grazing,which may be detrimental or suitable for some reed bird species.We assessed the effects of extensive grazing by horses and its cessation in the medium and long terms on reedbed structure,and the consequences on reed-nesting songbird densities in Estagnol Nature Reserve,a pro-tected wetland near the French Mediterranean coast.We compared reedbed structural features between grazed,newly ungrazed and old-ungrazed plots.During nine years,we censused four songbird species in spring and collected water level data in the same survey plots.Grazing reduced reedbed extent,rejuvenated the vegetation with more short green stems on a thinner litter,and produced higher structural heterogeneity and discontinuity compared to long-lasting non grazing.Newly ungrazed plot showed intermediate effects.All surveyed songbird total densities were similar among plots while species numbers and densities differed.Grazed reedbed was more attractive to Moustached Warblers(Acrocephalus melanopogon)and Great Reed Warblers(Acrocephalus arundi-naceus),likely due to the large edges and the high vegetation structural heterogeneity.However,Moustached Warblers were more negatively affected by higher water level in grazed reedbed,presumably because flooding prevents litter foraging.The newly ungrazed reedbed was not preferred by any species.All warbler species were found under low density in the old-ungrazed reedbed,where Reed Buntings(Emberiza schoeniclus)were exclu-sively found.Food availability related to thick litter layer may explain this predilection.Common Reed Warblers(Acrocephalus scirpaceus)were found everywhere in similar densities.We conclude that reedbed management by extensive horse grazing and also its long-term cessation may benefit several songbird species.Within a context of wetland degradation and disappearance,both management strategies are useful to establish and maintain suitable habitats for reed-nesting songbird communities.展开更多
This paper present a simulation study of an evolutionary algorithms, Particle Swarm Optimization PSO algorithm to optimize likelihood function of ARMA（1, 1） model, where maximizing likelihood function is equivalent ...This paper present a simulation study of an evolutionary algorithms, Particle Swarm Optimization PSO algorithm to optimize likelihood function of ARMA（1, 1） model, where maximizing likelihood function is equivalent to maximizing its logarithm, so the objective function ＇obj.fun＇ is maximizing log-likelihood function. Monte Carlo method adapted for implementing and designing the experiments of this simulation. This study including a comparison among three versions of PSO algorithm “Constriction coefficient CCPSO, Inertia weight IWPSO, and Fully Informed FIPSO”, the experiments designed by setting different values of model parameters al, bs sample size n, moreover the parameters of PSO algorithms. MSE used as test statistic to measure the efficiency PSO to estimate model. The results show the ability of PSO to estimate ARMA＇ s parameters, and the minimum values of MSE getting for COPSO.展开更多
We propose in this paper the design of artificial nanostructure chirality obtained by oblique illumination. This structure is based on anisotropic metamaterial having an optical activity induced by the special geometr...We propose in this paper the design of artificial nanostructure chirality obtained by oblique illumination. This structure is based on anisotropic metamaterial having an optical activity induced by the special geometry of the pattern and the incident beam. Starting from a non-chiral material, the artificial chirality is obtained thanks to the rectangular apertures which form the periodic perfect metal nanostructure （one layer） and the oblique incidence of the light beam. An extraordinary light transmission （93%） through the metal nanostructure is achieved by exciting the cavity modes. The extrinsic chirality obtained can be granted to the desired value by appropriately adjusting the geometric parameters and the angle of incidence.展开更多
Spatial variations in temperature may be ascribed to many variables. Among these, variables pertaining to topography are prominent. Thus various topographic variables were calculated from 50 m-resolution digital terra...Spatial variations in temperature may be ascribed to many variables. Among these, variables pertaining to topography are prominent. Thus various topographic variables were calculated from 50 m-resolution digital terrain models (DTMs) for three study areas in France and for Slovenia. The “classic” geomatic variables (altitude, aspect, gradient, etc.) are supplemented by the description of landforms (amplitude of humps and hollows). Special care is taken in managing collinearity among variables and building windows with different dimensions. Statistical processing involves linear regressions of daily temperatures taken as the response variables and six topographic variables (explanatory variables). Altitude accounts significantly for the spatial variation in temperatures in 90% of cases, except in the Gironde, a lowlying area (50%). The scale of landforms also appears to be highly correlated to the measured temperature. Variations in the frequency with which topographic descriptors account for temperatures are examined from several standpoints. Altitude is less frequently taken as an explanatory variable for spatial variation of temperatures in winter (75%) than in spring (80%) and late summer (85%). Minimum temperatures are influenced on average much more by the amplitude of humps and hollows (56%) than maximum temperatures (38%) are. The frequency with which these two landforms account for the spatial variation of temperature is reversed between the minima and maxima.展开更多
We give a proof in semi-group theory based on the Malliavin Calculus of Bismut type in semi-group theory and Wentzel-Freidlin estimates in semi-group of our result giving an expansion of an hypoelliptic heat-kernel ou...We give a proof in semi-group theory based on the Malliavin Calculus of Bismut type in semi-group theory and Wentzel-Freidlin estimates in semi-group of our result giving an expansion of an hypoelliptic heat-kernel outside the cut-locus where Bismut’s non-degeneray condition plays a preominent role.展开更多
Understanding effector and memory immune responses against influenza A virus(IAV)and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infections and reinfections is extremely important,given that they are no...Understanding effector and memory immune responses against influenza A virus(IAV)and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infections and reinfections is extremely important,given that they are now endemic in the community.The goal of this study is to investigate the role of memory cells and antibodies in the immune responses against IAV and SARS-CoV-2 re-infections.To this end,we adapt a previously-published within-host mathematical model(Sadria&Layton,2021)for the primary immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infections,by including two types of memory immune cells,i.e.,memory CD8t T-cells and memory B-cells,and by parametrising the new model with values specific to the two viruses.We first investigate the long-term dynamics of the model by identifying the virus-free steady states and studying the conditions that ensure the stability of these states.Then,we investigate the transient dynamics of this in-host model by simulating different viral reinfection times:20 days,60 days and 400 days after the first encounter with the pathogen.This allows us to highlight which memory immune components have the greatest impact on the viral elimination depending on the time of reinfection.Our results suggest that memory immune responses have a greater impact in the case of IAV infections compared to SARS-CoV-2 infections.Moreover,we observe that the immune response after a secondary infection is more efficient when the reinfection occurs at a shorter time.展开更多
Impedance metasurfaces enable accurate regulation of acoustic fields.However,they can hardly supply a flexible response as such perfect operation is accompanied by stringent requirements on the design of unit cells.Ac...Impedance metasurfaces enable accurate regulation of acoustic fields.However,they can hardly supply a flexible response as such perfect operation is accompanied by stringent requirements on the design of unit cells.Actually,an arbitrary lossless and passive target impedance matrix requires the tuning of 3 independent real parameters.The set composed of a reflection phase,a transmission amplitude,and a transmission phase,enables the representation of an arbitrary impedance matrix,possibly possessing singular elements.In this paper,a mechanism of phase-amplitude-phase modulation(PAP modulation)is developed for the generic design of the unit cells of acoustic impedance metasurfaces.Adjustable acoustic impedance metasurfaces are further available under this framework.An impedance unit with 3 mobile parts is designed based on this idea.The assembled metasurface can handle different incidences for acoustic field manipulation at a given frequency.Beam steering and beam splitting are considered as demonstration examples and are verified by numerical simulation and experiment.PAP modulation enriches the design of acoustic impedance metasurfaces and extends the range of application of impedance theory.展开更多
We prove weighted q-variation inequalities with 2<q<∞for sharp truncations of singular integral operators in higher dimensions.The vector-valued extensions of these inequalities are also given.Parallel results ...We prove weighted q-variation inequalities with 2<q<∞for sharp truncations of singular integral operators in higher dimensions.The vector-valued extensions of these inequalities are also given.Parallel results are proven for differential operators.展开更多
In the paper,a novel self-learning energy management strategy(EMS)is proposed for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles(FCHEV)to achieve the hydrogen saving and maintain the battery operation.In the EMS,it is proposed to...In the paper,a novel self-learning energy management strategy(EMS)is proposed for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles(FCHEV)to achieve the hydrogen saving and maintain the battery operation.In the EMS,it is proposed to approximate the EMS policy function with fuzzy inference system(FIS)and learn the policy parameters through policy gradient reinforcement learning(PGRL).Thus,a so-called Fuzzy REINFORCE algorithm is first proposed and studied for EMS problem in the paper.Fuzzy REINFORCE is a model-free method that the EMS agent can learn itself through interactions with environment,which makes it independent of model accuracy,prior knowledge,and expert experience.Meanwhile,to stabilize the training process,a fuzzy baseline function is adopted to approximate the value function based on FIS without affecting the policy gradient direction.More-over,the drawbacks of traditional reinforcement learning such as high computation burden,long convergence time,can also be overcome.The effectiveness of the proposed methods were verified by Hardware-in-Loop ex-periments.The adaptability of the proposed method to the changes of driving conditions and system states is also verified.展开更多
Let (H, B, u) be an abstract Wiener space. New spaces of test functionals and distributions having kernels of the chaos decomposition in (Hn,n>0) are constructed. Their counterparts over Rm are completely character...Let (H, B, u) be an abstract Wiener space. New spaces of test functionals and distributions having kernels of the chaos decomposition in (Hn,n>0) are constructed. Their counterparts over Rm are completely characterized in terms of the H-transform.展开更多
基金the Agence de l’Eau Rhone-Mediter-ranee&Corse for financial support(NIRHOFEX 2013-2016 Program:“Extraction,Quantification,Removal and Risk Evaluation of Emerging Compounds in Water Discharge from Treatment Surface Industries”).
文摘Industrial discharge water, and especially that from the surface treatment industry (ST), contains non-negligible amounts of pollutants even though the legislation is fully respected. In spite of this, no detailed studies list the exact chemical composition of these effluents. The present study reports the results of analyses performed over a 6-month period involving 15 standard water parameters. Over 160 substances including 33 metals, 58 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 24 chlorophenols (CPs), 16 alkylphenols (APs), 5 chloroanilines (CAs) and 7 polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were monitored. The industrial effluents presented polycontamination involving metals, minerals and organics with a high degree of qualitative and quantitative variability. Of the 160 substances monitored, 46 were regularly found: 25 inorganics including 8 metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) and 21 organics (4 PAHs, 10 VOCs, 4 CPs and 3 APs). Eighteen were systematically presented at quantifiable levels.
基金supported by the French Ministry of Ecological Transition through the Direction Regionale de l’Environnement,de l’Amenagement et du Logement d’Occitanie,the Office Francais de la Biodiversite,and the Conservatoire d’Espaces Naturels d’Occitanie.
文摘Reedbeds are crucial breeding habitats for vulnerable songbird species.Irrespective of their protection status,these habitats may be threatened by organic matter accumulation,progressively leading to structural homoge-nization and habitat succession towards woodland.Managers prevent excessive litter build-up with various in-terventions opening-up the reedbeds,such as grazing,which may be detrimental or suitable for some reed bird species.We assessed the effects of extensive grazing by horses and its cessation in the medium and long terms on reedbed structure,and the consequences on reed-nesting songbird densities in Estagnol Nature Reserve,a pro-tected wetland near the French Mediterranean coast.We compared reedbed structural features between grazed,newly ungrazed and old-ungrazed plots.During nine years,we censused four songbird species in spring and collected water level data in the same survey plots.Grazing reduced reedbed extent,rejuvenated the vegetation with more short green stems on a thinner litter,and produced higher structural heterogeneity and discontinuity compared to long-lasting non grazing.Newly ungrazed plot showed intermediate effects.All surveyed songbird total densities were similar among plots while species numbers and densities differed.Grazed reedbed was more attractive to Moustached Warblers(Acrocephalus melanopogon)and Great Reed Warblers(Acrocephalus arundi-naceus),likely due to the large edges and the high vegetation structural heterogeneity.However,Moustached Warblers were more negatively affected by higher water level in grazed reedbed,presumably because flooding prevents litter foraging.The newly ungrazed reedbed was not preferred by any species.All warbler species were found under low density in the old-ungrazed reedbed,where Reed Buntings(Emberiza schoeniclus)were exclu-sively found.Food availability related to thick litter layer may explain this predilection.Common Reed Warblers(Acrocephalus scirpaceus)were found everywhere in similar densities.We conclude that reedbed management by extensive horse grazing and also its long-term cessation may benefit several songbird species.Within a context of wetland degradation and disappearance,both management strategies are useful to establish and maintain suitable habitats for reed-nesting songbird communities.
文摘This paper present a simulation study of an evolutionary algorithms, Particle Swarm Optimization PSO algorithm to optimize likelihood function of ARMA（1, 1） model, where maximizing likelihood function is equivalent to maximizing its logarithm, so the objective function ＇obj.fun＇ is maximizing log-likelihood function. Monte Carlo method adapted for implementing and designing the experiments of this simulation. This study including a comparison among three versions of PSO algorithm “Constriction coefficient CCPSO, Inertia weight IWPSO, and Fully Informed FIPSO”, the experiments designed by setting different values of model parameters al, bs sample size n, moreover the parameters of PSO algorithms. MSE used as test statistic to measure the efficiency PSO to estimate model. The results show the ability of PSO to estimate ARMA＇ s parameters, and the minimum values of MSE getting for COPSO.
文摘We propose in this paper the design of artificial nanostructure chirality obtained by oblique illumination. This structure is based on anisotropic metamaterial having an optical activity induced by the special geometry of the pattern and the incident beam. Starting from a non-chiral material, the artificial chirality is obtained thanks to the rectangular apertures which form the periodic perfect metal nanostructure （one layer） and the oblique incidence of the light beam. An extraordinary light transmission （93%） through the metal nanostructure is achieved by exciting the cavity modes. The extrinsic chirality obtained can be granted to the desired value by appropriately adjusting the geometric parameters and the angle of incidence.
文摘Spatial variations in temperature may be ascribed to many variables. Among these, variables pertaining to topography are prominent. Thus various topographic variables were calculated from 50 m-resolution digital terrain models (DTMs) for three study areas in France and for Slovenia. The “classic” geomatic variables (altitude, aspect, gradient, etc.) are supplemented by the description of landforms (amplitude of humps and hollows). Special care is taken in managing collinearity among variables and building windows with different dimensions. Statistical processing involves linear regressions of daily temperatures taken as the response variables and six topographic variables (explanatory variables). Altitude accounts significantly for the spatial variation in temperatures in 90% of cases, except in the Gironde, a lowlying area (50%). The scale of landforms also appears to be highly correlated to the measured temperature. Variations in the frequency with which topographic descriptors account for temperatures are examined from several standpoints. Altitude is less frequently taken as an explanatory variable for spatial variation of temperatures in winter (75%) than in spring (80%) and late summer (85%). Minimum temperatures are influenced on average much more by the amplitude of humps and hollows (56%) than maximum temperatures (38%) are. The frequency with which these two landforms account for the spatial variation of temperature is reversed between the minima and maxima.
文摘We give a proof in semi-group theory based on the Malliavin Calculus of Bismut type in semi-group theory and Wentzel-Freidlin estimates in semi-group of our result giving an expansion of an hypoelliptic heat-kernel outside the cut-locus where Bismut’s non-degeneray condition plays a preominent role.
基金funded by MODCOV19 platform of“Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS)”of France and Direction Europe&International of“Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS)”of Francefunded by Direction Europe&International of“Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS)”of France。
文摘Understanding effector and memory immune responses against influenza A virus(IAV)and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infections and reinfections is extremely important,given that they are now endemic in the community.The goal of this study is to investigate the role of memory cells and antibodies in the immune responses against IAV and SARS-CoV-2 re-infections.To this end,we adapt a previously-published within-host mathematical model(Sadria&Layton,2021)for the primary immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infections,by including two types of memory immune cells,i.e.,memory CD8t T-cells and memory B-cells,and by parametrising the new model with values specific to the two viruses.We first investigate the long-term dynamics of the model by identifying the virus-free steady states and studying the conditions that ensure the stability of these states.Then,we investigate the transient dynamics of this in-host model by simulating different viral reinfection times:20 days,60 days and 400 days after the first encounter with the pathogen.This allows us to highlight which memory immune components have the greatest impact on the viral elimination depending on the time of reinfection.Our results suggest that memory immune responses have a greater impact in the case of IAV infections compared to SARS-CoV-2 infections.Moreover,we observe that the immune response after a secondary infection is more efficient when the reinfection occurs at a shorter time.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 12072223,12122207,12021002,and 11991032)the EIPHI Graduate School(grant number ANR-17-EURE-0002).
文摘Impedance metasurfaces enable accurate regulation of acoustic fields.However,they can hardly supply a flexible response as such perfect operation is accompanied by stringent requirements on the design of unit cells.Actually,an arbitrary lossless and passive target impedance matrix requires the tuning of 3 independent real parameters.The set composed of a reflection phase,a transmission amplitude,and a transmission phase,enables the representation of an arbitrary impedance matrix,possibly possessing singular elements.In this paper,a mechanism of phase-amplitude-phase modulation(PAP modulation)is developed for the generic design of the unit cells of acoustic impedance metasurfaces.Adjustable acoustic impedance metasurfaces are further available under this framework.An impedance unit with 3 mobile parts is designed based on this idea.The assembled metasurface can handle different incidences for acoustic field manipulation at a given frequency.Beam steering and beam splitting are considered as demonstration examples and are verified by numerical simulation and experiment.PAP modulation enriches the design of acoustic impedance metasurfaces and extends the range of application of impedance theory.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11671308 and 11431011)Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad/al Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional(Grant No.MTM2015-66157-C2-1-P)
文摘We prove weighted q-variation inequalities with 2<q<∞for sharp truncations of singular integral operators in higher dimensions.The vector-valued extensions of these inequalities are also given.Parallel results are proven for differential operators.
基金This work has been supported by the ANR DEAL(contract ANR-20-CE05-0016-01)This work has also been partially funded by Region Sud Provence-Alpes-Cote d’Azur via project AMULTI(2021_02918).
文摘In the paper,a novel self-learning energy management strategy(EMS)is proposed for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles(FCHEV)to achieve the hydrogen saving and maintain the battery operation.In the EMS,it is proposed to approximate the EMS policy function with fuzzy inference system(FIS)and learn the policy parameters through policy gradient reinforcement learning(PGRL).Thus,a so-called Fuzzy REINFORCE algorithm is first proposed and studied for EMS problem in the paper.Fuzzy REINFORCE is a model-free method that the EMS agent can learn itself through interactions with environment,which makes it independent of model accuracy,prior knowledge,and expert experience.Meanwhile,to stabilize the training process,a fuzzy baseline function is adopted to approximate the value function based on FIS without affecting the policy gradient direction.More-over,the drawbacks of traditional reinforcement learning such as high computation burden,long convergence time,can also be overcome.The effectiveness of the proposed methods were verified by Hardware-in-Loop ex-periments.The adaptability of the proposed method to the changes of driving conditions and system states is also verified.
文摘Let (H, B, u) be an abstract Wiener space. New spaces of test functionals and distributions having kernels of the chaos decomposition in (Hn,n>0) are constructed. Their counterparts over Rm are completely characterized in terms of the H-transform.
