This study presents a numerical investigation of the transient relaxation dynamics of a near-critical CO_(2)droplet immersed in a warmer supercritical environment composed of the same fluid.Three thermodynamic regimes...This study presents a numerical investigation of the transient relaxation dynamics of a near-critical CO_(2)droplet immersed in a warmer supercritical environment composed of the same fluid.Three thermodynamic regimes were analysed:quasi-critical(T_(r)=1.01,P_(r)=1.01),transitional(T_(r)=2.01,P_(r)=1.01),and deep supercritical(T_(r)=5.01,P_(r)=3.01).Theevolution of density,temperature,and velocity fieldswas examined to characterize the internal structure and stability of the interfacial transition layer.The evolution of density,temperature,and velocity fields highlights the competition between thermal diffusion,compressibility,andmass confinement in shaping the stability of the interfacial transition layer.Near the critical point,strong gradients and flux discontinuities emerge,consistent with known instabilities,whereas higher reduced conditions promote homogenization and stabilized transport.In the deep supercritical regime,smooth and nearly uniform fields indicate robust thermal stability.The model is validated against prior studies on droplet evaporation under supercritical and trans-critical conditions.Beyond theoretical insights,the results underline practical implications for advanced propulsion,heat transfer,and evaporation systems as well as for safe CO_(2)supercritical storage and extraction processes in energy,aerospace,pharmaceutical,and materials industries.展开更多
While acute nociceptive pain is a crucial warning system that protects us from injury or disease,chronic pain is not protective,but a pathological condition.As such,it is now recognized as a disease in its own right,w...While acute nociceptive pain is a crucial warning system that protects us from injury or disease,chronic pain is not protective,but a pathological condition.As such,it is now recognized as a disease in its own right,which major classes refer to inflammatory,neuropathic,and idiopathic pain.It is frequent,with up to a third of the population that may suffer at one point from chronic pain.It is often associated with other pathologies,including sleep disorders,anxiety,depression,and is still difficult to treat.It thus represents a significant burden in terms of health and societal impact(Tracey et al.,2019).The mechanisms of chronic pain involve multiple diverse pathways in both the peripheral and central nervous systems(CNS),reflecting its multifaceted biology.Indeed,research over the past decades has established that central sensitization(enhancement in the function of neurons and circuits in central nociceptive pathways),in particular within the dorsal horn,the first central relay of nociceptive inputs plays a key role in the chronicity of pain(Latremoliere and Woolf,2009).展开更多
Xylogenesis,the process through which wood cells are formed,results in the long-term storage of carbon in woody biomass,making it a key component of the global carbon cycle.Understanding how environmental drivers infl...Xylogenesis,the process through which wood cells are formed,results in the long-term storage of carbon in woody biomass,making it a key component of the global carbon cycle.Understanding how environmental drivers influence xylogenesis during the growing season is therefore of great interest.However,studying shortterm drivers of wood production using xylogenetic data is complicated by the usual sampling scheme and the influence of eccentric growth,i.e.,heterogeneous growth around the stem.In this study,we improve xylogenesis research by introducing a statistical approach that explicitly considers seasonal phenology,short-term growth rates,and growth eccentricity.To this end,we developed Bayesian models of xylogenesis and compared them with a conventional method based on the use of Gompertz functions.Our results show that eccentricity generated high temporal autocorrelation between successive samples,and that explicitly taking it into account improved both the representativeness of phenology and intra-ring variability.We observed consistent short-term patterns in the model residuals,suggesting the influence of an unaccounted-for environmental variable on cell production.The proposed models offer several advantages over traditional methods,including robust confidence intervals around predictions,consistency with phenology,and reduced sensitivity to extreme observations at the end of the growing season,often linked to eccentric growth.These models also provide a benchmark for mechanistic testing of short-term drivers of wood formation.展开更多
Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative illnesses constitute a global health issue and a foremost economic burden since they are a large cause of incapacity and death worldwide.Altogether,the burden of neurological d...Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative illnesses constitute a global health issue and a foremost economic burden since they are a large cause of incapacity and death worldwide.Altogether,the burden of neurological disorders has increased considerably over the past 30 years because of population aging.Overall,neurological diseases significantly impair cognitive and motor functions and their incidence will increase as societies age and the world's population continues to grow.Autism spectrum disorder,motor neuron disease,encephalopathy,epilepsy,stroke,ataxia,Alzheimer's disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,Huntington's disease,and Parkinson's disease represent a non-exhaustive list of neurological illnesses.These affections are due to perturbations in cellular homeostasis leading to the progressive injury and death of neurons in the nervous system.Among the common features of neurological handicaps,we find protein aggregation,oxidative stress,neuroinflammation,and mitochondrial impairment in the target tissues,e.g.,the brain,cerebellum,and spinal cord.The high energy requirements of neurons and their inability to produce sufficient adenosine triphosphate by glycolysis,are responsible for their dependence on functional mitochondria for their integrity.Reactive oxygen species,produced along with the respiration process within mitochondria,can lead to oxidative stress,which compromises neuronal survival.Besides having an essential role in energy production and oxidative stress,mitochondria are indispensable for an array of cellular processes,such as amino acid metabolism,iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis,calcium homeostasis,intrinsic programmed cell death(apoptosis),and intraorganellar signaling.Despite the progress made in the last decades in the understanding of a growing number of genetic and molecular causes of central nervous diseases,therapies that are effective to diminish or halt neuronal dysfunction/death are rare.Given the genetic complexity responsible for neurological disorders,the development of neuroprotective strategies seeking to preserve mitochondrial homeostasis is a realistic challenge to lastingly diminish the harmful evolution of these pathologies and so to recover quality of life.A promising candidate is the neuroglobin,a globin superfamily member of 151 amino acids,which is found at high levels in the brain,the eye,and the cerebellum.The protein,which localizes to mitochondria,is involved in electron transfer,oxygen storage and defence against oxidative stress;hence,possessing neuroprotective properties.This review surveys up-to-date knowledge and emphasizes on existing investigations regarding neuroglobin physiological functions,which remain since its discovery in 2000 under intense debate and the possibility of using neuroglobin either by gene therapy or its direct delivery into the brain to treat neurological disorders.展开更多
Doping metal ions offer a promising strategy to tune the intrinsic and surface properties of BiVO_(4)for enhanced photoelectrochemical(PEC)activity.Given this,experimental and theoretical studies on cadmium(Cd)doping ...Doping metal ions offer a promising strategy to tune the intrinsic and surface properties of BiVO_(4)for enhanced photoelectrochemical(PEC)activity.Given this,experimental and theoretical studies on cadmium(Cd)doping to BiVO_(4)photoanode were studied for PEC water splitting applications.The spectroscopic and PEC results indicate that the substitution of Cd at Bi lattice sites causes the reduction in the valence state of V^(5+)to V4+that creates hole trap states below the Fermi level of BiVO_(4).The introduced hole trap states at the BiVO_(4)surface suppress the charge recombination and provide effective hole transfer sites for the facile water oxidation reactions.The CdBiVO_(4)exhibited significantly higher photocurrent compared to the pristine BiVO_(4)reaching 3.5 mA cm^(-2)(with a hole scavenger)at 1.23 V vs RHE.Furthermore,doping increases the carrier density in the bulk of BiVO_(4)leading to improved charge separation,and charge transfer while reducing the hole transfer resistance at the interface.The Cd-doped BiVO_(4)exhibited a charge separation efficiency of 80%and with a 90%of overall water splitting faradaic efficiency.Importantly,the results of this work propose the advantages of doping metal ions at Bi lattice sites in BiVO_(4)for improved PEC activity.展开更多
The informal term‘dahongjun’or‘big red mushroom’is a group of red-coloured russulas widely collected and consumed in southern China,originally mistakenly recognized as the European Russula vinosa.Russula griseocar...The informal term‘dahongjun’or‘big red mushroom’is a group of red-coloured russulas widely collected and consumed in southern China,originally mistakenly recognized as the European Russula vinosa.Russula griseocarnosa was described from China in 2009,and since then,it has become the only available scientific name for‘dahongjun’.Nevertheless,several lineages exist within this complex,and whether these lineages represent real species is still an open question.Sampling in major producing areas of‘dahongjun’and phylogenetic species recognition using multi-locus data were conducted.Besides R.griseocarnosa nine additional species were identified under the commercial name‘dahongjun’,including R.dhakuriana,R.quercina,R.purpureozonata,R.yanheensis and a new species sister to R.griseocarnosa here described as R.occulta.The others were undescribed species close to R.laricina,R.lepida,and R.purpureozonata respectively.Six evolutionary lineages within R.griseocarnosa were defined by genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition based on five-locus DNA data.Conflicts among different genealogies suggested that R.griseocarnosa is best considered as a single phylogenetic species,comprising several infraspecific taxa.Lower coverage whole genome sequencing of R.griseocarnosa holotype discovered that its three individuals belong to three different clades.Lectotypification was made using one of the three individuals.A new variety R.griseocarnosa var.ailaoshanensis is described to name one of the terminal clades that is mainly distributed in Ailao Mountains.This variety differs morphologically from the type variety in its nearly white context,bigger spores and more inflated hyphae in the pileipellis.The morphological and molecular data provided in this study are helpful to identify wild edible mushrooms of Russula subgen.Russula.展开更多
Traumatic spinal cord injury(SCI)is a pathological condition that impairs both sensorimotor and cognitive functions.While research has long focused on understanding the pathophysiology of SCI and developing treatments...Traumatic spinal cord injury(SCI)is a pathological condition that impairs both sensorimotor and cognitive functions.While research has long focused on understanding the pathophysiology of SCI and developing treatments,only a few studies have investigated the cellular and molecular consequences that occur in the brain after trauma.From the earliest stages,the injury triggers microglial activation,increased neuronal death,and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus.展开更多
Background:We present a case of two major complications following insertion of a nephrostomy managed in a minimally invasive way.Our case is the first in the literature to describe this minimally invasive treatment te...Background:We present a case of two major complications following insertion of a nephrostomy managed in a minimally invasive way.Our case is the first in the literature to describe this minimally invasive treatment technique for colon perforation in a completely asymptomatic patient.Case Description:A 75-year-old female patient with a history of bilateral obstructive uropathy secondary to bilateral radiation-induced ureteric strictures attended for bilateral nephrostomy placement.The patient had a history of endometrial cancer,treated previously by total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy and brachytherapy.Her recovery had been further complicated by the development of radiation cystitis,small bowel resection,and short gut syndrome.The strictures had previously been managed with bilateral double J stents,which have now failed.A left-sided nephrostomy insertion was performed.ACT-scan prompted by a repeat deterioration in renal function revealed a right-sided hydronephrosis and suggested transcolic passage of the previously placed leftsided nephrostomy.She had remained clinically well and apyretic.A right-sided nephrostomy was inserted,and the left re-sited following a colonoscopy-guided nephrostomy removal and clip occlusion of the nephrostomy tract.The patient then developed a pseudoaneurysm,which was managed with embolization.The patient was able to return home with corrected kidney function.The three-monthly checks for changes in nephrostomy catheters did not reveal any complications.Conclusions:The patient therefore presented with two major complications of nephrostomy placement:colonic perforation and pseudoaneurysm,classified as Clavien IIIb and IIIa,respectively.Multidisciplinary management,including urologists,gastroenterologists,general surgeons,and radiologists,enabled a minimally invasive management.Minimally invasive management with endoscopic clip placement appears to be a safe alternative to directed fistula of colonic perforation.展开更多
Cell function has a tight relationship with cell architecture.Distribution of proteins to the correct compartment is one of the functions of the traffic pathway through the Golgi apparatus.The others are to ensure pro...Cell function has a tight relationship with cell architecture.Distribution of proteins to the correct compartment is one of the functions of the traffic pathway through the Golgi apparatus.The others are to ensure proper protein folding,the addition of post-translational modifications,and delive ring to intracellular and extracellular destinations.Astrocytes are fundamental homeostatic cells,controlling multiple aspects of the central nervous system physiology,such as ion balance,nutrients,blood flow,neurotransmitte rs,and responses to insults.Astrocytes are polarized cells,and,such as neurons,extensively use the secretory pathway for secreting factors and exposing functional receptors,channels,and transporte rs on the plasma membrane.In this review,we will underline the importance of studying the Golgi apparatus and the secretory pathway in astrocytes,based on the possible tight connection between the Golgi apparatus and astrocytes'homeostatic function.Given the topic of this review,we will provide examples mostly about the Golgi apparatus structure,function,localization,and its involvement in astrocytes'homeostatic response,with an insight into congenital glycosylation disorders,as an example of a potential future field in the study of astrocyte homeostatic failu re and Golgi apparatus alteration.展开更多
In complex geological environments,the analysis of drill cores to determine rock strength can be challenging due to the wide variability in the degree of fracturing,leading to subjectivity in the collection of represe...In complex geological environments,the analysis of drill cores to determine rock strength can be challenging due to the wide variability in the degree of fracturing,leading to subjectivity in the collection of representative samples for uniaxial compressive strength testing.This study evaluates non-destructive techniques on calcareous rocks with different tectonic deformations,including Equotip hardness,ultrasound P-wave velocity,thin section analysis,and calcimetry,integrated with photogrammetric fracture analysis.The investigated carbonate rock samples are sourced from drill cores derived from the Umbria-Marche fold and thrust belt(northern Apennines,Italy),including a gently dipping limb of an anticline,a hinge zone of an anticline,and a fault zone associated with a thrust.Fracture intensity,quantified by the P21 parameter using photogrammetric techniques on pre-loading rock samples,is assessed alongside macroscopic identification of discontinuities(such as stylolites,veins,and joints)using marker colours to monitor failures during uniaxial compression testing.Empirical correlations depicted by single and multi-linear relationships indicate a strong dependence between the mechanical and physical properties of limestones.Both Equotip and P-wave velocity are influenced by fracture intensity,but P-wave velocity varies significantly with discontinuity orientation,especially at 45°-90°.To refine uniaxial compressive strength predictions and mitigate multicollinearity,statistical approaches,including linear and multilinear regression,Principal Component Analysis and Gaussian Process Regression,were tested.Findings improve the reliability of non-destructive techniques for assessing rock strength in structurally complex settings,with implications for geotechnical applications.展开更多
Cell function has a tight relationship with cell architecture.Distribution of proteins to the correct compartment is one of the functions of the traffic pathway through the Golgi apparatus.The others are to ensure pro...Cell function has a tight relationship with cell architecture.Distribution of proteins to the correct compartment is one of the functions of the traffic pathway through the Golgi apparatus.The others are to ensure proper protein folding,the addition of post-translational modifications,and delivering to intracellular and extracellular destinations.Astrocytes are fundamental homeostatic cells,controlling multiple aspects of the central nervous system physiology,such as ion balance,nutrients,blood flow,neurotransmitters,and responses to insults.Astrocytes are polarized cells,and,such as neurons,extensively use the secretory pathway for secreting factors and exposing functional receptors,channels,and transporters on the plasma membrane.In this review,we will underline the importance of studying the Golgi apparatus and the secretory pathway in astrocytes,based on the possible tight connection between the Golgi apparatus and astrocytes’homeostatic function.Given the topic of this review,we will provide examples mostly about the Golgi apparatus structure,function,localization,and its involvement in astrocytes’homeostatic response,with an insight into congenital glycosylation disorders,as an example of a potential future field in the study of astrocyte homeostatic failure and Golgi apparatus alteration.展开更多
Skeletal muscle accounts for approximately 40%of body mass and 50%–75%of whole-body protein,playing a central role in meat production and quality.Efficient protein synthesis in skeletal muscle relies on an adequate s...Skeletal muscle accounts for approximately 40%of body mass and 50%–75%of whole-body protein,playing a central role in meat production and quality.Efficient protein synthesis in skeletal muscle relies on an adequate supply of nutrient substrates and a balanced amino acid profile.Branched-chain amino acids(BCAA),including leucine(Leu),isoleucine(Ile),and valine(Val),are the most abundant essential amino acids in skeletal muscle and contribute to both protein synthesis and oxidative energy production.Additionally,BCAA function as signaling molecules that regulate gene expression and protein phosphorylation cascades,which significantly influence physiological processes,such as protein synthesis and degradation,glucose and lipid metabolism,and cell apoptosis and autophagy.These processes are primarily mediated through the PI3K/AKT/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways.This review summarizes BCAA transporters and catabolic metabolism,their role as signaling molecules in regulating protein metabolism and glucose and lipid equilibrium,and applications in animal production.These findings offer both theoretical insights and practical guidelines for the precise regulation of feed efficiency and production performance through tailored dietary BCAA supplementations.展开更多
Background:Successful liver resection in oncologic surgery depends on safety,precision,and efficacy,all of which require a thorough understanding of liver anatomy.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CT)-generated th...Background:Successful liver resection in oncologic surgery depends on safety,precision,and efficacy,all of which require a thorough understanding of liver anatomy.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CT)-generated three-dimensional(3D)models have been proposed as a valuable tool to enhance this understanding.However,a systematic comparison of different display modalities across professional groups has not yet been performed.Methods:In this prospective,monocentric randomized trial,we compared high-resolution twodimensional(2D)CT images of liver malignancies with their corresponding standardized,non-colored 3D virtual and printed models in facilitating anatomical and spatial understanding as well as surgical decision-making.A total of 91 participants,including 40 surgeons,10 radiologists,and 41 students,evaluated six clinical cases(three centrally and three peripherally located liver malignancies).Each participant assessed one central and one peripheral case per display modality,presented in a random order.Results:Compared to 2D CT images,both 3D virtual and printed models significantly improved the identification of tumor location(P<0.001),enhanced the comprehension of spatial relationships with adjacent liver and portal veins(P<0.001 and P=0.019,respectively),and facilitated clinical decisionmaking(P<0.001).No significant difference was observed between virtual and printed models in terms of effectiveness.Within the different groups,surgeons and students,but not radiologists,more accurately identified tumor location and spatial relationships with adjacent liver and portal veins using 3D models.Subjectively,most surgeons and students preferred 3D printed models over virtual models and 2D CT images.Conclusions:This study demonstrated that standardized,non-colored 3D virtual and printed models equally help preoperative anatomical understanding and decision-making,particularly for surgeons and students.By isolating the influence of display modality,our findings clarify prior inconsistent results and support the integration of cost-effective 3D visualization by applying virtual models into surgical planning and education.Preference for printed models despite comparable efficacy highlights the importance of user-centered implementation strategies.展开更多
With the rapid development of twodimensional MXene materials,numerous preparation strategies have been proposed to enhance synthesis efficiency,mitigate environmental impact,and enable scalability for large-scale prod...With the rapid development of twodimensional MXene materials,numerous preparation strategies have been proposed to enhance synthesis efficiency,mitigate environmental impact,and enable scalability for large-scale production.The compound etching approach,which relies on cationic oxidation of the A element of MAX phase precursors while anions typically adsorb onto MXene surfaces as functional groups,remains the main prevalent strategy.By contrast,synthesis methodologies utilizing elemental etching agents have been rarely reported.Here,we report a new elemental tellurium(Te)-based etching strategy for the preparation of MXene materials with tunable surface chemistry.By selectively removing the A-site element in MAX phases using Te,our approach avoids the use of toxic fluoride reagents and achieves tellurium-terminated surface groups that significantly enhance sodium storage performance.Experimental results show that Te-etched MXene delivers substantially higher capacities(exceeding 50%improvement over conventionally etched MXene)with superior rate capability,retaining high capacity at large current densities and demonstrating over 90%capacity retention after 1000 cycles.This innovative synthetic strategy provides new insight into controllable MXene preparation and performance optimization,while the as-obtained materials hold promises for high-performance sodium-ion batteries and other energy storage systems.展开更多
The optimal development,function,and maintenance of the central nervous system(CNS)are determined by the dynamic and continuous crosstalk between its components.Neurons and glial cells,the cellular constituents of the...The optimal development,function,and maintenance of the central nervous system(CNS)are determined by the dynamic and continuous crosstalk between its components.Neurons and glial cells,the cellular constituents of the CNS,orchestrate a wide range of essential activities(Allen and Lyons,2018).Notably,glial cells,which outnumber neurons,constitute the major population within the CNS.This population comprises astrocytes,microglia,oligodendrocytes,and ependymal cells,each fulfilling specialized functions that contribute to neural homeostasis and overall CNS integrity.Astrocytes are pivotal in preserving structural and functional integrity through the regulation of synaptic function,the clearance of neurotransmitters,and ion balance.Moreover,they provide metabolic support to neurons.展开更多
Spinal cord injury(SCI)interrupts the flow of information between the brain and the spinal cord,thus leading to a loss of sensory information and motor paralysis of the body below the lesion.Surprisingly,most SCIs are...Spinal cord injury(SCI)interrupts the flow of information between the brain and the spinal cord,thus leading to a loss of sensory information and motor paralysis of the body below the lesion.Surprisingly,most SCIs are incomplete and spare supraspinal pathways,especially those located within the peripheral white matter of the spinal cord,which includes reticulospinal pathways originating from the medullary reticular formation.Whereas there is abundant literature about the motor cortex,its corticospinal pathway,and its capacity to modulate functional recovery after SCI,less is known about the medullary reticular formation and its reticulospinal pathway.展开更多
A large-scale view of the magnetospheric cusp is expected to be obtained by the Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)onboard the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE).However,it is challenging to trace the three-d...A large-scale view of the magnetospheric cusp is expected to be obtained by the Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)onboard the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE).However,it is challenging to trace the three-dimensional cusp boundary from a two-dimensional X-ray image because the detected X-ray signals will be integrated along the line of sight.In this work,a global magnetohydrodynamic code was used to simulate the X-ray images and photon count images,assuming an interplanetary magnetic field with a pure Bz component.The assumption of an elliptic cusp boundary at a given altitude was used to trace the equatorward and poleward boundaries of the cusp from a simulated X-ray image.The average discrepancy was less than 0.1 RE.To reduce the influence of instrument effects and cosmic X-ray backgrounds,image denoising was considered before applying the method above to SXI photon count images.The cusp boundaries were reasonably reconstructed from the noisy X-ray image.展开更多
Mitophagy is a well-characterized and redundant recycling system for damaged mitochondria and a marker of organelle quality(Picca et al.,2023).Yet,the assessment of mitophagy in vivo remains a challenge.The characteri...Mitophagy is a well-characterized and redundant recycling system for damaged mitochondria and a marker of organelle quality(Picca et al.,2023).Yet,the assessment of mitophagy in vivo remains a challenge.The characterization of the endosomallysosomal pathways supporting the endocytic tra fficking has provided invaluable information also into mitophagy signaling.展开更多
Magnesium(Mg)and its alloys,known for their low density and high specific strength,are increasingly explored as lightweight structural materials across a broad range of industrial applications.However,their widespread...Magnesium(Mg)and its alloys,known for their low density and high specific strength,are increasingly explored as lightweight structural materials across a broad range of industrial applications.However,their widespread application remains constrained by intrinsic mechanical limitations,fundamentally rooted in the nature of crystallographic defects.Atomic-scale modeling techniques are transforming our ability to unravel the structures,energetics,and dynamics of these defects and to explore their complex interactions,thereby guiding defect engineering in Mg alloys.However,the growing body of available data can make it difficult for researchers to identify critical knowledge gaps and promising areas for further exploration.To address this challenge,we highlight key research domains with significant potential for impactful advancements,aiming to illuminate these areas while inspiring innovative approaches and encouraging deeper exploration of pivotal topics that may shape the future of Mg alloy development.This review presents a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in atomic-scale modeling of defects in Mg and its alloys.We introduce key simulation methodologies,including density functional theory and atomistic simulations,and highlight their applications to defect distribution,defect dynamics,and defect-defect interactions.By bridging fundamental insights in defects with alloy design strategies,this review aims to support and inspire the broader Mg research community and to underscore the growing impact of atomic-scale modeling in the accelerated development of high-performance Mg alloys.展开更多
Understanding the complex plasma dynamics in ultra-intense relativistic laser-solid interactions is of fundamental importance for applications of laser-plasma-based particle accelerators,the creation of high-energy-de...Understanding the complex plasma dynamics in ultra-intense relativistic laser-solid interactions is of fundamental importance for applications of laser-plasma-based particle accelerators,the creation of high-energy-density matter,understanding planetary science,and laser-driven fusion energy.However,experimental efforts in this regime have been limited by the lack of accessibility of over-critical densities and the poor spatiotemporal resolution of conventional diagnostics.Over the last decade,the advent of femtosecond brilliant hard X-ray free-electron lasers(XFELs)has opened new horizons to overcome these limitations.Here,for the first time,we present full-scale spatiotemporal measurements of solid-density plasma dynamics,including preplasma generation with tens of nanometer scale length driven by the leading edge of a relativistic laser pulse,ultrafast heating and ionization at the main pulse arrival,the laser-driven blast wave,and transient surface return current-induced compression dynamics up to hundreds of picoseconds after interaction.These observations are enabled by utilizing a novel combination of advanced X-ray diagnostics including small-angle X-ray scattering,resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy,and propagation-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging simultaneously at the European XFEL-HED beamline station.展开更多
文摘This study presents a numerical investigation of the transient relaxation dynamics of a near-critical CO_(2)droplet immersed in a warmer supercritical environment composed of the same fluid.Three thermodynamic regimes were analysed:quasi-critical(T_(r)=1.01,P_(r)=1.01),transitional(T_(r)=2.01,P_(r)=1.01),and deep supercritical(T_(r)=5.01,P_(r)=3.01).Theevolution of density,temperature,and velocity fieldswas examined to characterize the internal structure and stability of the interfacial transition layer.The evolution of density,temperature,and velocity fields highlights the competition between thermal diffusion,compressibility,andmass confinement in shaping the stability of the interfacial transition layer.Near the critical point,strong gradients and flux discontinuities emerge,consistent with known instabilities,whereas higher reduced conditions promote homogenization and stabilized transport.In the deep supercritical regime,smooth and nearly uniform fields indicate robust thermal stability.The model is validated against prior studies on droplet evaporation under supercritical and trans-critical conditions.Beyond theoretical insights,the results underline practical implications for advanced propulsion,heat transfer,and evaporation systems as well as for safe CO_(2)supercritical storage and extraction processes in energy,aerospace,pharmaceutical,and materials industries.
基金Institut National de la Santéet de la Recherche Médicale(Inserm)UniversitéClermont Auvergne(France)+2 种基金CHU Clermont-Ferrand(to RD)the French government IDEX-ISITE initiative 16-IDEX-0001(to RD)The Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale(FRM)(to SM).
文摘While acute nociceptive pain is a crucial warning system that protects us from injury or disease,chronic pain is not protective,but a pathological condition.As such,it is now recognized as a disease in its own right,which major classes refer to inflammatory,neuropathic,and idiopathic pain.It is frequent,with up to a third of the population that may suffer at one point from chronic pain.It is often associated with other pathologies,including sleep disorders,anxiety,depression,and is still difficult to treat.It thus represents a significant burden in terms of health and societal impact(Tracey et al.,2019).The mechanisms of chronic pain involve multiple diverse pathways in both the peripheral and central nervous systems(CNS),reflecting its multifaceted biology.Indeed,research over the past decades has established that central sensitization(enhancement in the function of neurons and circuits in central nociceptive pathways),in particular within the dorsal horn,the first central relay of nociceptive inputs plays a key role in the chronicity of pain(Latremoliere and Woolf,2009).
基金supported by the Discovery Grants program of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(No.RGPIN-2021-03553)the Canadian Research Chair in dendroecology and dendroclimatology(CRC-2021-00368)+3 种基金the Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et des Forèts(MRNF,Contract no.142332177-D)the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(Alliance Grant No.ALLRP 557148-20,obtained in partnership with the MRNF and Resolute Forest Products)the Fonds de recherche du Qu ebec–Nature et technologies(Partnership Research Program on the Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Climate Change MitigationGrant No.2022-0FC-309064)。
文摘Xylogenesis,the process through which wood cells are formed,results in the long-term storage of carbon in woody biomass,making it a key component of the global carbon cycle.Understanding how environmental drivers influence xylogenesis during the growing season is therefore of great interest.However,studying shortterm drivers of wood production using xylogenetic data is complicated by the usual sampling scheme and the influence of eccentric growth,i.e.,heterogeneous growth around the stem.In this study,we improve xylogenesis research by introducing a statistical approach that explicitly considers seasonal phenology,short-term growth rates,and growth eccentricity.To this end,we developed Bayesian models of xylogenesis and compared them with a conventional method based on the use of Gompertz functions.Our results show that eccentricity generated high temporal autocorrelation between successive samples,and that explicitly taking it into account improved both the representativeness of phenology and intra-ring variability.We observed consistent short-term patterns in the model residuals,suggesting the influence of an unaccounted-for environmental variable on cell production.The proposed models offer several advantages over traditional methods,including robust confidence intervals around predictions,consistency with phenology,and reduced sensitivity to extreme observations at the end of the growing season,often linked to eccentric growth.These models also provide a benchmark for mechanistic testing of short-term drivers of wood formation.
基金supported by AFM-Telethon grants N°21704 and 23264,Universite Paris Cite(Paris)the National Institute of Health and Medical Research(INSERM)+3 种基金the National Center for Scientific Research(CNRS)the French Association Connaître les Syndromes Cerebelleux(CSC)(to MCD)GV/2021/188 granted from Conselleria of Innovation,Universities,28 Science and Society digital of the Community of Valencia(Spain)(to ITC)Subprograma Atraccion de Talento-Contratos Postdoctorales de la Universitat de Valencia(to IMY).
文摘Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative illnesses constitute a global health issue and a foremost economic burden since they are a large cause of incapacity and death worldwide.Altogether,the burden of neurological disorders has increased considerably over the past 30 years because of population aging.Overall,neurological diseases significantly impair cognitive and motor functions and their incidence will increase as societies age and the world's population continues to grow.Autism spectrum disorder,motor neuron disease,encephalopathy,epilepsy,stroke,ataxia,Alzheimer's disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,Huntington's disease,and Parkinson's disease represent a non-exhaustive list of neurological illnesses.These affections are due to perturbations in cellular homeostasis leading to the progressive injury and death of neurons in the nervous system.Among the common features of neurological handicaps,we find protein aggregation,oxidative stress,neuroinflammation,and mitochondrial impairment in the target tissues,e.g.,the brain,cerebellum,and spinal cord.The high energy requirements of neurons and their inability to produce sufficient adenosine triphosphate by glycolysis,are responsible for their dependence on functional mitochondria for their integrity.Reactive oxygen species,produced along with the respiration process within mitochondria,can lead to oxidative stress,which compromises neuronal survival.Besides having an essential role in energy production and oxidative stress,mitochondria are indispensable for an array of cellular processes,such as amino acid metabolism,iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis,calcium homeostasis,intrinsic programmed cell death(apoptosis),and intraorganellar signaling.Despite the progress made in the last decades in the understanding of a growing number of genetic and molecular causes of central nervous diseases,therapies that are effective to diminish or halt neuronal dysfunction/death are rare.Given the genetic complexity responsible for neurological disorders,the development of neuroprotective strategies seeking to preserve mitochondrial homeostasis is a realistic challenge to lastingly diminish the harmful evolution of these pathologies and so to recover quality of life.A promising candidate is the neuroglobin,a globin superfamily member of 151 amino acids,which is found at high levels in the brain,the eye,and the cerebellum.The protein,which localizes to mitochondria,is involved in electron transfer,oxygen storage and defence against oxidative stress;hence,possessing neuroprotective properties.This review surveys up-to-date knowledge and emphasizes on existing investigations regarding neuroglobin physiological functions,which remain since its discovery in 2000 under intense debate and the possibility of using neuroglobin either by gene therapy or its direct delivery into the brain to treat neurological disorders.
基金the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Green Hydrogen Production,the Québec Ministère de l'Économie,de l'Innovation et de l'Énergie(MEIE)[Développement de catalyseurs et d'électrodes innovants,àfaibles coûts,performants et durables pour la production d'hydrogène vert,funding reference number 00393501]。
文摘Doping metal ions offer a promising strategy to tune the intrinsic and surface properties of BiVO_(4)for enhanced photoelectrochemical(PEC)activity.Given this,experimental and theoretical studies on cadmium(Cd)doping to BiVO_(4)photoanode were studied for PEC water splitting applications.The spectroscopic and PEC results indicate that the substitution of Cd at Bi lattice sites causes the reduction in the valence state of V^(5+)to V4+that creates hole trap states below the Fermi level of BiVO_(4).The introduced hole trap states at the BiVO_(4)surface suppress the charge recombination and provide effective hole transfer sites for the facile water oxidation reactions.The CdBiVO_(4)exhibited significantly higher photocurrent compared to the pristine BiVO_(4)reaching 3.5 mA cm^(-2)(with a hole scavenger)at 1.23 V vs RHE.Furthermore,doping increases the carrier density in the bulk of BiVO_(4)leading to improved charge separation,and charge transfer while reducing the hole transfer resistance at the interface.The Cd-doped BiVO_(4)exhibited a charge separation efficiency of 80%and with a 90%of overall water splitting faradaic efficiency.Importantly,the results of this work propose the advantages of doping metal ions at Bi lattice sites in BiVO_(4)for improved PEC activity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170022)the 2023 Biodiversity Monitoring-special Investigation of Wild Fungi Issued by Chuxiong Management Bureau of Yunnan Ailao Mountains National Nature Reserve,the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project(2019HJ2096001006)the“Investigation of Macrofungi of Maguan County”Issued by Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China.
文摘The informal term‘dahongjun’or‘big red mushroom’is a group of red-coloured russulas widely collected and consumed in southern China,originally mistakenly recognized as the European Russula vinosa.Russula griseocarnosa was described from China in 2009,and since then,it has become the only available scientific name for‘dahongjun’.Nevertheless,several lineages exist within this complex,and whether these lineages represent real species is still an open question.Sampling in major producing areas of‘dahongjun’and phylogenetic species recognition using multi-locus data were conducted.Besides R.griseocarnosa nine additional species were identified under the commercial name‘dahongjun’,including R.dhakuriana,R.quercina,R.purpureozonata,R.yanheensis and a new species sister to R.griseocarnosa here described as R.occulta.The others were undescribed species close to R.laricina,R.lepida,and R.purpureozonata respectively.Six evolutionary lineages within R.griseocarnosa were defined by genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition based on five-locus DNA data.Conflicts among different genealogies suggested that R.griseocarnosa is best considered as a single phylogenetic species,comprising several infraspecific taxa.Lower coverage whole genome sequencing of R.griseocarnosa holotype discovered that its three individuals belong to three different clades.Lectotypification was made using one of the three individuals.A new variety R.griseocarnosa var.ailaoshanensis is described to name one of the terminal clades that is mainly distributed in Ailao Mountains.This variety differs morphologically from the type variety in its nearly white context,bigger spores and more inflated hyphae in the pileipellis.The morphological and molecular data provided in this study are helpful to identify wild edible mushrooms of Russula subgen.Russula.
文摘Traumatic spinal cord injury(SCI)is a pathological condition that impairs both sensorimotor and cognitive functions.While research has long focused on understanding the pathophysiology of SCI and developing treatments,only a few studies have investigated the cellular and molecular consequences that occur in the brain after trauma.From the earliest stages,the injury triggers microglial activation,increased neuronal death,and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus.
文摘Background:We present a case of two major complications following insertion of a nephrostomy managed in a minimally invasive way.Our case is the first in the literature to describe this minimally invasive treatment technique for colon perforation in a completely asymptomatic patient.Case Description:A 75-year-old female patient with a history of bilateral obstructive uropathy secondary to bilateral radiation-induced ureteric strictures attended for bilateral nephrostomy placement.The patient had a history of endometrial cancer,treated previously by total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy and brachytherapy.Her recovery had been further complicated by the development of radiation cystitis,small bowel resection,and short gut syndrome.The strictures had previously been managed with bilateral double J stents,which have now failed.A left-sided nephrostomy insertion was performed.ACT-scan prompted by a repeat deterioration in renal function revealed a right-sided hydronephrosis and suggested transcolic passage of the previously placed leftsided nephrostomy.She had remained clinically well and apyretic.A right-sided nephrostomy was inserted,and the left re-sited following a colonoscopy-guided nephrostomy removal and clip occlusion of the nephrostomy tract.The patient then developed a pseudoaneurysm,which was managed with embolization.The patient was able to return home with corrected kidney function.The three-monthly checks for changes in nephrostomy catheters did not reveal any complications.Conclusions:The patient therefore presented with two major complications of nephrostomy placement:colonic perforation and pseudoaneurysm,classified as Clavien IIIb and IIIa,respectively.Multidisciplinary management,including urologists,gastroenterologists,general surgeons,and radiologists,enabled a minimally invasive management.Minimally invasive management with endoscopic clip placement appears to be a safe alternative to directed fistula of colonic perforation.
文摘Cell function has a tight relationship with cell architecture.Distribution of proteins to the correct compartment is one of the functions of the traffic pathway through the Golgi apparatus.The others are to ensure proper protein folding,the addition of post-translational modifications,and delive ring to intracellular and extracellular destinations.Astrocytes are fundamental homeostatic cells,controlling multiple aspects of the central nervous system physiology,such as ion balance,nutrients,blood flow,neurotransmitte rs,and responses to insults.Astrocytes are polarized cells,and,such as neurons,extensively use the secretory pathway for secreting factors and exposing functional receptors,channels,and transporte rs on the plasma membrane.In this review,we will underline the importance of studying the Golgi apparatus and the secretory pathway in astrocytes,based on the possible tight connection between the Golgi apparatus and astrocytes'homeostatic function.Given the topic of this review,we will provide examples mostly about the Golgi apparatus structure,function,localization,and its involvement in astrocytes'homeostatic response,with an insight into congenital glycosylation disorders,as an example of a potential future field in the study of astrocyte homeostatic failu re and Golgi apparatus alteration.
文摘In complex geological environments,the analysis of drill cores to determine rock strength can be challenging due to the wide variability in the degree of fracturing,leading to subjectivity in the collection of representative samples for uniaxial compressive strength testing.This study evaluates non-destructive techniques on calcareous rocks with different tectonic deformations,including Equotip hardness,ultrasound P-wave velocity,thin section analysis,and calcimetry,integrated with photogrammetric fracture analysis.The investigated carbonate rock samples are sourced from drill cores derived from the Umbria-Marche fold and thrust belt(northern Apennines,Italy),including a gently dipping limb of an anticline,a hinge zone of an anticline,and a fault zone associated with a thrust.Fracture intensity,quantified by the P21 parameter using photogrammetric techniques on pre-loading rock samples,is assessed alongside macroscopic identification of discontinuities(such as stylolites,veins,and joints)using marker colours to monitor failures during uniaxial compression testing.Empirical correlations depicted by single and multi-linear relationships indicate a strong dependence between the mechanical and physical properties of limestones.Both Equotip and P-wave velocity are influenced by fracture intensity,but P-wave velocity varies significantly with discontinuity orientation,especially at 45°-90°.To refine uniaxial compressive strength predictions and mitigate multicollinearity,statistical approaches,including linear and multilinear regression,Principal Component Analysis and Gaussian Process Regression,were tested.Findings improve the reliability of non-destructive techniques for assessing rock strength in structurally complex settings,with implications for geotechnical applications.
文摘Cell function has a tight relationship with cell architecture.Distribution of proteins to the correct compartment is one of the functions of the traffic pathway through the Golgi apparatus.The others are to ensure proper protein folding,the addition of post-translational modifications,and delivering to intracellular and extracellular destinations.Astrocytes are fundamental homeostatic cells,controlling multiple aspects of the central nervous system physiology,such as ion balance,nutrients,blood flow,neurotransmitters,and responses to insults.Astrocytes are polarized cells,and,such as neurons,extensively use the secretory pathway for secreting factors and exposing functional receptors,channels,and transporters on the plasma membrane.In this review,we will underline the importance of studying the Golgi apparatus and the secretory pathway in astrocytes,based on the possible tight connection between the Golgi apparatus and astrocytes’homeostatic function.Given the topic of this review,we will provide examples mostly about the Golgi apparatus structure,function,localization,and its involvement in astrocytes’homeostatic response,with an insight into congenital glycosylation disorders,as an example of a potential future field in the study of astrocyte homeostatic failure and Golgi apparatus alteration.
基金partly funded by National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFD1301405)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University。
文摘Skeletal muscle accounts for approximately 40%of body mass and 50%–75%of whole-body protein,playing a central role in meat production and quality.Efficient protein synthesis in skeletal muscle relies on an adequate supply of nutrient substrates and a balanced amino acid profile.Branched-chain amino acids(BCAA),including leucine(Leu),isoleucine(Ile),and valine(Val),are the most abundant essential amino acids in skeletal muscle and contribute to both protein synthesis and oxidative energy production.Additionally,BCAA function as signaling molecules that regulate gene expression and protein phosphorylation cascades,which significantly influence physiological processes,such as protein synthesis and degradation,glucose and lipid metabolism,and cell apoptosis and autophagy.These processes are primarily mediated through the PI3K/AKT/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways.This review summarizes BCAA transporters and catabolic metabolism,their role as signaling molecules in regulating protein metabolism and glucose and lipid equilibrium,and applications in animal production.These findings offer both theoretical insights and practical guidelines for the precise regulation of feed efficiency and production performance through tailored dietary BCAA supplementations.
文摘Background:Successful liver resection in oncologic surgery depends on safety,precision,and efficacy,all of which require a thorough understanding of liver anatomy.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CT)-generated three-dimensional(3D)models have been proposed as a valuable tool to enhance this understanding.However,a systematic comparison of different display modalities across professional groups has not yet been performed.Methods:In this prospective,monocentric randomized trial,we compared high-resolution twodimensional(2D)CT images of liver malignancies with their corresponding standardized,non-colored 3D virtual and printed models in facilitating anatomical and spatial understanding as well as surgical decision-making.A total of 91 participants,including 40 surgeons,10 radiologists,and 41 students,evaluated six clinical cases(three centrally and three peripherally located liver malignancies).Each participant assessed one central and one peripheral case per display modality,presented in a random order.Results:Compared to 2D CT images,both 3D virtual and printed models significantly improved the identification of tumor location(P<0.001),enhanced the comprehension of spatial relationships with adjacent liver and portal veins(P<0.001 and P=0.019,respectively),and facilitated clinical decisionmaking(P<0.001).No significant difference was observed between virtual and printed models in terms of effectiveness.Within the different groups,surgeons and students,but not radiologists,more accurately identified tumor location and spatial relationships with adjacent liver and portal veins using 3D models.Subjectively,most surgeons and students preferred 3D printed models over virtual models and 2D CT images.Conclusions:This study demonstrated that standardized,non-colored 3D virtual and printed models equally help preoperative anatomical understanding and decision-making,particularly for surgeons and students.By isolating the influence of display modality,our findings clarify prior inconsistent results and support the integration of cost-effective 3D visualization by applying virtual models into surgical planning and education.Preference for printed models despite comparable efficacy highlights the importance of user-centered implementation strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52472228,22309202)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2023NSFSC1942)the Gusu Leading Talents Program(ZXL2023190)。
文摘With the rapid development of twodimensional MXene materials,numerous preparation strategies have been proposed to enhance synthesis efficiency,mitigate environmental impact,and enable scalability for large-scale production.The compound etching approach,which relies on cationic oxidation of the A element of MAX phase precursors while anions typically adsorb onto MXene surfaces as functional groups,remains the main prevalent strategy.By contrast,synthesis methodologies utilizing elemental etching agents have been rarely reported.Here,we report a new elemental tellurium(Te)-based etching strategy for the preparation of MXene materials with tunable surface chemistry.By selectively removing the A-site element in MAX phases using Te,our approach avoids the use of toxic fluoride reagents and achieves tellurium-terminated surface groups that significantly enhance sodium storage performance.Experimental results show that Te-etched MXene delivers substantially higher capacities(exceeding 50%improvement over conventionally etched MXene)with superior rate capability,retaining high capacity at large current densities and demonstrating over 90%capacity retention after 1000 cycles.This innovative synthetic strategy provides new insight into controllable MXene preparation and performance optimization,while the as-obtained materials hold promises for high-performance sodium-ion batteries and other energy storage systems.
基金supported by Linea D.1.2023-24 UniversitàCattolica del S.Cuore(to MTV).
文摘The optimal development,function,and maintenance of the central nervous system(CNS)are determined by the dynamic and continuous crosstalk between its components.Neurons and glial cells,the cellular constituents of the CNS,orchestrate a wide range of essential activities(Allen and Lyons,2018).Notably,glial cells,which outnumber neurons,constitute the major population within the CNS.This population comprises astrocytes,microglia,oligodendrocytes,and ependymal cells,each fulfilling specialized functions that contribute to neural homeostasis and overall CNS integrity.Astrocytes are pivotal in preserving structural and functional integrity through the regulation of synaptic function,the clearance of neurotransmitters,and ion balance.Moreover,they provide metabolic support to neurons.
基金supported by Craig H.Neilsen Foundation,Wings for Life Foundation,Canadian Institutes of Health Research,and Fonds de Recherche Québec-Santé(to FB).
文摘Spinal cord injury(SCI)interrupts the flow of information between the brain and the spinal cord,thus leading to a loss of sensory information and motor paralysis of the body below the lesion.Surprisingly,most SCIs are incomplete and spare supraspinal pathways,especially those located within the peripheral white matter of the spinal cord,which includes reticulospinal pathways originating from the medullary reticular formation.Whereas there is abundant literature about the motor cortex,its corticospinal pathway,and its capacity to modulate functional recovery after SCI,less is known about the medullary reticular formation and its reticulospinal pathway.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NNSFC)under Grant Numbers 42322408,42188101,and 42441809Additional support was provided by the Climbing Program of the National Space Science Center(NSSC,Grant No.E4PD3005)as well as the Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories of China.
文摘A large-scale view of the magnetospheric cusp is expected to be obtained by the Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)onboard the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE).However,it is challenging to trace the three-dimensional cusp boundary from a two-dimensional X-ray image because the detected X-ray signals will be integrated along the line of sight.In this work,a global magnetohydrodynamic code was used to simulate the X-ray images and photon count images,assuming an interplanetary magnetic field with a pure Bz component.The assumption of an elliptic cusp boundary at a given altitude was used to trace the equatorward and poleward boundaries of the cusp from a simulated X-ray image.The average discrepancy was less than 0.1 RE.To reduce the influence of instrument effects and cosmic X-ray backgrounds,image denoising was considered before applying the method above to SXI photon count images.The cusp boundaries were reasonably reconstructed from the noisy X-ray image.
文摘Mitophagy is a well-characterized and redundant recycling system for damaged mitochondria and a marker of organelle quality(Picca et al.,2023).Yet,the assessment of mitophagy in vivo remains a challenge.The characterization of the endosomallysosomal pathways supporting the endocytic tra fficking has provided invaluable information also into mitophagy signaling.
基金support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)-Projektnummer 505716422the French National Research Agency(ANR)grants ANR22-CE92-0058-01(SILA)and ANR-21-CE08-0001(ATOUUM)+2 种基金support by the DFG through the projects A05 of the SFB1394 StructuralChemical Atomic Complexity-From Defect Phase Diagrams to Material Properties,project ID 409476157support funded by the DFG-Projektnummer 562592407 and 555365333.
文摘Magnesium(Mg)and its alloys,known for their low density and high specific strength,are increasingly explored as lightweight structural materials across a broad range of industrial applications.However,their widespread application remains constrained by intrinsic mechanical limitations,fundamentally rooted in the nature of crystallographic defects.Atomic-scale modeling techniques are transforming our ability to unravel the structures,energetics,and dynamics of these defects and to explore their complex interactions,thereby guiding defect engineering in Mg alloys.However,the growing body of available data can make it difficult for researchers to identify critical knowledge gaps and promising areas for further exploration.To address this challenge,we highlight key research domains with significant potential for impactful advancements,aiming to illuminate these areas while inspiring innovative approaches and encouraging deeper exploration of pivotal topics that may shape the future of Mg alloy development.This review presents a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in atomic-scale modeling of defects in Mg and its alloys.We introduce key simulation methodologies,including density functional theory and atomistic simulations,and highlight their applications to defect distribution,defect dynamics,and defect-defect interactions.By bridging fundamental insights in defects with alloy design strategies,this review aims to support and inspire the broader Mg research community and to underscore the growing impact of atomic-scale modeling in the accelerated development of high-performance Mg alloys.
基金funding from Grant No. HIDSS-0002 DASHH (Data Science in Hamburg-Helmholtz Graduate School for the Structure of Matter)partially supported by the Helmholtz Imaging platform through the project “Smart Phase.”
文摘Understanding the complex plasma dynamics in ultra-intense relativistic laser-solid interactions is of fundamental importance for applications of laser-plasma-based particle accelerators,the creation of high-energy-density matter,understanding planetary science,and laser-driven fusion energy.However,experimental efforts in this regime have been limited by the lack of accessibility of over-critical densities and the poor spatiotemporal resolution of conventional diagnostics.Over the last decade,the advent of femtosecond brilliant hard X-ray free-electron lasers(XFELs)has opened new horizons to overcome these limitations.Here,for the first time,we present full-scale spatiotemporal measurements of solid-density plasma dynamics,including preplasma generation with tens of nanometer scale length driven by the leading edge of a relativistic laser pulse,ultrafast heating and ionization at the main pulse arrival,the laser-driven blast wave,and transient surface return current-induced compression dynamics up to hundreds of picoseconds after interaction.These observations are enabled by utilizing a novel combination of advanced X-ray diagnostics including small-angle X-ray scattering,resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy,and propagation-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging simultaneously at the European XFEL-HED beamline station.
