Many models have been developed in the world to estimate emission inventories and fuel consumption in the past and those models can be broadly categorized as either a travel based model or a fuel based model. Driving ...Many models have been developed in the world to estimate emission inventories and fuel consumption in the past and those models can be broadly categorized as either a travel based model or a fuel based model. Driving cycles can be considered as one of the major travel based models to estimate emission inventories. It can be used for various purposes such as setting up the emission standards, for traffic management purposes and also to determine the travel time. In the past, researchers have tried to use readily available, well established driving cycles in their environment which is different from the origin of the driving cycle in many aspects. Thus, the attempts have failed to give good quality results. This study attempts to critically evaluate the different methods used for driving cycle construction in different parts of the world under various conditions to propose a general suitable approach to develop a representative and economical driving cycle(s) for a given geographic location for set objectives.展开更多
The grid DEM(digital elevation model) generation can be from any of a number of sources:for instance,analogue to digital conversion of contour maps followed by application of the TIN model,or direct elevation point mo...The grid DEM(digital elevation model) generation can be from any of a number of sources:for instance,analogue to digital conversion of contour maps followed by application of the TIN model,or direct elevation point modelling via digital photogrammetry applied to airborne images or satellite images.Currently,apart from the deployment of point-clouds from LiDAR data acquisition,the generally favoured approach refers to applications of digital photogrammetry.One of the most important steps in such deployment is the stereo matching process for conjugation point(pixel) establishment:very difficult in modelling any homogenous areas like water cover or forest canopied areas due to the lack of distinct spatial features.As a result,application of automated procedures is sure to generate erroneous elevation values.In this paper,we present and apply a method for improving the quality of stereo DEMs generated via utilization of an entropy texture filter.The filter was applied for extraction of homogenous areas before stereo matching so that a statistical texture filter could then be applied for removing anomalous evaluation values prior to interpolation and accuracy assessment via deployment of a spatial correlation technique.For exemplification,we used a stereo pair of ASTER 1B images.展开更多
Traffic congestion in road transportation networks is a persistent problem in major metropolitan cities around the world.In this context,this paper deals with exploiting underutilized road capacities in a network to l...Traffic congestion in road transportation networks is a persistent problem in major metropolitan cities around the world.In this context,this paper deals with exploiting underutilized road capacities in a network to lower the congestion on overutilized links while simultaneously satisfying the system optimal flow assignment for sustainable transportation.Four congestion mitigation strategies are identified based on deviation and relative deviation of link volume from the corresponding capacity.Consequently,four biobjective mathematical programming optimal flow distribution(OFD)models are proposed.The case study results demonstrate that all the proposed models improve system performance and reduce congestion on high volume links by shifting flows to low volumeto-capacity links compared to UE and SO models.Among the models,the system optimality with minimal sum and maximum absolute relative-deviation models(SO-SAR and SO-MAR)showed superior results for different performance measures.The SO-SAR model yielded 50%and 30%fewer links at higher link utilization factors than UE and SO models,respectively.Also,it showed more than 25%improvement in path travel times compared to UE travel time for about 100 paths and resulted in the least network congestion index of1.04 compared to the other OFD and UE models.Conversely,the SO-MAR model yielded the least total distance and total system travel time,resulting in lower fuel consumption and emissions,thus contributing to sustainability.The proposed models contribute towards efficient transportation infrastructure management and will be of interest to transportation planners and traffic managers.展开更多
Floating car-and loop detector-based methods are two different types of methods frequently used to collect travel time delay information across a freeway network.Sometimes,it is necessary to use them jointly to achiev...Floating car-and loop detector-based methods are two different types of methods frequently used to collect travel time delay information across a freeway network.Sometimes,it is necessary to use them jointly to achieve the necessary freeway network coverage,due to the high labor costs for the floating car-based method and the indispensability of sufficient network instrumentation for the loop detector-based method.For example,both floating car-and loop detector-based methods were once used in the Highway Congestion Monitoring Program in the California Department of Transportation.It is therefore necessary to evaluate whether these two types of methods estimate similarly in terms of total travel time delay.To this end,corresponding delay information estimated using both types of methods from 37 freeway segments in the Greater Sacramento Area were collected and compared.It was found that these two types of methods do not estimate similarly in terms of total segment travel time delay.The mean absolute relative difference(MARD)can be as high as 78%,especially when delay is defined using a lower reference speed,such as 56 km/h.However,in terms of total segment travel time,the loop detector and the modified floating car method estimated similarly.The MARD is 19%.It was also found that the estimation from the different methods did correlate fairly well,which provides a means of conversion when different methods are used to monitor the total delay across a freeway network.As a spin-off,it was also found that a 1.5 km spacing of loop detectors is sufficient to achieve the 19%MARD as compared with the modified floating car method in terms of total travel time estimation.展开更多
文摘Many models have been developed in the world to estimate emission inventories and fuel consumption in the past and those models can be broadly categorized as either a travel based model or a fuel based model. Driving cycles can be considered as one of the major travel based models to estimate emission inventories. It can be used for various purposes such as setting up the emission standards, for traffic management purposes and also to determine the travel time. In the past, researchers have tried to use readily available, well established driving cycles in their environment which is different from the origin of the driving cycle in many aspects. Thus, the attempts have failed to give good quality results. This study attempts to critically evaluate the different methods used for driving cycle construction in different parts of the world under various conditions to propose a general suitable approach to develop a representative and economical driving cycle(s) for a given geographic location for set objectives.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD),India (for Distinguished Institute Fellow)
文摘The grid DEM(digital elevation model) generation can be from any of a number of sources:for instance,analogue to digital conversion of contour maps followed by application of the TIN model,or direct elevation point modelling via digital photogrammetry applied to airborne images or satellite images.Currently,apart from the deployment of point-clouds from LiDAR data acquisition,the generally favoured approach refers to applications of digital photogrammetry.One of the most important steps in such deployment is the stereo matching process for conjugation point(pixel) establishment:very difficult in modelling any homogenous areas like water cover or forest canopied areas due to the lack of distinct spatial features.As a result,application of automated procedures is sure to generate erroneous elevation values.In this paper,we present and apply a method for improving the quality of stereo DEMs generated via utilization of an entropy texture filter.The filter was applied for extraction of homogenous areas before stereo matching so that a statistical texture filter could then be applied for removing anomalous evaluation values prior to interpolation and accuracy assessment via deployment of a spatial correlation technique.For exemplification,we used a stereo pair of ASTER 1B images.
文摘Traffic congestion in road transportation networks is a persistent problem in major metropolitan cities around the world.In this context,this paper deals with exploiting underutilized road capacities in a network to lower the congestion on overutilized links while simultaneously satisfying the system optimal flow assignment for sustainable transportation.Four congestion mitigation strategies are identified based on deviation and relative deviation of link volume from the corresponding capacity.Consequently,four biobjective mathematical programming optimal flow distribution(OFD)models are proposed.The case study results demonstrate that all the proposed models improve system performance and reduce congestion on high volume links by shifting flows to low volumeto-capacity links compared to UE and SO models.Among the models,the system optimality with minimal sum and maximum absolute relative-deviation models(SO-SAR and SO-MAR)showed superior results for different performance measures.The SO-SAR model yielded 50%and 30%fewer links at higher link utilization factors than UE and SO models,respectively.Also,it showed more than 25%improvement in path travel times compared to UE travel time for about 100 paths and resulted in the least network congestion index of1.04 compared to the other OFD and UE models.Conversely,the SO-MAR model yielded the least total distance and total system travel time,resulting in lower fuel consumption and emissions,thus contributing to sustainability.The proposed models contribute towards efficient transportation infrastructure management and will be of interest to transportation planners and traffic managers.
文摘Floating car-and loop detector-based methods are two different types of methods frequently used to collect travel time delay information across a freeway network.Sometimes,it is necessary to use them jointly to achieve the necessary freeway network coverage,due to the high labor costs for the floating car-based method and the indispensability of sufficient network instrumentation for the loop detector-based method.For example,both floating car-and loop detector-based methods were once used in the Highway Congestion Monitoring Program in the California Department of Transportation.It is therefore necessary to evaluate whether these two types of methods estimate similarly in terms of total travel time delay.To this end,corresponding delay information estimated using both types of methods from 37 freeway segments in the Greater Sacramento Area were collected and compared.It was found that these two types of methods do not estimate similarly in terms of total segment travel time delay.The mean absolute relative difference(MARD)can be as high as 78%,especially when delay is defined using a lower reference speed,such as 56 km/h.However,in terms of total segment travel time,the loop detector and the modified floating car method estimated similarly.The MARD is 19%.It was also found that the estimation from the different methods did correlate fairly well,which provides a means of conversion when different methods are used to monitor the total delay across a freeway network.As a spin-off,it was also found that a 1.5 km spacing of loop detectors is sufficient to achieve the 19%MARD as compared with the modified floating car method in terms of total travel time estimation.
