Objective:To investigate the impact of anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)levels on the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)cycles in women of advanced age and also to explore the effect of age on the ICSI ...Objective:To investigate the impact of anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)levels on the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)cycles in women of advanced age and also to explore the effect of age on the ICSI results in patients with low AMH levels.Methods:This retrospective cohort study involved 143 infertile couples undergoing ICSI cycles at a fertility clinic in Iran from November 2021 to November 2023.Women aged<37 years with AMH<1 ng/mL and those aged≥37 years were included.A standardized ovarian stimulation protocol was followed,leading to oocyte retrieval and ICSI on mature oocytes.Key oocyte quality indexes,including the maturation rate,fertilization rate,and embryo quality metrics,were evaluated.Poisson regression analyses were also employed to investigate the association between AMH levels and oocyte quality parameters in the advanced age groups,as well as the association between age and oocyte quality parameters in patients with low AMH.Results:We analyzed 143 ICSI cycles from 143 infertile couples.The mean ages of the women and their partners were(38.2±4.7)years and(40.6±5.9)years,respectively,with a median(IQR)AMH level of 0.7(0.4–2.0)ng/mL.Younger women with low AMH levels(<1 ng/mL)showed significantly better outcomes in terms of the number of MⅡ oocytes[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)1.89,95%CI 1.31-2.71;P=0.001],fertilized(2PN)oocytes(aOR 1.97,95%CI 1.36-2.86;P<0.001),embryo number(aOR 2.16,95%CI 1.44-3.24;P<0.001),and embryos suitable for freezing(aOR 2.88,95%CI 1.80-4.61;P<0.001)compared to advanced-age women.Furthermore,among women of advanced age,those with normal AMH levels exhibited a significantly higher number of MⅡ oocyte(aOR 3.55,95%CI 2.31-5.44;P<0.001),fertilized(2PN)oocytes(aOR 3.54,95%CI 2.29-5.49;P<0.001),embryo number(aOR 3.89,95%CI 2.48-6.10;P<0.001),and embryos suitable for freezing(aOR 4.75,95%CI 2.79-8.09;P<0.001)compared to those with low AMH levels.Conclusions:AMH level is a significant predictor of oocyte and embryo number and quality in infertile women of advanced age undergoing ICSI cycles.Our findings suggest that maternal age markedly impacts the quality of oocytes and embryos in low AMHlevel patients.展开更多
Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide.Radical prostatectomy(RP)is the standard treatment for localized prostate cancer,but the proced...Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide.Radical prostatectomy(RP)is the standard treatment for localized prostate cancer,but the procedure often results in postoperative erectile dysfunction(ED).The poor efficacy of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors after surgery highlights the need to develop new therapies to enhance cavernous nerve regeneration and improve the erectile function of these patients.In the present study,we aimed to examine the potential of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor(HB-EGF)in preserving erectile function in cavernous nerve injury(CNI)mice.We found that HB-EGF expression was reduced significantly on the 1st day after CNI in penile tissue.Ex vivo and in vitro studies showed that HB-EGF promotes major pelvic ganglion neurite sprouting and neuro-2a(N2a)cell migration.In vivo studies showed that exogenous HB-EGF treatment significantly restored the erectile function of CNI mice to 86.9%of sham levels.Immunofluorescence staining showed that mural and neuronal cells were preserved by inducing cell proliferation and reducing apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production.Western blot analysis showed that HB-EGF upregulated protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and neurotrophic factor expression.Overall,HB-EGF is a major promising therapeutic agent for treating ED in postoperative RP.展开更多
Accurately distinguishing between the endogenous formation and exogenous exposure of Fe-bearing particles(e.g.,magnetic Fe particles)within biological organisms is the prerequisite for scientifically evaluating their ...Accurately distinguishing between the endogenous formation and exogenous exposure of Fe-bearing particles(e.g.,magnetic Fe particles)within biological organisms is the prerequisite for scientifically evaluating their health risks.However,this remains a challenging task due to lacking the comprehensive understanding of the endogenous formation process of Fe-bearing particles.Here,we report the formation dynamics of Fe-bearing particles under conditions closely resembling actual physiological conditions,and compare the morphological and structural differences between endogenous and exogenous Fe-bearing particles.We find that Fe-bearing particles can indeed form under physiological conditions at 37℃.In this process,phosphate plays a crucial role in the oxidation and mineralization of iron ions.Moreover,endogenously formed Fe-bearing particles typically have a diameter of less than8 nm,and iron is the only metal element present.Therefore,we propose that Fe-bearing particles found in the body with a diameter larger than 8 nm are mainly derived from exogenous exposure.For Fe-bearing particles smaller than 8 nm,it is necessary to combine associated elements and crystal structure characteristics to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous sources.This study provides direct evidence from endogenous metabolism for tracing Fe-bearing particles,especially magnetic iron particles,within the human body.展开更多
Cancer,a leading cause of global mortality,remains a significant challenge to increasing life expectancy worldwide.Forkhead Box R2(FOXR2),identified as an oncogene within the FOX gene family,plays a crucial role in de...Cancer,a leading cause of global mortality,remains a significant challenge to increasing life expectancy worldwide.Forkhead Box R2(FOXR2),identified as an oncogene within the FOX gene family,plays a crucial role in developing various endoderm-derived organs.Recent studies have elucidated FOXR2-related pathways and their involvement in both tumor and non-tumor diseases.Dysregulation of FOXR2 has been linked to numerous malignant tumors,spanning the brain,nervous system,thyroid,osteosarcoma,Hodgkin lymphoma,colorectal,liver,pancreatic,lung,breast,ovarian,prostate,female genital tract,endometrial,and uterine cancers.Despite extensive research on FOXR2 dysregulation,its practical applications remain underexplored.This review delves into the mechanisms underlying FOXR2 dysregulation during oncogenesis and its implications for cancer diagnosis,prognosis,and treatment.展开更多
Nitrous acid(HONO)is a crucial source of OH radicals in the troposphere,significantly enhancing secondary pollutants like secondary organic aerosols(SOA)and peroxyacetyl nitrates(PAN).While prior research has examined...Nitrous acid(HONO)is a crucial source of OH radicals in the troposphere,significantly enhancing secondary pollutants like secondary organic aerosols(SOA)and peroxyacetyl nitrates(PAN).While prior research has examined HONO sources and their total impacts on secondary pollution,the specific enhancement capacity of each individual HONO source remains underexplored.This study uses observational data from 2015 to 2018 for HONO,SOA,and PAN across six sites in China,combined with WRF-Chem model adding six potential HONO sources to evaluate their capacity:traffic emissions(E_traffic),soil emissions(E_soil),indoor-outdoor exchange(E_indoor),nitrate photolysis(P_nit),and NO_(2) heterogeneous reactions on aerosol and ground surfaces(Het_a,Het_g).The simulated HONO contributions near the ground in urban Beijing were:12%from NO+OH(default source),10%-20%from E_traffic,1%-12%from P_nit,2%-10%from Het_a,and 50%-70% from Het_g.For SOA and PAN,we calculated incremental contributions enhanced by each HONO source and derived enhancement ratios(ERs)normalized against HONO’s contribution:~7 for P_nit,~2 for Het_a,~0.9 for Het_g,~0.8 for E_soil,~0.3 for E_traffic,and~0.1 for E_indoor.HONO sources’capacity to enhance secondary pollutants varies,being larger for aerosol-related sources.Vertical analysis on HONO concentration,spatial distribution,RO_(x) radical cycling rates,and OH enhancements revealed that aerosol-related HONO sources,especially P_nit,contribute more to secondary pollution.Future research should focus more on assessing real-world impacts of HONO sources,besides identifying their budgets.Additionally,uptake coefficient(γ)and nitrate photolysis frequency(J_(nitrate))critically affect HONO and secondary pollutant formation,necessitating further investigations.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Prognostic value of cortisol and thyroid function tests(TFTs) has previously been evaluated in medical ICUs. We aimed to evaluate prognostic efficacy of cortisol and TFTs in critically ill poisoned patient...BACKGROUND: Prognostic value of cortisol and thyroid function tests(TFTs) has previously been evaluated in medical ICUs. We aimed to evaluate prognostic efficacy of cortisol and TFTs in critically ill poisoned patients admitted to toxicology intensive care unit(ICU).METHODS: In a prospective study of consecutively enrolled subjects admitted to the toxicology ICU, lab analyses included TFTs(total T3 and T4 as well as TSH) and cortisol levels drawn between 8 am–10 am during period of the first 24 hours post-ingestion/exposure. Simplified Acute Physiology Score Ⅱ(SAPS Ⅱ) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ) were recorded. All scores were compared to detect the best prognostic factor. Type of poisoning was also included.RESULTS: In 200 patients evaluated, 129 were male and mean age was 31 years. In general, SAPS Ⅱ, T4, and cortisol could prognosticate death. After regression analysis, only cortisol had such efficacy(P=0.04; OR=1.06; 95%CI=1.05–1.08; cut-off=42 μg/d L; sensitivity=70%; specificity=82%). Between aluminium phosphide(ALP)-and non ALP-poisoned patients, level of consciousness, mean arterial pressure, and cortisol level could prognosticate death in ALP poisoning(all Ps<0.001 in both uni and multivariate analyses). Median(interquartile range; IQR) GCS was 7(6, 10) and 15(8, 15) in non-ALP and ALP-poisoned patients(P<0.003). SAPS Ⅱ and APACHE Ⅱ could not prognosticate death at all.CONCLUSION: Cortisol best prognosticated outcomes for subjects admitted to the toxicology ICU. Its level is higher in ALP-poisoned patients probably due to the higher stress while they remain conscious till the final stages of toxicity and are aware of deterioration of their clinical condition or may be due to their significantly lower blood pressures.展开更多
Objective Calcium Glucarate (Cag), Ca salt of D-glucaric acid is a naturally occurring non-toxic compound present in fruits, vegetables and seeds of some plants, and suppress tumor growth in different models. Due to l...Objective Calcium Glucarate (Cag), Ca salt of D-glucaric acid is a naturally occurring non-toxic compound present in fruits, vegetables and seeds of some plants, and suppress tumor growth in different models. Due to lack of knowledge about its mode of action its uses are limited in cancer chemotherapy thus the objective of the study was to study the mechanism of action of Cag on mouse skin tumorigenesis. Methods We have estimated effect of Cag on DMBA induced mouse skin tumor development following complete carcinogenesis protocol. We measured, epidermal transglutaminase activity (TG), a marker of cell differentiation after DMBA and/or Cag treatment and [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA as a marker for cell proliferation. Results Topical application of Cag suppressed the DMBA induced mouse skin tumor development. Topical application of Cag significantly modifies the critical events of proliferation and differentiation TG activity was found to be reduced after DMBA treatment. Reduction of the TG activ展开更多
Lead may contaminate opium,heroin and illicit opiates and is particularly observed in Iran.Lead,a natural heavy metal is able to interfere with several organ functions after ingestion or inhalation.Lead poisoning mani...Lead may contaminate opium,heroin and illicit opiates and is particularly observed in Iran.Lead,a natural heavy metal is able to interfere with several organ functions after ingestion or inhalation.Lead poisoning manifestations are non-specific and thus lead poisoning remains difficult to diagnose.Among the manifestations,abdominal pain is almost the most frequent symptom causing patients to seek medical care.In patients with a history of opium addiction presenting with moderate-to-severe abdominal pain,lack of diagnosis of lead toxicity may thus result in time-consuming and unnecessary medical work-ups that can end up in invasive surgery.This paper aims to briefly review abdominal pain as an emergency issue and the leading symptom of lead poisoning that brings most of the patients to healthcare facilities.All published adult cases and case series of opium addicts admitted with abdominal pain due to leadadulterated opium consumption have been reviewed.A trend of increasing numbers of lead poisoning cases has recently emerged among opium addicts in Iran.Due to the non-specific manifestations and hazardous effects,psychiatrists and emergency physicians should consider lead poisoning in patients with a past or present history of opium addiction referred for acute abdominal pain,particularly in case of colicky abdominal pain.展开更多
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)has high morbidity and mortality worldwide,therefore there is of paramount importance to identify the risk factors in the populations at risk early in the course of illness.A s...BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)has high morbidity and mortality worldwide,therefore there is of paramount importance to identify the risk factors in the populations at risk early in the course of illness.A strong correlation between severity of metabolic syndrome(MetS)and HbA1c,fasting insulin and insulin resistance has been reported.Accordingly,the MetS severity score(or MestS Zscore)can potentially be used to predict the risk of T2DM progression over time.AIM To evaluate the association the of MestS Z-score in first degree relatives(FDRs)of T2DM with the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in future.METHODS A prospective open cohort study was conducted between 2003-2018.At baseline,the sample comprised of 1766 FDRs of patients with T2DM who had a normal glucose tolerance test.Relative risk(RR)and 95%confidence interval were calculated based on logistic regression.The receiver-operator characteristic analysis and area under the curve based on MetS Z-score were used to evaluate the risk of prediabetes and diabetes among the FDR population.RESULTS Baseline MetS Z-scores were associated with the its latest values(P<0.0001).Compared with individuals who were T2DM free at the end of follow up,those who developed T2DM had higher MetS Z-score at baseline(P<0.001).In multivariable logistic regression analyses for every unit elevation in MetS Z-score at the baseline,the RR for developing future T2DM and prediabetes was(RR=1.94,RR=3.84),(RR=1.5,RR=2.17)in total population and female group,respectively(P<0.05).The associations remained significant after adjusting the potential confounding variables.A cut off value of 0.97 and 0.94 was defined in the receiver-operator characteristic curve based on the MetS Z-score for differentiating female patients with diabetes and prediabetes from the normal population,respectively.CONCLUSION The MetS Z-score was associated with an increased risk of future T2DM.Appropriate interventions at earlier stages for preventing and attenuating MetS effects may be considered as an effective strategy for FDR as at-risk population.展开更多
Epidemiological evidence presents that dust storms are related to respiratory diseases,such as pulmonary fibrosis(PF).However,the precise underlying mechanisms of SPM-elicited adverse effects still need to be investig...Epidemiological evidence presents that dust storms are related to respiratory diseases,such as pulmonary fibrosis(PF).However,the precise underlying mechanisms of SPM-elicited adverse effects still need to be investigated.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)process is a characteristic of PF.We discussed whether suspended particulate matter(SPM)is involved in EMT induction via transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1).In this study,a detailed elemental analysis(55 elements),particle size,and morphology were determined.To investigate the toxicity of SPM,an MTT test was performed to detect cell viability.Next,A549cells were exposed to selected concentrations of SPM(20 and 40μg/mL)for single and repeated exposures.The DCFH-DA assay showed that exposure to SPM could produce reactive oxygen species(ROS).The ELISA assay demonstrated increased levels of interleukin-8(IL-8)and TGF-β1 in the supernatant.Western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins associated with EMT and the SMAD3-dependent pathway.Results of western blot demonstrated that E-cadherin was reduced,whereas p-SMAD3,vimentin,andα-smooth muscle actin were elevated.Our findings indicated that SPM triggered EMT by induction of oxidative stress,inflammation,and the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway activation.展开更多
Constipation is a global epidemic. To evaluate the ameliorating effect of camellia oil on constipation,two slowtransit costive mice models were established by water deprivation or sucralfate gavage. Administration of ...Constipation is a global epidemic. To evaluate the ameliorating effect of camellia oil on constipation,two slowtransit costive mice models were established by water deprivation or sucralfate gavage. Administration of camellia oil（ 4. 0 and 8. 0 mL/kg/day） significantly shortened the defecation time,increased defecation mass and fecal water content,with efficacies comparable to that of hemp seed oil. Intestinal propulsion test showed that camellia oil significantly enhanced the propelling rates of the charcoal powder in the intestine. Meanwhile,camellia oil also significantly decreased the serum levels of nitric oxide（ NO）,nitric oxide synthase（ NOS） and vasoactive intestinal peptide（ VIP） and increased serum substance P in costive animals. These results suggested that camellia oil can largely relieve slowtransit constipation and enhance the gastrointestinal motility through modulation of serum gastrointestinal motility key factors such as NO,NOS and VIP and substance P.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Aluminum phosphide(Al P) poisoning is common in the developing countries. There is no specifi c antidote for the treatment of acute Al P poisoning. Early diagnosis of poisoning and outcome predictors may f...BACKGROUND: Aluminum phosphide(Al P) poisoning is common in the developing countries. There is no specifi c antidote for the treatment of acute Al P poisoning. Early diagnosis of poisoning and outcome predictors may facilitate treatment decisions. The objective of this study was to determine the trend of blood lactate level in acute Al P poisoning to evaluate its role as a prognostic factor.METHODS: This was a prospective study on acute Al P intoxicated patients during one year. Demographic data, clinical and laboratory data on admission, and outcome were recorded in a selfmade questionnaire. Blood lactate levels were analyzed every two hours for 24 hours.RESULTS: Thirty-nine(27 male, 12 female) patients were included in the study. The mortality rate was 38.5%. The mean blood pressure, pulse rate, blood p H and serum bicarbonate level were significantly different between the survivors and non-survivors groups. Blood lactate level was signifi cantly higher in the non-survivors group during 8 to 16 hours post ingestion.CONCLUSION: Blood lactate level could be used as an index of severity of acute Al P poisoning.展开更多
The purpose of this procedure was to optimize and improve a method that used for the determination of arsenic （Ⅲ） and arsenic （Ⅴ） in biological and environmental samples. The method is based on hydride generatio...The purpose of this procedure was to optimize and improve a method that used for the determination of arsenic （Ⅲ） and arsenic （Ⅴ） in biological and environmental samples. The method is based on hydride generation and atomic absorption spectrometry. For both As （Ⅲ） and As （Ⅴ） the parameters such as NaBH4, HCI concentration, and pH were optimized. Absorption signal of As （Ⅴ） was approximately 17% of As （Ⅲ） signal. Therefore, for estimation of As （Ⅲ） and As （Ⅴ） concentrations in various samples the difference between the absorbance obtained for arsenic, without and with previous treatment of samples with potassium iodide （KI）, can be applied. The calibration graphs were linear （r〉0.99）, and the detection limits of the method based on three times the standard deviation of the blank were 0.14 and 0.64 μL^-1 for As （Ⅲ） and As （Ⅴ）, respectively. The relative standard deviation （R.S.D.） of measurements was less than 10%. As a means of checking performance method, water samples were spiked with known concentrations of both As （Ⅲ） and As （Ⅴ）, and recovery above 94% was obtained. The proposed method was applied successfully to determine inorganic As （Ⅲ） and As （Ⅴ） in various environmental and total As in biological samples.展开更多
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are classified as Class 4 agents by the Association of Racing Commissioners International and are banned in racehorses during competition in Pennsylvania (PA). To control...Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are classified as Class 4 agents by the Association of Racing Commissioners International and are banned in racehorses during competition in Pennsylvania (PA). To control the abuse of these agents in racehorses competing in PA, a forensic method for screening and confirmation of the presence of these agents is needed. Equine plasma (0.5 mL) was acidified with 75 μL 1M H3PO4 to increase recovery of the analytes by liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Extracted analytes were separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using a C8 column under gradient condition. All 16 analytes were detected, quantified and confirmed using a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in both negative and positive electrospray ionization modes. The limit of detection, quantification and confirmation of the analytes were 1.0 - 5.0 ng/mL, 1.0 - 5.0 ng/mL and 1.0 - 20 ng/mL, respectively. The linear dynamic range of quantification was 5.0 - 200 ng/mL. The method is routinely used in anti-doping analysis to control the abuse of NSAIDs in racehorses competing in PA.展开更多
Objective To synthesize some new a-mercapto-β-substituted aryl acrylic acids, characterize them and investigate their in vitro cadmium chelating ability. Methods Six α-mercapto-β-substituted aryl acrylic acids were...Objective To synthesize some new a-mercapto-β-substituted aryl acrylic acids, characterize them and investigate their in vitro cadmium chelating ability. Methods Six α-mercapto-β-substituted aryl acrylic acids were prepared by the alkaline hydrolysis of 5- (aryl methylene) rhodanines, obtained from the condensation of substituted aldehydes and rhodanine following the reported procedure. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The liver and kidney from cadmium chloride pre-administered rats were homogenized and their nuclear mitochondrial fraction (NMF) and supernatant cytosol fraction (SCF) were separated. A measured volume of each fraction was dialyzed separately using 'dialysis sack' against buffered-KCl medium containing a compound in the final concentration of 1×10-3 mol/L for 3 h at 37℃. The whole content of 'sack' was subjected to cadmium estimation following digestion with cone. Nitric acid was detected using flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Results The in vitro screening showed that α-mercapto-β-(p-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid (compound 2) andα-mercapto-β-(m-methoxy, p-hydroxyphenyl) acrylic acid (compound 4) were more effective than α-mercapto-β-thienyl acrylic acid (compound 1) and a-mercapto-β-(p-dimethylaminophenyl) acrylic acid (compound 3) in mobilizing cadmium as their dialyzable chelates. The presence of a methoxy group on the phenyl moiety (compounds 2 and 4) increases the metal chelating ability of mercapto acrylic acids. Conclusions Compounds 2 and 4 seem to have accessibility to the cellular system and capability of chelating-out the intracellularly bound cadmium.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To explore the hypolipidemic mechanisms of the total phenylpropanoid glycosides fromLigustrum robustum(Roxb.) Blume(LRTPG) in hamsters using proteomics technique.METHODS The hamsters were fed with a high fat...OBJECTIVE To explore the hypolipidemic mechanisms of the total phenylpropanoid glycosides fromLigustrum robustum(Roxb.) Blume(LRTPG) in hamsters using proteomics technique.METHODS The hamsters were fed with a high fat diet to induce hyperlipidemia.Then LRTPG of high(1.2 g·kg^(-1)),medium(0.6 g·kg^(-1)) and low(0.3 g·kg^(-1)) doses were administrated daily for 4 weeks.Then the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids were determined using enzymic methods.The total protein was extracted from livers of the model group and the group treated with the high dose of LRTPG for label-free quantitative proteomics.RESULTS LRTPG significantly reduced the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids in hamsters fed a high fat diet.The proteomics data showed that a total of 2231 proteins were identified,and 549 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between the model group and the group treated with LRTPG.Among the 549 proteins,93 proteins were up-regulated and 59 proteins were down-regulated,and 397 proteins were absent or not.And some of these proteins were much related to the lipid metabolism.Further,gene ontology(GO) analysis indicated metabolic process,transport,oxidation-reduction process,phosphorylation,signal transduction,lipid metabolic process were the main biological processes that those differentially expressed proteins participated.KEGG pathway analysis showed that those proteins were involved in several metabolic pathways including oxidative phosphorylation,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,cAMP signaling pathway,cGMP-PKG signaling pathway.CONCLUSION The proteomics study could provide valuable clues to help us to understand the hypolipidemic mechanisms of LRTPG much better.展开更多
Until recently,the main pharmaceuticals used to control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease(CVD)were statin-related drugs,known for their historical side effects.Therefore,there is growing interest in explo...Until recently,the main pharmaceuticals used to control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease(CVD)were statin-related drugs,known for their historical side effects.Therefore,there is growing interest in exploring alternatives,such as nutritional and dietary components,that could play a central role in CVD prevention.This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how natural phytosterols found in various diets combat CVDs.We begin with a description of the overall approach,then we explore in detail the different direct and indirect mechanisms that contribute to reducing cardiovascular incidents.Phytosterols,including stigmasterol,β-sitosterol,ergosterol,and fucosterol,emerge as promising molecules within nutritional systems for protection against CVDs due to their beneficial effects at different levels through direct or indirect cellular,subcellular,and molecular mechanisms.Specifically,the mentioned phytosterols exhibit the ability to diminish the generation of various radicals,including hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide.They also promote the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione,while inhibiting lipid peroxidation through the activation of Nrf2 and Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)signaling pathways.Additionally,they demonstrate a significant inhibitory capacity in the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines,thus playing a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory/immune response by inhibiting the expression of proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways such as JAK3/STAT3 and NF-κB.Moreover,phytosterols play a key role in reducing cholesterol absorption and improving the lipid profile.These compounds can be used as dietary supplements or included in specific diets to aid control cholesterol levels,particularly in individuals suffering from hypercholesterolemia.展开更多
Selection of proper reference genes (RGs) is an essential step needed for accurate normalization of results from genomic studies. Expression of RGs is regulated by many factors such as species, age, gender, type of ti...Selection of proper reference genes (RGs) is an essential step needed for accurate normalization of results from genomic studies. Expression of RGs is regulated by many factors such as species, age, gender, type of tissue, the presence of disease, and the administration of therapeutic treatment. The aim of the present study was to identify optimal RGs in a set of blood samples collected at different time points (0, 24, 48, 72 h) from horses following administration of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT). The mRNA expression of twelve RGs: HPRT1, ACTB, HSP90A, SDHA, GUSB, B2M, UBC, NONO, TBP, H6PD, RPL32, GAPDH was determined using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). An SAS program developed on the algorithm of geNorm, SASqPCR, was used to determine stability of the expression and the number of optimal RGs. The results showed that the range of quantification cycle (Cq) values of the evaluated genes varied between 17 and 26 cycles, and that one optimal RG, ACTB, was sufficient for normalization of gene expression. Results of stability of expression demonstrated that ACTB was the optimal choice for all the samples studied. Notably, in samples collected at 72 h post ESWT, TBP showed a significant change in the expression level, and was not suitable for use as a RG. These results substantiate the importance of validating and selecting an appropriate RG.展开更多
Background,aim,and scope Microplastics are plastic particles with a diameter of less than 5 mm.Microplastics are emerging contaminants resulting from human activities,which have attracted significant attention from bo...Background,aim,and scope Microplastics are plastic particles with a diameter of less than 5 mm.Microplastics are emerging contaminants resulting from human activities,which have attracted significant attention from both the scientific community and the general public.Microplastics have been listed as one of the four major emerging pollutants in China.Microplastics have been detected in various matrices,including air,soil,lake water,rivers,and even in food and drinking water,posing potential health risks to humans.Atmospheric environment serves as both a significant source and sink for microplastics,with fine particle matters(PM_(2.5))acting as a crucial carrier for microplastics in the atmosphere.The inhalation of microplastics contained within PM_(2.5)presents potential hazards to the respiratory system.However,researchers have yet to quantify the amount of microplastics inhaled through PM_(2.5).In this study,personal exposure samplers were employed to simulate the process of human inhalation of microplastics via PM_(2.5).The factors influencing the concentration of microplastics in the atmosphere under varying environmental conditions were analyzed.The primary aims of this study were to determine the levels and profiles of microplastics in atmospheric PM_(2.5)and evaluate the human exposure to these pollutants through air inhalation.Materials and methods In this study,conducted in Beijing,China,an individual exposure particulate matter sampler was used to simulate human breathing and continuously collect microplastics in ambient air under daily working and living environments.The sampling period was from September 2023 to April 2024,and a total of 40 valid PM_(2.5)samples were collected and analyzed.For sample testing,thermal decomposition pretreatment was first performed on the collected PM_(2.5)samples,followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to accurately identify and quantify five primary types of microplastics in PM_(2.5).Results The total concentration of the five types of microplastics in atmospheric PM_(2.5)ranged from approximately 3.6μg/m^(3)to 976μg/m^(3),including a high content(up to 505μg/m^(3))of low-density polyethylene(PE).The individual exposure to microplastics via inhalation of PM_(2.5)ranged from 52μg/m^(3)to 14054μg/d.Both weather conditions and human activities can clearly affect the concentrations and distribution of microplastics.Under moderate to severe pollution conditions,PM_(2.5)was found to contain high concentrations(400-600μg/m^(3))of five types of microplastics.In areas with intense human activities and high population density,the microplastics concentrations soared to 976μg/m^(3),with individual exposure levels reaching 14054μg/d.Discussion The study on five common types of microplastics in ambient air reveals that the concentration of atmospheric microplastics is influenced by multiple factors due to the inherent instability of the atmospheric environment.Notably,the concentration of PE in PM_(2.5)is generally higher than that of other microplastics.In three-quarters of the samples,the concentration of PE exceeds that of the other four types of microplastics by one to two orders of magnitude.Meteorological conditions such as wind,haze,and sandstorms are primary factors affecting ambient air quality and play a significant role in determining the concentration and distribution of microplastics.Additionally,population density and human activities are crucial factors influencing the concentration of microplastics in air.Conclusions Our study reveals a significant correlation between elevated atmospheric PM_(2.5)concentrations(under severe pollution conditions such as sandstorms)and increased microplastic levels.Notably,even during periods of relatively low pollution(characterized by clear skies and strong winds),microplastic concentrations also exhibit a substantial rise.Furthermore,due to the increased usage of plastic products,microplastic concentrations tend to rise significantly with higher population densities.In this research,we employed personal exposure samplers to simulate the human inhalation of microplastics contained within PM_(2.5).By analyzing microplastic concentrations across various venues,we were able to assess the potential human exposure to microplastics.Recommendations and perspectives In future research,it is imperative to identify the sources of microplastics by investigating the factors influencing their concentration.This approach will enable the development of targeted strategies to minimize human exposure to inhalable microplastics and mitigate the potential for severe health risks associated with microplastic pollution.展开更多
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)-related toxicity caused by AhR agonists has threatened ecological health,and toxic source apportion-ment plays an important role in pollution management.However,there are no AhR-related ...Aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)-related toxicity caused by AhR agonists has threatened ecological health,and toxic source apportion-ment plays an important role in pollution management.However,there are no AhR-related toxic source profiles to date.This study aims to construct petroleum-derived AhR-related toxic source profiles by utilizing the polluted soils after a petroleum leakage accident.Three polluted soils and two unpolluted soils were designed for toxic source profile construction,and we use n-alkanes and their proxy indicators to verify the rationality of classification.Then,the key AhR agonists were identified by effect-directed analysis.We discovered that the key AhR agonists in petroleum-polluted soils are constituted by chrysene,methylated benzo[a]anthracene(MeBaA)isomers,and methylated chrysene(MeChr)isomers,where 2-MeChr and 9-MeBaA/3-MeChr contribute the most toxicity.Meanwhile,we also confirmed the existence of synergistic effect.Moreover,the constructed toxic source profile explained most of the toxicity of crude oil,and its specificity was also validated by principal coordinate analysis.In conclusion,this study constructed new petroleum-derived AhR-related toxic source profiles for toxic source apportionment and pollution management,and also provided a new framework for other toxic source profile construction.展开更多
文摘Objective:To investigate the impact of anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)levels on the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)cycles in women of advanced age and also to explore the effect of age on the ICSI results in patients with low AMH levels.Methods:This retrospective cohort study involved 143 infertile couples undergoing ICSI cycles at a fertility clinic in Iran from November 2021 to November 2023.Women aged<37 years with AMH<1 ng/mL and those aged≥37 years were included.A standardized ovarian stimulation protocol was followed,leading to oocyte retrieval and ICSI on mature oocytes.Key oocyte quality indexes,including the maturation rate,fertilization rate,and embryo quality metrics,were evaluated.Poisson regression analyses were also employed to investigate the association between AMH levels and oocyte quality parameters in the advanced age groups,as well as the association between age and oocyte quality parameters in patients with low AMH.Results:We analyzed 143 ICSI cycles from 143 infertile couples.The mean ages of the women and their partners were(38.2±4.7)years and(40.6±5.9)years,respectively,with a median(IQR)AMH level of 0.7(0.4–2.0)ng/mL.Younger women with low AMH levels(<1 ng/mL)showed significantly better outcomes in terms of the number of MⅡ oocytes[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)1.89,95%CI 1.31-2.71;P=0.001],fertilized(2PN)oocytes(aOR 1.97,95%CI 1.36-2.86;P<0.001),embryo number(aOR 2.16,95%CI 1.44-3.24;P<0.001),and embryos suitable for freezing(aOR 2.88,95%CI 1.80-4.61;P<0.001)compared to advanced-age women.Furthermore,among women of advanced age,those with normal AMH levels exhibited a significantly higher number of MⅡ oocyte(aOR 3.55,95%CI 2.31-5.44;P<0.001),fertilized(2PN)oocytes(aOR 3.54,95%CI 2.29-5.49;P<0.001),embryo number(aOR 3.89,95%CI 2.48-6.10;P<0.001),and embryos suitable for freezing(aOR 4.75,95%CI 2.79-8.09;P<0.001)compared to those with low AMH levels.Conclusions:AMH level is a significant predictor of oocyte and embryo number and quality in infertile women of advanced age undergoing ICSI cycles.Our findings suggest that maternal age markedly impacts the quality of oocytes and embryos in low AMHlevel patients.
文摘Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide.Radical prostatectomy(RP)is the standard treatment for localized prostate cancer,but the procedure often results in postoperative erectile dysfunction(ED).The poor efficacy of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors after surgery highlights the need to develop new therapies to enhance cavernous nerve regeneration and improve the erectile function of these patients.In the present study,we aimed to examine the potential of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor(HB-EGF)in preserving erectile function in cavernous nerve injury(CNI)mice.We found that HB-EGF expression was reduced significantly on the 1st day after CNI in penile tissue.Ex vivo and in vitro studies showed that HB-EGF promotes major pelvic ganglion neurite sprouting and neuro-2a(N2a)cell migration.In vivo studies showed that exogenous HB-EGF treatment significantly restored the erectile function of CNI mice to 86.9%of sham levels.Immunofluorescence staining showed that mural and neuronal cells were preserved by inducing cell proliferation and reducing apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production.Western blot analysis showed that HB-EGF upregulated protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and neurotrophic factor expression.Overall,HB-EGF is a major promising therapeutic agent for treating ED in postoperative RP.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22222610,22376202,and 22193051)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0750100)+1 种基金Chinese Academy of Sciences Project for Young in Basic Research(No.YSBR-086)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2023YFF0614200 and 2023YFC3708301)。
文摘Accurately distinguishing between the endogenous formation and exogenous exposure of Fe-bearing particles(e.g.,magnetic Fe particles)within biological organisms is the prerequisite for scientifically evaluating their health risks.However,this remains a challenging task due to lacking the comprehensive understanding of the endogenous formation process of Fe-bearing particles.Here,we report the formation dynamics of Fe-bearing particles under conditions closely resembling actual physiological conditions,and compare the morphological and structural differences between endogenous and exogenous Fe-bearing particles.We find that Fe-bearing particles can indeed form under physiological conditions at 37℃.In this process,phosphate plays a crucial role in the oxidation and mineralization of iron ions.Moreover,endogenously formed Fe-bearing particles typically have a diameter of less than8 nm,and iron is the only metal element present.Therefore,we propose that Fe-bearing particles found in the body with a diameter larger than 8 nm are mainly derived from exogenous exposure.For Fe-bearing particles smaller than 8 nm,it is necessary to combine associated elements and crystal structure characteristics to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous sources.This study provides direct evidence from endogenous metabolism for tracing Fe-bearing particles,especially magnetic iron particles,within the human body.
文摘Cancer,a leading cause of global mortality,remains a significant challenge to increasing life expectancy worldwide.Forkhead Box R2(FOXR2),identified as an oncogene within the FOX gene family,plays a crucial role in developing various endoderm-derived organs.Recent studies have elucidated FOXR2-related pathways and their involvement in both tumor and non-tumor diseases.Dysregulation of FOXR2 has been linked to numerous malignant tumors,spanning the brain,nervous system,thyroid,osteosarcoma,Hodgkin lymphoma,colorectal,liver,pancreatic,lung,breast,ovarian,prostate,female genital tract,endometrial,and uterine cancers.Despite extensive research on FOXR2 dysregulation,its practical applications remain underexplored.This review delves into the mechanisms underlying FOXR2 dysregulation during oncogenesis and its implications for cancer diagnosis,prognosis,and treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92044302,42075108,42107124,41822703,91544221,91844301,and 22222610)Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences(No.BNLMS-CXXM-202011)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(No.202302AN360006)。
文摘Nitrous acid(HONO)is a crucial source of OH radicals in the troposphere,significantly enhancing secondary pollutants like secondary organic aerosols(SOA)and peroxyacetyl nitrates(PAN).While prior research has examined HONO sources and their total impacts on secondary pollution,the specific enhancement capacity of each individual HONO source remains underexplored.This study uses observational data from 2015 to 2018 for HONO,SOA,and PAN across six sites in China,combined with WRF-Chem model adding six potential HONO sources to evaluate their capacity:traffic emissions(E_traffic),soil emissions(E_soil),indoor-outdoor exchange(E_indoor),nitrate photolysis(P_nit),and NO_(2) heterogeneous reactions on aerosol and ground surfaces(Het_a,Het_g).The simulated HONO contributions near the ground in urban Beijing were:12%from NO+OH(default source),10%-20%from E_traffic,1%-12%from P_nit,2%-10%from Het_a,and 50%-70% from Het_g.For SOA and PAN,we calculated incremental contributions enhanced by each HONO source and derived enhancement ratios(ERs)normalized against HONO’s contribution:~7 for P_nit,~2 for Het_a,~0.9 for Het_g,~0.8 for E_soil,~0.3 for E_traffic,and~0.1 for E_indoor.HONO sources’capacity to enhance secondary pollutants varies,being larger for aerosol-related sources.Vertical analysis on HONO concentration,spatial distribution,RO_(x) radical cycling rates,and OH enhancements revealed that aerosol-related HONO sources,especially P_nit,contribute more to secondary pollution.Future research should focus more on assessing real-world impacts of HONO sources,besides identifying their budgets.Additionally,uptake coefficient(γ)and nitrate photolysis frequency(J_(nitrate))critically affect HONO and secondary pollutant formation,necessitating further investigations.
文摘BACKGROUND: Prognostic value of cortisol and thyroid function tests(TFTs) has previously been evaluated in medical ICUs. We aimed to evaluate prognostic efficacy of cortisol and TFTs in critically ill poisoned patients admitted to toxicology intensive care unit(ICU).METHODS: In a prospective study of consecutively enrolled subjects admitted to the toxicology ICU, lab analyses included TFTs(total T3 and T4 as well as TSH) and cortisol levels drawn between 8 am–10 am during period of the first 24 hours post-ingestion/exposure. Simplified Acute Physiology Score Ⅱ(SAPS Ⅱ) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ) were recorded. All scores were compared to detect the best prognostic factor. Type of poisoning was also included.RESULTS: In 200 patients evaluated, 129 were male and mean age was 31 years. In general, SAPS Ⅱ, T4, and cortisol could prognosticate death. After regression analysis, only cortisol had such efficacy(P=0.04; OR=1.06; 95%CI=1.05–1.08; cut-off=42 μg/d L; sensitivity=70%; specificity=82%). Between aluminium phosphide(ALP)-and non ALP-poisoned patients, level of consciousness, mean arterial pressure, and cortisol level could prognosticate death in ALP poisoning(all Ps<0.001 in both uni and multivariate analyses). Median(interquartile range; IQR) GCS was 7(6, 10) and 15(8, 15) in non-ALP and ALP-poisoned patients(P<0.003). SAPS Ⅱ and APACHE Ⅱ could not prognosticate death at all.CONCLUSION: Cortisol best prognosticated outcomes for subjects admitted to the toxicology ICU. Its level is higher in ALP-poisoned patients probably due to the higher stress while they remain conscious till the final stages of toxicity and are aware of deterioration of their clinical condition or may be due to their significantly lower blood pressures.
基金Financial support was provided by Indian Council of Medical Research,New Delhi.
文摘Objective Calcium Glucarate (Cag), Ca salt of D-glucaric acid is a naturally occurring non-toxic compound present in fruits, vegetables and seeds of some plants, and suppress tumor growth in different models. Due to lack of knowledge about its mode of action its uses are limited in cancer chemotherapy thus the objective of the study was to study the mechanism of action of Cag on mouse skin tumorigenesis. Methods We have estimated effect of Cag on DMBA induced mouse skin tumor development following complete carcinogenesis protocol. We measured, epidermal transglutaminase activity (TG), a marker of cell differentiation after DMBA and/or Cag treatment and [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA as a marker for cell proliferation. Results Topical application of Cag suppressed the DMBA induced mouse skin tumor development. Topical application of Cag significantly modifies the critical events of proliferation and differentiation TG activity was found to be reduced after DMBA treatment. Reduction of the TG activ
文摘Lead may contaminate opium,heroin and illicit opiates and is particularly observed in Iran.Lead,a natural heavy metal is able to interfere with several organ functions after ingestion or inhalation.Lead poisoning manifestations are non-specific and thus lead poisoning remains difficult to diagnose.Among the manifestations,abdominal pain is almost the most frequent symptom causing patients to seek medical care.In patients with a history of opium addiction presenting with moderate-to-severe abdominal pain,lack of diagnosis of lead toxicity may thus result in time-consuming and unnecessary medical work-ups that can end up in invasive surgery.This paper aims to briefly review abdominal pain as an emergency issue and the leading symptom of lead poisoning that brings most of the patients to healthcare facilities.All published adult cases and case series of opium addicts admitted with abdominal pain due to leadadulterated opium consumption have been reviewed.A trend of increasing numbers of lead poisoning cases has recently emerged among opium addicts in Iran.Due to the non-specific manifestations and hazardous effects,psychiatrists and emergency physicians should consider lead poisoning in patients with a past or present history of opium addiction referred for acute abdominal pain,particularly in case of colicky abdominal pain.
基金Supported by Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center,No. 95017.
文摘BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)has high morbidity and mortality worldwide,therefore there is of paramount importance to identify the risk factors in the populations at risk early in the course of illness.A strong correlation between severity of metabolic syndrome(MetS)and HbA1c,fasting insulin and insulin resistance has been reported.Accordingly,the MetS severity score(or MestS Zscore)can potentially be used to predict the risk of T2DM progression over time.AIM To evaluate the association the of MestS Z-score in first degree relatives(FDRs)of T2DM with the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in future.METHODS A prospective open cohort study was conducted between 2003-2018.At baseline,the sample comprised of 1766 FDRs of patients with T2DM who had a normal glucose tolerance test.Relative risk(RR)and 95%confidence interval were calculated based on logistic regression.The receiver-operator characteristic analysis and area under the curve based on MetS Z-score were used to evaluate the risk of prediabetes and diabetes among the FDR population.RESULTS Baseline MetS Z-scores were associated with the its latest values(P<0.0001).Compared with individuals who were T2DM free at the end of follow up,those who developed T2DM had higher MetS Z-score at baseline(P<0.001).In multivariable logistic regression analyses for every unit elevation in MetS Z-score at the baseline,the RR for developing future T2DM and prediabetes was(RR=1.94,RR=3.84),(RR=1.5,RR=2.17)in total population and female group,respectively(P<0.05).The associations remained significant after adjusting the potential confounding variables.A cut off value of 0.97 and 0.94 was defined in the receiver-operator characteristic curve based on the MetS Z-score for differentiating female patients with diabetes and prediabetes from the normal population,respectively.CONCLUSION The MetS Z-score was associated with an increased risk of future T2DM.Appropriate interventions at earlier stages for preventing and attenuating MetS effects may be considered as an effective strategy for FDR as at-risk population.
基金the financial support(Grant Number:CMRC9923)was provided by the Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences,Ahvaz,Iran。
文摘Epidemiological evidence presents that dust storms are related to respiratory diseases,such as pulmonary fibrosis(PF).However,the precise underlying mechanisms of SPM-elicited adverse effects still need to be investigated.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)process is a characteristic of PF.We discussed whether suspended particulate matter(SPM)is involved in EMT induction via transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1).In this study,a detailed elemental analysis(55 elements),particle size,and morphology were determined.To investigate the toxicity of SPM,an MTT test was performed to detect cell viability.Next,A549cells were exposed to selected concentrations of SPM(20 and 40μg/mL)for single and repeated exposures.The DCFH-DA assay showed that exposure to SPM could produce reactive oxygen species(ROS).The ELISA assay demonstrated increased levels of interleukin-8(IL-8)and TGF-β1 in the supernatant.Western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins associated with EMT and the SMAD3-dependent pathway.Results of western blot demonstrated that E-cadherin was reduced,whereas p-SMAD3,vimentin,andα-smooth muscle actin were elevated.Our findings indicated that SPM triggered EMT by induction of oxidative stress,inflammation,and the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway activation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81402983)
文摘Constipation is a global epidemic. To evaluate the ameliorating effect of camellia oil on constipation,two slowtransit costive mice models were established by water deprivation or sucralfate gavage. Administration of camellia oil（ 4. 0 and 8. 0 mL/kg/day） significantly shortened the defecation time,increased defecation mass and fecal water content,with efficacies comparable to that of hemp seed oil. Intestinal propulsion test showed that camellia oil significantly enhanced the propelling rates of the charcoal powder in the intestine. Meanwhile,camellia oil also significantly decreased the serum levels of nitric oxide（ NO）,nitric oxide synthase（ NOS） and vasoactive intestinal peptide（ VIP） and increased serum substance P in costive animals. These results suggested that camellia oil can largely relieve slowtransit constipation and enhance the gastrointestinal motility through modulation of serum gastrointestinal motility key factors such as NO,NOS and VIP and substance P.
基金supported by a grant from Toxicological Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
文摘BACKGROUND: Aluminum phosphide(Al P) poisoning is common in the developing countries. There is no specifi c antidote for the treatment of acute Al P poisoning. Early diagnosis of poisoning and outcome predictors may facilitate treatment decisions. The objective of this study was to determine the trend of blood lactate level in acute Al P poisoning to evaluate its role as a prognostic factor.METHODS: This was a prospective study on acute Al P intoxicated patients during one year. Demographic data, clinical and laboratory data on admission, and outcome were recorded in a selfmade questionnaire. Blood lactate levels were analyzed every two hours for 24 hours.RESULTS: Thirty-nine(27 male, 12 female) patients were included in the study. The mortality rate was 38.5%. The mean blood pressure, pulse rate, blood p H and serum bicarbonate level were significantly different between the survivors and non-survivors groups. Blood lactate level was signifi cantly higher in the non-survivors group during 8 to 16 hours post ingestion.CONCLUSION: Blood lactate level could be used as an index of severity of acute Al P poisoning.
文摘The purpose of this procedure was to optimize and improve a method that used for the determination of arsenic （Ⅲ） and arsenic （Ⅴ） in biological and environmental samples. The method is based on hydride generation and atomic absorption spectrometry. For both As （Ⅲ） and As （Ⅴ） the parameters such as NaBH4, HCI concentration, and pH were optimized. Absorption signal of As （Ⅴ） was approximately 17% of As （Ⅲ） signal. Therefore, for estimation of As （Ⅲ） and As （Ⅴ） concentrations in various samples the difference between the absorbance obtained for arsenic, without and with previous treatment of samples with potassium iodide （KI）, can be applied. The calibration graphs were linear （r〉0.99）, and the detection limits of the method based on three times the standard deviation of the blank were 0.14 and 0.64 μL^-1 for As （Ⅲ） and As （Ⅴ）, respectively. The relative standard deviation （R.S.D.） of measurements was less than 10%. As a means of checking performance method, water samples were spiked with known concentrations of both As （Ⅲ） and As （Ⅴ）, and recovery above 94% was obtained. The proposed method was applied successfully to determine inorganic As （Ⅲ） and As （Ⅴ） in various environmental and total As in biological samples.
文摘Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are classified as Class 4 agents by the Association of Racing Commissioners International and are banned in racehorses during competition in Pennsylvania (PA). To control the abuse of these agents in racehorses competing in PA, a forensic method for screening and confirmation of the presence of these agents is needed. Equine plasma (0.5 mL) was acidified with 75 μL 1M H3PO4 to increase recovery of the analytes by liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Extracted analytes were separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using a C8 column under gradient condition. All 16 analytes were detected, quantified and confirmed using a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in both negative and positive electrospray ionization modes. The limit of detection, quantification and confirmation of the analytes were 1.0 - 5.0 ng/mL, 1.0 - 5.0 ng/mL and 1.0 - 20 ng/mL, respectively. The linear dynamic range of quantification was 5.0 - 200 ng/mL. The method is routinely used in anti-doping analysis to control the abuse of NSAIDs in racehorses competing in PA.
基金This research was supported by the Council of Science and Technology, U. P state government.
文摘Objective To synthesize some new a-mercapto-β-substituted aryl acrylic acids, characterize them and investigate their in vitro cadmium chelating ability. Methods Six α-mercapto-β-substituted aryl acrylic acids were prepared by the alkaline hydrolysis of 5- (aryl methylene) rhodanines, obtained from the condensation of substituted aldehydes and rhodanine following the reported procedure. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The liver and kidney from cadmium chloride pre-administered rats were homogenized and their nuclear mitochondrial fraction (NMF) and supernatant cytosol fraction (SCF) were separated. A measured volume of each fraction was dialyzed separately using 'dialysis sack' against buffered-KCl medium containing a compound in the final concentration of 1×10-3 mol/L for 3 h at 37℃. The whole content of 'sack' was subjected to cadmium estimation following digestion with cone. Nitric acid was detected using flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Results The in vitro screening showed that α-mercapto-β-(p-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid (compound 2) andα-mercapto-β-(m-methoxy, p-hydroxyphenyl) acrylic acid (compound 4) were more effective than α-mercapto-β-thienyl acrylic acid (compound 1) and a-mercapto-β-(p-dimethylaminophenyl) acrylic acid (compound 3) in mobilizing cadmium as their dialyzable chelates. The presence of a methoxy group on the phenyl moiety (compounds 2 and 4) increases the metal chelating ability of mercapto acrylic acids. Conclusions Compounds 2 and 4 seem to have accessibility to the cellular system and capability of chelating-out the intracellularly bound cadmium.
基金supported by the PUMC(Peking Union Medical College)Youth Fund(3332015142) National Natural Science Foundation of China(81703746)
文摘OBJECTIVE To explore the hypolipidemic mechanisms of the total phenylpropanoid glycosides fromLigustrum robustum(Roxb.) Blume(LRTPG) in hamsters using proteomics technique.METHODS The hamsters were fed with a high fat diet to induce hyperlipidemia.Then LRTPG of high(1.2 g·kg^(-1)),medium(0.6 g·kg^(-1)) and low(0.3 g·kg^(-1)) doses were administrated daily for 4 weeks.Then the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids were determined using enzymic methods.The total protein was extracted from livers of the model group and the group treated with the high dose of LRTPG for label-free quantitative proteomics.RESULTS LRTPG significantly reduced the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids in hamsters fed a high fat diet.The proteomics data showed that a total of 2231 proteins were identified,and 549 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between the model group and the group treated with LRTPG.Among the 549 proteins,93 proteins were up-regulated and 59 proteins were down-regulated,and 397 proteins were absent or not.And some of these proteins were much related to the lipid metabolism.Further,gene ontology(GO) analysis indicated metabolic process,transport,oxidation-reduction process,phosphorylation,signal transduction,lipid metabolic process were the main biological processes that those differentially expressed proteins participated.KEGG pathway analysis showed that those proteins were involved in several metabolic pathways including oxidative phosphorylation,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,cAMP signaling pathway,cGMP-PKG signaling pathway.CONCLUSION The proteomics study could provide valuable clues to help us to understand the hypolipidemic mechanisms of LRTPG much better.
基金funded by the Deputyship for Research and Innovation,Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia(Project number ISP23-81)Sunway University Research Accelerator Grant Scheme(GRTIN-RAG-SBMDC-10-2024).
文摘Until recently,the main pharmaceuticals used to control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease(CVD)were statin-related drugs,known for their historical side effects.Therefore,there is growing interest in exploring alternatives,such as nutritional and dietary components,that could play a central role in CVD prevention.This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how natural phytosterols found in various diets combat CVDs.We begin with a description of the overall approach,then we explore in detail the different direct and indirect mechanisms that contribute to reducing cardiovascular incidents.Phytosterols,including stigmasterol,β-sitosterol,ergosterol,and fucosterol,emerge as promising molecules within nutritional systems for protection against CVDs due to their beneficial effects at different levels through direct or indirect cellular,subcellular,and molecular mechanisms.Specifically,the mentioned phytosterols exhibit the ability to diminish the generation of various radicals,including hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide.They also promote the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione,while inhibiting lipid peroxidation through the activation of Nrf2 and Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)signaling pathways.Additionally,they demonstrate a significant inhibitory capacity in the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines,thus playing a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory/immune response by inhibiting the expression of proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways such as JAK3/STAT3 and NF-κB.Moreover,phytosterols play a key role in reducing cholesterol absorption and improving the lipid profile.These compounds can be used as dietary supplements or included in specific diets to aid control cholesterol levels,particularly in individuals suffering from hypercholesterolemia.
文摘Selection of proper reference genes (RGs) is an essential step needed for accurate normalization of results from genomic studies. Expression of RGs is regulated by many factors such as species, age, gender, type of tissue, the presence of disease, and the administration of therapeutic treatment. The aim of the present study was to identify optimal RGs in a set of blood samples collected at different time points (0, 24, 48, 72 h) from horses following administration of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT). The mRNA expression of twelve RGs: HPRT1, ACTB, HSP90A, SDHA, GUSB, B2M, UBC, NONO, TBP, H6PD, RPL32, GAPDH was determined using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). An SAS program developed on the algorithm of geNorm, SASqPCR, was used to determine stability of the expression and the number of optimal RGs. The results showed that the range of quantification cycle (Cq) values of the evaluated genes varied between 17 and 26 cycles, and that one optimal RG, ACTB, was sufficient for normalization of gene expression. Results of stability of expression demonstrated that ACTB was the optimal choice for all the samples studied. Notably, in samples collected at 72 h post ESWT, TBP showed a significant change in the expression level, and was not suitable for use as a RG. These results substantiate the importance of validating and selecting an appropriate RG.
文摘Background,aim,and scope Microplastics are plastic particles with a diameter of less than 5 mm.Microplastics are emerging contaminants resulting from human activities,which have attracted significant attention from both the scientific community and the general public.Microplastics have been listed as one of the four major emerging pollutants in China.Microplastics have been detected in various matrices,including air,soil,lake water,rivers,and even in food and drinking water,posing potential health risks to humans.Atmospheric environment serves as both a significant source and sink for microplastics,with fine particle matters(PM_(2.5))acting as a crucial carrier for microplastics in the atmosphere.The inhalation of microplastics contained within PM_(2.5)presents potential hazards to the respiratory system.However,researchers have yet to quantify the amount of microplastics inhaled through PM_(2.5).In this study,personal exposure samplers were employed to simulate the process of human inhalation of microplastics via PM_(2.5).The factors influencing the concentration of microplastics in the atmosphere under varying environmental conditions were analyzed.The primary aims of this study were to determine the levels and profiles of microplastics in atmospheric PM_(2.5)and evaluate the human exposure to these pollutants through air inhalation.Materials and methods In this study,conducted in Beijing,China,an individual exposure particulate matter sampler was used to simulate human breathing and continuously collect microplastics in ambient air under daily working and living environments.The sampling period was from September 2023 to April 2024,and a total of 40 valid PM_(2.5)samples were collected and analyzed.For sample testing,thermal decomposition pretreatment was first performed on the collected PM_(2.5)samples,followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to accurately identify and quantify five primary types of microplastics in PM_(2.5).Results The total concentration of the five types of microplastics in atmospheric PM_(2.5)ranged from approximately 3.6μg/m^(3)to 976μg/m^(3),including a high content(up to 505μg/m^(3))of low-density polyethylene(PE).The individual exposure to microplastics via inhalation of PM_(2.5)ranged from 52μg/m^(3)to 14054μg/d.Both weather conditions and human activities can clearly affect the concentrations and distribution of microplastics.Under moderate to severe pollution conditions,PM_(2.5)was found to contain high concentrations(400-600μg/m^(3))of five types of microplastics.In areas with intense human activities and high population density,the microplastics concentrations soared to 976μg/m^(3),with individual exposure levels reaching 14054μg/d.Discussion The study on five common types of microplastics in ambient air reveals that the concentration of atmospheric microplastics is influenced by multiple factors due to the inherent instability of the atmospheric environment.Notably,the concentration of PE in PM_(2.5)is generally higher than that of other microplastics.In three-quarters of the samples,the concentration of PE exceeds that of the other four types of microplastics by one to two orders of magnitude.Meteorological conditions such as wind,haze,and sandstorms are primary factors affecting ambient air quality and play a significant role in determining the concentration and distribution of microplastics.Additionally,population density and human activities are crucial factors influencing the concentration of microplastics in air.Conclusions Our study reveals a significant correlation between elevated atmospheric PM_(2.5)concentrations(under severe pollution conditions such as sandstorms)and increased microplastic levels.Notably,even during periods of relatively low pollution(characterized by clear skies and strong winds),microplastic concentrations also exhibit a substantial rise.Furthermore,due to the increased usage of plastic products,microplastic concentrations tend to rise significantly with higher population densities.In this research,we employed personal exposure samplers to simulate the human inhalation of microplastics contained within PM_(2.5).By analyzing microplastic concentrations across various venues,we were able to assess the potential human exposure to microplastics.Recommendations and perspectives In future research,it is imperative to identify the sources of microplastics by investigating the factors influencing their concentration.This approach will enable the development of targeted strategies to minimize human exposure to inhalable microplastics and mitigate the potential for severe health risks associated with microplastic pollution.
基金supported by the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(No.BX20230401)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M743705)+2 种基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.22325606)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFA0915100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21527901).
文摘Aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)-related toxicity caused by AhR agonists has threatened ecological health,and toxic source apportion-ment plays an important role in pollution management.However,there are no AhR-related toxic source profiles to date.This study aims to construct petroleum-derived AhR-related toxic source profiles by utilizing the polluted soils after a petroleum leakage accident.Three polluted soils and two unpolluted soils were designed for toxic source profile construction,and we use n-alkanes and their proxy indicators to verify the rationality of classification.Then,the key AhR agonists were identified by effect-directed analysis.We discovered that the key AhR agonists in petroleum-polluted soils are constituted by chrysene,methylated benzo[a]anthracene(MeBaA)isomers,and methylated chrysene(MeChr)isomers,where 2-MeChr and 9-MeBaA/3-MeChr contribute the most toxicity.Meanwhile,we also confirmed the existence of synergistic effect.Moreover,the constructed toxic source profile explained most of the toxicity of crude oil,and its specificity was also validated by principal coordinate analysis.In conclusion,this study constructed new petroleum-derived AhR-related toxic source profiles for toxic source apportionment and pollution management,and also provided a new framework for other toxic source profile construction.
