With the increasing of extreme rainfall frequency, landslides accompanied by mudslides often lead to serious casualties and property damage. On 3rd July 2021, a debris flow occurred in Izu Mountain area, Shizuoka Coun...With the increasing of extreme rainfall frequency, landslides accompanied by mudslides often lead to serious casualties and property damage. On 3rd July 2021, a debris flow occurred in Izu Mountain area, Shizuoka County, Japan, and then resulted in 26 deaths and 131 houses destroyed, where houses were mainly built along the banks of the creek. In order to analyse the landslide state and distribution, a two-dimensional debris flow dynamic model(Massflow) was selected to simulate the process of the landslide-generated debris flow. When the model results are considered together with remote sensing images, the volume distribution of the unstable landslide is also able to be determined. The results show that(1) the affected areas are mainly concentrated at the outfall of the gully and on both sides of the streets.(2) The pore pressure ratio is an important factor affecting the damage range of this debris flow.(3) The increase of the pore pressure ratio in the landslide make the movement distance of debris flow increase significantly.展开更多
Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory diseases leading to increased bone resorption.Preventing this inflammatory bone resorption is a major health challenge.Both diseases share immunopatho...Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory diseases leading to increased bone resorption.Preventing this inflammatory bone resorption is a major health challenge.Both diseases share immunopathogenic similarities and a common inflammatory environment.The autoimmune response or periodontal infection stimulates certain immune actors,leading in both cases to chronic inflammation that perpetuates bone resorption.Moreover,RA and periodontitis have a strong epidemiological association that could be explained by periodontal microbial dysbiosis.This dysbiosis is believed to be involved in the initiation of RA via three mechanisms.(i)The dissemination of periodontal pathogens triggers systemic inflammation.(ii)Periodontal pathogens can induce the generation of citrullinated neoepitopes,leading to the generation of anti-citrullinated peptide autoantibodies.(iii)Intracellular danger-associated molecular patterns accelerate local and systemic inflammation.Therefore,periodontal dysbiosis could promote or sustain bone resorption in distant inflamed joints.Interestingly,in inflammatory conditions,the existence of osteoclasts distinct from“classical osteoclasts”has recently been reported.They have proinflammatory origins and functions.Several populations of osteoclast precursors have been described in RA,such as classical monocytes,a dendritic cell subtype,and arthritis-associated osteoclastogenic macrophages.The aim of this review is to synthesize knowledge on osteoclasts and their precursors in inflammatory conditions,especially in RA and periodontitis.Special attention will be given to recent data related to RA that could be of potential value in periodontitis due to the immunopathogenic similarities between the two diseases.Improving our understanding of these pathogenic mechanisms should lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets involved in the pathological inflammatory bone resorption associated with these diseases.展开更多
The longitudinal profile of a river channel can be described in function of mathematical expressions. The logarithmic fit is the most used method to describe the relative equilibrium of a channel elevation profile. Ri...The longitudinal profile of a river channel can be described in function of mathematical expressions. The logarithmic fit is the most used method to describe the relative equilibrium of a channel elevation profile. Rivers showing zones of high channel gradient and convex-upward profiles can be evaluated in function of the offset distance with respect to the logarithmic curve. The Jama River profile has been constructed using differential GPS data for the downstream reach and 4-m-grid DEM data base for the remaining headward profile. The resulting longitudinal profile shows a prominent knickpoint of about 80 m in elevation characterized by sharp local convexity. The offset distance in vertical direction from the logarithmic plot is interpreted as the successive accumulation of multiple uplift episodes associated with the Jama Fault System activity. The horizontal offset is suggested to represent the remaining retreated distance for the upstream propagation of the Jama knickpoint. The highly resistant Cretaceous rocks outcropping along the Jama knickpoint reach acts as an inflection point between two subprofiles that show well-fitted logarithmic curves, thereby representing a temporary partitioned equilibrium along the Jama River profile.展开更多
Controlling the shape of surface nanostructures is fundamental for various potential applications for cxamples,in water harvesting systems,liquid transportation or oil/water separation membranes.In this paper,the crea...Controlling the shape of surface nanostructures is fundamental for various potential applications for cxamples,in water harvesting systems,liquid transportation or oil/water separation membranes.In this paper,the creation of porous surface structures is made by a process called templateless electropolymerization,in which water(H_(2)0)is oxidizedreduced to form gas(O_(2)/H_(2))bubbles onto the surfaces and acting as soft template for the polymer growth.Keeping the monomer(thieno[3,4-b]lhiophene)and the substituent(pyrene)constant,we demonstrate how a flexible PEG spacer can affect the structure shape.When the PEG spacer increases,the structures change frorm nanotubes(1D growth)to nanoribbons(2D)and after to hollow nanospheres(3D),which also affeets the wettig propertics.展开更多
Nowadays, many works are interested in adapting to the context without taking into account neither the responsiveness to adapt their solution, nor the ability of designers to model all the relevant concerns. Our paper...Nowadays, many works are interested in adapting to the context without taking into account neither the responsiveness to adapt their solution, nor the ability of designers to model all the relevant concerns. Our paper provides a new architecture for context management that tries to solve both problems. This approach is also based on the analysis and synthesis of context-aware frameworks proposed in literature. Our solution is focus on a separation of contextual concerns at the design phase and preserves it as much as possible at runtime. For this, we introduce the notion of independent views that allow designers to focus on their domain of expertise. At runtime, the architecture is splitted in 2 independent levels of adaptation. The highest is in charge of current context identification and manages each view independently. The lowest handles the adaptation of the application according to the rules granted by the previous level.展开更多
Wings are essential for insect fitness.A number of proteins and enzymes have been identified to be involved in wing terminal differentiation,which is characterized by the formation of the wing cuticle.Here,we addresse...Wings are essential for insect fitness.A number of proteins and enzymes have been identified to be involved in wing terminal differentiation,which is characterized by the formation of the wing cuticle.Here,we addressed the question whether chitinase 10(Cht10)may play an important role in chitin organization in the wings of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.Initially,we first found that Cht10 expression coincides with the expression of the chitin synthase coding gene kkv.This suggests that the respective proteins may cooperate during wing differentiation.In tissue-specific RNA interference experiments,we demonstrate that suppression of Cht10 causes an excess in chitin amounts in the wing cuticle.Chitin organization is severely disrupted in these wings.Based on these data,we hypothesize that Cht10 restricts chitin amounts produced by Kkv in order to ensure normal chitin organization and wing cuticle formation.In addition,we found by scanning electron microscopy that Cht10 suppression also affects the cuticle surface.In turn,cuticle inward permeability is enhanced in Cht10 Aess wings.Moreover,flies with reduced Cht 10 function are unable to fly.In conclusion,Cht10 is essential for wing terminal differentiation and function.展开更多
Root-knot nematodes(RKNs;genus Meloidogyne)are a class of plant parasites that infect the roots of many plant species.It is believed that RKNs target certain signaling molecules derived from plants to locate their hos...Root-knot nematodes(RKNs;genus Meloidogyne)are a class of plant parasites that infect the roots of many plant species.It is believed that RKNs target certain signaling molecules derived from plants to locate their hosts;however,currently,no plant compound has been unambiguously identified as a universal RKN attractant.To address this question,we screened a chemical library of synthetic compounds for Meloidogyne incognita attractants.The breakdown product of aminopropylam ino-anthraquinone,1,3-diam inopropane,as well as its related compounds,putrescine and cadaverine,were found to attract M.incognita.After exam ining various polyamines,M.incognita were found to be attracted specifically by natural com pounds that possess three to five methylene groups between two terminal amino groups.Using cryo-TO F-SIM S/SEM,cadaverine was indeed detected in soybean root cortex cells and the surrounding rhizosphere,establishing a chemical gradient.In addition to cadaverine,putrescine and 1,3-diam inopropane were also detected in root exudate by HPLC-MS/MS.Furtherm ore,exogenously applied cadaverine is sufficient to enhance M.incognita infection of Arabidopsis seedlings.These results suggest that M.incognita is likely attracted by polyam ines to locate the appropriate host plants,and the naturally occurring polyamines have potential applications in agriculture in developing protection strategies for crops from RKN infection.展开更多
Chirality, which describes the broken mirror symmetry in geometric structures, exists macroscopically in our daily life as well as microscopically down to molecular levels. Correspondingly, chiral molecules interact d...Chirality, which describes the broken mirror symmetry in geometric structures, exists macroscopically in our daily life as well as microscopically down to molecular levels. Correspondingly, chiral molecules interact differently with circularly polarized light exhibiting opposite handedness(left-handed and right-handed). However, the interaction between chiral molecules and chiral light is very weak. In contrast, artificial chiral plasmonic structures can generate "super-chiral" plasmonic near-field, leading to enhanced chiral light-matter(or chiroptical) interactions. The "super-chiral" near-field presents different amplitude and phase under opposite handedness incidence, which can be utilized to engineer linear and nonlinear chiroptical interactions. Specifically,in the interaction between quantum emitters and chiral plasmonic structures, the chiral hot spots can favour the emission with a specific handedness. This article reviews the state-of-the-art research on the design, fabrication and chiroptical response of different chiral plasmonic nanostructures or metasurfaces. This review also discusses enhanced chiral light-matter interactions that are essential for applications like chirality sensing, chiral selective light emitting and harvesting. In the final part, the review ends with a perspective on future directions of chiral plasmonics.展开更多
Exciton-polariton condensation is regarded as a spontaneous macroscopic quantum phenomenon with phase ordering and collective coherence.By engineering artificial annular potential landscapes in halide perovskite semic...Exciton-polariton condensation is regarded as a spontaneous macroscopic quantum phenomenon with phase ordering and collective coherence.By engineering artificial annular potential landscapes in halide perovskite semiconductor microcavities,we experimentally and theoretically demonstrate the room-temperature spontaneous formation of a coherent superposition of exciton-polariton orbital states with symmetric petal-shaped patterns in real space,resulting from symmetry breaking due to the anisotropic effective potential of the birefringent perovskite crystals.The lobe numbers of such petal-shaped polariton condensates can be precisely controlled by tuning the annular potential geometry.These petal-shaped condensates form in multiple orbital states,carrying locked alternating nphase shifts and vortex-anti vortex superposition cores,arising from the coupling of counterrotating exciton-polaritons in the confined circular waveguide.Our geometrically patterned microcavity exhibits promise for realizing room-temperature topological polaritonic devices and optical polaritonic switches based on periodic annular potentials.展开更多
Electromagnetic metasurface cloaks provide an alternative paradigm toward rendering arbitrarily shaped scatterers invisible.Most transformation-optics(TO)cloaks intrinsically need wavelength-scale volume/thickness,suc...Electromagnetic metasurface cloaks provide an alternative paradigm toward rendering arbitrarily shaped scatterers invisible.Most transformation-optics(TO)cloaks intrinsically need wavelength-scale volume/thickness,such that the incoming waves could have enough long paths to interact with structured meta-atoms in the cloak region and consequently restore the wavefront.Other challenges of TO cloaks include the polarization-dependent operation to avoid singular parameters of composite cloaking materials and limitations of canonical geometries,e.g.,circular,elliptical,trapezoidal,and triangular shapes.Here,we report for the first time a conformal-skin metasurface carpet cloak,enabling to work under arbitrary states of polarization(SOP)at Poincarésphere for the incident light and arbitrary conformal platform of the object to be cloaked.By exploiting the foundry three-dimensional(3D)printing techniques to fabricate judiciously designed meta-atoms on the external surface of a conformal object,the spatial distributions of intensity and polarization of its scattered lights can be reconstructed exactly the same as if the scattering wavefront were deflected from a flat ground at any SOP,concealing targets under polarization-scanning detections.Two conformal-skin carpet cloaks working for partial-and full-azimuth plane operation are respectively fabricated on trapezoid and pyramid platforms via 3D printing.Experimental results are in good agreement with numerical simulations and both demonstrate the polarization-insensitive cloaking within a desirable bandwidth.Our approach paves a deterministic and robust step forward to the realization of interfacial,free-form,and full-polarization cloaking for a realistic arbitrary-shape target in real-world applications.展开更多
Seed exudates influence the behavior of soil organisms,but howthis occurs remains unclear,particularly for multicellular animals.Here we show that compounds associated with Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage regulate the ...Seed exudates influence the behavior of soil organisms,but howthis occurs remains unclear,particularly for multicellular animals.Here we show that compounds associated with Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage regulate the behavior of soil-borne animals,specifically root-knot nematodes (RKNs).Infective RKN J2 larvae actively travel toward Arabidopsis seeds through chemotaxis.Analysis of Arabidopsis mucilage mutants demonstrated that the attraction of RKNs toArabidopsis seeds requires the synthesis and extrusion of.seed-coat mucilage.Extracted mucilage alone is not sufficient to attract RKNs,but seed-surface carbohydrates and proteins are required for this process.These findings suggest that the RKN chemoattractant is synthesized de novo upon mucilage extrusion but may be highly unstable.RKNs attracted by thismucilage-dependent mechanism can infect the emerging seedling.However,the attraction signal from seedling roots likely acts independently of the seed-coat signal and may mask the attraction to seed-coat mucilage after germination.Multiple RKN species are attracted byArabidopsis seeds,suggesting that this mechanism is conserved in RKNs.These findings indicate that seed exudate can regulate the behavior of multicellular animals and highlight the potential roles of seed-coat mucilage in biotic interactions with soil microorganisms.展开更多
Electromagnetic wave multiplexing,especially for that occurring at different incidences(spatial-frequency multiplexing),is pivotal for ultrathin multifunctional interfaces and high-capacity information processing and ...Electromagnetic wave multiplexing,especially for that occurring at different incidences(spatial-frequency multiplexing),is pivotal for ultrathin multifunctional interfaces and high-capacity information processing and communication.It is yet extremely challenging based on passive and compact wave elements,since the wave excitation and scattering channels are exclusively coupled through gradient phases and hence momentum matching condition at the interface.Here,we propose a spin-momentum multiplexed paradigm called a super-reflector enabling on-demand control of both retroreflections and anomalous reflections using a non-interleaved single-celled metasurface.By multiplexing four channels connecting two spin states excited onto each input of three spatial frequencies,a total of twelve channels are engineered,among which three are retroreflected channels and the residual are anomalous reflection ones.Our compound multiplexed super-reflector allows five degrees of freedom in circular polarization Jones'matrix,approaching the intrinsic upper limit of such planar metasurface.The concept has been experimentally verified by a proof-of-concept super-reflector at microwave frequency,showcasing twelve reflected beams and a high efficiency exceeding 90.6%defined as the ratio of reflected power to incidence for each channel beam.Our strategy opens a new avenue for angle multiplexing and angle-resolved metadevices toward the capacity limit of 2D planar Jones'matrix.展开更多
The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum hosts different facultative symbionts(FS)which provide it with various benefits,such as tolerance to heat or protection against natural enemies(e.g.,fungi,parasitoid wasps).Here,we in...The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum hosts different facultative symbionts(FS)which provide it with various benefits,such as tolerance to heat or protection against natural enemies(e.g.,fungi,parasitoid wasps).Here,we investigated whether and how the presence of certain FS could affect phenoloxidase(PO)activity,a key component of insect innate immunity,under normal and stressed conditions.For this,we used clones of A.pisum of difTerent genetic backgrounds(LLOl,YR2 and T3-8V1)lacking FS or harboring one or two(Regiella insecticola,Hamiltonella defensa,Serratia symbiotica Rickettsiella viridis).Gene expression and proteomics analyses of the aphid hemolymph indicated that the two A.pisum POs,PPOl and PP02,are expressed and translated into proteins.The level of PPO genes expression as well as the amount of PPO proteins and phenoloxidase activity in the hemolymph depended on both the aphid genotype and FS species.In particular,H.defensa and R.insecticola,but not S.symbiotica-h R.viridis,caused a sharp decrease in PO activity by interfering with both transcription and translation.The microinjection of different types of stressors(yeast,Escherichia coli,latex beads)in the YR2 lines hosting different symbionts affected the survival rate of aphids and,in most cases,also decreased the expression of PPO genes after 24 h.The amount and activity of PPO proteins varied according to the type of FS and stressor,without clear corresponding changes in gene expression.These data demonstrate that the presence of certain FS influences an important component of pea aphid immunity.展开更多
Lipid homeostasis is crucial for growth and development of organisms.Several cytochrome P450 monooxygenases(CYPs)are involved in lipid metabolism.The function of Cyp3llal in the anterior midgut as a regulator of phosp...Lipid homeostasis is crucial for growth and development of organisms.Several cytochrome P450 monooxygenases(CYPs)are involved in lipid metabolism.The function of Cyp3llal in the anterior midgut as a regulator of phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster has been demonstrated,as depletion of Cyp31lal caused larval growth arrest that was partially rescued by supplying PE.In this study,we investigated the role of CYP311A1 in wing morphogenesis in Drosophila.Using the GAL4-UAS system,Cyp31lal was selectively knocked down in the wing disc.A deformed wing phenotype was observed in flies with reduced Cyp31lal transcripts.BODIPY and oil red O staining revealed a reduction of neutral lipids in the wing disc after the depletion of Cyp31lal.In addition,we observed an enhanced sensitivity to Eosin Y penetration in the wings of Cyp31lal knocked-down flies.Moreover,the reduction of CYP311A1 function in developing wings does not affect cell proliferation and apoptosis,but entails disordered Phalloidin or Cadherin distribution,suggesting an abnormal cell morphology and cell cortex structure in wing epithelial cells.Taken together,our results suggest that Cyp3llal is needed for wing morphogenesis by participating in lipid assembly and cell homeostasis.展开更多
Fatty liver diseases including alcoholic liver disease(ALD)and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)are leading causes of chronic liver diseases worldwide.ALD and NAFLD encompass a broad spectrum of liver disorders...Fatty liver diseases including alcoholic liver disease(ALD)and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)are leading causes of chronic liver diseases worldwide.ALD and NAFLD encompass a broad spectrum of liver disorders ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis,fibrosis,cirrhosis and superimposed hepatocellular carcinoma.Despite considerable advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of fatty liver diseases over the past 40 years,effective diagnostic,prognostic,and therapeutic tools are still lacking.The use of animal models is crucial to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of fatty liver diseases and develop novel therapeutic strategies.Although no animal model to date can faithfully replicate all the clinical and histological features of ALD or NAFLD,existing models can mimic specific aspects of human diseases.This review provides an overview of the most commonly used and recently developed rodent models of ALD and NAFLD and discusses their major strengths and shortcomings.展开更多
Chitin deacetylases(CDAs,including CDAI and CDA2)are considered key enzymes for body cuticle formation and tracheal morphogenesis in various insect species.However,their functions in the formation of the cuticular int...Chitin deacetylases(CDAs,including CDAI and CDA2)are considered key enzymes for body cuticle formation and tracheal morphogenesis in various insect species.However,their functions in the formation of the cuticular intima of the foregut and hindgut are unclear.Here,we investigated the roles of their respective genes LmCDAI and Lm-CD42 in this process,in the hemimetabolous insect Locusta migratoria.Transcripts of LmCDAI and LmCDA2 were highly expressed both before and after molting in the foregut.In the hindgut,their expression was high only before molting.In both the foregut and hindgut,LmCDA1 protein was localized in the basal half of the chitin matrix(procuti-cle),whereas LmCDA2 was detected in the upper half of the procuticle.K nockdown of LmCDAI by RNA interference(RNAi)in 5th-instar nymphs caused no visible defcts of the hindgut cuticle.By contrast,the chitinous lamellae of the cuticular intima in the foregut of knockdown animals were less compact than in control animals.RNAi against LmCDA2 led to thickening of both the foregut and hindgut cuticles,with a greater number of thinner laminae than in the respective control cuticles.Taken together,our results show that LmCDAI and LmCDA2 have distinct,but overlapping,functions in chitin organization in the foregut cuticle.However,in the hindgut,this process seems independent of LmCDA1 activity but requires LmCDA2 function.Thus,the CDAs reflect tissue-specific differences in cuticular organization and function,which need further detailed molecular and histological analyses for full comprehension.展开更多
The interaction between legumes and rhizobium-type bacteria allows symbiotic nitrogen fixation(SNF).Symbiosis takes place in a new root organ,the nodule,in which the plant host fuels the bacteria differentiated into b...The interaction between legumes and rhizobium-type bacteria allows symbiotic nitrogen fixation(SNF).Symbiosis takes place in a new root organ,the nodule,in which the plant host fuels the bacteria differentiated into bacteroids with dicarboxylic acids,enabling their active carbon and energy metabolisms(Figure 1).In addition,the plant maintains the bacteroids in microoxic conditions allowing the nitrogenase to reduce atmospheric nitrogen(N_(2))to ammonia(NH_(3)).Ammonia is not assimilated in the bacteroids but is subsequently transferred into the surrounding plant cells,where it combines with carbon(C)skeletons through the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway.Derived amino acids and/or ureides are finally distributed from the root to the to the whole plant.展开更多
We demonstrate a squeezing experiment exploiting the association of integrated optics and telecom technology as key features for compact, stable, and practical continuous variable quantum optics. In our setup, squeeze...We demonstrate a squeezing experiment exploiting the association of integrated optics and telecom technology as key features for compact, stable, and practical continuous variable quantum optics. In our setup, squeezed light is generated by single-pass spontaneous parametric down conversion on a lithium niobate photonic circuit and detected by a homodyne detector whose interferometric part is directly integrated on the same platform. The remaining parts of the experiment are implemented using commercial plug-and-play devices based on guided-wave technologies. We measure, for a CW pump power of 40 mW, a squeezing level of -2.00±0.05 dB (anti-squeezing 2.80 ±0.05 dB), thus confirming the validity of our approach and opening the way toward miniaturized and easy-to-handle continuous variable-based quantum systems.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development of China(No.2019YFC1510603)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51639007)。
文摘With the increasing of extreme rainfall frequency, landslides accompanied by mudslides often lead to serious casualties and property damage. On 3rd July 2021, a debris flow occurred in Izu Mountain area, Shizuoka County, Japan, and then resulted in 26 deaths and 131 houses destroyed, where houses were mainly built along the banks of the creek. In order to analyse the landslide state and distribution, a two-dimensional debris flow dynamic model(Massflow) was selected to simulate the process of the landslide-generated debris flow. When the model results are considered together with remote sensing images, the volume distribution of the unstable landslide is also able to be determined. The results show that(1) the affected areas are mainly concentrated at the outfall of the gully and on both sides of the streets.(2) The pore pressure ratio is an important factor affecting the damage range of this debris flow.(3) The increase of the pore pressure ratio in the landslide make the movement distance of debris flow increase significantly.
文摘Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory diseases leading to increased bone resorption.Preventing this inflammatory bone resorption is a major health challenge.Both diseases share immunopathogenic similarities and a common inflammatory environment.The autoimmune response or periodontal infection stimulates certain immune actors,leading in both cases to chronic inflammation that perpetuates bone resorption.Moreover,RA and periodontitis have a strong epidemiological association that could be explained by periodontal microbial dysbiosis.This dysbiosis is believed to be involved in the initiation of RA via three mechanisms.(i)The dissemination of periodontal pathogens triggers systemic inflammation.(ii)Periodontal pathogens can induce the generation of citrullinated neoepitopes,leading to the generation of anti-citrullinated peptide autoantibodies.(iii)Intracellular danger-associated molecular patterns accelerate local and systemic inflammation.Therefore,periodontal dysbiosis could promote or sustain bone resorption in distant inflamed joints.Interestingly,in inflammatory conditions,the existence of osteoclasts distinct from“classical osteoclasts”has recently been reported.They have proinflammatory origins and functions.Several populations of osteoclast precursors have been described in RA,such as classical monocytes,a dendritic cell subtype,and arthritis-associated osteoclastogenic macrophages.The aim of this review is to synthesize knowledge on osteoclasts and their precursors in inflammatory conditions,especially in RA and periodontitis.Special attention will be given to recent data related to RA that could be of potential value in periodontitis due to the immunopathogenic similarities between the two diseases.Improving our understanding of these pathogenic mechanisms should lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets involved in the pathological inflammatory bone resorption associated with these diseases.
基金supported by the Escuela Politécnica Nacional in the Project PIS-14-32the support of the French Agence National pour la Recherche through the ANR-REMAKE project (grant ANR-15-CE04-0004)+1 种基金the Institut de Recherche pour le Developement (IRD, France) for additional financial supporting in the early stages to this workthe Instituto Geofísico for providing the GPS equipment
文摘The longitudinal profile of a river channel can be described in function of mathematical expressions. The logarithmic fit is the most used method to describe the relative equilibrium of a channel elevation profile. Rivers showing zones of high channel gradient and convex-upward profiles can be evaluated in function of the offset distance with respect to the logarithmic curve. The Jama River profile has been constructed using differential GPS data for the downstream reach and 4-m-grid DEM data base for the remaining headward profile. The resulting longitudinal profile shows a prominent knickpoint of about 80 m in elevation characterized by sharp local convexity. The offset distance in vertical direction from the logarithmic plot is interpreted as the successive accumulation of multiple uplift episodes associated with the Jama Fault System activity. The horizontal offset is suggested to represent the remaining retreated distance for the upstream propagation of the Jama knickpoint. The highly resistant Cretaceous rocks outcropping along the Jama knickpoint reach acts as an inflection point between two subprofiles that show well-fitted logarithmic curves, thereby representing a temporary partitioned equilibrium along the Jama River profile.
基金This work has been supported by CNRS GDR 2088《BIOMIM》。
文摘Controlling the shape of surface nanostructures is fundamental for various potential applications for cxamples,in water harvesting systems,liquid transportation or oil/water separation membranes.In this paper,the creation of porous surface structures is made by a process called templateless electropolymerization,in which water(H_(2)0)is oxidizedreduced to form gas(O_(2)/H_(2))bubbles onto the surfaces and acting as soft template for the polymer growth.Keeping the monomer(thieno[3,4-b]lhiophene)and the substituent(pyrene)constant,we demonstrate how a flexible PEG spacer can affect the structure shape.When the PEG spacer increases,the structures change frorm nanotubes(1D growth)to nanoribbons(2D)and after to hollow nanospheres(3D),which also affeets the wettig propertics.
基金the U-Insither Project(collaborative project between the Universite Nice Sophia Antipolis and EDF R&D/STREP).
文摘Nowadays, many works are interested in adapting to the context without taking into account neither the responsiveness to adapt their solution, nor the ability of designers to model all the relevant concerns. Our paper provides a new architecture for context management that tries to solve both problems. This approach is also based on the analysis and synthesis of context-aware frameworks proposed in literature. Our solution is focus on a separation of contextual concerns at the design phase and preserves it as much as possible at runtime. For this, we introduce the notion of independent views that allow designers to focus on their domain of expertise. At runtime, the architecture is splitted in 2 independent levels of adaptation. The highest is in charge of current context identification and manages each view independently. The lowest handles the adaptation of the application according to the rules granted by the previous level.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31672364)the NSFC-DFG(Grant No.31761133021)+2 种基金Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(HGKY2019011)Special Talents Projects in Shanxi Province,China(201805D211019)the Program for Top Young Academic Leaders of Higher Learning Institutions of Shanxi(TYAL)2017.BM’s contribution was supported by the German Research Foundation(DFG grant MO1714/10-1).
文摘Wings are essential for insect fitness.A number of proteins and enzymes have been identified to be involved in wing terminal differentiation,which is characterized by the formation of the wing cuticle.Here,we addressed the question whether chitinase 10(Cht10)may play an important role in chitin organization in the wings of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.Initially,we first found that Cht10 expression coincides with the expression of the chitin synthase coding gene kkv.This suggests that the respective proteins may cooperate during wing differentiation.In tissue-specific RNA interference experiments,we demonstrate that suppression of Cht10 causes an excess in chitin amounts in the wing cuticle.Chitin organization is severely disrupted in these wings.Based on these data,we hypothesize that Cht10 restricts chitin amounts produced by Kkv in order to ensure normal chitin organization and wing cuticle formation.In addition,we found by scanning electron microscopy that Cht10 suppression also affects the cuticle surface.In turn,cuticle inward permeability is enhanced in Cht10 Aess wings.Moreover,flies with reduced Cht 10 function are unable to fly.In conclusion,Cht10 is essential for wing terminal differentiation and function.
基金This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grants(25252032 and 15H01230 to K.F.,16H04168 to K.T.,24114009,24370024,16K14757,17H03967,and 18H05487 to S.S.)L.P.-B.and B.F.are supported by INRA and the French Government(National Research Agency,ANR)through the"Investments for the Future"LABEX SIGNALIFE program,reference no.ANR-11-LABX-0028-01.
文摘Root-knot nematodes(RKNs;genus Meloidogyne)are a class of plant parasites that infect the roots of many plant species.It is believed that RKNs target certain signaling molecules derived from plants to locate their hosts;however,currently,no plant compound has been unambiguously identified as a universal RKN attractant.To address this question,we screened a chemical library of synthetic compounds for Meloidogyne incognita attractants.The breakdown product of aminopropylam ino-anthraquinone,1,3-diam inopropane,as well as its related compounds,putrescine and cadaverine,were found to attract M.incognita.After exam ining various polyamines,M.incognita were found to be attracted specifically by natural com pounds that possess three to five methylene groups between two terminal amino groups.Using cryo-TO F-SIM S/SEM,cadaverine was indeed detected in soybean root cortex cells and the surrounding rhizosphere,establishing a chemical gradient.In addition to cadaverine,putrescine and 1,3-diam inopropane were also detected in root exudate by HPLC-MS/MS.Furtherm ore,exogenously applied cadaverine is sufficient to enhance M.incognita infection of Arabidopsis seedlings.These results suggest that M.incognita is likely attracted by polyam ines to locate the appropriate host plants,and the naturally occurring polyamines have potential applications in agriculture in developing protection strategies for crops from RKN infection.
基金the Singapore National Research Foundation-Agence Nationale de la Recherche(Grant No.NRF2017-NRF-ANR0052DCHIRAL).
文摘Chirality, which describes the broken mirror symmetry in geometric structures, exists macroscopically in our daily life as well as microscopically down to molecular levels. Correspondingly, chiral molecules interact differently with circularly polarized light exhibiting opposite handedness(left-handed and right-handed). However, the interaction between chiral molecules and chiral light is very weak. In contrast, artificial chiral plasmonic structures can generate "super-chiral" plasmonic near-field, leading to enhanced chiral light-matter(or chiroptical) interactions. The "super-chiral" near-field presents different amplitude and phase under opposite handedness incidence, which can be utilized to engineer linear and nonlinear chiroptical interactions. Specifically,in the interaction between quantum emitters and chiral plasmonic structures, the chiral hot spots can favour the emission with a specific handedness. This article reviews the state-of-the-art research on the design, fabrication and chiroptical response of different chiral plasmonic nanostructures or metasurfaces. This review also discusses enhanced chiral light-matter interactions that are essential for applications like chirality sensing, chiral selective light emitting and harvesting. In the final part, the review ends with a perspective on future directions of chiral plasmonics.
基金This work was supported by the Singapore Ministry of Education via AcRF Tier 3 Programme"Geometrical Quantum Materials"(MOE2018-T3-1-002)AcRF Tier 2 grants(MOE2017-T2-1-040,MOE2017-T2-1-001 and MOE2018-T2-02-068)+2 种基金Tier 1 grants(RG103/15 and RG113/16)Q.X.gratefully acknowledges the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12020101003)a Tsinghua University start-up grant.
文摘Exciton-polariton condensation is regarded as a spontaneous macroscopic quantum phenomenon with phase ordering and collective coherence.By engineering artificial annular potential landscapes in halide perovskite semiconductor microcavities,we experimentally and theoretically demonstrate the room-temperature spontaneous formation of a coherent superposition of exciton-polariton orbital states with symmetric petal-shaped patterns in real space,resulting from symmetry breaking due to the anisotropic effective potential of the birefringent perovskite crystals.The lobe numbers of such petal-shaped polariton condensates can be precisely controlled by tuning the annular potential geometry.These petal-shaped condensates form in multiple orbital states,carrying locked alternating nphase shifts and vortex-anti vortex superposition cores,arising from the coupling of counterrotating exciton-polaritons in the confined circular waveguide.Our geometrically patterned microcavity exhibits promise for realizing room-temperature topological polaritonic devices and optical polaritonic switches based on periodic annular potentials.
基金This work was supported by the National Defense Foundation of China(2019-JCJQ-JJ-081)the Youth Talent Lifting Project of the China Association for Science and Technology(17-JCJQ-QT-003)+3 种基金the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2020JZ-33)the Key Principal’s Fund of Air Force Engineering University(XNLX19030601)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0700202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61701082).
文摘Electromagnetic metasurface cloaks provide an alternative paradigm toward rendering arbitrarily shaped scatterers invisible.Most transformation-optics(TO)cloaks intrinsically need wavelength-scale volume/thickness,such that the incoming waves could have enough long paths to interact with structured meta-atoms in the cloak region and consequently restore the wavefront.Other challenges of TO cloaks include the polarization-dependent operation to avoid singular parameters of composite cloaking materials and limitations of canonical geometries,e.g.,circular,elliptical,trapezoidal,and triangular shapes.Here,we report for the first time a conformal-skin metasurface carpet cloak,enabling to work under arbitrary states of polarization(SOP)at Poincarésphere for the incident light and arbitrary conformal platform of the object to be cloaked.By exploiting the foundry three-dimensional(3D)printing techniques to fabricate judiciously designed meta-atoms on the external surface of a conformal object,the spatial distributions of intensity and polarization of its scattered lights can be reconstructed exactly the same as if the scattering wavefront were deflected from a flat ground at any SOP,concealing targets under polarization-scanning detections.Two conformal-skin carpet cloaks working for partial-and full-azimuth plane operation are respectively fabricated on trapezoid and pyramid platforms via 3D printing.Experimental results are in good agreement with numerical simulations and both demonstrate the polarization-insensitive cloaking within a desirable bandwidth.Our approach paves a deterministic and robust step forward to the realization of interfacial,free-form,and full-polarization cloaking for a realistic arbitrary-shape target in real-world applications.
文摘Seed exudates influence the behavior of soil organisms,but howthis occurs remains unclear,particularly for multicellular animals.Here we show that compounds associated with Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage regulate the behavior of soil-borne animals,specifically root-knot nematodes (RKNs).Infective RKN J2 larvae actively travel toward Arabidopsis seeds through chemotaxis.Analysis of Arabidopsis mucilage mutants demonstrated that the attraction of RKNs toArabidopsis seeds requires the synthesis and extrusion of.seed-coat mucilage.Extracted mucilage alone is not sufficient to attract RKNs,but seed-surface carbohydrates and proteins are required for this process.These findings suggest that the RKN chemoattractant is synthesized de novo upon mucilage extrusion but may be highly unstable.RKNs attracted by thismucilage-dependent mechanism can infect the emerging seedling.However,the attraction signal from seedling roots likely acts independently of the seed-coat signal and may mask the attraction to seed-coat mucilage after germination.Multiple RKN species are attracted byArabidopsis seeds,suggesting that this mechanism is conserved in RKNs.These findings indicate that seed exudate can regulate the behavior of multicellular animals and highlight the potential roles of seed-coat mucilage in biotic interactions with soil microorganisms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.62171459the National Defense Foundation of China under Grant No.2019-JCJQ-JJ-081Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province under Grant No.2020JZ-33,and also the Special Talents Support Program of Shaanxi Province for Young Top Talents.
文摘Electromagnetic wave multiplexing,especially for that occurring at different incidences(spatial-frequency multiplexing),is pivotal for ultrathin multifunctional interfaces and high-capacity information processing and communication.It is yet extremely challenging based on passive and compact wave elements,since the wave excitation and scattering channels are exclusively coupled through gradient phases and hence momentum matching condition at the interface.Here,we propose a spin-momentum multiplexed paradigm called a super-reflector enabling on-demand control of both retroreflections and anomalous reflections using a non-interleaved single-celled metasurface.By multiplexing four channels connecting two spin states excited onto each input of three spatial frequencies,a total of twelve channels are engineered,among which three are retroreflected channels and the residual are anomalous reflection ones.Our compound multiplexed super-reflector allows five degrees of freedom in circular polarization Jones'matrix,approaching the intrinsic upper limit of such planar metasurface.The concept has been experimentally verified by a proof-of-concept super-reflector at microwave frequency,showcasing twelve reflected beams and a high efficiency exceeding 90.6%defined as the ratio of reflected power to incidence for each channel beam.Our strategy opens a new avenue for angle multiplexing and angle-resolved metadevices toward the capacity limit of 2D planar Jones'matrix.
基金funded by the China Scholarship Council(grant number:201506300039)supported by the French Government through the "Investments for the Future" programs LABEX SIGNALIFE ANR-ll-LABX-0028-01 and IDEX UCAJedi ANR-15-IDEX-01.
文摘The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum hosts different facultative symbionts(FS)which provide it with various benefits,such as tolerance to heat or protection against natural enemies(e.g.,fungi,parasitoid wasps).Here,we investigated whether and how the presence of certain FS could affect phenoloxidase(PO)activity,a key component of insect innate immunity,under normal and stressed conditions.For this,we used clones of A.pisum of difTerent genetic backgrounds(LLOl,YR2 and T3-8V1)lacking FS or harboring one or two(Regiella insecticola,Hamiltonella defensa,Serratia symbiotica Rickettsiella viridis).Gene expression and proteomics analyses of the aphid hemolymph indicated that the two A.pisum POs,PPOl and PP02,are expressed and translated into proteins.The level of PPO genes expression as well as the amount of PPO proteins and phenoloxidase activity in the hemolymph depended on both the aphid genotype and FS species.In particular,H.defensa and R.insecticola,but not S.symbiotica-h R.viridis,caused a sharp decrease in PO activity by interfering with both transcription and translation.The microinjection of different types of stressors(yeast,Escherichia coli,latex beads)in the YR2 lines hosting different symbionts affected the survival rate of aphids and,in most cases,also decreased the expression of PPO genes after 24 h.The amount and activity of PPO proteins varied according to the type of FS and stressor,without clear corresponding changes in gene expression.These data demonstrate that the presence of certain FS influences an important component of pea aphid immunity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.3217050532170526)Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(Grant No.20210302123473).
文摘Lipid homeostasis is crucial for growth and development of organisms.Several cytochrome P450 monooxygenases(CYPs)are involved in lipid metabolism.The function of Cyp3llal in the anterior midgut as a regulator of phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster has been demonstrated,as depletion of Cyp31lal caused larval growth arrest that was partially rescued by supplying PE.In this study,we investigated the role of CYP311A1 in wing morphogenesis in Drosophila.Using the GAL4-UAS system,Cyp31lal was selectively knocked down in the wing disc.A deformed wing phenotype was observed in flies with reduced Cyp31lal transcripts.BODIPY and oil red O staining revealed a reduction of neutral lipids in the wing disc after the depletion of Cyp31lal.In addition,we observed an enhanced sensitivity to Eosin Y penetration in the wings of Cyp31lal knocked-down flies.Moreover,the reduction of CYP311A1 function in developing wings does not affect cell proliferation and apoptosis,but entails disordered Phalloidin or Cadherin distribution,suggesting an abnormal cell morphology and cell cortex structure in wing epithelial cells.Taken together,our results suggest that Cyp3llal is needed for wing morphogenesis by participating in lipid assembly and cell homeostasis.
文摘Fatty liver diseases including alcoholic liver disease(ALD)and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)are leading causes of chronic liver diseases worldwide.ALD and NAFLD encompass a broad spectrum of liver disorders ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis,fibrosis,cirrhosis and superimposed hepatocellular carcinoma.Despite considerable advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of fatty liver diseases over the past 40 years,effective diagnostic,prognostic,and therapeutic tools are still lacking.The use of animal models is crucial to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of fatty liver diseases and develop novel therapeutic strategies.Although no animal model to date can faithfully replicate all the clinical and histological features of ALD or NAFLD,existing models can mimic specific aspects of human diseases.This review provides an overview of the most commonly used and recently developed rodent models of ALD and NAFLD and discusses their major strengths and shortcomings.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31672364,31761133021,32072419,31701794,31801749)the Pro-gram for Top Young Academic Leaders of Higher Learn-ing Institutions of Shanxi(TYAL)2017+1 种基金Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Edu-cation Institutions in Shanxi(2017104)BM's contribu-tion was supported by the German Research Foundation(DFG grant MO1714/10-1).
文摘Chitin deacetylases(CDAs,including CDAI and CDA2)are considered key enzymes for body cuticle formation and tracheal morphogenesis in various insect species.However,their functions in the formation of the cuticular intima of the foregut and hindgut are unclear.Here,we investigated the roles of their respective genes LmCDAI and Lm-CD42 in this process,in the hemimetabolous insect Locusta migratoria.Transcripts of LmCDAI and LmCDA2 were highly expressed both before and after molting in the foregut.In the hindgut,their expression was high only before molting.In both the foregut and hindgut,LmCDA1 protein was localized in the basal half of the chitin matrix(procuti-cle),whereas LmCDA2 was detected in the upper half of the procuticle.K nockdown of LmCDAI by RNA interference(RNAi)in 5th-instar nymphs caused no visible defcts of the hindgut cuticle.By contrast,the chitinous lamellae of the cuticular intima in the foregut of knockdown animals were less compact than in control animals.RNAi against LmCDA2 led to thickening of both the foregut and hindgut cuticles,with a greater number of thinner laminae than in the respective control cuticles.Taken together,our results show that LmCDAI and LmCDA2 have distinct,but overlapping,functions in chitin organization in the foregut cuticle.However,in the hindgut,this process seems independent of LmCDA1 activity but requires LmCDA2 function.Thus,the CDAs reflect tissue-specific differences in cuticular organization and function,which need further detailed molecular and histological analyses for full comprehension.
文摘The interaction between legumes and rhizobium-type bacteria allows symbiotic nitrogen fixation(SNF).Symbiosis takes place in a new root organ,the nodule,in which the plant host fuels the bacteria differentiated into bacteroids with dicarboxylic acids,enabling their active carbon and energy metabolisms(Figure 1).In addition,the plant maintains the bacteroids in microoxic conditions allowing the nitrogenase to reduce atmospheric nitrogen(N_(2))to ammonia(NH_(3)).Ammonia is not assimilated in the bacteroids but is subsequently transferred into the surrounding plant cells,where it combines with carbon(C)skeletons through the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway.Derived amino acids and/or ureides are finally distributed from the root to the to the whole plant.
基金European Regional Development Fund(ERDF)(Optimal)Agence Nationale de la Recherche(ANR)(ANR-14-CE32-0019,ANR-15-IDEX-01,ANR-17-CE30-0006-01,PN-II-ID-JRPRO-FR-2014-0013)
文摘We demonstrate a squeezing experiment exploiting the association of integrated optics and telecom technology as key features for compact, stable, and practical continuous variable quantum optics. In our setup, squeezed light is generated by single-pass spontaneous parametric down conversion on a lithium niobate photonic circuit and detected by a homodyne detector whose interferometric part is directly integrated on the same platform. The remaining parts of the experiment are implemented using commercial plug-and-play devices based on guided-wave technologies. We measure, for a CW pump power of 40 mW, a squeezing level of -2.00±0.05 dB (anti-squeezing 2.80 ±0.05 dB), thus confirming the validity of our approach and opening the way toward miniaturized and easy-to-handle continuous variable-based quantum systems.
