Background: Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis is a progressive and disabling inflammatory disease affecting young adults, with limited treatment options. TNFi are more efficacious than JAKi and IL1-7i in nr-ax ...Background: Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis is a progressive and disabling inflammatory disease affecting young adults, with limited treatment options. TNFi are more efficacious than JAKi and IL1-7i in nr-ax SPA and it has a well-known safety profile over a longer duration. Recently, many IL-17i and JAKi were approved for the treatment of nr-ax SPA;however, data comparing IL1-7i and JAKi in terms of efficacy and safety is lacking. This systematized review aimed to compare the existing efficacy and safety data of JAKi vs IL-17i in the treatment of patients with nr-ax SPA. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using relevant keywords in many databases. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA, 2020), relevant articles were included and evaluated in this review. Efficacy and safety data were collected, analyzed and compared through week 52. The first check was done by the end of week 14 and week 16 for upadacitinib and IL-17i respectively. Results: Data from four RCTs evaluating upadacitinib, secukinumab, ixekizumab, and bimekizumab comprising 1425 patients were analyzed. Overall, a comparable efficacy and safety profile were observed across different treatment arms through week 52;however, non-significant variations were encountered in some outcome measures. The primary endpoint among these RCTs (ASAS40 response rate) was met and it was higher in patients treated with bimekizumab 160 mg sc Q 4 weeks in TNFi non responders (48%) and lowest in ixekizumab 80 mg sc Q 4 weeks treated patients, (35%) (p Conclusion: The above-mentioned three IL-17i and the only one JAKi demonstrated comparable safety and efficacy profiles with some minor variations. A head-to-head trial comparing the effectiveness and safety characteristics of JAKi vs IL-17i may be needed in patients with active nr-ax SpA.展开更多
Background Higher accelerometer-assessed volume and intensity of physical activity(PA)have been associated with a longer life expectancy but can be difficult to translate into recommended doses of PA.We aimed to:(a)im...Background Higher accelerometer-assessed volume and intensity of physical activity(PA)have been associated with a longer life expectancy but can be difficult to translate into recommended doses of PA.We aimed to:(a)improve interpretability by producing UK Biobank age-referenced centiles for PA volume and intensity;(b)inform public-health messaging by examining how adding recommended quantities of moderate and vigorous PA affect PA volume and intensity.Methods 92,480 UK Biobank participants aged 43-80 years with wrist-worn accelerometer data were included.Average acceleration and intensity gradient were derived as proxies for PA volume and intensity.We generated sex-specific centile curves using Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape(GAMLSS)and modeled the effect of adding moderate(walking)or vigorous(running)activity on the combined change in the volume and intensity centiles(change in PA profile).Results In men,volume was lower as age increased while intensity was lower after age 55;in women,both volume and intensity were lower as age increased.Adding 150 min of moderate PA weekly(5×30 min walking)increased the PA profile by 4 percentage points.Defining moderate PA as brisk walking approximately doubled the increase(9 percentage points)while 75 min of vigorous PA weekly(5×15 min running)trebled the increase(13 percentage points).Conclusion These UK Biobank reference centiles provide a benchmark for interpretation of accelerometer data.Application of our translational methods demonstrate that meeting PA guidelines through shorter duration vigorous activity is more beneficial to the PA profile(volume and intensity)than longer duration moderate activity.展开更多
Background:It is unclear whether physical activity can benefit participants with high genetic predisposition to cardiovascular disease.We examined the joint associations of intensity-specific physical activity and gen...Background:It is unclear whether physical activity can benefit participants with high genetic predisposition to cardiovascular disease.We examined the joint associations of intensity-specific physical activity and genetic predisposition(based on polygenetic risk score)with incident coronary heart disease(CHD),stroke,and atrial fibrillation(AF).Methods:This prospective cohort study included 303,950 adults(age=56.4±8.0 years,mean±SD;52.5%females)from the UK Biobank with physical activity and disease-related genotypes.Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA)and intensity-specific activity was classified according to volume(e.g.,MVPA was classified as none,low,medium,and high).Genetic predisposition for CHD,stroke,and AF were classified as low(Quintile 1),intermediate(Quintiles 2-4),and high(Quintile 5).Results:During 11.6±2.1 years of follow-up:19,865 CHD,7907 stroke,and 16,688 AF events occurred.Compared to the no MVPA and high genetic risk group,we observed lower CHD risk for increasing levels of MVPA over and above genetic risk groupings.These associations were primarily driven by vigorous-intensity activity.For example,in the high genetic risk group,those with low vigorous-intensity activity levels(compared to none)had a hazard ratio(HR)of 0.78(95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.72-0.86)compared to an HR of 0.92(95%CI:0.86-0.99)for low moderate-intensity activity levels.For stroke incidence,we observed a protective association for MVPA across genetic risk groups that was mostly driven by moderate-intensity activity volume.Among the high genetic risk group,low moderate-intensity had an HR of0.77(95%CI:0.66-0.90),whereas low vigorous-intensity had no association(HR=0.95,95%CI:0.82-1.09).We did not observe a consistent joint association of MVPA and AF genetic predisposition.Conclusion:We observed lower CHD and stroke risk for low to high MVPA among participants with high genetic predisposition.The associations of moderate-and vigorous-intensity activity volume differed considerably across cardiovascular disease sub-types.Overall,our findings suggest vigorous-intensity activity may mitigate genetic predisposition for CHD while moderate intensity activity may be associated with similar effects for stroke.Joint associations were less consistent across AF genetic predisposition groups.Our results inform precision medicine approaches and future lifestyle modification interventions by quantifying the potential benefits of physical activity among at-risk individuals.展开更多
Background:High adiposity and low physical activity are associated with cancer risk.Whether different amounts and intensities of physical activity can mitigate this association is unclear.We aimed to examine the indep...Background:High adiposity and low physical activity are associated with cancer risk.Whether different amounts and intensities of physical activity can mitigate this association is unclear.We aimed to examine the independent and combined associations of adiposity and devicemeasured physical activity levels of different intensities with cancer incidence and mortality.Methods:This prospective cohort study included data from 70,747 UK Biobank participants(mean age=61.6±7.9 years,mean±SD;56.4%women)with wrist-worn accelerometer measurements of physical activity and without chronic diseases or mobility limitations.Physical activity exposures included min per week of light intensity physical activity(LPA),moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity(MVPA),and vigorous intensity physical activity(VPA),along with total weekly volume.Body mass index(BMI)was calculated from anthropometric measurements.Participants were categorized into 9 groups based on joint tertiles of physical activity and BMI categories(normal weight,overweight,and obesity).Secondary analyses included adiposity using bio-impedance and waist circumference measurements.The outcome was incidence and death from cancer retrieved from national registries.Associations between adiposity,physical activity,and cancer hazard were calculated as subdistribution hazard ratios.A secondary analysis focused on cancer types strongly associated with physical activity.Results:We observed 2625 events(2572 non-fatal and 53 fatal)during a median follow-up of 6.1 years.Compared with the referent(normal weight and high physical activity),overweight and obesity were associated with a 6%to 36%higher cancer hazard across physical activity intensities.However,high MVPA and VPA(approximately 500 min and 32 min per week in the top tertiles,respectively)attenuated the hazard associated with overweight and obesity.Being normal weight was not associated with a higher cancer hazard regardless of physical activity level.The results were similar,although more pronounced,when modeling cancer types strongly associated with physical activity as the outcome.Conclusion:High MVPA and VPA levels may attenuate the association of overweight and obesity with cancer hazard,but maintaining a normal weight seems comparatively more important than physical activity to reduce the hazard.Maintaining a healthy body weight and engaging in physical activity is needed to minimize risk of some cancer types.展开更多
The drive to develop renewable energy is increasing the interest in energy forestry. Woody biomass from forest residues has the potential to make a significant contribution to greenhouse gas emission reduction through...The drive to develop renewable energy is increasing the interest in energy forestry. Woody biomass from forest residues has the potential to make a significant contribution to greenhouse gas emission reduction through fossil fuel substitution. However, there is a danger of operational practice running ahead of the understanding of the environmental impacts of such activities. Consequently, there is an urgent requirement for scientifically underpinned guidance on the best management practices to ensure soil and water protection, including sustaining forestry’s key role in carbon capture. This study addresses the main issues associated with stump harvesting practices and their impacts on soil carbon and nutrient capital and effects on the second rotation tree growth. It reports results from a clearfell site in the UK where experimental stump harvesting was carried out in 2005 before replanting with Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis (Bon.)Carr. Both stump harvested and conventional harvested areas (Control) were studied in 2009 and 2010, five years after harvesting, on the two distinct soil types at the site: podzolised brown earth and peaty gley soils. Results show impacts of stump harvesting on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks, residual water, base cations (K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) concentrations and stocks and bulk density in both soil types. The organic peaty gley soil showed larger and deeper profile changes after stump harvesting compared with the podzolised brown mineral soil, where some of the negative changes in C, N and base cations in the top soil were compensated by increases at depth. Tree assessment showed positive effect of stump harvesting on K and Ca uptake by young seedlings, but N and P nutrient status was reduced on the peaty gley soils. The overall results support the current UK forestry guidance for stump harvesting which identifies that soil type is the most important site factor determining the sustainability of the practice.展开更多
Radiation exposure has been linked to increased risk of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) for decades. CH is a relatively uncommon condition, occurring in about 1 of 2000 US births. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) leve...Radiation exposure has been linked to increased risk of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) for decades. CH is a relatively uncommon condition, occurring in about 1 of 2000 US births. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels for each child born in California permitted an analysis of combined confirmed and borderline CH cases. Borderline/confirmed CH cases are more than seven times greater than just confirmed cases. Airborne levels of gross beta nuclear radiation in the US were elevated in the period starting several days after the Fukushima nuclear meltdown, especially in west coast states like California. The borderline/confirmed CH rate for newborns during the last 9.5 months in 2011 (exposed to Fukushima in utero) vs. births during other periods in 2011 and 2012 (not exposed) was significantly elevated, suggesting that adverse health effects to the newborn thyroid were not restricted to just a small number of confirmed CH cases. The sensitivity of the fetus to radiation exposure, plus the presence of thyroid-seeking radioiodine, suggest further analysis of Fukushima’s potential to cause adverse health effects in newborns is needed.展开更多
Background: Tuberculosis among non-UK-born Black Africans has been gradually recognized as a public health problem in the UK despite the various interventions implemented. Objectives: To explore the perceptions of non...Background: Tuberculosis among non-UK-born Black Africans has been gradually recognized as a public health problem in the UK despite the various interventions implemented. Objectives: To explore the perceptions of non-UK-born Black Africans about TB health risk;to explore the health seeking behavior of the non-UK-born Black Africans in relation to TB and to explore lay views on TB health education and screening as opportunities for health promotion. Methodology and Study Design: A qualitative methodology was used on a purposively selected sample of 12 non-UK-born Black Africans living in Leeds. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to explore the lay perceptions about TB. Thematic analysis was used to derive important themes in accordance to the study objectives. Ethical approval was provided by Leeds Metropolitan University. Setting: Community setting of non-UK-born Black Africans in Leeds, UK. Results: This population holds mixed views and perceptions about tuberculosis, few facilitators and many barriers existed to current TB prevention efforts. The barriers included: language barriers, barriers related to services and systems, immigration status and stigma despite the benefits involved. The potential for black African communities to readily increase the likelihood of behavior change was found as an important finding for this study. Conclusions: Tuberculosis is a preventable public health problem. Involvement of the non-UK-born black Africans communities in the TB prevention may be beneficial for reducing and tackling TB rates in this population. Such an approach is potentially inexpensive and more readily implementable than other suggested strategies such as changes to immigration policies.展开更多
Osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative articular disorder manifested by cartilage destruction,subchondral sclerosis,osteophytes,and synovitis,resulting in chronic joint pain and physical disability in the elderly.The pur...Osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative articular disorder manifested by cartilage destruction,subchondral sclerosis,osteophytes,and synovitis,resulting in chronic joint pain and physical disability in the elderly.The purpose of this study was to investigate mitochondrial DNA copy number(mtDNACN)and inflammatory cytokines in primary knee OA patients and healthy volunteers.A total of 204 knee OA patients and 169 age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited.Their relative blood leukocyte mtDNACN was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR),and ten inflammatory cytokines in their plasma were detected by multiplex immunoassay.Blood leukocyte mtDNACN in the OA group was significantly lower than that in the control group.Leukocyte mtDNACN in the control group was negatively correlated with their age(r=−0.380,P<0.0001),whereas mtDNACN in the OA group was positively correlated with their age(r=0.198,P<0.001).Plasma interleukin-4(IL-4)and IL-6 were significantly higher in the knee OA group than in the control group.The plasma IL-6 level was positively correlated with blood leukocyte mtDNACN in the OA group(r=0.547,P=0.0014).IL-5 showed as a major factor(coefficient 0.69)in the second dimension of principle components analysis(PCA)-transformed data and was significantly higher in the OA group(P<0.001)as well as negatively correlated with mtDNACN(r=−0.577,P<0.001).These findings suggest that elevation of plasma IL-4 and IL-6 and a relative reduction in mtDNACN might be effective biomarkers for knee OA.IL-5 is a plausible factor responsible for decreasing blood leukocyte mtDNACN in knee OA patients.展开更多
Feline panleukopenia virus(FPV)is a single-stranded DNA virus that can infect cats and cause feline panleukopenia,which is a highly contagious and fatal disease in felines.The sequence of FPV is highly variable,and mu...Feline panleukopenia virus(FPV)is a single-stranded DNA virus that can infect cats and cause feline panleukopenia,which is a highly contagious and fatal disease in felines.The sequence of FPV is highly variable,and mutations in the amino acids of its capsid protein play crucial roles in altering viral virulence,immunogenicity,host selection,and other abilities.In this study,the epidemiology of FPV was studied using 746 gastrointestinal swab samples derived from cats that presented gastrointestinal symptoms specifcally,diarrhea or vomiting during the period spanning from 2018 to 2022.The overall prevalence of FPV-positive patients among these samples was determined to be 45.4%.Capsid(virion)protein 2(VP2)gene of each FPV-positive sample was sequenced and amplifed,yielding 65 VP2 sequences.Among them,six VP2 gene sequences were detected in the majority of the samples test positive for FPV,and these positive samples originated from a diverse range of geographical locations.These isolates were named FPV-6,FPV-10,FPV-15,FPV-251,FPV-271 and FPV-S2.Additionally,the substitution of Ala300Pro(A300P)in VP2 was detected for the frst time in feline-derived FPV(FPV-251).FPV-251 isolate,with this substitution in VP2 protein,exhibited stable proliferative capacity in Madin-Darby canine kidney(MDCK)cells and A72 cells.FPV-271 was selected as the FPV control isolate due to its single amino acid diference from VP2 protein of FPV-251 at position 300(FPV-271 has alanine,while FPV-251 has proline).After oral infection,both FPV-251 and FPV-271 isolates caused feline panleukopenia,which is characterized by clinical signs of enterocolitis.However,FPV-251 can infect dogs through the oral route and cause gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms with lesions in the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes(MLNs)of infected dogs.This is the frst report on the presence of an A300P substitution in VP2 protein of feline-derived FPV.Additionally,FPV isolate with a substitution of A300P at VP2 protein demonstrated efcient replication capabilities in canine cell lines and the ability to infect dogs.展开更多
The southern portion of the Sao Francisco Palaeocontinent in Brazil is denoted by Archean nuclei and Paleoproterozoic magmatic arcs that were amalgamated during Siderian to Orosirian orogenic processes(ca.2.4-2.1 Ga)....The southern portion of the Sao Francisco Palaeocontinent in Brazil is denoted by Archean nuclei and Paleoproterozoic magmatic arcs that were amalgamated during Siderian to Orosirian orogenic processes(ca.2.4-2.1 Ga).New isotopic U-Pb in zircon and Sm-Nd whole rock combined with major and trace element composition analyses constrain the crystallization history of the Neoarchean Piedade block(at ca.2.6 Ga)and the Paleoproterozoic Mantiqueira Complex(ca.2.1-1.9 Ga).These therefore display quite different magmatic histories prior to their amalgamation at ca.2.05 Ga.Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopes imply a mixed mantle-crustal origin for the samples in both units.A complete Palaeoproterozoic orogenic cycle,from subduction to collision and collapse,is recorded in the Piedade Block and the Mantiqueira Complex.Rhyacian to Orosirian subduction processes(ca.2.2-2.1 Ga)led to the generation of coeval(ca.2.16 Ga)TTG suites and sanukitoids,followed by late(2.10-2.02 Ga)high-K granitoids that mark the collisional stage.The collisional accretion of the Mantiqueira Complex against the Piedade Block at 2.08-2.04 Ga is also recorded by granulite facies metamorphism in the latter terrane,along the Ponte Nova suture zone.The collisional stage was closely followed by the emplacement of within-plate tholeiites at ca.2.04 Ga and by alkaline rocks(syenites and enriched basic rocks)at ca.1.98 Ga,marking the transition to an extensional tectonic regime.The discovery of two episodes of TTG and sanukitoid magmatism,one during the Neoarchean in the Piedade Complex and another during the Rhyacian in the Mantiqueira Complex,indicates that the onset of subduction-related melting of metasomatized mantle was not restricted to Neoarchean times,as generally believed,but persisted much later into the Paleoproterozoic.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to engage with Gilles Deleuze＇s work on time and space in cinema as a theoretical trajectory for exploring the video art of Lia Lapithi Shukuroglou. In Cinema 2： The Time-Image （1989）,...The purpose of this paper is to engage with Gilles Deleuze＇s work on time and space in cinema as a theoretical trajectory for exploring the video art of Lia Lapithi Shukuroglou. In Cinema 2： The Time-Image （1989）, Deleuze argues that post-Second World War cinema has been shaped by a historical transformation compelling it to create new signs and images. Centering on the post-war landscape of Cyprus in 1974, the moment of ＂historical transformation＂ in Deleuze is transposed to this national context; examining Lapithi＇s response to the crisis of historical time in its relation to physical spaces. It negotiates a contextualized reading of three videos and argues that they manifest Deleuzian ＂time-images＂. These texts react to the territorialization of real spaces by deterritorializing official national history. Using Martin Jones＇ study, Deleuze, cinema and national identity： Narrative time in national contexts （2006） Lapithi＇s time-images are interpreted as ＂unruly＂ as they resist a linear narrative and destabilize public time. Contrary to Martin Jones＇s view that time-images constitute a temporary deviation from flowing national time, the author argues that Lapithi excavates alternative temporalities in perpetuity; whilst proposing that in the context of Cyprus the deterritorialization of space by time postpones the nation＇s identity.展开更多
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal heterogeneous disease of the myeloid white blood cells. It is characterised by an accumulation of immature blast cells and a number of chromosomal and genetic mutations have be...Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal heterogeneous disease of the myeloid white blood cells. It is characterised by an accumulation of immature blast cells and a number of chromosomal and genetic mutations have been identified. In both de novo and therapy-related AML, defective DNA repair mechanisms are responsible for some of these genetic abnormalities. Targeting the DNA repair mechanism has been shown to be successful against certain forms of solid tumors and may represent a novel therapeutic approach for AML.展开更多
To observe the effects of the micronutrients on oxidative and autoimmune destruction of islets so as to prevent a person from the onset and development of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus （T1DM）, the interleukin-4 and inter...To observe the effects of the micronutrients on oxidative and autoimmune destruction of islets so as to prevent a person from the onset and development of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus （T1DM）, the interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 expressions of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and spleen of T1DM rats were determined by flow cytometry. GSH-Px activity and MDA level in the rats＇ pancreas were measured using biochemical methods. The insulin contents in serum and β cell insulin secret storage were tested by RIA and IHC, respectively. There was an increase in the percentages of IL-4 and IL-10 positive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and spleen of the groups of rats supplemented with various combinations of micronutrients（p 〈0.01 and p 〈0.05, respectively） ; the blood glucose concentration decreased （p 〈 0. 05 ） ; both the functional β cell in islets and the insulin content in pancreatic tissue increased （p 〈 0. 05 and p 〈0. 01 ） ; the GSH-Px activity and MDA level of pancreas in the rats enhanced and decreased respectively（p 〈0. 01 and p 〈 0. 05）. The results suggest that micronutrients may alleviate the islet lesions by upregulating the expressions of IL-4 and IL-10 and lowering oxidative stress in diabetic rats .展开更多
This paper focuses on media consumption,especially Chinese-language media consumption,among Chinese people living in the UK within the current global media landscape.This research project employs an explanatory sequen...This paper focuses on media consumption,especially Chinese-language media consumption,among Chinese people living in the UK within the current global media landscape.This research project employs an explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach,utilizing a questionnaire survey,focus groups,and semi-structured in-depth interviews to gather both quantitative and qualitative data.The findings indicate that Chinese people in the UK predominantly consume media through social platforms on mobile devices.Notably,their approach to accessing news reflects a trend of independent choice driven by personal information preferences.This study suggests that shifts in the media consumption of Chinese individuals in the UK are influenced by changing media environments in China,and their media habits evolve as they gradually adapt to the host society.While Chinese-language media offer platforms for Chinese individuals in the UK to create virtual communities to meet various needs,this research argues that while it may help them adapt to the host society more quickly,it does not necessarily encourage full integration.展开更多
Based on the observed data in monitored drainage areas and GIS spatial analysis tools,watershed basic database of Shitoukoumen Reservoir Basin was built.The multivariate analysis and redundancy analysis(RDA) were used...Based on the observed data in monitored drainage areas and GIS spatial analysis tools,watershed basic database of Shitoukoumen Reservoir Basin was built.The multivariate analysis and redundancy analysis(RDA) were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of water quality,identify the key environmental factors and their patterns influencing the spatial variation of water quality,and determine the main types and forms of the non-point source(NPS) pollutant export controlled by the key environmental factors.The results show that different patterns of environmental factors lead to great changes in water quality at spatial and seasonal scales.All selected environmental factors explain 64.5% and 68.2% of the spatial variation of water quality over dry season and rainy season,respectively,which shows clear seasonal difference.Over dry season,residential land is the most important environmental factor,which possesses 35.4% of the spatial variation,and drainage area is the second key environmental factor,which possesses 17.0% of spatial variation in the total variance.Over rainy season,slope length and drainage area are the key environmental factors,which possess 29.3% of the spatial variation together.Residential land influences nitrogen export by changing NH4+-N and particulate organic nitrogen(PON) discharge over dry season,and drainage area controls phosphorus export by regulating dissolved phosphorus(DP) drainage over dry season and phosphorus associated particulate(PAP) loss over rainy season,respectively.Although slope length is an important environmental factor,it does not influence NPS pollutant export.It is interesting that soil organic matter,as a minor environmental factor,highly determines phosphorus and nitrogen export by enhancing the DP,PAP and PON loss.展开更多
INTRODUCTION: This paper provides a review of the practice of liver transplantation with the main emphasis on UK practice and indications for transplantation. REFERRAL AND ASSESSMENT: This section reviews the process ...INTRODUCTION: This paper provides a review of the practice of liver transplantation with the main emphasis on UK practice and indications for transplantation. REFERRAL AND ASSESSMENT: This section reviews the process of referral and assessment of patients with liver disease with reference to UK practice. DONOR ORGANS: The practice of brainstem death and cadaveric organ donation is peculiar to individual countries and rates of donation and potential areas of improvement are addressed. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: The technical innovations that have led to liver transplantation becoming a semi-elective procedure are reviewed. Specific emphasis is made to the role of liver reduction and splitting and living related liver transplantation and how this impacts on UK practice are reviewed. The complications of liver transplan-tation are also reviewed with reference to our own unit. Immunosuppression:The evolution of immunosuppression and its impact on liver transplantation are reviewed with some reference to future protocols. RETRANSPLANTATION: The role of retransplantation is reviewed. OUTCOME AND SURVIVAL: The results of liver transplantation are reviewed with specific emphasis on our own experience. FUTURE: The future of liver transplantation is addressed.展开更多
Increased urbanisation,economic growth,and long-term climate variability have made both the UK and China more susceptible to urban and river flooding,putting people and property at increased risk.This paper presents a...Increased urbanisation,economic growth,and long-term climate variability have made both the UK and China more susceptible to urban and river flooding,putting people and property at increased risk.This paper presents a review of the current flooding challenges that are affecting the UK and China and the actions that each country is undertaking to tackle these problems.Particular emphases in this paper are laid on(1)learning from previous flooding events in the UK and China,and(2)which management methodologies are commonly used to reduce flood risk.The paper concludes with a strategic research plan suggested by the authors,together with proposed ways to overcome identified knowledge gaps in flood management.Recommendations briefly comprise the engagement of all stakeholders to ensure a proactive approach to land use planning,early warning systems,and water-sensitive urban design or redesign through more effective policy,multi-level flood models,and data driven models of water quantity and quality.展开更多
China＇s FengYnn 3 （FY-3） polar orbiting satellites axe set to become an important sonrce of observational data for nu- merical weather prediction （NWP）, atmospheric reanalyses, and climate monitoring studies over...China＇s FengYnn 3 （FY-3） polar orbiting satellites axe set to become an important sonrce of observational data for nu- merical weather prediction （NWP）, atmospheric reanalyses, and climate monitoring studies over the next two decades. As part of the Climate Science for Service Partnership China （CSSP China） prograln, FY-3B Microwave Humidity Sounder 1 （MWHS-1） and FY-3C MWHS-2 observations have been thoroughly assessed and prepared for operational assimilation. This represents the first time observations from China＇s polar orbiting satellites have been used in the UK＇s global NWP model. Since 2016, continuous data quality monitoring has shown occasional bias changes found to be correlated to changes in the energy supply scheme regulating the platform heating system and other transient anomalies. Nonetheless, MWHS-1 and MWHS-2 significantly contribute to the 24-h forecast error reduction by 0.3% and 0.6%, respectively, and the combination of both instruments is shown to improve the fit to the model background of independent sounders by up to 1%. The observations from the Microwave Radiation Imager （MWRI） also are a potentially significant source of benefits for NWP models, but a solar-dependent bias observed in the instrument half-orbits has prevented their assimilation. This paper presents the bases of a correction scheme developed at the Met Office for the purpose of a future assimilation of MWRI data.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of balloon tamponade in the management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Methods: Retrospective review of 58 women who underwent balloon tamponade for severe PPH, during a period...Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of balloon tamponade in the management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Methods: Retrospective review of 58 women who underwent balloon tamponade for severe PPH, during a period of 5 years and 10 months, at Russells Hall Hospital, a busy district general hospital in UK. Clinical success was defined as control of bleeding without need for further intervention. Results: Fifty-eight women (mean age, 30 years;range, 18 - 42) underwent balloon tamponade, of which twenty seven (46.5%) women delivered vaginally and 31 (53.5%) women were delivered by cesarean section. Uterine atony was the main cause of PPH (31 cases). Balloon tamponade was used prophylactically in 11 high risk women in anticipation of potential PPH. Rusch balloon was used in 48 cases and Bakri balloon in 10 cases. Clinical success rate of balloon tamponade was 87.2%. Three patients in this study required hysterectomy. Conclusion: Balloon tamponade is an effective means of controlling severe PPH with success rates of around 87%. There should also be a low threshold for prophylactic use of balloon tamponade in women at high risk of PPH, considering its ease of use, low complication rate and ability to maintain reproductive ability.展开更多
文摘Background: Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis is a progressive and disabling inflammatory disease affecting young adults, with limited treatment options. TNFi are more efficacious than JAKi and IL1-7i in nr-ax SPA and it has a well-known safety profile over a longer duration. Recently, many IL-17i and JAKi were approved for the treatment of nr-ax SPA;however, data comparing IL1-7i and JAKi in terms of efficacy and safety is lacking. This systematized review aimed to compare the existing efficacy and safety data of JAKi vs IL-17i in the treatment of patients with nr-ax SPA. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using relevant keywords in many databases. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA, 2020), relevant articles were included and evaluated in this review. Efficacy and safety data were collected, analyzed and compared through week 52. The first check was done by the end of week 14 and week 16 for upadacitinib and IL-17i respectively. Results: Data from four RCTs evaluating upadacitinib, secukinumab, ixekizumab, and bimekizumab comprising 1425 patients were analyzed. Overall, a comparable efficacy and safety profile were observed across different treatment arms through week 52;however, non-significant variations were encountered in some outcome measures. The primary endpoint among these RCTs (ASAS40 response rate) was met and it was higher in patients treated with bimekizumab 160 mg sc Q 4 weeks in TNFi non responders (48%) and lowest in ixekizumab 80 mg sc Q 4 weeks treated patients, (35%) (p Conclusion: The above-mentioned three IL-17i and the only one JAKi demonstrated comparable safety and efficacy profiles with some minor variations. A head-to-head trial comparing the effectiveness and safety characteristics of JAKi vs IL-17i may be needed in patients with active nr-ax SpA.
基金supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands (ARC EM, (IS-BRC-1215-20010))funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre (IS-BRC-1215-20011)supported by a UKRI research grant (EP/X042464/1)。
文摘Background Higher accelerometer-assessed volume and intensity of physical activity(PA)have been associated with a longer life expectancy but can be difficult to translate into recommended doses of PA.We aimed to:(a)improve interpretability by producing UK Biobank age-referenced centiles for PA volume and intensity;(b)inform public-health messaging by examining how adding recommended quantities of moderate and vigorous PA affect PA volume and intensity.Methods 92,480 UK Biobank participants aged 43-80 years with wrist-worn accelerometer data were included.Average acceleration and intensity gradient were derived as proxies for PA volume and intensity.We generated sex-specific centile curves using Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape(GAMLSS)and modeled the effect of adding moderate(walking)or vigorous(running)activity on the combined change in the volume and intensity centiles(change in PA profile).Results In men,volume was lower as age increased while intensity was lower after age 55;in women,both volume and intensity were lower as age increased.Adding 150 min of moderate PA weekly(5×30 min walking)increased the PA profile by 4 percentage points.Defining moderate PA as brisk walking approximately doubled the increase(9 percentage points)while 75 min of vigorous PA weekly(5×15 min running)trebled the increase(13 percentage points).Conclusion These UK Biobank reference centiles provide a benchmark for interpretation of accelerometer data.Application of our translational methods demonstrate that meeting PA guidelines through shorter duration vigorous activity is more beneficial to the PA profile(volume and intensity)than longer duration moderate activity.
文摘Background:It is unclear whether physical activity can benefit participants with high genetic predisposition to cardiovascular disease.We examined the joint associations of intensity-specific physical activity and genetic predisposition(based on polygenetic risk score)with incident coronary heart disease(CHD),stroke,and atrial fibrillation(AF).Methods:This prospective cohort study included 303,950 adults(age=56.4±8.0 years,mean±SD;52.5%females)from the UK Biobank with physical activity and disease-related genotypes.Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA)and intensity-specific activity was classified according to volume(e.g.,MVPA was classified as none,low,medium,and high).Genetic predisposition for CHD,stroke,and AF were classified as low(Quintile 1),intermediate(Quintiles 2-4),and high(Quintile 5).Results:During 11.6±2.1 years of follow-up:19,865 CHD,7907 stroke,and 16,688 AF events occurred.Compared to the no MVPA and high genetic risk group,we observed lower CHD risk for increasing levels of MVPA over and above genetic risk groupings.These associations were primarily driven by vigorous-intensity activity.For example,in the high genetic risk group,those with low vigorous-intensity activity levels(compared to none)had a hazard ratio(HR)of 0.78(95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.72-0.86)compared to an HR of 0.92(95%CI:0.86-0.99)for low moderate-intensity activity levels.For stroke incidence,we observed a protective association for MVPA across genetic risk groups that was mostly driven by moderate-intensity activity volume.Among the high genetic risk group,low moderate-intensity had an HR of0.77(95%CI:0.66-0.90),whereas low vigorous-intensity had no association(HR=0.95,95%CI:0.82-1.09).We did not observe a consistent joint association of MVPA and AF genetic predisposition.Conclusion:We observed lower CHD and stroke risk for low to high MVPA among participants with high genetic predisposition.The associations of moderate-and vigorous-intensity activity volume differed considerably across cardiovascular disease sub-types.Overall,our findings suggest vigorous-intensity activity may mitigate genetic predisposition for CHD while moderate intensity activity may be associated with similar effects for stroke.Joint associations were less consistent across AF genetic predisposition groups.Our results inform precision medicine approaches and future lifestyle modification interventions by quantifying the potential benefits of physical activity among at-risk individuals.
基金funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities under application 33.50.460A.752by the European Union Next Generation EU/PRTR through a Margarita Salas contract of the University of Vigosupported by the Government of Andalusia, Research Talent Recruitment Programme (EMERGIA 2020/00158)。
文摘Background:High adiposity and low physical activity are associated with cancer risk.Whether different amounts and intensities of physical activity can mitigate this association is unclear.We aimed to examine the independent and combined associations of adiposity and devicemeasured physical activity levels of different intensities with cancer incidence and mortality.Methods:This prospective cohort study included data from 70,747 UK Biobank participants(mean age=61.6±7.9 years,mean±SD;56.4%women)with wrist-worn accelerometer measurements of physical activity and without chronic diseases or mobility limitations.Physical activity exposures included min per week of light intensity physical activity(LPA),moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity(MVPA),and vigorous intensity physical activity(VPA),along with total weekly volume.Body mass index(BMI)was calculated from anthropometric measurements.Participants were categorized into 9 groups based on joint tertiles of physical activity and BMI categories(normal weight,overweight,and obesity).Secondary analyses included adiposity using bio-impedance and waist circumference measurements.The outcome was incidence and death from cancer retrieved from national registries.Associations between adiposity,physical activity,and cancer hazard were calculated as subdistribution hazard ratios.A secondary analysis focused on cancer types strongly associated with physical activity.Results:We observed 2625 events(2572 non-fatal and 53 fatal)during a median follow-up of 6.1 years.Compared with the referent(normal weight and high physical activity),overweight and obesity were associated with a 6%to 36%higher cancer hazard across physical activity intensities.However,high MVPA and VPA(approximately 500 min and 32 min per week in the top tertiles,respectively)attenuated the hazard associated with overweight and obesity.Being normal weight was not associated with a higher cancer hazard regardless of physical activity level.The results were similar,although more pronounced,when modeling cancer types strongly associated with physical activity as the outcome.Conclusion:High MVPA and VPA levels may attenuate the association of overweight and obesity with cancer hazard,but maintaining a normal weight seems comparatively more important than physical activity to reduce the hazard.Maintaining a healthy body weight and engaging in physical activity is needed to minimize risk of some cancer types.
文摘The drive to develop renewable energy is increasing the interest in energy forestry. Woody biomass from forest residues has the potential to make a significant contribution to greenhouse gas emission reduction through fossil fuel substitution. However, there is a danger of operational practice running ahead of the understanding of the environmental impacts of such activities. Consequently, there is an urgent requirement for scientifically underpinned guidance on the best management practices to ensure soil and water protection, including sustaining forestry’s key role in carbon capture. This study addresses the main issues associated with stump harvesting practices and their impacts on soil carbon and nutrient capital and effects on the second rotation tree growth. It reports results from a clearfell site in the UK where experimental stump harvesting was carried out in 2005 before replanting with Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis (Bon.)Carr. Both stump harvested and conventional harvested areas (Control) were studied in 2009 and 2010, five years after harvesting, on the two distinct soil types at the site: podzolised brown earth and peaty gley soils. Results show impacts of stump harvesting on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks, residual water, base cations (K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) concentrations and stocks and bulk density in both soil types. The organic peaty gley soil showed larger and deeper profile changes after stump harvesting compared with the podzolised brown mineral soil, where some of the negative changes in C, N and base cations in the top soil were compensated by increases at depth. Tree assessment showed positive effect of stump harvesting on K and Ca uptake by young seedlings, but N and P nutrient status was reduced on the peaty gley soils. The overall results support the current UK forestry guidance for stump harvesting which identifies that soil type is the most important site factor determining the sustainability of the practice.
文摘Radiation exposure has been linked to increased risk of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) for decades. CH is a relatively uncommon condition, occurring in about 1 of 2000 US births. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels for each child born in California permitted an analysis of combined confirmed and borderline CH cases. Borderline/confirmed CH cases are more than seven times greater than just confirmed cases. Airborne levels of gross beta nuclear radiation in the US were elevated in the period starting several days after the Fukushima nuclear meltdown, especially in west coast states like California. The borderline/confirmed CH rate for newborns during the last 9.5 months in 2011 (exposed to Fukushima in utero) vs. births during other periods in 2011 and 2012 (not exposed) was significantly elevated, suggesting that adverse health effects to the newborn thyroid were not restricted to just a small number of confirmed CH cases. The sensitivity of the fetus to radiation exposure, plus the presence of thyroid-seeking radioiodine, suggest further analysis of Fukushima’s potential to cause adverse health effects in newborns is needed.
文摘Background: Tuberculosis among non-UK-born Black Africans has been gradually recognized as a public health problem in the UK despite the various interventions implemented. Objectives: To explore the perceptions of non-UK-born Black Africans about TB health risk;to explore the health seeking behavior of the non-UK-born Black Africans in relation to TB and to explore lay views on TB health education and screening as opportunities for health promotion. Methodology and Study Design: A qualitative methodology was used on a purposively selected sample of 12 non-UK-born Black Africans living in Leeds. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to explore the lay perceptions about TB. Thematic analysis was used to derive important themes in accordance to the study objectives. Ethical approval was provided by Leeds Metropolitan University. Setting: Community setting of non-UK-born Black Africans in Leeds, UK. Results: This population holds mixed views and perceptions about tuberculosis, few facilitators and many barriers existed to current TB prevention efforts. The barriers included: language barriers, barriers related to services and systems, immigration status and stigma despite the benefits involved. The potential for black African communities to readily increase the likelihood of behavior change was found as an important finding for this study. Conclusions: Tuberculosis is a preventable public health problem. Involvement of the non-UK-born black Africans communities in the TB prevention may be beneficial for reducing and tackling TB rates in this population. Such an approach is potentially inexpensive and more readily implementable than other suggested strategies such as changes to immigration policies.
基金Project supported by the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University(No.RA61/104)the Research Chair Grant from the National Science and Technology Development Agency+1 种基金the 100th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund for Doctoral Scholarshipthe Overseas Research Experience Scholarship for Graduate Student,Thailand and China Scholarship Council,China
文摘Osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative articular disorder manifested by cartilage destruction,subchondral sclerosis,osteophytes,and synovitis,resulting in chronic joint pain and physical disability in the elderly.The purpose of this study was to investigate mitochondrial DNA copy number(mtDNACN)and inflammatory cytokines in primary knee OA patients and healthy volunteers.A total of 204 knee OA patients and 169 age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited.Their relative blood leukocyte mtDNACN was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR),and ten inflammatory cytokines in their plasma were detected by multiplex immunoassay.Blood leukocyte mtDNACN in the OA group was significantly lower than that in the control group.Leukocyte mtDNACN in the control group was negatively correlated with their age(r=−0.380,P<0.0001),whereas mtDNACN in the OA group was positively correlated with their age(r=0.198,P<0.001).Plasma interleukin-4(IL-4)and IL-6 were significantly higher in the knee OA group than in the control group.The plasma IL-6 level was positively correlated with blood leukocyte mtDNACN in the OA group(r=0.547,P=0.0014).IL-5 showed as a major factor(coefficient 0.69)in the second dimension of principle components analysis(PCA)-transformed data and was significantly higher in the OA group(P<0.001)as well as negatively correlated with mtDNACN(r=−0.577,P<0.001).These findings suggest that elevation of plasma IL-4 and IL-6 and a relative reduction in mtDNACN might be effective biomarkers for knee OA.IL-5 is a plausible factor responsible for decreasing blood leukocyte mtDNACN in knee OA patients.
基金the Experimental Animal Research Project of Hubei Province(Grant No.2023CFA005).
文摘Feline panleukopenia virus(FPV)is a single-stranded DNA virus that can infect cats and cause feline panleukopenia,which is a highly contagious and fatal disease in felines.The sequence of FPV is highly variable,and mutations in the amino acids of its capsid protein play crucial roles in altering viral virulence,immunogenicity,host selection,and other abilities.In this study,the epidemiology of FPV was studied using 746 gastrointestinal swab samples derived from cats that presented gastrointestinal symptoms specifcally,diarrhea or vomiting during the period spanning from 2018 to 2022.The overall prevalence of FPV-positive patients among these samples was determined to be 45.4%.Capsid(virion)protein 2(VP2)gene of each FPV-positive sample was sequenced and amplifed,yielding 65 VP2 sequences.Among them,six VP2 gene sequences were detected in the majority of the samples test positive for FPV,and these positive samples originated from a diverse range of geographical locations.These isolates were named FPV-6,FPV-10,FPV-15,FPV-251,FPV-271 and FPV-S2.Additionally,the substitution of Ala300Pro(A300P)in VP2 was detected for the frst time in feline-derived FPV(FPV-251).FPV-251 isolate,with this substitution in VP2 protein,exhibited stable proliferative capacity in Madin-Darby canine kidney(MDCK)cells and A72 cells.FPV-271 was selected as the FPV control isolate due to its single amino acid diference from VP2 protein of FPV-251 at position 300(FPV-271 has alanine,while FPV-251 has proline).After oral infection,both FPV-251 and FPV-271 isolates caused feline panleukopenia,which is characterized by clinical signs of enterocolitis.However,FPV-251 can infect dogs through the oral route and cause gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms with lesions in the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes(MLNs)of infected dogs.This is the frst report on the presence of an A300P substitution in VP2 protein of feline-derived FPV.Additionally,FPV isolate with a substitution of A300P at VP2 protein demonstrated efcient replication capabilities in canine cell lines and the ability to infect dogs.
基金FAPERJ,CNPQ,CAPES and FINEP funding agenciesjoint projects with CPRM and Petrobras。
文摘The southern portion of the Sao Francisco Palaeocontinent in Brazil is denoted by Archean nuclei and Paleoproterozoic magmatic arcs that were amalgamated during Siderian to Orosirian orogenic processes(ca.2.4-2.1 Ga).New isotopic U-Pb in zircon and Sm-Nd whole rock combined with major and trace element composition analyses constrain the crystallization history of the Neoarchean Piedade block(at ca.2.6 Ga)and the Paleoproterozoic Mantiqueira Complex(ca.2.1-1.9 Ga).These therefore display quite different magmatic histories prior to their amalgamation at ca.2.05 Ga.Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopes imply a mixed mantle-crustal origin for the samples in both units.A complete Palaeoproterozoic orogenic cycle,from subduction to collision and collapse,is recorded in the Piedade Block and the Mantiqueira Complex.Rhyacian to Orosirian subduction processes(ca.2.2-2.1 Ga)led to the generation of coeval(ca.2.16 Ga)TTG suites and sanukitoids,followed by late(2.10-2.02 Ga)high-K granitoids that mark the collisional stage.The collisional accretion of the Mantiqueira Complex against the Piedade Block at 2.08-2.04 Ga is also recorded by granulite facies metamorphism in the latter terrane,along the Ponte Nova suture zone.The collisional stage was closely followed by the emplacement of within-plate tholeiites at ca.2.04 Ga and by alkaline rocks(syenites and enriched basic rocks)at ca.1.98 Ga,marking the transition to an extensional tectonic regime.The discovery of two episodes of TTG and sanukitoid magmatism,one during the Neoarchean in the Piedade Complex and another during the Rhyacian in the Mantiqueira Complex,indicates that the onset of subduction-related melting of metasomatized mantle was not restricted to Neoarchean times,as generally believed,but persisted much later into the Paleoproterozoic.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to engage with Gilles Deleuze＇s work on time and space in cinema as a theoretical trajectory for exploring the video art of Lia Lapithi Shukuroglou. In Cinema 2： The Time-Image （1989）, Deleuze argues that post-Second World War cinema has been shaped by a historical transformation compelling it to create new signs and images. Centering on the post-war landscape of Cyprus in 1974, the moment of ＂historical transformation＂ in Deleuze is transposed to this national context; examining Lapithi＇s response to the crisis of historical time in its relation to physical spaces. It negotiates a contextualized reading of three videos and argues that they manifest Deleuzian ＂time-images＂. These texts react to the territorialization of real spaces by deterritorializing official national history. Using Martin Jones＇ study, Deleuze, cinema and national identity： Narrative time in national contexts （2006） Lapithi＇s time-images are interpreted as ＂unruly＂ as they resist a linear narrative and destabilize public time. Contrary to Martin Jones＇s view that time-images constitute a temporary deviation from flowing national time, the author argues that Lapithi excavates alternative temporalities in perpetuity; whilst proposing that in the context of Cyprus the deterritorialization of space by time postpones the nation＇s identity.
文摘Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal heterogeneous disease of the myeloid white blood cells. It is characterised by an accumulation of immature blast cells and a number of chromosomal and genetic mutations have been identified. In both de novo and therapy-related AML, defective DNA repair mechanisms are responsible for some of these genetic abnormalities. Targeting the DNA repair mechanism has been shown to be successful against certain forms of solid tumors and may represent a novel therapeutic approach for AML.
基金Supported Partly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.39870667)the Program for Scientific ResearchFoundation of Jilin Province,China(No.2002-714)the Key Scientific Research Project from the Third Clinical College of Jilin University,China.
文摘To observe the effects of the micronutrients on oxidative and autoimmune destruction of islets so as to prevent a person from the onset and development of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus （T1DM）, the interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 expressions of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and spleen of T1DM rats were determined by flow cytometry. GSH-Px activity and MDA level in the rats＇ pancreas were measured using biochemical methods. The insulin contents in serum and β cell insulin secret storage were tested by RIA and IHC, respectively. There was an increase in the percentages of IL-4 and IL-10 positive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and spleen of the groups of rats supplemented with various combinations of micronutrients（p 〈0.01 and p 〈0.05, respectively） ; the blood glucose concentration decreased （p 〈 0. 05 ） ; both the functional β cell in islets and the insulin content in pancreatic tissue increased （p 〈 0. 05 and p 〈0. 01 ） ; the GSH-Px activity and MDA level of pancreas in the rats enhanced and decreased respectively（p 〈0. 01 and p 〈 0. 05）. The results suggest that micronutrients may alleviate the islet lesions by upregulating the expressions of IL-4 and IL-10 and lowering oxidative stress in diabetic rats .
文摘This paper focuses on media consumption,especially Chinese-language media consumption,among Chinese people living in the UK within the current global media landscape.This research project employs an explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach,utilizing a questionnaire survey,focus groups,and semi-structured in-depth interviews to gather both quantitative and qualitative data.The findings indicate that Chinese people in the UK predominantly consume media through social platforms on mobile devices.Notably,their approach to accessing news reflects a trend of independent choice driven by personal information preferences.This study suggests that shifts in the media consumption of Chinese individuals in the UK are influenced by changing media environments in China,and their media habits evolve as they gradually adapt to the host society.While Chinese-language media offer platforms for Chinese individuals in the UK to create virtual communities to meet various needs,this research argues that while it may help them adapt to the host society more quickly,it does not necessarily encourage full integration.
基金Under the auspices of Cooperation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Jilin Province (No 2006SYHZ0025)Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No KZCX2-YW-126,KZCX2-YW-Q06-2)
文摘Based on the observed data in monitored drainage areas and GIS spatial analysis tools,watershed basic database of Shitoukoumen Reservoir Basin was built.The multivariate analysis and redundancy analysis(RDA) were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of water quality,identify the key environmental factors and their patterns influencing the spatial variation of water quality,and determine the main types and forms of the non-point source(NPS) pollutant export controlled by the key environmental factors.The results show that different patterns of environmental factors lead to great changes in water quality at spatial and seasonal scales.All selected environmental factors explain 64.5% and 68.2% of the spatial variation of water quality over dry season and rainy season,respectively,which shows clear seasonal difference.Over dry season,residential land is the most important environmental factor,which possesses 35.4% of the spatial variation,and drainage area is the second key environmental factor,which possesses 17.0% of spatial variation in the total variance.Over rainy season,slope length and drainage area are the key environmental factors,which possess 29.3% of the spatial variation together.Residential land influences nitrogen export by changing NH4+-N and particulate organic nitrogen(PON) discharge over dry season,and drainage area controls phosphorus export by regulating dissolved phosphorus(DP) drainage over dry season and phosphorus associated particulate(PAP) loss over rainy season,respectively.Although slope length is an important environmental factor,it does not influence NPS pollutant export.It is interesting that soil organic matter,as a minor environmental factor,highly determines phosphorus and nitrogen export by enhancing the DP,PAP and PON loss.
文摘INTRODUCTION: This paper provides a review of the practice of liver transplantation with the main emphasis on UK practice and indications for transplantation. REFERRAL AND ASSESSMENT: This section reviews the process of referral and assessment of patients with liver disease with reference to UK practice. DONOR ORGANS: The practice of brainstem death and cadaveric organ donation is peculiar to individual countries and rates of donation and potential areas of improvement are addressed. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: The technical innovations that have led to liver transplantation becoming a semi-elective procedure are reviewed. Specific emphasis is made to the role of liver reduction and splitting and living related liver transplantation and how this impacts on UK practice are reviewed. The complications of liver transplan-tation are also reviewed with reference to our own unit. Immunosuppression:The evolution of immunosuppression and its impact on liver transplantation are reviewed with some reference to future protocols. RETRANSPLANTATION: The role of retransplantation is reviewed. OUTCOME AND SURVIVAL: The results of liver transplantation are reviewed with specific emphasis on our own experience. FUTURE: The future of liver transplantation is addressed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFE0122500)the Researcher Links Fund,British Council(Grant No.227109770)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.5151101425 and 51579166)the Open Research Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering,Sichuan University(Grants No.SKHL1601 and SKHL1602)
文摘Increased urbanisation,economic growth,and long-term climate variability have made both the UK and China more susceptible to urban and river flooding,putting people and property at increased risk.This paper presents a review of the current flooding challenges that are affecting the UK and China and the actions that each country is undertaking to tackle these problems.Particular emphases in this paper are laid on(1)learning from previous flooding events in the UK and China,and(2)which management methodologies are commonly used to reduce flood risk.The paper concludes with a strategic research plan suggested by the authors,together with proposed ways to overcome identified knowledge gaps in flood management.Recommendations briefly comprise the engagement of all stakeholders to ensure a proactive approach to land use planning,early warning systems,and water-sensitive urban design or redesign through more effective policy,multi-level flood models,and data driven models of water quantity and quality.
基金supported by the UK-China Research&Innovation Partnership Fund through the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership(CSSP)China as part of the Newton Fund
文摘China＇s FengYnn 3 （FY-3） polar orbiting satellites axe set to become an important sonrce of observational data for nu- merical weather prediction （NWP）, atmospheric reanalyses, and climate monitoring studies over the next two decades. As part of the Climate Science for Service Partnership China （CSSP China） prograln, FY-3B Microwave Humidity Sounder 1 （MWHS-1） and FY-3C MWHS-2 observations have been thoroughly assessed and prepared for operational assimilation. This represents the first time observations from China＇s polar orbiting satellites have been used in the UK＇s global NWP model. Since 2016, continuous data quality monitoring has shown occasional bias changes found to be correlated to changes in the energy supply scheme regulating the platform heating system and other transient anomalies. Nonetheless, MWHS-1 and MWHS-2 significantly contribute to the 24-h forecast error reduction by 0.3% and 0.6%, respectively, and the combination of both instruments is shown to improve the fit to the model background of independent sounders by up to 1%. The observations from the Microwave Radiation Imager （MWRI） also are a potentially significant source of benefits for NWP models, but a solar-dependent bias observed in the instrument half-orbits has prevented their assimilation. This paper presents the bases of a correction scheme developed at the Met Office for the purpose of a future assimilation of MWRI data.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of balloon tamponade in the management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Methods: Retrospective review of 58 women who underwent balloon tamponade for severe PPH, during a period of 5 years and 10 months, at Russells Hall Hospital, a busy district general hospital in UK. Clinical success was defined as control of bleeding without need for further intervention. Results: Fifty-eight women (mean age, 30 years;range, 18 - 42) underwent balloon tamponade, of which twenty seven (46.5%) women delivered vaginally and 31 (53.5%) women were delivered by cesarean section. Uterine atony was the main cause of PPH (31 cases). Balloon tamponade was used prophylactically in 11 high risk women in anticipation of potential PPH. Rusch balloon was used in 48 cases and Bakri balloon in 10 cases. Clinical success rate of balloon tamponade was 87.2%. Three patients in this study required hysterectomy. Conclusion: Balloon tamponade is an effective means of controlling severe PPH with success rates of around 87%. There should also be a low threshold for prophylactic use of balloon tamponade in women at high risk of PPH, considering its ease of use, low complication rate and ability to maintain reproductive ability.
