Objective:To explore the relationship between Hashimoto's autoimmune hypothyroidism(HT)and male fertility,focusing on hormonal and seminal factors.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted across databa...Objective:To explore the relationship between Hashimoto's autoimmune hypothyroidism(HT)and male fertility,focusing on hormonal and seminal factors.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted across databases such as PubMed,Web of Science,EMBASE,Scopus,Cochrane,and Google Scholar,covering studies published from January 2000 to March 2024.Studies investigating the impact of HT on semen quality parameters and reproductive hormones were included.Pooled effect estimates were calculated using standard mean difference(SMD)and 95%confidence intervals(CI).Results:A total of 8 studies with 8965 participants were included.HT significantly affected semen quality and reproductive hormone levels.Specifically,there was a notable decrease in progressive morphology(SMD=-0.78;95%CI:-1.40 to-0.17;P=0.01)and sperm motility(SMD=-1.151;95%CI:-1.876 to-0.425;P=0.002).In addition,there were no significant changes in reproductive hormones,although there were elevated levels of luteinizing hormone(SMD=0.437;95%CI:0.000 to 0.874;P=0.050)and follicle-stimulating hormone(SMD=0.293;95%CI:-0.171 to 0.758;P=0.216),with a slight impact on testosterone levels(SMD=-1.143;95%CI:-2.487 to 0.200;P=0.095).Conclusions:This systematic review and meta-analysis provides robust evidence of the detrimental effects of HT on semen quality and reproductive hormones,underscoring the necessity for thorough evaluation and management of thyroid function in male infertility assessments.展开更多
Diabetes and skin cancers have emerged as threats to public health worldwide.However,their association has been less intensively studied.In this narrative review,we explore the common risk factors,molecular mechanisms...Diabetes and skin cancers have emerged as threats to public health worldwide.However,their association has been less intensively studied.In this narrative review,we explore the common risk factors,molecular mechanisms,and prognosis of the association between cutaneous malignancies and diabetes.Hyperglycemia,oxidative stress,low-grade chronic inflammation,genetic,lifestyle,and environmental factors partially explain the crosstalk between skin cancers and this metabolic disorder.In addition,diabetes and its related complications may interfere with the appropriate management of cutaneous malignancies.Antidiabetic medication seems to exert an antineoplastic effect,however,future large,observation studies with a prospective design are needed to clarify its impact on the risk of malignancy in diabetes.Screening for diabetes in skin cancers,as well as close follow-up for the development of cutaneous malignancies in subjects suffering from diabetes,is warranted.展开更多
Cystic fibrosis(CF)is indeed an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by CFTR gene mutations that lead to chloride channel abnormalities in sweat producing cells and mucus.The gastrointestinal tract and the resp...Cystic fibrosis(CF)is indeed an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by CFTR gene mutations that lead to chloride channel abnormalities in sweat producing cells and mucus.The gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory system are the first systems to be impacted,but many systems gradually become implicated,resulting in life-threatening problems.White skinned people of northern European ancestry are the most likely race to have CF.This cumbersome disease is responsible for the 90 percent’s death of sufferers[1].展开更多
Angiogenesis is known as a biological pathway that results in the formation of new capillary blood vessels originating from the pre-existing vascular system[1].The mechanism of angiogenesis is complicated because it i...Angiogenesis is known as a biological pathway that results in the formation of new capillary blood vessels originating from the pre-existing vascular system[1].The mechanism of angiogenesis is complicated because it is associated with multiple intricate interactions between various biological elements including different cells,soluble angiogenic agents,and extracellular molecules.It essentially comprises four discrete sequential stages:(1)Proteolytic enzymes degrade glycoproteins of the basement membrane and other extracellular matrix components which blood vessels are surrounded by them;(2)The activation and migration of endothelial cells;(3)The proliferation of endothelial cells.展开更多
Parkinson's disease(PD)is a common neurological disorder that is defined by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta,eventually leading to striatal dopamine depletion.Restin...Parkinson's disease(PD)is a common neurological disorder that is defined by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta,eventually leading to striatal dopamine depletion.Resting tremors,rigid muscles,bradykinesia,and in rare circumstances,postural instability are symptoms of low dopamine levels.One to two percent of people over 65 worldwide is affected with PD,making it the second most common neurological illness in the world[1,2].Uncertainty about the cause and course of PD persists,as do the biological pathways that drive the disease[3].Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2(LRRK2)gene are the most common cause of familial PD[4].LRRK2 missense mutations increase the risk of developing late-onset autosomal dominant PD,which is clinically comparable to sporadic PD[5,6].LRRK2 PD neuropathology is comparable to sporadic PD neuropathology,with LRRK2 patients experiencing progressive neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway,frequently resulting in alpha-Synuclein-positive Lewy bodies and brain tau pathology[5,7-9].While LRRK2 coding mutations are associated with sporadic PD,frequent non-coding variants at the LRRK2 locus are associated with an increased risk of developing PD[10-13].展开更多
IntroductionThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)pandemic has taken a toll on humans,and the development of effective vaccines has been a promising tool to end the pandemic.However,for a vacc...IntroductionThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)pandemic has taken a toll on humans,and the development of effective vaccines has been a promising tool to end the pandemic.However,for a vaccination program to be successful,a considerable proportion of the community must be vaccinated.Hence,public acceptance of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccines has become the key to controlling the pandemic.Recent studies have shown vaccine hesitancy increasing over time.This systematic review aims to evaluate the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rate and related factors in different communities.MethodA comprehensive search was performed in MEDLINE(via PubMed),Scopus,and Web of Science from January 1,2019 to January 31,2022.All relevant descriptive and observational studies(cross-sectional and longitudinal)on vaccine hesitancy and acceptance were included in this systematic review.In the meta-analysis,odds ratio(OR)was used to assess the effects of population characteristics on vaccine hesitancy,and event rate(acceptance rate)was the effect measure for overall acceptance.Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot,Egger's test,and trim-and-fill methods.ResultA total of 135 out of 6,417 studies were included after screening.A meta-analysis of 114 studies,including 849,911 participants,showed an overall acceptance rate of 63.1%.In addition,men,married individuals,educated people,those with a history of flu vaccination,those with higher income levels,those with comorbidities,and people living in urban areas were less hesitant.ConclusionIncreasing public awareness of the importance of COVID-19 vaccines in overcoming the pandemic is crucial.Being men,living in an urban region,being married or educated,having a history of influenza vaccination,having a higher level of income status,and having a history of comorbidities are associated with higher COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.展开更多
Background Approximately 20%of all transient ischaemic attacks(TIAs)and ischaemic strokes occur within the posterior circulation,with vertebrobasilar stenosis identified as the cause in roughly 25%of the cases.Studies...Background Approximately 20%of all transient ischaemic attacks(TIAs)and ischaemic strokes occur within the posterior circulation,with vertebrobasilar stenosis identified as the cause in roughly 25%of the cases.Studies have shown that about a quarter of these patients have atherosclerotic stenosis of at least 50%of the vertebrobasilar artery.Stenosis has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of 90-day recurrent vertebrobasilar stroke,particularly in the first few weeks,which is significantly higher when compared with patients with stenosis of the anterior circulation.Therefore,aggressive treatment is important for the patient’s prognosis.Stenting is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy for persistent ischaemia events that do not respond to the best medical treatment,but it is not without complications.We systematically reviewed the literature on percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting(PTAS)for intracranial vertebrobasilar artery stenosis(IVBS).Methods PubMed,Web-of Science and Scopus were searched upon the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to include prospective/retrospective cohort,randomised/non-randomised clinical trials and case series studies describing PTAS for IVBS.Pooled rates of intervention-related complications and outcomes were analysed with random-effect model meta-analysis using StataMP V.18.0 software.Results 31 studies were found eligible which included 1928 cases.1103 basilar artery stenosis cases were reported in 27 studies 0.65(95%CI 0.53,0.76),I2:99.72%.648 vertebral cases were reported in 18 studies 0.60(95%CI 0.49,0.70),I2:97.49%.In four studies,the rate of vertebrobasilar stenosis cases calculated as a proportion of the total sample size was 0.10(95%CI 0.05,0.15).Mean stenosis in 21 included studies was found to be 0.83(95%CI 0.79,0.88),I2:0.00%,which shows variation of baseline stenosis between studies was minimal.51 deaths were recorded in 24 studies.Meta-analysis of mortality showed the overall rate of mortality was 0.03(95%CI 0.02,0.05),I2:44.90%.In 14 studies,symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage events were recorded at an overall rate of 0.01(95%CI 0.00,0.02),I2:0.00%.Generally,a follow-up period of at least 3 months was reported in the included studies.Furthermore,procedural stroke/TIA was evaluated in seven studies,four of which reported no events(0.03(95%CI 0.00,0.08),I2:20.38%).Mean time from initial symptoms to recanalisation was 23.98(95%CI 18.56,29.40),I2=98.8%,p=0.00 days.Conclusion In certain individuals with medically unresolved,severe,symptomatic and non-acute IVBS,elective vertebrobasilar PTAS appears to be both safe and effective.Various stent designs and angioplasty-assisted techniques should be taken into consideration based on the specific clinical and radiological traits of the lesions.Future randomised controlled trials are required to verify these results.展开更多
The healing process at a wound is made up of many types of cells,growth factors,the extracellular matrix,nerves and blood vessels all interacting with each other in complex and changing ways.Microbial colonization and...The healing process at a wound is made up of many types of cells,growth factors,the extracellular matrix,nerves and blood vessels all interacting with each other in complex and changing ways.Microbial colonization and proliferation are possible at the place of injury,which makes infection more likely.Because of this,any cut has a chance of getting an infection.Researchers have found that wound infections make patients more upset and cost the healthcare system a lot of money.Surgical site infections happen a lot to people who have recently had surgery.This study shows that such surgical infection is linked to a high rate of illness and death.This is shown by the fact that 25%of patients get serious sepsis and need to be transferred to an intensive care unit.In both animal models and people,mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)play an active role in all stages of wound healing and have positive effects.Exosomes are one of the main things MSCs release.They have effects that are similar to those of the parent MSCs.Various effector proteins,messenger RNA and microRNAs can be transported by extracellular vesicles to control the activity of target cells.This has a big impact on the healing process.These results suggest that using MSC-exosomes as a new type of cell-free therapy could be a better and safer option than whole cell therapy.This review is mostly about how to use parts of MSC-exosomes to help wound infections heal.展开更多
Background Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is a common disease among children;it affected 5-7% of the population in 2015.ADHD is a multifactorial disease,and its etiology is still not clearly understood....Background Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is a common disease among children;it affected 5-7% of the population in 2015.ADHD is a multifactorial disease,and its etiology is still not clearly understood.Data Sources This narrative review has been done by searching the PubMed and Embase databases using attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ADHD,risk factors;genetics;pediatrics;psychiatrics as keywords.Results ADHD is considered to be a hereditary disorder in which genes play the fundamental role in the pathogenesis;however,findings from genetic-environmental studies support the hypothesis that genetic factors can exert effects on an indi-viduaFs condition by determining his/her responses to environmental exposures,especially those during the prenatal stage.Conclusion ADHD is considered as a hereditary disorder in which genes and prenatal risk factors play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis.展开更多
COVID-19 vaccination,although is a promising tool to overcome the pandemic,has side effects.There are in-creasing reports of oral lesions after COVID-19 vaccination.The aim of this review is to identify the occurrence...COVID-19 vaccination,although is a promising tool to overcome the pandemic,has side effects.There are in-creasing reports of oral lesions after COVID-19 vaccination.The aim of this review is to identify the occurrence of some oral lesions after COVID-19 vaccination,and highlight the underlying immune mechanisms involved.A narrative literature review was performed by searching electronic databases including PubMed,Scopus and Web of Science to investigate the oral lesions after COVID-19 vaccination.The inclusion criteria were original stud-ies,including the case reports,case series,letter to the editor,and cross-sectional studies.The exclusion criteria included the studies which examined the oral lesions caused by COVID-19 infection.The information,including the number of participant(s)receiving vaccine,type of vaccine,dose number,side effect(s),time of onset fol-lowing vaccination,healing time,treatment strategies for the existing lesions,and related mechanisms were then summarized in a data extraction sheet.The results of this review showed that some vaccines had side effects with oral involvement such as pemphigus vulgaris,bullous pemphigoid,herpes zoster,lichen planus,Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Behçet’s disease.Future research needs to elucidate the physiopathology of oral manifestations after the COVID-19 vaccination,and better understand the risk factors associated with such responses.Sometimes vaccine’s side effects may be due to the nocebo effect,which means that the person expects some adverse events to occur following the vaccine administration.展开更多
文摘Objective:To explore the relationship between Hashimoto's autoimmune hypothyroidism(HT)and male fertility,focusing on hormonal and seminal factors.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted across databases such as PubMed,Web of Science,EMBASE,Scopus,Cochrane,and Google Scholar,covering studies published from January 2000 to March 2024.Studies investigating the impact of HT on semen quality parameters and reproductive hormones were included.Pooled effect estimates were calculated using standard mean difference(SMD)and 95%confidence intervals(CI).Results:A total of 8 studies with 8965 participants were included.HT significantly affected semen quality and reproductive hormone levels.Specifically,there was a notable decrease in progressive morphology(SMD=-0.78;95%CI:-1.40 to-0.17;P=0.01)and sperm motility(SMD=-1.151;95%CI:-1.876 to-0.425;P=0.002).In addition,there were no significant changes in reproductive hormones,although there were elevated levels of luteinizing hormone(SMD=0.437;95%CI:0.000 to 0.874;P=0.050)and follicle-stimulating hormone(SMD=0.293;95%CI:-0.171 to 0.758;P=0.216),with a slight impact on testosterone levels(SMD=-1.143;95%CI:-2.487 to 0.200;P=0.095).Conclusions:This systematic review and meta-analysis provides robust evidence of the detrimental effects of HT on semen quality and reproductive hormones,underscoring the necessity for thorough evaluation and management of thyroid function in male infertility assessments.
文摘Diabetes and skin cancers have emerged as threats to public health worldwide.However,their association has been less intensively studied.In this narrative review,we explore the common risk factors,molecular mechanisms,and prognosis of the association between cutaneous malignancies and diabetes.Hyperglycemia,oxidative stress,low-grade chronic inflammation,genetic,lifestyle,and environmental factors partially explain the crosstalk between skin cancers and this metabolic disorder.In addition,diabetes and its related complications may interfere with the appropriate management of cutaneous malignancies.Antidiabetic medication seems to exert an antineoplastic effect,however,future large,observation studies with a prospective design are needed to clarify its impact on the risk of malignancy in diabetes.Screening for diabetes in skin cancers,as well as close follow-up for the development of cutaneous malignancies in subjects suffering from diabetes,is warranted.
文摘Cystic fibrosis(CF)is indeed an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by CFTR gene mutations that lead to chloride channel abnormalities in sweat producing cells and mucus.The gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory system are the first systems to be impacted,but many systems gradually become implicated,resulting in life-threatening problems.White skinned people of northern European ancestry are the most likely race to have CF.This cumbersome disease is responsible for the 90 percent’s death of sufferers[1].
文摘Angiogenesis is known as a biological pathway that results in the formation of new capillary blood vessels originating from the pre-existing vascular system[1].The mechanism of angiogenesis is complicated because it is associated with multiple intricate interactions between various biological elements including different cells,soluble angiogenic agents,and extracellular molecules.It essentially comprises four discrete sequential stages:(1)Proteolytic enzymes degrade glycoproteins of the basement membrane and other extracellular matrix components which blood vessels are surrounded by them;(2)The activation and migration of endothelial cells;(3)The proliferation of endothelial cells.
文摘Parkinson's disease(PD)is a common neurological disorder that is defined by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta,eventually leading to striatal dopamine depletion.Resting tremors,rigid muscles,bradykinesia,and in rare circumstances,postural instability are symptoms of low dopamine levels.One to two percent of people over 65 worldwide is affected with PD,making it the second most common neurological illness in the world[1,2].Uncertainty about the cause and course of PD persists,as do the biological pathways that drive the disease[3].Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2(LRRK2)gene are the most common cause of familial PD[4].LRRK2 missense mutations increase the risk of developing late-onset autosomal dominant PD,which is clinically comparable to sporadic PD[5,6].LRRK2 PD neuropathology is comparable to sporadic PD neuropathology,with LRRK2 patients experiencing progressive neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway,frequently resulting in alpha-Synuclein-positive Lewy bodies and brain tau pathology[5,7-9].While LRRK2 coding mutations are associated with sporadic PD,frequent non-coding variants at the LRRK2 locus are associated with an increased risk of developing PD[10-13].
文摘IntroductionThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)pandemic has taken a toll on humans,and the development of effective vaccines has been a promising tool to end the pandemic.However,for a vaccination program to be successful,a considerable proportion of the community must be vaccinated.Hence,public acceptance of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccines has become the key to controlling the pandemic.Recent studies have shown vaccine hesitancy increasing over time.This systematic review aims to evaluate the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rate and related factors in different communities.MethodA comprehensive search was performed in MEDLINE(via PubMed),Scopus,and Web of Science from January 1,2019 to January 31,2022.All relevant descriptive and observational studies(cross-sectional and longitudinal)on vaccine hesitancy and acceptance were included in this systematic review.In the meta-analysis,odds ratio(OR)was used to assess the effects of population characteristics on vaccine hesitancy,and event rate(acceptance rate)was the effect measure for overall acceptance.Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot,Egger's test,and trim-and-fill methods.ResultA total of 135 out of 6,417 studies were included after screening.A meta-analysis of 114 studies,including 849,911 participants,showed an overall acceptance rate of 63.1%.In addition,men,married individuals,educated people,those with a history of flu vaccination,those with higher income levels,those with comorbidities,and people living in urban areas were less hesitant.ConclusionIncreasing public awareness of the importance of COVID-19 vaccines in overcoming the pandemic is crucial.Being men,living in an urban region,being married or educated,having a history of influenza vaccination,having a higher level of income status,and having a history of comorbidities are associated with higher COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.
文摘Background Approximately 20%of all transient ischaemic attacks(TIAs)and ischaemic strokes occur within the posterior circulation,with vertebrobasilar stenosis identified as the cause in roughly 25%of the cases.Studies have shown that about a quarter of these patients have atherosclerotic stenosis of at least 50%of the vertebrobasilar artery.Stenosis has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of 90-day recurrent vertebrobasilar stroke,particularly in the first few weeks,which is significantly higher when compared with patients with stenosis of the anterior circulation.Therefore,aggressive treatment is important for the patient’s prognosis.Stenting is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy for persistent ischaemia events that do not respond to the best medical treatment,but it is not without complications.We systematically reviewed the literature on percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting(PTAS)for intracranial vertebrobasilar artery stenosis(IVBS).Methods PubMed,Web-of Science and Scopus were searched upon the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to include prospective/retrospective cohort,randomised/non-randomised clinical trials and case series studies describing PTAS for IVBS.Pooled rates of intervention-related complications and outcomes were analysed with random-effect model meta-analysis using StataMP V.18.0 software.Results 31 studies were found eligible which included 1928 cases.1103 basilar artery stenosis cases were reported in 27 studies 0.65(95%CI 0.53,0.76),I2:99.72%.648 vertebral cases were reported in 18 studies 0.60(95%CI 0.49,0.70),I2:97.49%.In four studies,the rate of vertebrobasilar stenosis cases calculated as a proportion of the total sample size was 0.10(95%CI 0.05,0.15).Mean stenosis in 21 included studies was found to be 0.83(95%CI 0.79,0.88),I2:0.00%,which shows variation of baseline stenosis between studies was minimal.51 deaths were recorded in 24 studies.Meta-analysis of mortality showed the overall rate of mortality was 0.03(95%CI 0.02,0.05),I2:44.90%.In 14 studies,symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage events were recorded at an overall rate of 0.01(95%CI 0.00,0.02),I2:0.00%.Generally,a follow-up period of at least 3 months was reported in the included studies.Furthermore,procedural stroke/TIA was evaluated in seven studies,four of which reported no events(0.03(95%CI 0.00,0.08),I2:20.38%).Mean time from initial symptoms to recanalisation was 23.98(95%CI 18.56,29.40),I2=98.8%,p=0.00 days.Conclusion In certain individuals with medically unresolved,severe,symptomatic and non-acute IVBS,elective vertebrobasilar PTAS appears to be both safe and effective.Various stent designs and angioplasty-assisted techniques should be taken into consideration based on the specific clinical and radiological traits of the lesions.Future randomised controlled trials are required to verify these results.
文摘The healing process at a wound is made up of many types of cells,growth factors,the extracellular matrix,nerves and blood vessels all interacting with each other in complex and changing ways.Microbial colonization and proliferation are possible at the place of injury,which makes infection more likely.Because of this,any cut has a chance of getting an infection.Researchers have found that wound infections make patients more upset and cost the healthcare system a lot of money.Surgical site infections happen a lot to people who have recently had surgery.This study shows that such surgical infection is linked to a high rate of illness and death.This is shown by the fact that 25%of patients get serious sepsis and need to be transferred to an intensive care unit.In both animal models and people,mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)play an active role in all stages of wound healing and have positive effects.Exosomes are one of the main things MSCs release.They have effects that are similar to those of the parent MSCs.Various effector proteins,messenger RNA and microRNAs can be transported by extracellular vesicles to control the activity of target cells.This has a big impact on the healing process.These results suggest that using MSC-exosomes as a new type of cell-free therapy could be a better and safer option than whole cell therapy.This review is mostly about how to use parts of MSC-exosomes to help wound infections heal.
文摘Background Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is a common disease among children;it affected 5-7% of the population in 2015.ADHD is a multifactorial disease,and its etiology is still not clearly understood.Data Sources This narrative review has been done by searching the PubMed and Embase databases using attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ADHD,risk factors;genetics;pediatrics;psychiatrics as keywords.Results ADHD is considered to be a hereditary disorder in which genes play the fundamental role in the pathogenesis;however,findings from genetic-environmental studies support the hypothesis that genetic factors can exert effects on an indi-viduaFs condition by determining his/her responses to environmental exposures,especially those during the prenatal stage.Conclusion ADHD is considered as a hereditary disorder in which genes and prenatal risk factors play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis.
文摘COVID-19 vaccination,although is a promising tool to overcome the pandemic,has side effects.There are in-creasing reports of oral lesions after COVID-19 vaccination.The aim of this review is to identify the occurrence of some oral lesions after COVID-19 vaccination,and highlight the underlying immune mechanisms involved.A narrative literature review was performed by searching electronic databases including PubMed,Scopus and Web of Science to investigate the oral lesions after COVID-19 vaccination.The inclusion criteria were original stud-ies,including the case reports,case series,letter to the editor,and cross-sectional studies.The exclusion criteria included the studies which examined the oral lesions caused by COVID-19 infection.The information,including the number of participant(s)receiving vaccine,type of vaccine,dose number,side effect(s),time of onset fol-lowing vaccination,healing time,treatment strategies for the existing lesions,and related mechanisms were then summarized in a data extraction sheet.The results of this review showed that some vaccines had side effects with oral involvement such as pemphigus vulgaris,bullous pemphigoid,herpes zoster,lichen planus,Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Behçet’s disease.Future research needs to elucidate the physiopathology of oral manifestations after the COVID-19 vaccination,and better understand the risk factors associated with such responses.Sometimes vaccine’s side effects may be due to the nocebo effect,which means that the person expects some adverse events to occur following the vaccine administration.
