Earthworms are widespread soil organisms that contribute to a wide range of ecosystem services.As such,it is important to improve our knowledge,still scanty,of the factors that drive the assembly of earthworm communit...Earthworms are widespread soil organisms that contribute to a wide range of ecosystem services.As such,it is important to improve our knowledge,still scanty,of the factors that drive the assembly of earthworm communities.The aim of the present study was to conjointly evaluate the effects on the assembly of earthworm communities of i)soil properties(texture,organic matter content,and pH),ii)grassland management(grassland age,livestock unit,and type of fertilization),iii)landscape diversity(richness,diversity of surrounding habitats,and grassland plant diversity),and iv)presence of hedgerows.The study was conducted in temperate grasslands of Brittany,France.Earthworms were sampled in 24 grasslands and,in three of these grasslands,they were sampled near a hedgerow or near a ditch(control without a hedgerow).Soil properties explained the larger portion of the variation in the earthworm community parameters compared to grassland management or landscape diversity.The increase in soil organic matter content and pH were the most favorable factors for earthworm abundance and biomass,in particular for endogeic species.Regarding grassland management,the increase in the livestock unit was the most damaging factor for earthworm communities,in particular for the anecic earthworm biomass and endogeic species richness.Surprisingly,landscape diversity negatively affected the total earthworm abundance and epigeic earthworm biomass,but it was related to an increase in the epi-anecic species.At a finer scale,we also demonstrated that the presence of hedgerows surrounding grasslands enhanced earthworm species richness,especially within the epigeic and anecic ecological categories.This study highlights that the earthworm ecological categories respond specifically to environmental filters;further studies need to be conducted to elucidate the factors that drive the assembly of earthworm communities at this ecological category level.We recommend that policymakers should act on landscape management to favor earthworm diversity in order to improve the ecosystem services they drive.展开更多
Digital maps of soil properties are now widely available.End-users now can access several digital soil mapping(DSM)products of soil properties,produced using different models,calibration/training data,and covariates a...Digital maps of soil properties are now widely available.End-users now can access several digital soil mapping(DSM)products of soil properties,produced using different models,calibration/training data,and covariates at various spatial scales from global to local.Therefore,there is an urgent need to provide easy-to-understand tools to communicate map uncertainty and help end-users assess the reliability of DSM products for use at local scales.In this study,we used a large amount of hand-feel soil texture(HFST)data to assess the performance of various published DSM products on the prediction of soil particle size distribution in Central France.We tested four DSM products for soil texture prediction developed at various scales(global,continental,national,and regional)by comparing their predictions with approximately 3200 HFST observations realized on a 1:50000 soil survey conducted after release of these DSM products.We used both visual comparisons and quantitative indicators to match the DSM predictions and HFST observations.The comparison between the low-cost HFST observations and DSM predictions clearly showed the applicability of various DSM products,with the prediction accuracy increasing from global to regional predictions.This simple evaluation can determine which products can be used at the local scale and if more accurate DSM products are required.展开更多
Soil is an integral component of the global environmental system which supports the quality and diversity of terrestrial life on Earth.Therefore,it is vital to consider the processes and impacts of soil degradation on...Soil is an integral component of the global environmental system which supports the quality and diversity of terrestrial life on Earth.Therefore,it is vital to consider the processes and impacts of soil degradation on society,especially on the provision of environmental goods and services,including food security and climate change mitigation and adaptation.Scientific societies devoted to soil science play significant roles in reducing soil degradation and promoting soil conservation by advancing scientificknowledge,education and environmental sustainability.The ESSC was founded on 4 November 1988,with the aims to:1.Support research on soil degradation,soil protection and soil and water conservation.2.Provide a network for the exchange of knowledge about soil degradation processes and soil conservation research and practises.3.Produce publications on major issues relating to soil degradation and soil and water conservation.4.Advise regulators and policy-makers on soil issues,especially soil degradation,protection and conservation.The societal challenges that can be addressed through better soil protection,advancing knowledge and scientific approaches to soil protection and sustainable management,mean the ESSC embraces the on-going development,application,review and constructive criticism of highly innovative scientific soil conservation methods,In this context,the ESSC analyses and publicizes the roles and functions of soil in natural and human-modified systems and the functional optimization of soils to ensure sustainable environmental protection.'The thin layer of soil that forms a patchy covering over the continents controls our awn existence and that of every other animal of the land' (Rachel Carson (1962) in'Silent Spring).展开更多
One-Health is an umbrella term that integrates the health of the environment,humans and non-human animals.This approach is applied here to elucidate the impact of non-native invasive species on aquaculture and food se...One-Health is an umbrella term that integrates the health of the environment,humans and non-human animals.This approach is applied here to elucidate the impact of non-native invasive species on aquaculture and food security.Despite inherent biases against these species,a better understanding of their characteristics allows for the identification of those of greatest concern,minimizing the risk of food shortages and infectious diseases.This review summarises the positive and negative impacts of non-native species,delineating the specific areas they may impact.Additionally,this review gives an insight to the expertise and stakeholders that would need to be included if a“One-Health”approach were to be implemented by policymakers to better control non-native species.Detailed examples illustrate the consequences of non-native species on trophic dynamics,ecosystem health,water chemistry,and human health,emphasizing the importance of managing them within a multidimensional framework.The“One-Health”approach is explained,and suggestions are made on how certain non-native species could be used to contribute to food security in low-and middle-income countries.Furthermore,recommendations are made to promote a more inclusive management strategy.展开更多
Past builders have developed very low-embodied energy construction techniques optimizing the use of local building materials.These techniques are a source of inspiration for modern sustainable building.Unfortunately,t...Past builders have developed very low-embodied energy construction techniques optimizing the use of local building materials.These techniques are a source of inspiration for modern sustainable building.Unfortunately,this know-how was orally transmitted and was lost as earth construction fell into disuse during the 20th century in European countries.The absence of written documents makes necessary to use an archaeological approach in order to rediscover these construction strategies.Micromorphological analysis of thin sections collacted in earth building walls was used for the first time to describe cob construction technique and highlighted several typical pedofeatures allowing to clearly identifying this process.Finally,a first comparison of the cob and rammed earth micromorphological features permitted to identify two key factors to distinguish these two techniques,the manufacturing state(solid or plastic)and the organization of the material in the wall.展开更多
Groundwater assists farmers to irrigate crops for fulfilling the crop-water requirement.Indian agriculture system is characterized by three cropping seasons known as Kharif(monsoon),Rabi(post-monsoon)and summer(pre-mo...Groundwater assists farmers to irrigate crops for fulfilling the crop-water requirement.Indian agriculture system is characterized by three cropping seasons known as Kharif(monsoon),Rabi(post-monsoon)and summer(pre-monsoon).In tropical countries like India,monitoring cropping practices using optical remote sensing during Kharif and Rabi seasons is constraint due to the cloud cover,which can be well addressed by microwave remote sensing.In the proposed research,the strength of C-band polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)time series images were evaluated to classify groundwater irrigated croplands for the Kharif and Rabi cropping seasons of the year 2013.The present study was performed in the Berambadi experimental watershed of Kabini river basin,southern peninsular India.A total of fifteen polarimetric variables were estimated includes four backscattering coefficients(HH,HV,VH,VV)and eleven polarimetric indices for all Radarsat-2 SAR images.The cumulative temporal sum(seasonal and dual-season)of these parameters was supervised classified using Support Vector Machine(SVM)classifier with intensive ground observation samples.Classification results using the best equation(highest accuracy and kappa)shows that the Kharif,Rabi and irrigated double croplands are respectively 9.58 km2(20.6%),16.14 km2(34.7%)and 6.22 km2(13.4%)with a kappa coefficient respectively 0.84,0.74 and 0.94.展开更多
文摘Earthworms are widespread soil organisms that contribute to a wide range of ecosystem services.As such,it is important to improve our knowledge,still scanty,of the factors that drive the assembly of earthworm communities.The aim of the present study was to conjointly evaluate the effects on the assembly of earthworm communities of i)soil properties(texture,organic matter content,and pH),ii)grassland management(grassland age,livestock unit,and type of fertilization),iii)landscape diversity(richness,diversity of surrounding habitats,and grassland plant diversity),and iv)presence of hedgerows.The study was conducted in temperate grasslands of Brittany,France.Earthworms were sampled in 24 grasslands and,in three of these grasslands,they were sampled near a hedgerow or near a ditch(control without a hedgerow).Soil properties explained the larger portion of the variation in the earthworm community parameters compared to grassland management or landscape diversity.The increase in soil organic matter content and pH were the most favorable factors for earthworm abundance and biomass,in particular for endogeic species.Regarding grassland management,the increase in the livestock unit was the most damaging factor for earthworm communities,in particular for the anecic earthworm biomass and endogeic species richness.Surprisingly,landscape diversity negatively affected the total earthworm abundance and epigeic earthworm biomass,but it was related to an increase in the epi-anecic species.At a finer scale,we also demonstrated that the presence of hedgerows surrounding grasslands enhanced earthworm species richness,especially within the epigeic and anecic ecological categories.This study highlights that the earthworm ecological categories respond specifically to environmental filters;further studies need to be conducted to elucidate the factors that drive the assembly of earthworm communities at this ecological category level.We recommend that policymakers should act on landscape management to favor earthworm diversity in order to improve the ecosystem services they drive.
文摘Digital maps of soil properties are now widely available.End-users now can access several digital soil mapping(DSM)products of soil properties,produced using different models,calibration/training data,and covariates at various spatial scales from global to local.Therefore,there is an urgent need to provide easy-to-understand tools to communicate map uncertainty and help end-users assess the reliability of DSM products for use at local scales.In this study,we used a large amount of hand-feel soil texture(HFST)data to assess the performance of various published DSM products on the prediction of soil particle size distribution in Central France.We tested four DSM products for soil texture prediction developed at various scales(global,continental,national,and regional)by comparing their predictions with approximately 3200 HFST observations realized on a 1:50000 soil survey conducted after release of these DSM products.We used both visual comparisons and quantitative indicators to match the DSM predictions and HFST observations.The comparison between the low-cost HFST observations and DSM predictions clearly showed the applicability of various DSM products,with the prediction accuracy increasing from global to regional predictions.This simple evaluation can determine which products can be used at the local scale and if more accurate DSM products are required.
文摘Soil is an integral component of the global environmental system which supports the quality and diversity of terrestrial life on Earth.Therefore,it is vital to consider the processes and impacts of soil degradation on society,especially on the provision of environmental goods and services,including food security and climate change mitigation and adaptation.Scientific societies devoted to soil science play significant roles in reducing soil degradation and promoting soil conservation by advancing scientificknowledge,education and environmental sustainability.The ESSC was founded on 4 November 1988,with the aims to:1.Support research on soil degradation,soil protection and soil and water conservation.2.Provide a network for the exchange of knowledge about soil degradation processes and soil conservation research and practises.3.Produce publications on major issues relating to soil degradation and soil and water conservation.4.Advise regulators and policy-makers on soil issues,especially soil degradation,protection and conservation.The societal challenges that can be addressed through better soil protection,advancing knowledge and scientific approaches to soil protection and sustainable management,mean the ESSC embraces the on-going development,application,review and constructive criticism of highly innovative scientific soil conservation methods,In this context,the ESSC analyses and publicizes the roles and functions of soil in natural and human-modified systems and the functional optimization of soils to ensure sustainable environmental protection.'The thin layer of soil that forms a patchy covering over the continents controls our awn existence and that of every other animal of the land' (Rachel Carson (1962) in'Silent Spring).
文摘One-Health is an umbrella term that integrates the health of the environment,humans and non-human animals.This approach is applied here to elucidate the impact of non-native invasive species on aquaculture and food security.Despite inherent biases against these species,a better understanding of their characteristics allows for the identification of those of greatest concern,minimizing the risk of food shortages and infectious diseases.This review summarises the positive and negative impacts of non-native species,delineating the specific areas they may impact.Additionally,this review gives an insight to the expertise and stakeholders that would need to be included if a“One-Health”approach were to be implemented by policymakers to better control non-native species.Detailed examples illustrate the consequences of non-native species on trophic dynamics,ecosystem health,water chemistry,and human health,emphasizing the importance of managing them within a multidimensional framework.The“One-Health”approach is explained,and suggestions are made on how certain non-native species could be used to contribute to food security in low-and middle-income countries.Furthermore,recommendations are made to promote a more inclusive management strategy.
基金The authors want to acknowledge Dr.Ashish Shukla of Coventry University for his kind proofreading of the manuscript.
文摘Past builders have developed very low-embodied energy construction techniques optimizing the use of local building materials.These techniques are a source of inspiration for modern sustainable building.Unfortunately,this know-how was orally transmitted and was lost as earth construction fell into disuse during the 20th century in European countries.The absence of written documents makes necessary to use an archaeological approach in order to rediscover these construction strategies.Micromorphological analysis of thin sections collacted in earth building walls was used for the first time to describe cob construction technique and highlighted several typical pedofeatures allowing to clearly identifying this process.Finally,a first comparison of the cob and rammed earth micromorphological features permitted to identify two key factors to distinguish these two techniques,the manufacturing state(solid or plastic)and the organization of the material in the wall.
基金Indo-French collaboration research projects such as IFCPAR/CEFIPRA AICHA(2013-2016),ANR ATCHA(2017-2020)VIGISAT programme,IISc-STC ISRO-098(2010-2013)+1 种基金UBL Ph.D.student grant for mobility(2017)CNES/TOSCA(Irriga-Detection project(2017-2019)).
文摘Groundwater assists farmers to irrigate crops for fulfilling the crop-water requirement.Indian agriculture system is characterized by three cropping seasons known as Kharif(monsoon),Rabi(post-monsoon)and summer(pre-monsoon).In tropical countries like India,monitoring cropping practices using optical remote sensing during Kharif and Rabi seasons is constraint due to the cloud cover,which can be well addressed by microwave remote sensing.In the proposed research,the strength of C-band polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)time series images were evaluated to classify groundwater irrigated croplands for the Kharif and Rabi cropping seasons of the year 2013.The present study was performed in the Berambadi experimental watershed of Kabini river basin,southern peninsular India.A total of fifteen polarimetric variables were estimated includes four backscattering coefficients(HH,HV,VH,VV)and eleven polarimetric indices for all Radarsat-2 SAR images.The cumulative temporal sum(seasonal and dual-season)of these parameters was supervised classified using Support Vector Machine(SVM)classifier with intensive ground observation samples.Classification results using the best equation(highest accuracy and kappa)shows that the Kharif,Rabi and irrigated double croplands are respectively 9.58 km2(20.6%),16.14 km2(34.7%)and 6.22 km2(13.4%)with a kappa coefficient respectively 0.84,0.74 and 0.94.
