The clothing industry is considered one of the most polluting industries on the planet due to the high consumption of water,energy,chemicals/dyes,and high generation of solid waste and effluents.Faced with environment...The clothing industry is considered one of the most polluting industries on the planet due to the high consumption of water,energy,chemicals/dyes,and high generation of solid waste and effluents.Faced with environmental concerns,the textile ennoblement sector is the most critical of the textile production chain,especially the traditional dyeing processes.As an alternative to current problems,dyeing with supercritical CO_(2)(scCO_(2))has been presented as a clean and efficient process for a sustainable textile future.Supercritical fluid dyeing(SFD)has shown a growing interest due to its significant impact on environmental preservation and social,economic,and financial gains.The main SFD benefits include economy and reuse of non-adsorbed dyes;reduction of process time and energy expenditure;capture of atmospheric CO_(2)(greenhouse gas);use and recycling of CO_(2)in SFD;generation of carbon credits;water-free process;effluent-free process;reduction of CO_(2)emission and auxiliary chemicals.Despite being still a non-scalable and evolving technology,SFD is the future of dyeing.This review presented a comprehensive overview of the environmental impacts caused by traditional processes and confronted the advantages of SFD.The SFD technique was introduced,along with its latest advances and future perspectives.Financial and environmental gains were also discussed.展开更多
Outdoor jackets are engineered to protect against extreme weather while ensuring comfort and safety. Key to this protection is the thermal properties, achieved through insulation materials like down feathers and synth...Outdoor jackets are engineered to protect against extreme weather while ensuring comfort and safety. Key to this protection is the thermal properties, achieved through insulation materials like down feathers and synthetic fibers, which trap heat and minimize heat loss. Resistance to wind, rain, and snow is provided by waterproof and windproof fabrics, while breathability allows moisture to escape, maintaining a comfortable microclimate. Air permeability and water resistance are essential for achieving this balance. This study examines two outdoor jacket prototypes with six material layers each. The outer layer (Layer 1) consists of 100% polyester coated with polyurethane for waterproofing. Inner layers (Layers 2, 3, and 6) use wool/cotton and wool/polyamide blends, offering insulation and moisture-wicking properties. Down feathers are used as the filling material, providing excellent warmth. Advanced materials like graphene and silver honeycomb fabrics were included to enhance thermal conductivity and regulate heat transfer. Performance testing focused on thermal conductivity, comfort (water and air permeability), and mechanical properties like tensile strength and tear resistance. Tests also assessed spray application and fastness to evaluate durability under environmental exposure. Results showed that jackets with silver-infused honeycomb fabrics had superior thermal conductivity, enabling better heat regulation and comfort in harsh conditions. The findings highlight the advantages of integrating silver honeycomb fabrics into outdoor jackets. These materials enhance insulation, thermal regulation, and overall comfort, making them ideal for high-performance designs. Incorporating such fabrics ensures functionality, durability, and user protection in extreme environments.展开更多
Owing to the ongoing pandemic,the importance of and demand for antimicrobial textiles have reached new heights.In addition to being used for medical purposes,antimicrobial textiles could be a self-defense entity again...Owing to the ongoing pandemic,the importance of and demand for antimicrobial textiles have reached new heights.In addition to being used for medical purposes,antimicrobial textiles could be a self-defense entity against microbes for the general population.Because textiles are widely used,they can effectively be used to prevent the spread of microbes worldwide.The conventional antibacterial finishing process of textiles is the wet treatment method using either the pad–dry–cure or exhaustion techniques.However,the textile wet treatment industries are major contributors to worldwide pollution,which is extremely concerning.Given the current and near-future high demand,it is imperative to include plasma in antimi-crobial finishing to achieve high efficiency in production,while retaining a safe environment.Hence,this paper reviews the rationale of plasma use in textile antimicrobial finishing through a critical analysis of recent studies and emphasizes the types and mechanisms of plasma techniques available for application.展开更多
The world's population is growing,leading to an increasing demand for freshwater resources for drinking,sanitation,agriculture,and industry.Interfacial solar steam generation(ISSG)can solve many problems,such as m...The world's population is growing,leading to an increasing demand for freshwater resources for drinking,sanitation,agriculture,and industry.Interfacial solar steam generation(ISSG)can solve many problems,such as mitigating the power crisis,minimizing water pollution,and improving the purification and desalination of seawater,rivers/lakes,and wastewater.Cellulosic materials are a viable and ecologically sound technique for capturing solar energy that is adaptable to a range of applications.This review paper aims to provide an overview of current advancements in the field of cellulose-based materials ISSG devices,specifically focusing on their applications in water purification and desalination.This paper examines the cellulose-based materials ISSG system and evaluates the effectiveness of various cellulosic materials,such as cellulose nanofibers derived from different sources,carbonized wood materials,and two-dimensional(2D)and 3D cellulosic-based materials from various sources,as well as advanced cellulosic materials,including bacterial cellulose and cellulose membranes obtained from agricultural and industrial cellulose wastes.The focus is on exploring the potential applications of these materials in ISSG devices for water desalination,purification,and treatment.The function,advantages,and disadvantages of cellulosic materials in the performance of ISSG devices were also deliberated throughout our discussion.In addition,the potential and suggested methods for enhancing the utilization of cellulose-based materials in the field of ISSG systems for water desalination,purification,and treatment were also emphasized.展开更多
Surgical prostheses and implants used in hard-tissue engineering should satisfy all the clinical,mechanical,manufacturing,and economic requirements in order to be used for load-bearing applications.Metals,and to a les...Surgical prostheses and implants used in hard-tissue engineering should satisfy all the clinical,mechanical,manufacturing,and economic requirements in order to be used for load-bearing applications.Metals,and to a lesser extent,polymers are promising materials that have long been used as load-bearing biomaterials.With the rapid development of additive manufacturing(AM)technology,metallic and polymeric implants with complex structures that were once impractical to manufacture using traditional processing methods can now easily be made by AM.This technology has emerged over the past four decades as a rapid and cost-effective fabrication method for geometrically complex implants with high levels of accuracy and precision.The ability to design and fabricate patient-specific,customized structural biomaterials has made AM a subject of great interest in both research and clinical settings.Among different AM methods,laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)is emerging as the most popular and reliable AM method for producing load-bearing biomaterials.This layer-by-layer process uses a high-energy laser beam to sinter or melt powders into a part patterned by a computer-aided design(CAD)model.The most important load-bearing applications of L-PBF-manufactured biomaterials include orthopedic,traumatological,craniofacial,maxillofacial,and dental applications.The unequalled design freedom of AM technology,and L-PBF in particular,also allows fabrication of complex and customized metallic and polymeric scaffolds by altering the topology and controlling the macro-porosity of the implant.This article gives an overview of the L-PBF method for the fabrication of load-bearing metallic and polymeric biomaterials.展开更多
While various kinds of fibers are used to improve the hot mix asphalt(HMA) performance, a few works have been undertaken on the hybrid fiber-reinforced HMA. Therefore, the fatigue life of modified HMA samples using po...While various kinds of fibers are used to improve the hot mix asphalt(HMA) performance, a few works have been undertaken on the hybrid fiber-reinforced HMA. Therefore, the fatigue life of modified HMA samples using polypropylene and polyester fibers was evaluated and two models namely regression and artificial neural network(ANN) were used to predict the fatigue life based on the fibers parameters. As ANN contains many parameters such as the number of hidden layers which directly influence the prediction accuracy, genetic algorithm(GA) was used to solve optimization problem for ANN. Moreover, the trial and error method was used to optimize the GA parameters such as the population size. The comparison of the results obtained from regression and optimized ANN with GA shows that the two-hidden-layer ANN with two and five neurons in the first and second hidden layers, respectively, can predict the fatigue life of fiber-reinforced HMA with high accuracy(correlation coefficient of 0.96).展开更多
In this research it is aimed to predict fabrics’air permeability properties by ANNs(artificial neural networks)before production with using inputs like some fabric parameters and finishing treatments.For this aim 27 ...In this research it is aimed to predict fabrics’air permeability properties by ANNs(artificial neural networks)before production with using inputs like some fabric parameters and finishing treatments.For this aim 27 various fabrics were weaved.After dyeing finishing treatments for antipilling were applied to fabrics in 3 concentrations.ANN models were established to predict fabrics’air permeability values with the selected 6 inputs such as weft yarn number,weft density,weaving pattern,fabric weight,fabric thickness and finishing treatment concentrations.The best results whose regression degree is R=0.99366,were obtained with two hidden layer networks with 5 neurons.展开更多
In this study fabric stiffness/softness is examined which is an important element of applications on finishing processes of fabric.It is also studied the prediction of the fabric stiffness/softness with help of differ...In this study fabric stiffness/softness is examined which is an important element of applications on finishing processes of fabric.It is also studied the prediction of the fabric stiffness/softness with help of different parameters.Specific to this aim three different weft densitoes(30 tel/cm),3 different yarn numbers(20/1,24/1,30/1 Nm)and 3 different weaving patterns were used and 27 different fabrics were weaved.During the weaving process warp yarn is 100%polyester and weft yarn is 67-33%cotton/polyester.Three different finishing processes are applied to the 27 different fabrics(softness finishing treatment,crosslinking finishing and antipilling finishing)in 3 different concentrations and at the end there are 243 sample fabrics gathered.Stiffness test was applied to the samples according to the ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials)D 4032-94 the Circular Bending Method.Test results were evaluated statistically.It was seen that the established model was related with p<0.0001 also,Artificial Neural Network(ANN)model was formed in order to predict the fabric softness using the test results.MATLAB packet model was used in forming the model.ANN was formed with 5 inputs(fabric plait,weft yarn no,weft density,weft type,finishing concentration)and 1 output(stiffness).ANN model was established using feed forward-back propagation network.There were many trials in forming the ANN and the best results were gathered at the values established with 0.97317 regression value,2 hidden layers and 10 neurons.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to develop low cost adsorbing materials to remove the heavy metals from waste waters. The outer covering of coconut, coconut shell, is the most abundant in the countries of its plantation ...The purpose of this study is to develop low cost adsorbing materials to remove the heavy metals from waste waters. The outer covering of coconut, coconut shell, is the most abundant in the countries of its plantation and enormous use. Utilization of agricultural waste （coconut shell） in the production of activated carbon potentially leads to produce a highly effective adsorbent generated from low cost raw materials that are available in huge quantity as renewable resources. At present coconut shell is not in use as valuable entity due to which disposal and ultimate environmental problems are faced. In this study coconut shells were impregnated with phosphoric acid and chemically activated at 450 C. The potential to remove chromium （VI） from aqueous solution by using activated coconut shells was investigated by batch experiment. The various sorption parameters i.e pH, sorbent dose, sorbate concentration, agitation time and agitation speed were optimized. The sorption of Cr （VI） onto activated carbon, developed from coconut shell, at pH 2 was achieved 81.25%. The best optimum conditions were obtained when 0.75 gm of sorbent was agitated at 150 rpm with 60 mg/L of sorbate for 40 min. Activated coconut shells has potential to be a good resource material for effective removal of chromium （VI） of low concentration from wastewater.展开更多
This study involved the use of uncarbonised and carbonised coir in preparing composites of a given polymer. In this case natural rubber (NR) was used. Uncarbonised coir (UC) and carbonised coir (CC) were separately us...This study involved the use of uncarbonised and carbonised coir in preparing composites of a given polymer. In this case natural rubber (NR) was used. Uncarbonised coir (UC) and carbonised coir (CC) were separately used to prepare the polymer composites. Carbon black (CB) was also used differently and the filler loadings for all varied between 0 and 50 phr. Before using the uncarbonised coir and carbonised coir, they were characterised on the basis of moisture content, pH, particles size and surface area. The properties of the various composite samples prepared were then investigated. The results of the tests obtained for the NR-UC composites were compared with those of NR-CC and also with those of NR-CB composites. It was observed that for hardness, the results obtained from composites of UC and CC fillers showed similar trends with those of carbon black (CB) reinforced composites, increasing with increase in filler volume. For the tensile strength and modulus a trend of slight rise was observed. There were no sharp rises in values as filler volumes were increased. UC and CC fillers were observed to impart very poorly on the tensile strength and modulus relative to the CB reinforced composites. The results from test for elongation, compression set and flex fatigue showed a falling trend for all the fillers to a comparable level with CB. It was generally observed that the uncarbonised coir presented better potentials for reinforcement than the carbonised coir.展开更多
The increasing focus on health and hygiene has expanded the need for protective measures on material surfaces.In this regard,developing antibacterial concrete and mortar capable of eliminating viruses and bacteria is ...The increasing focus on health and hygiene has expanded the need for protective measures on material surfaces.In this regard,developing antibacterial concrete and mortar capable of eliminating viruses and bacteria is crucial.However,a key challenge in cementitious systems is the inability to maintain long-term antibacterial effectiveness when titanium dioxide(TiO_(2))is used as the sole photocatalyst.To address this limitation,this study aimed to enhance the antibacterial properties of TiO_(2) by modifying it with silver(Ag)using a planetary ball mill.Concrete and mortar samples incorporating the modified material were produced,and their antibacterial performance was evaluated over both short and long durations.So the originality of this study was to evaluate the performance of cementitious system surfaces against repeated bacterial attacks using a specific mechanical alloying method in the modification of TiO_(2) with Ag.Additionally,the modified products were characterized through X-ray diffraction(XRD),fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM-EDS)imaging,grain size analysis,and band gap energy measurements.The impact of the components on antibacterial efficiency was statistically analyzed using analysis of covariance(ANCOVA).The results demonstrated that Agcontaining samples achieved a 100%bacterial killing rate in all experimental replicates.These findings confirm that Ag-TiO_(2) alloying was successfully achieved via planetary ball milling,providing concrete with sustained antibacterial properties in both early and long-term applications.展开更多
文摘The clothing industry is considered one of the most polluting industries on the planet due to the high consumption of water,energy,chemicals/dyes,and high generation of solid waste and effluents.Faced with environmental concerns,the textile ennoblement sector is the most critical of the textile production chain,especially the traditional dyeing processes.As an alternative to current problems,dyeing with supercritical CO_(2)(scCO_(2))has been presented as a clean and efficient process for a sustainable textile future.Supercritical fluid dyeing(SFD)has shown a growing interest due to its significant impact on environmental preservation and social,economic,and financial gains.The main SFD benefits include economy and reuse of non-adsorbed dyes;reduction of process time and energy expenditure;capture of atmospheric CO_(2)(greenhouse gas);use and recycling of CO_(2)in SFD;generation of carbon credits;water-free process;effluent-free process;reduction of CO_(2)emission and auxiliary chemicals.Despite being still a non-scalable and evolving technology,SFD is the future of dyeing.This review presented a comprehensive overview of the environmental impacts caused by traditional processes and confronted the advantages of SFD.The SFD technique was introduced,along with its latest advances and future perspectives.Financial and environmental gains were also discussed.
文摘Outdoor jackets are engineered to protect against extreme weather while ensuring comfort and safety. Key to this protection is the thermal properties, achieved through insulation materials like down feathers and synthetic fibers, which trap heat and minimize heat loss. Resistance to wind, rain, and snow is provided by waterproof and windproof fabrics, while breathability allows moisture to escape, maintaining a comfortable microclimate. Air permeability and water resistance are essential for achieving this balance. This study examines two outdoor jacket prototypes with six material layers each. The outer layer (Layer 1) consists of 100% polyester coated with polyurethane for waterproofing. Inner layers (Layers 2, 3, and 6) use wool/cotton and wool/polyamide blends, offering insulation and moisture-wicking properties. Down feathers are used as the filling material, providing excellent warmth. Advanced materials like graphene and silver honeycomb fabrics were included to enhance thermal conductivity and regulate heat transfer. Performance testing focused on thermal conductivity, comfort (water and air permeability), and mechanical properties like tensile strength and tear resistance. Tests also assessed spray application and fastness to evaluate durability under environmental exposure. Results showed that jackets with silver-infused honeycomb fabrics had superior thermal conductivity, enabling better heat regulation and comfort in harsh conditions. The findings highlight the advantages of integrating silver honeycomb fabrics into outdoor jackets. These materials enhance insulation, thermal regulation, and overall comfort, making them ideal for high-performance designs. Incorporating such fabrics ensures functionality, durability, and user protection in extreme environments.
文摘Owing to the ongoing pandemic,the importance of and demand for antimicrobial textiles have reached new heights.In addition to being used for medical purposes,antimicrobial textiles could be a self-defense entity against microbes for the general population.Because textiles are widely used,they can effectively be used to prevent the spread of microbes worldwide.The conventional antibacterial finishing process of textiles is the wet treatment method using either the pad–dry–cure or exhaustion techniques.However,the textile wet treatment industries are major contributors to worldwide pollution,which is extremely concerning.Given the current and near-future high demand,it is imperative to include plasma in antimi-crobial finishing to achieve high efficiency in production,while retaining a safe environment.Hence,this paper reviews the rationale of plasma use in textile antimicrobial finishing through a critical analysis of recent studies and emphasizes the types and mechanisms of plasma techniques available for application.
基金This study was supported by Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(No.2022ACA002).
文摘The world's population is growing,leading to an increasing demand for freshwater resources for drinking,sanitation,agriculture,and industry.Interfacial solar steam generation(ISSG)can solve many problems,such as mitigating the power crisis,minimizing water pollution,and improving the purification and desalination of seawater,rivers/lakes,and wastewater.Cellulosic materials are a viable and ecologically sound technique for capturing solar energy that is adaptable to a range of applications.This review paper aims to provide an overview of current advancements in the field of cellulose-based materials ISSG devices,specifically focusing on their applications in water purification and desalination.This paper examines the cellulose-based materials ISSG system and evaluates the effectiveness of various cellulosic materials,such as cellulose nanofibers derived from different sources,carbonized wood materials,and two-dimensional(2D)and 3D cellulosic-based materials from various sources,as well as advanced cellulosic materials,including bacterial cellulose and cellulose membranes obtained from agricultural and industrial cellulose wastes.The focus is on exploring the potential applications of these materials in ISSG devices for water desalination,purification,and treatment.The function,advantages,and disadvantages of cellulosic materials in the performance of ISSG devices were also deliberated throughout our discussion.In addition,the potential and suggested methods for enhancing the utilization of cellulose-based materials in the field of ISSG systems for water desalination,purification,and treatment were also emphasized.
基金financial support for this research by the Australian Research Council(ARC)through the discovery grant DP170102557supported through an ARC Future Fellowship(FT160100252)。
文摘Surgical prostheses and implants used in hard-tissue engineering should satisfy all the clinical,mechanical,manufacturing,and economic requirements in order to be used for load-bearing applications.Metals,and to a lesser extent,polymers are promising materials that have long been used as load-bearing biomaterials.With the rapid development of additive manufacturing(AM)technology,metallic and polymeric implants with complex structures that were once impractical to manufacture using traditional processing methods can now easily be made by AM.This technology has emerged over the past four decades as a rapid and cost-effective fabrication method for geometrically complex implants with high levels of accuracy and precision.The ability to design and fabricate patient-specific,customized structural biomaterials has made AM a subject of great interest in both research and clinical settings.Among different AM methods,laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)is emerging as the most popular and reliable AM method for producing load-bearing biomaterials.This layer-by-layer process uses a high-energy laser beam to sinter or melt powders into a part patterned by a computer-aided design(CAD)model.The most important load-bearing applications of L-PBF-manufactured biomaterials include orthopedic,traumatological,craniofacial,maxillofacial,and dental applications.The unequalled design freedom of AM technology,and L-PBF in particular,also allows fabrication of complex and customized metallic and polymeric scaffolds by altering the topology and controlling the macro-porosity of the implant.This article gives an overview of the L-PBF method for the fabrication of load-bearing metallic and polymeric biomaterials.
文摘While various kinds of fibers are used to improve the hot mix asphalt(HMA) performance, a few works have been undertaken on the hybrid fiber-reinforced HMA. Therefore, the fatigue life of modified HMA samples using polypropylene and polyester fibers was evaluated and two models namely regression and artificial neural network(ANN) were used to predict the fatigue life based on the fibers parameters. As ANN contains many parameters such as the number of hidden layers which directly influence the prediction accuracy, genetic algorithm(GA) was used to solve optimization problem for ANN. Moreover, the trial and error method was used to optimize the GA parameters such as the population size. The comparison of the results obtained from regression and optimized ANN with GA shows that the two-hidden-layer ANN with two and five neurons in the first and second hidden layers, respectively, can predict the fatigue life of fiber-reinforced HMA with high accuracy(correlation coefficient of 0.96).
文摘In this research it is aimed to predict fabrics’air permeability properties by ANNs(artificial neural networks)before production with using inputs like some fabric parameters and finishing treatments.For this aim 27 various fabrics were weaved.After dyeing finishing treatments for antipilling were applied to fabrics in 3 concentrations.ANN models were established to predict fabrics’air permeability values with the selected 6 inputs such as weft yarn number,weft density,weaving pattern,fabric weight,fabric thickness and finishing treatment concentrations.The best results whose regression degree is R=0.99366,were obtained with two hidden layer networks with 5 neurons.
文摘In this study fabric stiffness/softness is examined which is an important element of applications on finishing processes of fabric.It is also studied the prediction of the fabric stiffness/softness with help of different parameters.Specific to this aim three different weft densitoes(30 tel/cm),3 different yarn numbers(20/1,24/1,30/1 Nm)and 3 different weaving patterns were used and 27 different fabrics were weaved.During the weaving process warp yarn is 100%polyester and weft yarn is 67-33%cotton/polyester.Three different finishing processes are applied to the 27 different fabrics(softness finishing treatment,crosslinking finishing and antipilling finishing)in 3 different concentrations and at the end there are 243 sample fabrics gathered.Stiffness test was applied to the samples according to the ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials)D 4032-94 the Circular Bending Method.Test results were evaluated statistically.It was seen that the established model was related with p<0.0001 also,Artificial Neural Network(ANN)model was formed in order to predict the fabric softness using the test results.MATLAB packet model was used in forming the model.ANN was formed with 5 inputs(fabric plait,weft yarn no,weft density,weft type,finishing concentration)and 1 output(stiffness).ANN model was established using feed forward-back propagation network.There were many trials in forming the ANN and the best results were gathered at the values established with 0.97317 regression value,2 hidden layers and 10 neurons.
文摘The purpose of this study is to develop low cost adsorbing materials to remove the heavy metals from waste waters. The outer covering of coconut, coconut shell, is the most abundant in the countries of its plantation and enormous use. Utilization of agricultural waste （coconut shell） in the production of activated carbon potentially leads to produce a highly effective adsorbent generated from low cost raw materials that are available in huge quantity as renewable resources. At present coconut shell is not in use as valuable entity due to which disposal and ultimate environmental problems are faced. In this study coconut shells were impregnated with phosphoric acid and chemically activated at 450 C. The potential to remove chromium （VI） from aqueous solution by using activated coconut shells was investigated by batch experiment. The various sorption parameters i.e pH, sorbent dose, sorbate concentration, agitation time and agitation speed were optimized. The sorption of Cr （VI） onto activated carbon, developed from coconut shell, at pH 2 was achieved 81.25%. The best optimum conditions were obtained when 0.75 gm of sorbent was agitated at 150 rpm with 60 mg/L of sorbate for 40 min. Activated coconut shells has potential to be a good resource material for effective removal of chromium （VI） of low concentration from wastewater.
文摘This study involved the use of uncarbonised and carbonised coir in preparing composites of a given polymer. In this case natural rubber (NR) was used. Uncarbonised coir (UC) and carbonised coir (CC) were separately used to prepare the polymer composites. Carbon black (CB) was also used differently and the filler loadings for all varied between 0 and 50 phr. Before using the uncarbonised coir and carbonised coir, they were characterised on the basis of moisture content, pH, particles size and surface area. The properties of the various composite samples prepared were then investigated. The results of the tests obtained for the NR-UC composites were compared with those of NR-CC and also with those of NR-CB composites. It was observed that for hardness, the results obtained from composites of UC and CC fillers showed similar trends with those of carbon black (CB) reinforced composites, increasing with increase in filler volume. For the tensile strength and modulus a trend of slight rise was observed. There were no sharp rises in values as filler volumes were increased. UC and CC fillers were observed to impart very poorly on the tensile strength and modulus relative to the CB reinforced composites. The results from test for elongation, compression set and flex fatigue showed a falling trend for all the fillers to a comparable level with CB. It was generally observed that the uncarbonised coir presented better potentials for reinforcement than the carbonised coir.
基金supported by Eskisehir Osmangazi University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit under No.#2022-2334.
文摘The increasing focus on health and hygiene has expanded the need for protective measures on material surfaces.In this regard,developing antibacterial concrete and mortar capable of eliminating viruses and bacteria is crucial.However,a key challenge in cementitious systems is the inability to maintain long-term antibacterial effectiveness when titanium dioxide(TiO_(2))is used as the sole photocatalyst.To address this limitation,this study aimed to enhance the antibacterial properties of TiO_(2) by modifying it with silver(Ag)using a planetary ball mill.Concrete and mortar samples incorporating the modified material were produced,and their antibacterial performance was evaluated over both short and long durations.So the originality of this study was to evaluate the performance of cementitious system surfaces against repeated bacterial attacks using a specific mechanical alloying method in the modification of TiO_(2) with Ag.Additionally,the modified products were characterized through X-ray diffraction(XRD),fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM-EDS)imaging,grain size analysis,and band gap energy measurements.The impact of the components on antibacterial efficiency was statistically analyzed using analysis of covariance(ANCOVA).The results demonstrated that Agcontaining samples achieved a 100%bacterial killing rate in all experimental replicates.These findings confirm that Ag-TiO_(2) alloying was successfully achieved via planetary ball milling,providing concrete with sustained antibacterial properties in both early and long-term applications.
