Particle-fluid two-phase flows in rock fractures and fracture networks play a pivotal role in determining the efficiency and effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing operations,a vital component in unconventional oil and...Particle-fluid two-phase flows in rock fractures and fracture networks play a pivotal role in determining the efficiency and effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing operations,a vital component in unconventional oil and gas extraction.Central to this phenomenon is the transport of proppants,tiny solid particles injected into the fractures to prevent them from closing once the injection is stopped.However,effective transport and deposition of proppant is critical in keeping fracture pathways open,especially in lowpermeability reservoirs.This review explores,then quantifies,the important role of fluid inertia and turbulent flows in governing proppant transport.While traditional models predominantly assume and then characterise flow as laminar,this may not accurately capture the complexities inherent in realworld hydraulic fracturing and proppant emplacement.Recent investigations highlight the paramount importance of fluid inertia,especially at the high Reynolds numbers typically associated with fracturing operations.Fluid inertia,often overlooked,introduces crucial forces that influence particle settling velocities,particle-particle interactions,and the eventual deposition of proppants within fractures.With their inherent eddies and transient and chaotic nature,turbulent flows introduce additional complexities to proppant transport,crucially altering proppant settling velocities and dispersion patterns.The following comprehensive survey of experimental,numerical,and analytical studies elucidates controls on the intricate dynamics of proppant transport under fluid inertia and turbulence-towards providing a holistic understanding of the current state-of-the-art,guiding future research directions,and optimising hydraulic fracturing practices.展开更多
The systemic effects of gastrointestinal(GI)microbiota in health and during chronic diseases is increasingly recognised.Dietary strategies to modulate the GI microbiota during chronic diseases have demonstrated promis...The systemic effects of gastrointestinal(GI)microbiota in health and during chronic diseases is increasingly recognised.Dietary strategies to modulate the GI microbiota during chronic diseases have demonstrated promise.While changes in dietary intake can rapidly change the GI microbiota,the impact of dietary changes during acute critical illness on the microbiota remain uncertain.Dietary fibre is metabolised by carbohydrate-active enzymes and,in health,can alter GI microbiota.The aim of this scoping review was to describe the effects of dietary fibre supplementation in health and disease states,specifically during critical illness.Randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies that include adults(>18 years age)and reported changes to GI microbiota as one of the study outcomes using non-culture methods,were identified.Studies show dietary fibres have an impact on faecal microbiota in health and disease.The fibre,inulin,has a marked and specific effect on increasing the abundance of faecal Bifidobacteria.Short chain fatty acids produced by Bifidobacteria have been shown to be beneficial in other patient populations.Very few trials have evaluated the effect of dietary fibre on the GI microbiota during critical illness.More research is necessary to establish optimal fibre type,doses,duration of intervention in critical illness.展开更多
There is growing evidence suggesting that semaglutide,a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist(GLP-1RA),is effective in preventing and treating chronic kidney disease(CKD)in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2...There is growing evidence suggesting that semaglutide,a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist(GLP-1RA),is effective in preventing and treating chronic kidney disease(CKD)in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2D).The Evaluate Renal Function with Semaglutide Once Weekly trial demonstrated that semaglutide significantly reduced the risk of major kidney outcomes,including kidney failure,death from kidney or cardiovascular causes,reduced albuminuria and major cardiovascular events.Emerging evidence also suggests a potential kidney-protective effect of GLP-RAs in people without diabetes.Based on this data,contemporary guidelines now support GLP-1RA use,notably semaglutide,as the fourth pillar of diabetic kidney disease(DKD)management in T2D,alongside existing cardio-kidney protective agents(the other 3 pillars of DKD therapy)sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors,non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system blockers.Semaglutide offers complementary and synchronous benefits through distinct mechanisms,underscoring its role in the comprehensive management of patients with T2D.Furthermore,GLP-1RA use in people with T2D and CKD improves metabolic parameters not achievable with the other DKD therapies.This review summarises the clinical evidence for semaglutide’s kidney-protective effects in individuals with and without T2D,and highlights recent trial data supporting its broader metabolic effects in CKD.Together these findings position semaglutide as a key agent in modern CKD management.展开更多
With the swift advancement of the modern economy,the digital economy has progressively merged into various sectors.By leveraging cutting-edge information technology,it has become a pivotal strategy to enhance both pro...With the swift advancement of the modern economy,the digital economy has progressively merged into various sectors.By leveraging cutting-edge information technology,it has become a pivotal strategy to enhance both production efficiency and quality,representing the inevitable route for the transformation and upgrading of modern enterprises and industries.As the digital economy continues to develop and spread,technology has not only given rise to numerous new industries but also fostered a conducive environment for the transformation and upgrading of traditional sectors.This study takes this context as its research backdrop,examining the development background of the digital economy.It outlines the impact mechanisms through which the digital economy influences industrial structure upgrading and subsequently identifies the specific effects of the digital economy on such upgrades.Furthermore,it constructs a reform paradigm for the digital economy aimed at facilitating the upgrading of industrial structures.展开更多
Achieving a sustainable cropping system requires the efficient use of resources,particularly nitrogen(N).Nitrogen fertiliser is applied in most irrigated cotton fields to maximise yield potential,but plant fertiliser ...Achieving a sustainable cropping system requires the efficient use of resources,particularly nitrogen(N).Nitrogen fertiliser is applied in most irrigated cotton fields to maximise yield potential,but plant fertiliser recovery can be low.Identifying the crucial pathways of fertiliser remobilisation internally within cotton plants will lead to greater awareness of the plants’ability to match the N demands of the developing fruiting matter.This study investigated the fate of N fertiliser when applied to cotton at various dates,with the goal to improve N fertiliser recovery in a modern transgenic cotton cultivar.15N-labelled urea(10 atom%)was applied at multiple times and harvested at four key cotton growth stages(first square,early bolls,cut-out and maturity).Remobilised N was determined as the difference in the proportion of N fertiliser in individual plant components against the fertiliser utilised by the whole plant.The application of fertiliser N at first square resulted in 23%greater fertiliser N recovery at plant maturity compared to fertiliser N applied 100%pre-plant(P<0.001).The improvement was in-part due to higher N derived from the fertiliser(Ndff%)in the cotton seed(3%).Conversely,the Ndff%was higher in the stem(4%)and petioles(1%)when the fertiliser was applied pre-plant.In total,73%of plant N was remobilised to another plant organ,predominantly the seed(67%).Applying N fertiliser post-planting improved N recovery and lint yield compared to applying all fertiliser pre-plant.展开更多
Achieving universal eye health remains a global challenge,particularly in low-and middle-income countries where visual impairment and blindness are prevalent.While advances in tertiary eye care have improved outcomes,...Achieving universal eye health remains a global challenge,particularly in low-and middle-income countries where visual impairment and blindness are prevalent.While advances in tertiary eye care have improved outcomes,access to primary eye care(PEC)continues to be inadequate in rural and underserved regions.This gap necessitates innovative,scalable models that provide accessible,affordable,and comprehensive eye care.The Vision Centre(VC)model,pioneered by the Aravind Eye Care System(AECS),exemplifies a sustainable approach to delivering PEC.Designed as permanent facilities in rural communities,VCs are equipped with state-of-the-art diagnostic tools and staffed by trained allied ophthalmic personnel.The integration of teleophthalmology,electronic medical records,and artificial intelligence enhances the model’s capacity to address complex conditions like diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma.VCs have demonstrated significant impact in improving accessibility,reducing financial burdens,and increasing utilization of eye care services.In the fiscal year 2023-2024,AECS VCs recorded nearly one million outpatient visits,achieving a 25%population coverage rate and generating substantial cost savings of ₹647 million(US$7.8 million)for patients.The model's success is underpinned by community engagement,a focus on operational excellence,and a robust referral system to tertiary hospitals.This review explores the evolution,implementation,and impact of the AECS VC model,emphasizing its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals and Universal Health Coverage.By addressing accessibility and affordability,the VC model serves as a scalable template for primary eye care delivery in resource-limited settings globally.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a slow,progressive neurodegenerative disease with clinical symptoms that typically emerge in the elderly,leading to deterioration of cognitive functions over time.Memory loss is the primary ...Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a slow,progressive neurodegenerative disease with clinical symptoms that typically emerge in the elderly,leading to deterioration of cognitive functions over time.Memory loss is the primary symptom,eventually leading to significant declines in executive and cognitive functions,along with psychiatric and behavioral changes,and alterations in personality.展开更多
The Yangchuling porphyry W-Mo deposit(YPWD),located in the Jiangnan porphyryskarn tungsten ore belt,is one of the most important and large-scale porphyry W-Mo deposits in South China.While previous zircon U-Pb and mol...The Yangchuling porphyry W-Mo deposit(YPWD),located in the Jiangnan porphyryskarn tungsten ore belt,is one of the most important and large-scale porphyry W-Mo deposits in South China.While previous zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os data suggest that Yangchuling WMo ore bodies formed almost simultaneously with granodiorite and monzogranitic porphyry at~150–144 Ma,their post emplacement history remains poorly understood,making their preservation status at depth uncertain.In this paper,new zircon and apatite(U-Th)/He and apatite fission track(ZHe,AHe and AFT,respectively)data of one hornfels and five intrusive rocks from a 1000-meter borehole are presented.These,together with new inverse thermal history models and previous geochronological data,help elucidate the post-diagenetic exhumation history and preservation status of the Yangchuling porphyry W-Mo deposit.In general,ZHe and AHe ages decrease gradually from the near surface downwards and have relatively little intra-sample variation,ranging from 133 to 73Ma and 67 to 25 Ma,respectively.All four granodiorites yield similar AFT ages that range from 63 to 55 Ma with mean track lengths varying from 12.2±0.7 to 12.6±0.5μm.Thermal history modelling indicates that the Yangchuling ore district experienced slow,monotonic cooling since the Cretaceous.Age-depth relationships are interpreted as recording~3.7±0.8 km of Cretaceous-recent exhumation in response to regional extension throughout South China thought to have been driven by subduction retreat of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.Comparison of estimated net exhumation and previous metallogenic depth of~4–5 km suggests that W-Mo ore bodies could still exist at depths of up to~1.3±0.8 km relative to Earth surface in the YPWD region.Preservation of the YPWD is attributed to the limited amount of regional denudation during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic.展开更多
This opinion article discusses the original research work of Yünkül et al.(the Authors)published in the Journal of Mountain Science 21(9):3108–3122.Employing non-linear regression,fuzzy logic and artificial...This opinion article discusses the original research work of Yünkül et al.(the Authors)published in the Journal of Mountain Science 21(9):3108–3122.Employing non-linear regression,fuzzy logic and artificial neural network modeling techniques,the Authors interrogated a large database assembled from the existing research literature to assess the performance of twelve equation rules in predicting the undrained shear strength(s_(u))mobilized for remolded fine-grained soils at different values of liquidity index(I_(L))and water content ratio.Based on their analyses,the Authors proposed a simple and reportedly reliable correlation(i.e.,Eq.9 in their paper)for predicting s_(u) over the I_(L) range of 0.15 to 3.00.This article describes various shortcomings in the Authors’assembled database(including potentially anomalous data and covering an excessively wide I_(L) range in relation to routine geotechnical and transportation engineering applications)and their proposed s_(u)=f(I_(L))correlation.Contrary to the Authors’assertions,their proposed correlation is not reliable for fine-grained soils with consistencies in the general firm to stiff range(i.e.,for 0.15<I_(L)<0.40),increasingly overestimating s_(u) for reducing I_(L),and eventually predicting s_(u)→+∞for I_(L)→0.15+(while producing mathematically undefined s_(u) for I_(L)<0.15),thus rendering their correlation unconservative and potentially leading to unsafe geotechnical designs.Exponential or regular-power type s_(u)=f(I_(L))models are more s_(u)itable when developing correlations that are applicable over the full plastic range(of 0<I_(L)<1),thereby providing reasonably conservative s_(u) predictions for use in the preliminary design for routine geotechnical engineering applications.展开更多
Virtual Reality(VR)technology is widely recognized as a prominent technological paradigm.Its potential and promise in the domain of ophthalmology are substantial,and the evolution of VR technology has significantly in...Virtual Reality(VR)technology is widely recognized as a prominent technological paradigm.Its potential and promise in the domain of ophthalmology are substantial,and the evolution of VR technology has significantly influenced the contemporary landscape of ophthalmology.Numerous empirical studies have validated the practical utility of VR technology in domains such as ophthalmic disease treatment and surgery training.This paper offers a comprehensive overview of VR technology's utilization in ophthalmic disease treatment,student education,and surgery training,expands the application of VR technology in ophthalmic evaluation and disease diagnosis,discusses the challenges and limitations of VR technology in ophthalmology,and expounds on emerging trends and future developments of VR technology in ophthalmology.This endeavor aims to provide readers with an in-depth comprehension of the current status and future prospects of VR technology application in ophthalmology,with the ultimate objective of fostering more effective advancements and applications of VR technology in the realm of ophthalmology.展开更多
Nusantara,the new capital city of Indonesia,and its surrounding areas experienced intense heavy rainfall on 15-16 March 2022,leading to devastating and widespread flooding.However,the factors triggering such intense h...Nusantara,the new capital city of Indonesia,and its surrounding areas experienced intense heavy rainfall on 15-16 March 2022,leading to devastating and widespread flooding.However,the factors triggering such intense heavy rainfall and the underlying physical mechanisms are still not fully understood.Using high-resolution GSMaP(Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation)data,we show that a mesoscale convective system(MCS)was the primary cause of the heavy rainfall event.The rainfall peak occurred during the MCS's mature stage at 1800 UTC 15 March 2022,and diminished as it entered the dissipation stage.To understand the large-scale environmental factors affecting the MCS event,we analyzed contributions from the MJO,equatorial waves,and low-frequency variability to column water vapor and moisture flux convergence.Results indicate a substantial influence of the MJO and equatorial waves on lower-level(boundary layer)meridional moisture flux convergence during the pre-MCS stage and initiation,with their contributions accounting for up to80%during the growth phase.Moreover,while La Nina and the Asian monsoon had negligible impacts on MCS moisture supply,we find a large contribution from the residual term of the water vapour budget during the maturation and decay phases of the MCS.This suggests that local forcing(such as small-scale convection,local evaporation,land-surface feedback,and topography)also contributed to modulation of the intensity and duration of the MCS.The results of this study can help in our understanding of the potential causes of extreme rainfall in Nusantara and could be leveraged to improve rainstorm forecasting and risk management across the region in the future.展开更多
Dentisphaera Páll-Gergely&Jochum,2017 is a troglobitic land snails genus known to harbour only one species found in a single cave in North Vietnam.Based on recently collected specimens from China,three specie...Dentisphaera Páll-Gergely&Jochum,2017 is a troglobitic land snails genus known to harbour only one species found in a single cave in North Vietnam.Based on recently collected specimens from China,three species,Dentisphaera lagredeae Chen,Grego&Páll-Gergely,sp.nov.,Dentisphaera shzha Chen,Grego&Páll-Gergely,sp.nov.and Dentisphaera zhoui Chen,Lin&Páll-Gergely,sp.nov.are introduced as new to science.The distribution range of Dentisphaera is extended based on the collecting records of these new species.展开更多
This paper provides an overview of Advanced Practice Nursing(APN)in the USA,Canada,Australia and Hong Kong.It is based upon documents presented to the China Medical Board(CMB)China Nursing Network(CNN)as background fo...This paper provides an overview of Advanced Practice Nursing(APN)in the USA,Canada,Australia and Hong Kong.It is based upon documents presented to the China Medical Board(CMB)China Nursing Network(CNN)as background for discussions held by the CNN in Shanghai.It discusses the APN role in these countries and regions according to topics identified by the CNN.These are APN educational preparation;role legitimacy;capacity requirements;scope of practice,domains of activities and limited rights for prescription and referral;professional promotion ladder;accreditation system;and,perfor-mance evaluation system.Both Canada and Australia have adapted many aspects of the USA model of APN to fit their specific legislative requirements and local conditions.Hong Kong has taken a different path which may be of interest in the Chinese context.展开更多
Replacement of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） by greener or more environmentally sustainable solvents is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing health and environmental concerns as well as economic...Replacement of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） by greener or more environmentally sustainable solvents is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing health and environmental concerns as well as economic pressures associated with VOCs. Solvents that are derived from biomass, namely bio-derived solvents, are a type of green solvent that have attracted intensive investigations in recent years because of their advantages over con- ventional VOCs, such as low toxicity, biodegradability and renewability. This review aims to summarize the use of bio-derived solvents in solvent extraction applications, with special emphasis given to utilization of biodiesels and terpenes. Compared with the conventional VOCs, the overall performance of these bio-derived solvents is comparable in terms of extraction yields and selectivity for natural product extraction and no difference was found for metal extraction. To date most researchers have focused on laboratory scale thermodynamics studies. Future work is required to develop and test new bio-derived solvents and understand the kinetic performance as well as solvent extraction nilnt nlant studies.展开更多
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and large for gestational age (LGA) offspring are two common pregnancy complications. Connections also exist between the two conditions, including mutual maternal risk factors for t...Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and large for gestational age (LGA) offspring are two common pregnancy complications. Connections also exist between the two conditions, including mutual maternal risk factors for the conditions and an increased prevalence of LGA offspring amongst pregnancies affected by GDM. Thus, it is important to elucidate potential shared underlying mechanisms of both LGA and GDM. One potential mechanistic link relates to macronutrient metabolism. Indeed, derangement of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is present in GDM, and maternal biomarkers of glucose and lipid control are associated with LGA neonates in such pregnancies. The aim of this paper is therefore to reflect on the existing nutritional guidelines for GDM in light of our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of GDM and LGA offspring. Lifestyle modification is first line treatment for GDM, and while there is some promise that nutritional interventions may favourably impact outcomes, there is a lack of definitive evidence that changing the macronutrient composition of the diet reduces the incidence of either GDM or LGA offspring. The quality of the available evidence is a major issue, and rigorous trials are needed to inform evidence-based treatment guidelines.展开更多
Like the wars predating the First World War where human foot soldiers were deemed tools in the battlefield against an enemy, so too are the host immune cells of a patient battling a malignant gastric cancer. Indeed, t...Like the wars predating the First World War where human foot soldiers were deemed tools in the battlefield against an enemy, so too are the host immune cells of a patient battling a malignant gastric cancer. Indeed, the tumour microenvironment resembles a battlefield, where the patient's immune cells are the defence against invading tumour cells. However, the relationship between different immune components of the host response to cancer is more complex than an "us against them" model. Components of the immune system inadvertently work against the interests of the host and become pro-tumourigenic while other components soldier on against the common enemy – the tumour cell.展开更多
Power to hydrogen(P2H)provides a promising solution to the geographic mismatch between sources of renewable energy and the market,due to its technological maturity,flexibility,and the availability of technical and eco...Power to hydrogen(P2H)provides a promising solution to the geographic mismatch between sources of renewable energy and the market,due to its technological maturity,flexibility,and the availability of technical and economic data from a range of active demonstration projects.In this review,we aim to provide an overview of the status of P2H,analyze its technical barriers and solutions,and propose potential opportunities for future research and industrial demonstrations.We specifically focus on the transport of hydrogen via natural gas pipeline networks and end-user purification.Strong evidence shows that an addition of about 10%hydrogen into natural gas pipelines has negligible effects on the pipelines and utilization appliances,and may therefore extend the asset value of the pipelines after natural gas is depleted.To obtain pure hydrogen from hydrogen-enriched natural gas(HENG)mixtures,end-user separation is inevitable,and can be achieved through membranes,adsorption,and other promising separation technologies.However,novel materials with high selectivity and capacity will be the key to the development of industrial processes,and an integrated membrane-adsorption process may be considered in order to produce high-purity hydrogen from HENG.It is also worth investigating the feasibility of electrochemical separation(hydrogen pumping)at a large scale and its energy analysis.Cryogenics may only be feasible when liquefied natural gas(LNG)is one of the major products.A range of other technological and operational barriers and opportunities,such as water availability,byproduct(oxygen)utilization,and environmental impacts,are also discussed.This review will advance readers’understanding of P2H and foster the development of the hydrogen economy.展开更多
Increasing population in urban areas and limitations of suitable lands for developing houses and urban infrastructure have led to the vertical development in cities.However,these developments are managed by a cadastra...Increasing population in urban areas and limitations of suitable lands for developing houses and urban infrastructure have led to the vertical development in cities.However,these developments are managed by a cadastral system which is mainly two-dimensional and cannot efficiently represent Rights,Restrictions,and Responsibilities(RRRs)in complex scenarios.In fact,a three-dimensional cadastre is required for efficiently registering and representing RRRs.In this paper,a 3D proximity analysis was proposed and implemented to determine RRRs and associated easement rights in non-topology-based data structures.This method can be used to investigate the surrounding spaces of a subject apartment unit or storage in a high-rise.The performance of the developed method was evaluated in a large complex high-rise in Tehran,Iran.The results confirmed that the proposed method can correctly identify the neighbor spaces in complex scenarios.展开更多
基金the Australian Research Council Discovery Project(ARC DP 220100851)scheme and would acknowledge that.
文摘Particle-fluid two-phase flows in rock fractures and fracture networks play a pivotal role in determining the efficiency and effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing operations,a vital component in unconventional oil and gas extraction.Central to this phenomenon is the transport of proppants,tiny solid particles injected into the fractures to prevent them from closing once the injection is stopped.However,effective transport and deposition of proppant is critical in keeping fracture pathways open,especially in lowpermeability reservoirs.This review explores,then quantifies,the important role of fluid inertia and turbulent flows in governing proppant transport.While traditional models predominantly assume and then characterise flow as laminar,this may not accurately capture the complexities inherent in realworld hydraulic fracturing and proppant emplacement.Recent investigations highlight the paramount importance of fluid inertia,especially at the high Reynolds numbers typically associated with fracturing operations.Fluid inertia,often overlooked,introduces crucial forces that influence particle settling velocities,particle-particle interactions,and the eventual deposition of proppants within fractures.With their inherent eddies and transient and chaotic nature,turbulent flows introduce additional complexities to proppant transport,crucially altering proppant settling velocities and dispersion patterns.The following comprehensive survey of experimental,numerical,and analytical studies elucidates controls on the intricate dynamics of proppant transport under fluid inertia and turbulence-towards providing a holistic understanding of the current state-of-the-art,guiding future research directions,and optimising hydraulic fracturing practices.
文摘The systemic effects of gastrointestinal(GI)microbiota in health and during chronic diseases is increasingly recognised.Dietary strategies to modulate the GI microbiota during chronic diseases have demonstrated promise.While changes in dietary intake can rapidly change the GI microbiota,the impact of dietary changes during acute critical illness on the microbiota remain uncertain.Dietary fibre is metabolised by carbohydrate-active enzymes and,in health,can alter GI microbiota.The aim of this scoping review was to describe the effects of dietary fibre supplementation in health and disease states,specifically during critical illness.Randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies that include adults(>18 years age)and reported changes to GI microbiota as one of the study outcomes using non-culture methods,were identified.Studies show dietary fibres have an impact on faecal microbiota in health and disease.The fibre,inulin,has a marked and specific effect on increasing the abundance of faecal Bifidobacteria.Short chain fatty acids produced by Bifidobacteria have been shown to be beneficial in other patient populations.Very few trials have evaluated the effect of dietary fibre on the GI microbiota during critical illness.More research is necessary to establish optimal fibre type,doses,duration of intervention in critical illness.
文摘There is growing evidence suggesting that semaglutide,a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist(GLP-1RA),is effective in preventing and treating chronic kidney disease(CKD)in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2D).The Evaluate Renal Function with Semaglutide Once Weekly trial demonstrated that semaglutide significantly reduced the risk of major kidney outcomes,including kidney failure,death from kidney or cardiovascular causes,reduced albuminuria and major cardiovascular events.Emerging evidence also suggests a potential kidney-protective effect of GLP-RAs in people without diabetes.Based on this data,contemporary guidelines now support GLP-1RA use,notably semaglutide,as the fourth pillar of diabetic kidney disease(DKD)management in T2D,alongside existing cardio-kidney protective agents(the other 3 pillars of DKD therapy)sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors,non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system blockers.Semaglutide offers complementary and synchronous benefits through distinct mechanisms,underscoring its role in the comprehensive management of patients with T2D.Furthermore,GLP-1RA use in people with T2D and CKD improves metabolic parameters not achievable with the other DKD therapies.This review summarises the clinical evidence for semaglutide’s kidney-protective effects in individuals with and without T2D,and highlights recent trial data supporting its broader metabolic effects in CKD.Together these findings position semaglutide as a key agent in modern CKD management.
文摘With the swift advancement of the modern economy,the digital economy has progressively merged into various sectors.By leveraging cutting-edge information technology,it has become a pivotal strategy to enhance both production efficiency and quality,representing the inevitable route for the transformation and upgrading of modern enterprises and industries.As the digital economy continues to develop and spread,technology has not only given rise to numerous new industries but also fostered a conducive environment for the transformation and upgrading of traditional sectors.This study takes this context as its research backdrop,examining the development background of the digital economy.It outlines the impact mechanisms through which the digital economy influences industrial structure upgrading and subsequently identifies the specific effects of the digital economy on such upgrades.Furthermore,it constructs a reform paradigm for the digital economy aimed at facilitating the upgrading of industrial structures.
基金funded by the Australian Government,Department of Agriculture,Fisheries and Forestry,and the Cotton Research and Development Corporation through the More Profit from Nitrogen project.
文摘Achieving a sustainable cropping system requires the efficient use of resources,particularly nitrogen(N).Nitrogen fertiliser is applied in most irrigated cotton fields to maximise yield potential,but plant fertiliser recovery can be low.Identifying the crucial pathways of fertiliser remobilisation internally within cotton plants will lead to greater awareness of the plants’ability to match the N demands of the developing fruiting matter.This study investigated the fate of N fertiliser when applied to cotton at various dates,with the goal to improve N fertiliser recovery in a modern transgenic cotton cultivar.15N-labelled urea(10 atom%)was applied at multiple times and harvested at four key cotton growth stages(first square,early bolls,cut-out and maturity).Remobilised N was determined as the difference in the proportion of N fertiliser in individual plant components against the fertiliser utilised by the whole plant.The application of fertiliser N at first square resulted in 23%greater fertiliser N recovery at plant maturity compared to fertiliser N applied 100%pre-plant(P<0.001).The improvement was in-part due to higher N derived from the fertiliser(Ndff%)in the cotton seed(3%).Conversely,the Ndff%was higher in the stem(4%)and petioles(1%)when the fertiliser was applied pre-plant.In total,73%of plant N was remobilised to another plant organ,predominantly the seed(67%).Applying N fertiliser post-planting improved N recovery and lint yield compared to applying all fertiliser pre-plant.
文摘Achieving universal eye health remains a global challenge,particularly in low-and middle-income countries where visual impairment and blindness are prevalent.While advances in tertiary eye care have improved outcomes,access to primary eye care(PEC)continues to be inadequate in rural and underserved regions.This gap necessitates innovative,scalable models that provide accessible,affordable,and comprehensive eye care.The Vision Centre(VC)model,pioneered by the Aravind Eye Care System(AECS),exemplifies a sustainable approach to delivering PEC.Designed as permanent facilities in rural communities,VCs are equipped with state-of-the-art diagnostic tools and staffed by trained allied ophthalmic personnel.The integration of teleophthalmology,electronic medical records,and artificial intelligence enhances the model’s capacity to address complex conditions like diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma.VCs have demonstrated significant impact in improving accessibility,reducing financial burdens,and increasing utilization of eye care services.In the fiscal year 2023-2024,AECS VCs recorded nearly one million outpatient visits,achieving a 25%population coverage rate and generating substantial cost savings of ₹647 million(US$7.8 million)for patients.The model's success is underpinned by community engagement,a focus on operational excellence,and a robust referral system to tertiary hospitals.This review explores the evolution,implementation,and impact of the AECS VC model,emphasizing its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals and Universal Health Coverage.By addressing accessibility and affordability,the VC model serves as a scalable template for primary eye care delivery in resource-limited settings globally.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82120108010 and 81930028).
文摘Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a slow,progressive neurodegenerative disease with clinical symptoms that typically emerge in the elderly,leading to deterioration of cognitive functions over time.Memory loss is the primary symptom,eventually leading to significant declines in executive and cognitive functions,along with psychiatric and behavioral changes,and alterations in personality.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42162013,42002095)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment(Nos.2022NRE34,NRE2021-01)+1 种基金Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.20242BAB26048,20242BAB25178)Fund of National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Remote Sensing Information and imagery Analysis,Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology(No.6142A01210405)。
文摘The Yangchuling porphyry W-Mo deposit(YPWD),located in the Jiangnan porphyryskarn tungsten ore belt,is one of the most important and large-scale porphyry W-Mo deposits in South China.While previous zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os data suggest that Yangchuling WMo ore bodies formed almost simultaneously with granodiorite and monzogranitic porphyry at~150–144 Ma,their post emplacement history remains poorly understood,making their preservation status at depth uncertain.In this paper,new zircon and apatite(U-Th)/He and apatite fission track(ZHe,AHe and AFT,respectively)data of one hornfels and five intrusive rocks from a 1000-meter borehole are presented.These,together with new inverse thermal history models and previous geochronological data,help elucidate the post-diagenetic exhumation history and preservation status of the Yangchuling porphyry W-Mo deposit.In general,ZHe and AHe ages decrease gradually from the near surface downwards and have relatively little intra-sample variation,ranging from 133 to 73Ma and 67 to 25 Ma,respectively.All four granodiorites yield similar AFT ages that range from 63 to 55 Ma with mean track lengths varying from 12.2±0.7 to 12.6±0.5μm.Thermal history modelling indicates that the Yangchuling ore district experienced slow,monotonic cooling since the Cretaceous.Age-depth relationships are interpreted as recording~3.7±0.8 km of Cretaceous-recent exhumation in response to regional extension throughout South China thought to have been driven by subduction retreat of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.Comparison of estimated net exhumation and previous metallogenic depth of~4–5 km suggests that W-Mo ore bodies could still exist at depths of up to~1.3±0.8 km relative to Earth surface in the YPWD region.Preservation of the YPWD is attributed to the limited amount of regional denudation during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic.
文摘This opinion article discusses the original research work of Yünkül et al.(the Authors)published in the Journal of Mountain Science 21(9):3108–3122.Employing non-linear regression,fuzzy logic and artificial neural network modeling techniques,the Authors interrogated a large database assembled from the existing research literature to assess the performance of twelve equation rules in predicting the undrained shear strength(s_(u))mobilized for remolded fine-grained soils at different values of liquidity index(I_(L))and water content ratio.Based on their analyses,the Authors proposed a simple and reportedly reliable correlation(i.e.,Eq.9 in their paper)for predicting s_(u) over the I_(L) range of 0.15 to 3.00.This article describes various shortcomings in the Authors’assembled database(including potentially anomalous data and covering an excessively wide I_(L) range in relation to routine geotechnical and transportation engineering applications)and their proposed s_(u)=f(I_(L))correlation.Contrary to the Authors’assertions,their proposed correlation is not reliable for fine-grained soils with consistencies in the general firm to stiff range(i.e.,for 0.15<I_(L)<0.40),increasingly overestimating s_(u) for reducing I_(L),and eventually predicting s_(u)→+∞for I_(L)→0.15+(while producing mathematically undefined s_(u) for I_(L)<0.15),thus rendering their correlation unconservative and potentially leading to unsafe geotechnical designs.Exponential or regular-power type s_(u)=f(I_(L))models are more s_(u)itable when developing correlations that are applicable over the full plastic range(of 0<I_(L)<1),thereby providing reasonably conservative s_(u) predictions for use in the preliminary design for routine geotechnical engineering applications.
基金supported by the Fujian Provincial Undergraduate Teaching Reform Project(J21008)Teaching Research Program for Undergraduate Education at Fujian Medical University(J24030).
文摘Virtual Reality(VR)technology is widely recognized as a prominent technological paradigm.Its potential and promise in the domain of ophthalmology are substantial,and the evolution of VR technology has significantly influenced the contemporary landscape of ophthalmology.Numerous empirical studies have validated the practical utility of VR technology in domains such as ophthalmic disease treatment and surgery training.This paper offers a comprehensive overview of VR technology's utilization in ophthalmic disease treatment,student education,and surgery training,expands the application of VR technology in ophthalmic evaluation and disease diagnosis,discusses the challenges and limitations of VR technology in ophthalmology,and expounds on emerging trends and future developments of VR technology in ophthalmology.This endeavor aims to provide readers with an in-depth comprehension of the current status and future prospects of VR technology application in ophthalmology,with the ultimate objective of fostering more effective advancements and applications of VR technology in the realm of ophthalmology.
基金supported by the Budget Execution(Allotment)Document,National Research and Innovation Agency(BRIN)in 2022(Grant No.SP DIPA-124.01.1.690504/2022)。
文摘Nusantara,the new capital city of Indonesia,and its surrounding areas experienced intense heavy rainfall on 15-16 March 2022,leading to devastating and widespread flooding.However,the factors triggering such intense heavy rainfall and the underlying physical mechanisms are still not fully understood.Using high-resolution GSMaP(Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation)data,we show that a mesoscale convective system(MCS)was the primary cause of the heavy rainfall event.The rainfall peak occurred during the MCS's mature stage at 1800 UTC 15 March 2022,and diminished as it entered the dissipation stage.To understand the large-scale environmental factors affecting the MCS event,we analyzed contributions from the MJO,equatorial waves,and low-frequency variability to column water vapor and moisture flux convergence.Results indicate a substantial influence of the MJO and equatorial waves on lower-level(boundary layer)meridional moisture flux convergence during the pre-MCS stage and initiation,with their contributions accounting for up to80%during the growth phase.Moreover,while La Nina and the Asian monsoon had negligible impacts on MCS moisture supply,we find a large contribution from the residual term of the water vapour budget during the maturation and decay phases of the MCS.This suggests that local forcing(such as small-scale convection,local evaporation,land-surface feedback,and topography)also contributed to modulation of the intensity and duration of the MCS.The results of this study can help in our understanding of the potential causes of extreme rainfall in Nusantara and could be leveraged to improve rainstorm forecasting and risk management across the region in the future.
基金funded by research grants from the Malacological Society of London and the Melbourne Research Scholarship for ZYCthe Hungarian Research Fund(OTKA FK 135262)the Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences for BPG。
文摘Dentisphaera Páll-Gergely&Jochum,2017 is a troglobitic land snails genus known to harbour only one species found in a single cave in North Vietnam.Based on recently collected specimens from China,three species,Dentisphaera lagredeae Chen,Grego&Páll-Gergely,sp.nov.,Dentisphaera shzha Chen,Grego&Páll-Gergely,sp.nov.and Dentisphaera zhoui Chen,Lin&Páll-Gergely,sp.nov.are introduced as new to science.The distribution range of Dentisphaera is extended based on the collecting records of these new species.
文摘This paper provides an overview of Advanced Practice Nursing(APN)in the USA,Canada,Australia and Hong Kong.It is based upon documents presented to the China Medical Board(CMB)China Nursing Network(CNN)as background for discussions held by the CNN in Shanghai.It discusses the APN role in these countries and regions according to topics identified by the CNN.These are APN educational preparation;role legitimacy;capacity requirements;scope of practice,domains of activities and limited rights for prescription and referral;professional promotion ladder;accreditation system;and,perfor-mance evaluation system.Both Canada and Australia have adapted many aspects of the USA model of APN to fit their specific legislative requirements and local conditions.Hong Kong has taken a different path which may be of interest in the Chinese context.
基金Support from the Australian Research Council (project ID:LP140100650)
文摘Replacement of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） by greener or more environmentally sustainable solvents is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing health and environmental concerns as well as economic pressures associated with VOCs. Solvents that are derived from biomass, namely bio-derived solvents, are a type of green solvent that have attracted intensive investigations in recent years because of their advantages over con- ventional VOCs, such as low toxicity, biodegradability and renewability. This review aims to summarize the use of bio-derived solvents in solvent extraction applications, with special emphasis given to utilization of biodiesels and terpenes. Compared with the conventional VOCs, the overall performance of these bio-derived solvents is comparable in terms of extraction yields and selectivity for natural product extraction and no difference was found for metal extraction. To date most researchers have focused on laboratory scale thermodynamics studies. Future work is required to develop and test new bio-derived solvents and understand the kinetic performance as well as solvent extraction nilnt nlant studies.
文摘Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and large for gestational age (LGA) offspring are two common pregnancy complications. Connections also exist between the two conditions, including mutual maternal risk factors for the conditions and an increased prevalence of LGA offspring amongst pregnancies affected by GDM. Thus, it is important to elucidate potential shared underlying mechanisms of both LGA and GDM. One potential mechanistic link relates to macronutrient metabolism. Indeed, derangement of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is present in GDM, and maternal biomarkers of glucose and lipid control are associated with LGA neonates in such pregnancies. The aim of this paper is therefore to reflect on the existing nutritional guidelines for GDM in light of our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of GDM and LGA offspring. Lifestyle modification is first line treatment for GDM, and while there is some promise that nutritional interventions may favourably impact outcomes, there is a lack of definitive evidence that changing the macronutrient composition of the diet reduces the incidence of either GDM or LGA offspring. The quality of the available evidence is a major issue, and rigorous trials are needed to inform evidence-based treatment guidelines.
文摘Like the wars predating the First World War where human foot soldiers were deemed tools in the battlefield against an enemy, so too are the host immune cells of a patient battling a malignant gastric cancer. Indeed, the tumour microenvironment resembles a battlefield, where the patient's immune cells are the defence against invading tumour cells. However, the relationship between different immune components of the host response to cancer is more complex than an "us against them" model. Components of the immune system inadvertently work against the interests of the host and become pro-tumourigenic while other components soldier on against the common enemy – the tumour cell.
基金support of Global Innovation Linkage(GIL)awarded by Department of Industry,Innovation and Science entitled“Development of Unconventional Gas Technologies for Sustainable Energy Security"(GIL54444),Early Career Researcher Grants Scheme awarded by the University of Mel-bourne entitled“Production of HighPurity Hydrogen from Mixed Pipeline Gases"(1858821),and Future Fuels Cooperative Research Centre(CRC)“Novel Separation Technology development forhy-drogen and future fuels systems"(RP3.2-08).
文摘Power to hydrogen(P2H)provides a promising solution to the geographic mismatch between sources of renewable energy and the market,due to its technological maturity,flexibility,and the availability of technical and economic data from a range of active demonstration projects.In this review,we aim to provide an overview of the status of P2H,analyze its technical barriers and solutions,and propose potential opportunities for future research and industrial demonstrations.We specifically focus on the transport of hydrogen via natural gas pipeline networks and end-user purification.Strong evidence shows that an addition of about 10%hydrogen into natural gas pipelines has negligible effects on the pipelines and utilization appliances,and may therefore extend the asset value of the pipelines after natural gas is depleted.To obtain pure hydrogen from hydrogen-enriched natural gas(HENG)mixtures,end-user separation is inevitable,and can be achieved through membranes,adsorption,and other promising separation technologies.However,novel materials with high selectivity and capacity will be the key to the development of industrial processes,and an integrated membrane-adsorption process may be considered in order to produce high-purity hydrogen from HENG.It is also worth investigating the feasibility of electrochemical separation(hydrogen pumping)at a large scale and its energy analysis.Cryogenics may only be feasible when liquefied natural gas(LNG)is one of the major products.A range of other technological and operational barriers and opportunities,such as water availability,byproduct(oxygen)utilization,and environmental impacts,are also discussed.This review will advance readers’understanding of P2H and foster the development of the hydrogen economy.
文摘Increasing population in urban areas and limitations of suitable lands for developing houses and urban infrastructure have led to the vertical development in cities.However,these developments are managed by a cadastral system which is mainly two-dimensional and cannot efficiently represent Rights,Restrictions,and Responsibilities(RRRs)in complex scenarios.In fact,a three-dimensional cadastre is required for efficiently registering and representing RRRs.In this paper,a 3D proximity analysis was proposed and implemented to determine RRRs and associated easement rights in non-topology-based data structures.This method can be used to investigate the surrounding spaces of a subject apartment unit or storage in a high-rise.The performance of the developed method was evaluated in a large complex high-rise in Tehran,Iran.The results confirmed that the proposed method can correctly identify the neighbor spaces in complex scenarios.
