The performance of organic solar cells is significantly influenced by the acceptor molecular packing properties within the active layers,which is essential for optimizing charge dynamics and photovoltaic performance.H...The performance of organic solar cells is significantly influenced by the acceptor molecular packing properties within the active layers,which is essential for optimizing charge dynamics and photovoltaic performance.However,achieving precise control over this packaging structure presents a considerable challenge.Herein,we propose a dual additive strategy utilizing dibenzofuran and halogenated naphthalene to systematically manipulate molecular packing orientation and enhance the long-range molecular packing order of the acceptors.Dibenzofuran is crucial in promoting crystallinity within the material,facilitating the formation of an ordered structure,while halogenated naphthalene regulates the orientation of the molecules,ensuring proper alignment.Specifically,the combination of dibenzofuran and 1-chloronaphthalene promotes edge-on molecular packing and enhances the formation of nanofibrillar structures with improved order,leading to improved charge transport and device performance.Implementing this strategy in devices composed of PM6 and L8-BO has yielded a power conversion efficiency of 19.58%,accompanied by long-term stability.Similarly,1-fluoronaphthalene has also demonstrated effectiveness in improving molecular orientation and overall device efficiency,demonstrating the robustness of this dual additive strategy.By addressing the challenges associated with molecular packing and orientation in active layers,our result contributes valuable insights into optimizing organic solar cells for practical applications.展开更多
Transient liquid phase（TLP） bonding of IN738 LC superalloy was carried out using a rapidly solidified MBF-15 Ni-based foil. The effects of bonding temperature（1130–1170 °C） and time（5–120 min） as well as ...Transient liquid phase（TLP） bonding of IN738 LC superalloy was carried out using a rapidly solidified MBF-15 Ni-based foil. The effects of bonding temperature（1130–1170 °C） and time（5–120 min） as well as foil thickness（35–140 μm） were studied on the microstructure of joint region and its mechanical properties. The solidification sequence in the joint region was found to be（i） formation of γ solid solution in the isothermally solidified zone, followed by（ii） ternary eutectic of γ ＋ Ni3 B ＋ Cr B, and finally（iii） binary eutectic of γ ＋ Ni3 Si in the athermally solidified zone. Fine Ni3 Si particles were also formed via a solid state transformation within the γ matrix in the vicinity of eutectic products. A deviation of isothermal solidification kinetics from the standard parabolic TLP model was observed by increasing the bonding temperature to 1170 °C, which resulted in the formation of eutectic constituents at the joint centerline.The analysis of mechanical and fractographic test results revealed that the samples with complete isothermal solidification exhibit the highest shear strength, whereas the hard eutectic constituents act as preferential failure sites and lead to a significant reduction in the joint shear strength in samples with incomplete isothermal solidification.展开更多
Herein,the successful preparation of a singleatom catalyst V-N-C using vanadium-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF)-8 as a precursor is reported.The experimental results showed that the V-N-C had a good promotin...Herein,the successful preparation of a singleatom catalyst V-N-C using vanadium-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF)-8 as a precursor is reported.The experimental results showed that the V-N-C had a good promoting effect on the hydrogen storage performance of MgH_(2),and the optimal addition amount of V-N-C was 10wt%.The hydrogenation and dehydrogenation apparent activation energies of 10 wt%V-N-C-catalyzed MgH_(2)were reduced by 44.9 and 53.5 kJ·mol^(-1),respectively,compared to those of additive-free MgH_(2).The 10 wt%V-N-C-catalyzed MgH_(2)could reabsorb 5.92 wt%of hydrogen in 50 min at 150℃,with a capacity retention rate of 99.1%after 30 cycles of hydrogen absorption and desorption.Mechanism analysis showed that V-N-C was partially transformed into VN and metallic V when it was milled with MgH_(2);the in-situ-formed VN and metallic V played an important role in improving the hydrogen storage performance of MgH_(2).This approach provides a potential solution for obtaining high-performance Mg-based hydrogen storage materials through synergistic interactions between V,N and C.展开更多
[ Objective ] This study aimed to provide basic data for studying the relationship between structure and property of cellulose microspheres by measuring molecular weight of cellulose and cellulose microspheres with vi...[ Objective ] This study aimed to provide basic data for studying the relationship between structure and property of cellulose microspheres by measuring molecular weight of cellulose and cellulose microspheres with viscosity method and gel permeation chromatography （GPC） method. [ Method] In viscosity method, cadmium ethylenediamine was used as the solvent, intrinsic viscosity η of the solution was determined at 25 ℃ by using a Ubbelohde viscometer, to calculate the molecular weight of cellulose; in GPC method, 8% LiC1 / N, N-dimethylacetamide （LiC1/DMAc） was used as the solvent and 0.5% LiC1/DMAc was used as the mobile phase to determine the relative molecular weight and distribution of cellulose and cellulose microspheres. In addition, the determination results were analyzed to compare these two methods. [ Result ] Viscosity-average molecular weight Mr/ of cellulose and cellulose microspheres determined with viscosity method were 224,532 and 16,686, respectively; weight-average molecular weight Mw of cellulose and cellulose microspheres determined with GPC method were 284,196 and 22,345, respectively. [ Conclusion] The determination results of （;PC method are relatively close to the actual value and could truly reflect the characteristics of molecular weialat distribution of eellulose and cellulose mierosr, heres.展开更多
The multilayer of polyethylenimine (PEI) and carrageenan (k, i, l) formed by layer-by-layer assembly was investigated for its antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloaceae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcu...The multilayer of polyethylenimine (PEI) and carrageenan (k, i, l) formed by layer-by-layer assembly was investigated for its antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloaceae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis 29505 for potential use as coating on biomaterial surface. All the multilayers exhibited growth inhibition. PEI/Iota carrageenan multilayer was effective in inhibiting the growth of the E. cloaceae, S. aureus and E. faecalis while PEI/Lambda carrageenan was effective in inhibiting the growth of E. cloaceae. Results of the paper strip test for combined action of carrageenan and PEI showed synergism with regards to bacterial growth inhibition. The multilayers had also contact-killing effect with the test organisms. The multilayer was also characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and biomolecular interaction analysis.展开更多
Polarization self-modulation effect in a free oscillated Nd：YAG laser is investigated after a quarter wave plate is introduced independently in the two positions of the cavity. As described in the previous experiment...Polarization self-modulation effect in a free oscillated Nd：YAG laser is investigated after a quarter wave plate is introduced independently in the two positions of the cavity. As described in the previous experiments, the intensity components in the orthogonal directions are modulated with a period of the round-trip time or twice. Different pulse shapes reveal that the seed field from the spontaneous emission is not uniform and seems to be stochastic for each pulse.展开更多
Mild hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of i-carrageenan from Eucheuma spinosum yielded two oligosaccharides of sulfated tetrasaccharide structure. These were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)...Mild hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of i-carrageenan from Eucheuma spinosum yielded two oligosaccharides of sulfated tetrasaccharide structure. These were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESIMS). Both oligosaccharides have structure of b-D-galactopyranose(Galp)4S-(1→4)-α-D-AnGalp2S-(1→3)-b-D-galactopyranose Galp)4S-(1→4)-α-D-AnGalp2S-(1→3). Application of the resulting oligosaccharides on protein delivery system in terms of encapsulation efficiency was performed.展开更多
Manufactured nanomaterials are expected to enter the environment due to the increasing number of productions which results in anthropological discharges coming from different effluents and seepages.This event poses po...Manufactured nanomaterials are expected to enter the environment due to the increasing number of productions which results in anthropological discharges coming from different effluents and seepages.This event poses potential threat to the environment especially in the aquatic systems.TiO2(titanium dioxide)and AgNPs(silver nanoparticles)have significant potential in antibacterial and antiparasitic applications,but despite their significant potential,the toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles such as TiO2 and AgNPs restricts their use especially in humans due to their toxicity.In this study,the behavior and toxicity of TiO2 and AgNPs were investigated in aquatic system using Artemia franciscana nauplii and Daphnia magna.Nauplii and Daphnia were exposed to TiO2 and AgNP dispersions at different concentrations.The mortality rates of the nauplii and daphnia were monitored at 6,24,and 48 h after its exposure.Saltwater results showed that AgNP is highly toxic to the test organisms while TiO2 was non-toxic after 48 h of exposure.For freshwater,100%mortality rate on neonates was obtained from the AgNPs dispersion during the first 6 h of exposure while the mortality rate in TiO2 dispersion was 85%at 100 ppm after 48 h of exposure.展开更多
In the domain of data governance,crimes involving virtual currencies have emerged as an integral concern that cannot be overlooked.To address challenges such as the difficulty of evidence col-lection and the low proba...In the domain of data governance,crimes involving virtual currencies have emerged as an integral concern that cannot be overlooked.To address challenges such as the difficulty of evidence col-lection and the low probability of recovering stolen funds in virtual currency crimes,this paper proposes a new mechanism for the electronic storage and retrieval of evidence using blockchain technology,elab-orating on its core steps and underlying technology.Moreover,from the perspective of virtual currency transaction intermediaries,this study employs game theory to analyze the issue,constructing replicator dynamics equations,solving for the Jacobian matrix,and exploring the direction of game evolution and the factors influencing the decision-making of the participants.This analysis demonstrates that the decision-making of virtual currency criminals is impacted by this electronic evidence mechanism,which can deter illicit intermediaries from assisting in money laundering activities,thereby reducing the fea-sibility of committing crimes with virtual currencies.Lastly,the paper offers policy recommendations to enhance the implement ability of the evidence storage and retrieval mechanism in regulating virtual currency crimes.展开更多
When used in organic solar cells,poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)aligns interfacial energy levels,promotes hole extraction,blocks electrons,and optimizes the active layer’s morpholog...When used in organic solar cells,poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)aligns interfacial energy levels,promotes hole extraction,blocks electrons,and optimizes the active layer’s morphology.However,with an optimal thickness of approximately 30-40 nm,PEDOT:PSS has insufficient layer thickness tolerance,owing to its low conductivity and hole extraction property.Herein,a hole-selective-molecule doping strategy is proposed to enhance the properties of PEDOT:PSS by introducing MPA2FPh-BT-BA(abbreviated as 2F)into its layer.2F assembles at the anode to form interfacial dipoles due to its unique donor-acceptor-anchor molecular configuration,altering the anode work function and hole-selective extraction.Additionally,2F improves the aggregation properties of PEDOT:PSS by forming hydrogen bonds with the PSS group,enhancing the conductivity characteristics.These changes in the PEDOT:PSS layer further influence the overlaying morphology,leading to increased crystalline features of PM6 and the bulk heterojunction of PM6:Y6.When a 2F-PEDOT:PSS(2FPP)layer is used,power conversion efficiencies of 18.3%,19.2%,and 19.1%are achieved in PM6:Y6,PM6:BTP-eC9,and PM6:L8-BO devices,respectively,outperforming counterparts with PEDOT:PSS.Specifically,the performance of PM6:Y6 devices with a 2FPP layer of 170 nm remains at>15%,providing valuable guidance for designing a thickness-insensitive hole transport layer for high-efficiency organic solar cells.展开更多
All numerical weather prediction（NWP） models inherently have substantial biases, especially in the forecast of near-surface weather variables. Statistical methods can be used to remove the systematic error based on ...All numerical weather prediction（NWP） models inherently have substantial biases, especially in the forecast of near-surface weather variables. Statistical methods can be used to remove the systematic error based on historical bias data at observation stations. However, many end users of weather forecasts need bias corrected forecasts at locations that scarcely have any historical bias data. To circumvent this limitation, the bias of surface temperature forecasts on a regular grid covering Iran is removed, by using the information available at observation stations in the vicinity of any given grid point. To this end, the running mean error method is first used to correct the forecasts at observation stations, then four interpolation methods including inverse distance squared weighting with constant lapse rate（IDSW-CLR）, Kriging with constant lapse rate（Kriging-CLR）, gradient inverse distance squared with linear lapse rate（GIDS-LR）, and gradient inverse distance squared with lapse rate determined by classification and regression tree（GIDS-CART）, are employed to interpolate the bias corrected forecasts at neighboring observation stations to any given location. The results show that all four interpolation methods used do reduce the model error significantly,but Kriging-CLR has better performance than the other methods. For Kriging-CLR, root mean square error（RMSE）and mean absolute error（MAE） were decreased by 26% and 29%, respectively, as compared to the raw forecasts. It is found also, that after applying any of the proposed methods, unlike the raw forecasts, the bias corrected forecasts do not show spatial or temporal dependency.展开更多
Dear Editor,Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),a complex syndrome characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract,is considered a global health problem,especially prevalent in western developed countr...Dear Editor,Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),a complex syndrome characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract,is considered a global health problem,especially prevalent in western developed countries and with accelerating incidence in the developing world over the last decade.1 To date,the primary etiology of IBD remains elusive.展开更多
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62275057)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2023GXNSFFA026004)+2 种基金the Guangxi Talent Program("Highland of Innovation Talents")the Shenzhen High-tech Development Special Plan-Pingshan Districts Innovation Platform Project(29853M-KCJ-2023-002-04)Industry and Energy(MOTIE),Republic of Korea(Project No.:RS-2025-02413058)。
文摘The performance of organic solar cells is significantly influenced by the acceptor molecular packing properties within the active layers,which is essential for optimizing charge dynamics and photovoltaic performance.However,achieving precise control over this packaging structure presents a considerable challenge.Herein,we propose a dual additive strategy utilizing dibenzofuran and halogenated naphthalene to systematically manipulate molecular packing orientation and enhance the long-range molecular packing order of the acceptors.Dibenzofuran is crucial in promoting crystallinity within the material,facilitating the formation of an ordered structure,while halogenated naphthalene regulates the orientation of the molecules,ensuring proper alignment.Specifically,the combination of dibenzofuran and 1-chloronaphthalene promotes edge-on molecular packing and enhances the formation of nanofibrillar structures with improved order,leading to improved charge transport and device performance.Implementing this strategy in devices composed of PM6 and L8-BO has yielded a power conversion efficiency of 19.58%,accompanied by long-term stability.Similarly,1-fluoronaphthalene has also demonstrated effectiveness in improving molecular orientation and overall device efficiency,demonstrating the robustness of this dual additive strategy.By addressing the challenges associated with molecular packing and orientation in active layers,our result contributes valuable insights into optimizing organic solar cells for practical applications.
文摘Transient liquid phase（TLP） bonding of IN738 LC superalloy was carried out using a rapidly solidified MBF-15 Ni-based foil. The effects of bonding temperature（1130–1170 °C） and time（5–120 min） as well as foil thickness（35–140 μm） were studied on the microstructure of joint region and its mechanical properties. The solidification sequence in the joint region was found to be（i） formation of γ solid solution in the isothermally solidified zone, followed by（ii） ternary eutectic of γ ＋ Ni3 B ＋ Cr B, and finally（iii） binary eutectic of γ ＋ Ni3 Si in the athermally solidified zone. Fine Ni3 Si particles were also formed via a solid state transformation within the γ matrix in the vicinity of eutectic products. A deviation of isothermal solidification kinetics from the standard parabolic TLP model was observed by increasing the bonding temperature to 1170 °C, which resulted in the formation of eutectic constituents at the joint centerline.The analysis of mechanical and fractographic test results revealed that the samples with complete isothermal solidification exhibit the highest shear strength, whereas the hard eutectic constituents act as preferential failure sites and lead to a significant reduction in the joint shear strength in samples with incomplete isothermal solidification.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52261038 and 51861002)Nanning Excellent Young Talents Cultivation Project of Scientific and Technological Innovation and Entrepreneurship(No.RC20220102)。
文摘Herein,the successful preparation of a singleatom catalyst V-N-C using vanadium-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF)-8 as a precursor is reported.The experimental results showed that the V-N-C had a good promoting effect on the hydrogen storage performance of MgH_(2),and the optimal addition amount of V-N-C was 10wt%.The hydrogenation and dehydrogenation apparent activation energies of 10 wt%V-N-C-catalyzed MgH_(2)were reduced by 44.9 and 53.5 kJ·mol^(-1),respectively,compared to those of additive-free MgH_(2).The 10 wt%V-N-C-catalyzed MgH_(2)could reabsorb 5.92 wt%of hydrogen in 50 min at 150℃,with a capacity retention rate of 99.1%after 30 cycles of hydrogen absorption and desorption.Mechanism analysis showed that V-N-C was partially transformed into VN and metallic V when it was milled with MgH_(2);the in-situ-formed VN and metallic V played an important role in improving the hydrogen storage performance of MgH_(2).This approach provides a potential solution for obtaining high-performance Mg-based hydrogen storage materials through synergistic interactions between V,N and C.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(0991024Z)
文摘[ Objective ] This study aimed to provide basic data for studying the relationship between structure and property of cellulose microspheres by measuring molecular weight of cellulose and cellulose microspheres with viscosity method and gel permeation chromatography （GPC） method. [ Method] In viscosity method, cadmium ethylenediamine was used as the solvent, intrinsic viscosity η of the solution was determined at 25 ℃ by using a Ubbelohde viscometer, to calculate the molecular weight of cellulose; in GPC method, 8% LiC1 / N, N-dimethylacetamide （LiC1/DMAc） was used as the solvent and 0.5% LiC1/DMAc was used as the mobile phase to determine the relative molecular weight and distribution of cellulose and cellulose microspheres. In addition, the determination results were analyzed to compare these two methods. [ Result ] Viscosity-average molecular weight Mr/ of cellulose and cellulose microspheres determined with viscosity method were 224,532 and 16,686, respectively; weight-average molecular weight Mw of cellulose and cellulose microspheres determined with GPC method were 284,196 and 22,345, respectively. [ Conclusion] The determination results of （;PC method are relatively close to the actual value and could truly reflect the characteristics of molecular weialat distribution of eellulose and cellulose mierosr, heres.
文摘The multilayer of polyethylenimine (PEI) and carrageenan (k, i, l) formed by layer-by-layer assembly was investigated for its antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloaceae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis 29505 for potential use as coating on biomaterial surface. All the multilayers exhibited growth inhibition. PEI/Iota carrageenan multilayer was effective in inhibiting the growth of the E. cloaceae, S. aureus and E. faecalis while PEI/Lambda carrageenan was effective in inhibiting the growth of E. cloaceae. Results of the paper strip test for combined action of carrageenan and PEI showed synergism with regards to bacterial growth inhibition. The multilayers had also contact-killing effect with the test organisms. The multilayer was also characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and biomolecular interaction analysis.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 10472123, and the Innovation Project ofChinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Polarization self-modulation effect in a free oscillated Nd：YAG laser is investigated after a quarter wave plate is introduced independently in the two positions of the cavity. As described in the previous experiments, the intensity components in the orthogonal directions are modulated with a period of the round-trip time or twice. Different pulse shapes reveal that the seed field from the spontaneous emission is not uniform and seems to be stochastic for each pulse.
文摘Mild hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of i-carrageenan from Eucheuma spinosum yielded two oligosaccharides of sulfated tetrasaccharide structure. These were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESIMS). Both oligosaccharides have structure of b-D-galactopyranose(Galp)4S-(1→4)-α-D-AnGalp2S-(1→3)-b-D-galactopyranose Galp)4S-(1→4)-α-D-AnGalp2S-(1→3). Application of the resulting oligosaccharides on protein delivery system in terms of encapsulation efficiency was performed.
文摘Manufactured nanomaterials are expected to enter the environment due to the increasing number of productions which results in anthropological discharges coming from different effluents and seepages.This event poses potential threat to the environment especially in the aquatic systems.TiO2(titanium dioxide)and AgNPs(silver nanoparticles)have significant potential in antibacterial and antiparasitic applications,but despite their significant potential,the toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles such as TiO2 and AgNPs restricts their use especially in humans due to their toxicity.In this study,the behavior and toxicity of TiO2 and AgNPs were investigated in aquatic system using Artemia franciscana nauplii and Daphnia magna.Nauplii and Daphnia were exposed to TiO2 and AgNP dispersions at different concentrations.The mortality rates of the nauplii and daphnia were monitored at 6,24,and 48 h after its exposure.Saltwater results showed that AgNP is highly toxic to the test organisms while TiO2 was non-toxic after 48 h of exposure.For freshwater,100%mortality rate on neonates was obtained from the AgNPs dispersion during the first 6 h of exposure while the mortality rate in TiO2 dispersion was 85%at 100 ppm after 48 h of exposure.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72274010,71932002,71904010)。
文摘In the domain of data governance,crimes involving virtual currencies have emerged as an integral concern that cannot be overlooked.To address challenges such as the difficulty of evidence col-lection and the low probability of recovering stolen funds in virtual currency crimes,this paper proposes a new mechanism for the electronic storage and retrieval of evidence using blockchain technology,elab-orating on its core steps and underlying technology.Moreover,from the perspective of virtual currency transaction intermediaries,this study employs game theory to analyze the issue,constructing replicator dynamics equations,solving for the Jacobian matrix,and exploring the direction of game evolution and the factors influencing the decision-making of the participants.This analysis demonstrates that the decision-making of virtual currency criminals is impacted by this electronic evidence mechanism,which can deter illicit intermediaries from assisting in money laundering activities,thereby reducing the fea-sibility of committing crimes with virtual currencies.Lastly,the paper offers policy recommendations to enhance the implement ability of the evidence storage and retrieval mechanism in regulating virtual currency crimes.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62275057)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2022GXNSFDA035066 and 2023GXNSFFA026004)+3 种基金the Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(YCBZ2024034)supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea(2020R1A2C3004477)Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo under grant No.2022J149Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo under grant No.2022A-230-G.
文摘When used in organic solar cells,poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)aligns interfacial energy levels,promotes hole extraction,blocks electrons,and optimizes the active layer’s morphology.However,with an optimal thickness of approximately 30-40 nm,PEDOT:PSS has insufficient layer thickness tolerance,owing to its low conductivity and hole extraction property.Herein,a hole-selective-molecule doping strategy is proposed to enhance the properties of PEDOT:PSS by introducing MPA2FPh-BT-BA(abbreviated as 2F)into its layer.2F assembles at the anode to form interfacial dipoles due to its unique donor-acceptor-anchor molecular configuration,altering the anode work function and hole-selective extraction.Additionally,2F improves the aggregation properties of PEDOT:PSS by forming hydrogen bonds with the PSS group,enhancing the conductivity characteristics.These changes in the PEDOT:PSS layer further influence the overlaying morphology,leading to increased crystalline features of PM6 and the bulk heterojunction of PM6:Y6.When a 2F-PEDOT:PSS(2FPP)layer is used,power conversion efficiencies of 18.3%,19.2%,and 19.1%are achieved in PM6:Y6,PM6:BTP-eC9,and PM6:L8-BO devices,respectively,outperforming counterparts with PEDOT:PSS.Specifically,the performance of PM6:Y6 devices with a 2FPP layer of 170 nm remains at>15%,providing valuable guidance for designing a thickness-insensitive hole transport layer for high-efficiency organic solar cells.
文摘All numerical weather prediction（NWP） models inherently have substantial biases, especially in the forecast of near-surface weather variables. Statistical methods can be used to remove the systematic error based on historical bias data at observation stations. However, many end users of weather forecasts need bias corrected forecasts at locations that scarcely have any historical bias data. To circumvent this limitation, the bias of surface temperature forecasts on a regular grid covering Iran is removed, by using the information available at observation stations in the vicinity of any given grid point. To this end, the running mean error method is first used to correct the forecasts at observation stations, then four interpolation methods including inverse distance squared weighting with constant lapse rate（IDSW-CLR）, Kriging with constant lapse rate（Kriging-CLR）, gradient inverse distance squared with linear lapse rate（GIDS-LR）, and gradient inverse distance squared with lapse rate determined by classification and regression tree（GIDS-CART）, are employed to interpolate the bias corrected forecasts at neighboring observation stations to any given location. The results show that all four interpolation methods used do reduce the model error significantly,but Kriging-CLR has better performance than the other methods. For Kriging-CLR, root mean square error（RMSE）and mean absolute error（MAE） were decreased by 26% and 29%, respectively, as compared to the raw forecasts. It is found also, that after applying any of the proposed methods, unlike the raw forecasts, the bias corrected forecasts do not show spatial or temporal dependency.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0113003,2018YFC1004803)the Natural Science Foundation of China(31630083,82071063)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2022-I2M-1-012),and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.We are grateful to Dr.Min-Xin Guan(Zhejiang University)for valuable suggestions and support,Dr.Yanchun Ji(The Children’s Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine),and Dr.Feilong Meng(The Children’s Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine),and Dr.Juan Du(The First Affiliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine)for technical support.
文摘Dear Editor,Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),a complex syndrome characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract,is considered a global health problem,especially prevalent in western developed countries and with accelerating incidence in the developing world over the last decade.1 To date,the primary etiology of IBD remains elusive.
