Increasing evidence suggests that fine roots are particularly sensitive to environmental changes,making them essential in responding and adapting forest ecosystems to climate change.However,we still lack a fundamental...Increasing evidence suggests that fine roots are particularly sensitive to environmental changes,making them essential in responding and adapting forest ecosystems to climate change.However,we still lack a fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms that control fine root plasticity.The objective of this study was to determine the influence of soil moisture changes on fine root dynamics and morphology of European beech(Fagus sylvatica L.).We conducted a 30-month study of fine root traits,i.e.,fine root biomass(FRB),productivity,mortality,turnover,specific root length(SRL),specific root area(SRA),and root tip frequency(RTF),along a soil moisture gradient from dry,intermediate,and wet conditions in a near-natural mature beech forest.Sequential root coring with accompanying soil measurements was carried out at three study sites reflecting the gradient in soil water availability.For most fine root traits,we found significant differences between the upper 10 cm and lower soil depths.FRB showed significant differences between study sites,with the lowest FRB at the dry site.However,productivity,turnover,SRL,SRA,and RTF showed no significant differences between sites,but a high variability between seasons,suggesting an adaptation to short-term fluctuations but not to long-term gradients in soil water content(SWC).Linear mixed models revealed that decreasing SWC led to a significant increase in SRL,SRA,and RTF(standardized coefficients:-1.0±0.46,-1.1±0.46,and-1.1±0.43,respectively).Our observations indicate an adaptation strategy of beech to low availability of soil water and drought by forming thin absorptive roots and by maintaining a high seasonal plasticity to tolerate fluctuations in soil moisture.By highlighting the belowground morphological adaptations of mature forests to low soil water availability,our results provide novel insights into the structure and dynamics of forest ecosystem adaptations to climate change.展开更多
Osteocytes are the main cells in mineralized bone tissue.Elevated osteocyte apoptosis has been observed in lytic bone lesions of patients with multiple myeloma.However,their precise contribution to bone metastasis rem...Osteocytes are the main cells in mineralized bone tissue.Elevated osteocyte apoptosis has been observed in lytic bone lesions of patients with multiple myeloma.However,their precise contribution to bone metastasis remains unclear.Here,we investigated the pathogenic mechanisms driving melanoma-induced osteocyte death.Both in vivo models and in vitro assays were combined with untargeted RNA sequencing approaches to explore the pathways governing melanoma-induced osteocyte death.We could show that ferroptosis is the primary mechanism behind osteocyte death in the context of melanoma bone metastasis.HMOX1 was identified as a crucial regulatory factor in this process,directly involved in inducing ferroptosis and affecting osteocyte viability.We uncover a non-canonical pathway that involves excessive autophagy-mediated ferritin degradation,highlighting the complex relationship between autophagy and ferroptosis in melanoma-induced osteocyte death.In addition,HIF1αpathway was shown as an upstream regulator,providing a potential target for modulating HMOX1 expression and influencing autophagy-dependent ferroptosis.In conclusion,our study provides insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of osteocyte death induced by melanoma bone metastasis,with a specific focus on ferroptosis and its regulation.This would enhance our comprehension of melanoma-induced osteocyte death.展开更多
The study of natural hybridization facilitates our understanding of potential adaptive mechanisms in evolution and the process involved in speciation.In this study,we used multiple data types,including morphological t...The study of natural hybridization facilitates our understanding of potential adaptive mechanisms in evolution and the process involved in speciation.In this study,we used multiple data types,including morphological traits,ddRAD-seq and ecological niche data,to investigate the differences among Rhododendron×duclouxii hybrid zones and the mechanisms underlying natural hybridization and possible future evolutionary pathways.Our results show that the origins of each hybrid zone are independent,with variations in hybrid formation,structural characteristics,and patterns of genetic components and morphological trait differentiation.There were no significant differences in morphological traits or genetic variation between the F_(1)and F_(2)generations;however,the range of variation of the F_(2)generation was broader than that of the F_(1)generation.The distribution and ecological characteristics of R.×duclouxii did not significantly differ from those of the two parental species,indicating weak ecological niche preferences between the hybrid and parental taxa.These results imply that the hybrid zones of R.×duclouxii are characterized by considerable variability,with the magnitude of hybridization in each case likely influenced by unique combinations of biological and ecological factors specific to each hybrid zone.We predict that R.×duclouxii hybrid zones will persist and give rise to complex hybrid swarms,each potentially leading to different evolutionary outcomes.展开更多
The deterioration of the sleeper support on the ballasted track begins with the accumulation of sleeper voids.The increased dynamic loading in the voided zone and the ballast contact conditions cause the accelerated g...The deterioration of the sleeper support on the ballasted track begins with the accumulation of sleeper voids.The increased dynamic loading in the voided zone and the ballast contact conditions cause the accelerated growth of the settlements in the voided zones,which results in the appearance of local instabilities like ballast breakdown,white spots,subgrade defects,etc.The recent detection and quantification of the sleeper voids with track-side and onboard monitoring can help to avoid or delay the development of local instabilities.The present paper is devoted to the study of the dynamic behavior of railway track with sleeper voids in the ballast breakdown zone.The result of the experimental track-side measurements of rail acceleration and deflection is presented.The analysis shows the existence of the dynamic impact during wheel entry in the voided zone.However,the measured dynamic impact is subjected to the bias of the track-side measurement method.Both the mechanism of the impact and the measurement aspects are explained by using the one-beam model on viscoelastic foundation.The void features in the dynamic behavior are analyzed for the purpose of track-side and onboard monitoring.A practical method of the void parameter quantification is proposed.展开更多
Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer drug delivery,and recent research continues to focus on the development of“one-size-fits-all,”i.e.,“all-in-one”delivery nanovehicles.Although nanomedicines can address sign...Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer drug delivery,and recent research continues to focus on the development of“one-size-fits-all,”i.e.,“all-in-one”delivery nanovehicles.Although nanomedicines can address significant shortcomings of conventional therapy,biological barriers remain a challenge in their delivery and accumulation at diseased sites.To achieve long circulation time,immune evasion,and targeted accumulation,conventional nanocarriers need modifications,e.g.,PEGylation,peptide/aptamer attachment,etc.One such modification is a biomimetic coating using cell membrane(CM),which can offer long circulation or targeting,or both.This top-down CM coating process is facile and can provide some advantageous features over surface modification by synthetic polymers.Herein,an overview is provided on the engineering of CM camouflaged polymer nanoparticles.A short section on CM and the development of CM coating technology has been provided.Detailed description of the preparation and characterization of CM camouflaged polymer NPs and their applications in cancer treatment has been reported.A brief comparison between CM coating and PEGylation has been highlighted.Various targeting approaches to achieve tumor-specific delivery of CM coated NPs have been summarized here.Overall,this review will give the readers a nice picture of CM coated polymer NPs,along with their opportunities and challenges.展开更多
An improved understanding of biodiversity-productivity relationships(BPRs)along environmental gradients is crucial for effective ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation.The stress-gradient hypothesis sugges...An improved understanding of biodiversity-productivity relationships(BPRs)along environmental gradients is crucial for effective ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation.The stress-gradient hypothesis suggests that BPRs are stronger in stressful environments compared to more favorable conditions.However,there is limited knowledge regarding the variation of BPRs along elevational gradients and their generality across different landscapes.To study how BPRs change with elevation,we harnessed inventory data on 6,431 trees from152 plots surveyed twice in eight to ten year intervals in mountain forests of temperate Europe and subtropical Asia.We quantified the relationship between aboveground productivity and different biodiversity measures,including taxonomic,functional,and phylogenetic diversity.To elucidate the processes underlying BPRs,we studied the variation of different functional traits along elevation across landscapes.We found no general pattern of BPRs across landscapes and elevations.Relationships were neutral for all biodiversity measures in temperate forests,and negative for taxonomic and functional diversity in subtropical forests.BPRs were largely congruent between taxonomic,functional and phylogenetic diversity.We found only weak support for the stress-gradient hypothesis,with BPRs turning from negative to positive(effect not significant)close to the tree line in subtropical forests.In temperate forests,however,elevation patterns were strongly modulated by species identity effects as influenced by specific traits.The effect of traits such as community-weighted mean of maximum plant height and wood density on productivity was congruent across landscapes.Our study highlights the context-dependence of BPRs across elevation gradients and landscapes.Species traits are key modulating factors of BPRs and should be considered more explicitly in studies of the functional role of biodiversity.Furthermore,our findings highlight that potential trade-offs between conserving biodiversity and fostering ecosystem productivity exist,which require more attention in policy and management.展开更多
Twisted multilayers of two-dimensional materials attract widespread research interest due to their intriguing electronic and optical properties related to their chiral symmetry breaking and moiréeffects.The two-d...Twisted multilayers of two-dimensional materials attract widespread research interest due to their intriguing electronic and optical properties related to their chiral symmetry breaking and moiréeffects.The two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide MoSe_(2) is a particularly promising material for twisted multilayers,capable of sustaining moiréexcitons.Here,we report on a rational bottomup synthesis approach for twisted MoSe_(2) flakes by chemical vapor transport(CVT).Screw dislocation-driven growth was forced by surface-fused SiO_(2)nanoparticles on the substrates that serve as potential nucleation points in low supersaturation condition.Thus,crystal growth by in-situ CVT under addition of MoCl_(5) leads to bulk 2H-MoSe_(2) in a temperature gradient from 900 to 820℃ with a dwell time of 96 h.Hexagonally shaped 2H-MoSe_(2) flakes were grown from 710 to 685℃ with a dwell time of 30 min on SiO_(2)@Al_(2)O_(3)(0001)substrates.Electron backscatter diffraction as well as electron microscopy reveals the screw dislocation-driven growth of triangular 3R-MoSe_(2) with individual step heights between 0.9 and 2.9 nm on SiO_(2)@Si(100)under the same conditions.Finally,twisted MoSe_(2) flakes exhibiting a twist angle of 19°with respect to the[010]zone axis could be synthesized.展开更多
An interactive web tool,PredPotS,has been developed for predicting one-electron standard reduction potentials of organic molecules in aqueous solutions.The predictions are generated using deep learning models trained ...An interactive web tool,PredPotS,has been developed for predicting one-electron standard reduction potentials of organic molecules in aqueous solutions.The predictions are generated using deep learning models trained and validated on a chemically diverse database comprising reduction potentials of approximately 8000 organic compounds.The reduction potentials of this database were computed using a composite computational protocol that combines the semiempirical quantum chemical method(GFN2-xTB)and awell-established DFT approach(M06-2X functional along with the SMD solvent model).While this computational approach is cost-effective,it is subject to certain limitations,which are nonetheless duly accounted for in the development of the database.The applied graph-based deep learning methods perform remarkably well in terms of the standard performance metrics.By entering or uploading the SMILES codes of the molecules,PredPotS provides fast and sensible predictions for one-electron standard reduction potentials for a diverse set of organic molecules also in the range compatible with the electrochemical stability of aqueous electrolytes.The PredPotS web tool is particularly well-suited for screening redox-active candidates for aqueous organic redox flow batteries,but it may also prove useful in a variety of other electrochemical applications.展开更多
The inefficiency of approaches to large airports causes additional fuel consumption and emissions.Before mitigating interventions can be designed,the level and determinants of the inefficiency must be known.We study t...The inefficiency of approaches to large airports causes additional fuel consumption and emissions.Before mitigating interventions can be designed,the level and determinants of the inefficiency must be known.We study the approach efficiency at four large European airports to understand the efficiency problem and identify its determinants.This study thereby extends the research on the latter in several ways.We compare vertical and horizontal approach profiles and the vertical and horizontal efficiency measures on‘flows’(direction-runway links),discuss correlation and complementarities of both measures,and explore the heterogeneity of horizontal and vertical inefficiency concerning hour of day and flow used.The efficiency is significantly reduced by increased approach volumes,weather hazards and higher aircraft weight,while horizontal efficiency declines due to higher departure traffic.Additionally,runway and flow choice are relevant determinants that indicate the influence of air traffic control on efficiency.The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the efficiency-enhancing potential of the flow choice varies across the day.In this way,our study contributes to a broader understand-ing of approaches,adds to the knowledge required for airport-wide efficiency improvements and the reduction of the environmental impact of aviation.展开更多
Ultra-intense lasers can generate the strongest electromagnetic fields in laboratory conditions,and are expected to perform tests of quantum electrodynamics(QED)in yet unexplored parameter ranges.Such experiments requ...Ultra-intense lasers can generate the strongest electromagnetic fields in laboratory conditions,and are expected to perform tests of quantum electrodynamics(QED)in yet unexplored parameter ranges.Such experiments require knowledge of the field strengths and all possible interaction pathways.The latter can be simplified if a perfect,particlefree vacuum is present,thereby excluding competing interactions.We propose a method to evacuate all residual gas particles prior to QED interactions,based on tunnel ionization by a preceding auxiliary laser pulse and a static electric field.We present modelling and experimental results of testing this method on a 0.5 TW chirped pulse amplification laser system.Experimental results match well the simulations for the given conditions and thereby provide valuable understanding to extrapolate this method for QED experiments with PW-class laser systems where it can likewise be employed for in situ peak field strength characterization.展开更多
Electrochemical rearrangement reactions represent one of the most versatile types of organic chemical transformations,which afford efficient strategies for the rapid construction of complex molecular skeletons.However...Electrochemical rearrangement reactions represent one of the most versatile types of organic chemical transformations,which afford efficient strategies for the rapid construction of complex molecular skeletons.However,known achievements in electrochemical rearrangement of alkene compounds are mainly focused on the migration of radical species.Thus,the development of new electrochemical rearrangement modes,in particular,remote migration rearrangement,is in high demand but still remains a great challenge.Herein,we report a novel electrochemical rearrangement reaction of acryl imides in the presence of nBu_(4)NI and water,which proceeds via nucleophilic substitutions leading to skeletal editing and affordingα,β-dihydroxyl amides with up to 76%yield.Control experiments suggest that this reaction proceeds through oxidation of iodide anion,iodination of alkenyl bond,coupling with water,substitution to form epoxide,substitution ring-opening,and intramolecular substitution to afford the desired dihydroxyl amides.This work represents a new electrochemical rearrangement mode and provides a new and efficient strategy for the synthesis ofα,β-dihydroxyl amide derivatives.展开更多
Accurate first-principles-based prediction of the pressure-composition-temperature(PCT)relationships of metal hydrides can enable predictive optimization of hydrogen capacities and pressures.In this work,we introduce ...Accurate first-principles-based prediction of the pressure-composition-temperature(PCT)relationships of metal hydrides can enable predictive optimization of hydrogen capacities and pressures.In this work,we introduce a novel computational framework that integrates density functional theory(DFT)with a Python-based PCT Simulation Toolkit to predict PCT diagrams with high accuracy.By using only structural input data from the metallic phase,this toolkit automates the detection of interstitial voids,generates input files for DFT calculations,and constructs thermodynamic models based on para-equilibrium principles.We validate this approach across five major metal-hydride classes–BCC and FCC alloys,AB_(5),AB_(2),and AB compounds-and demonstrate that even with minimal computational effort,key hydrogen sorption characteristics can be reliably determined.Using the PBE functional without vibrational contribution,our results show that hydrogen capacity predictions achieve a mean accuracy of 95%,while sorption pressures are modeled within one order of magnitude of experimental values.Furthermore,our method can implicitly account for the phase transition in metal hydrides and can reliably model multicomponent alloys with representative alloys of lesser chemical complexity.This framework enables rapid and accurate exploration of metal hydrides to design alloys for new applications.展开更多
In the post-lithium-ion battery era,calcium-ion batteries(CIBs)are considered a desirable candidate due to their great physicochemical and economic properties.Unfortunately,the lack of high-performance cathode materia...In the post-lithium-ion battery era,calcium-ion batteries(CIBs)are considered a desirable candidate due to their great physicochemical and economic properties.Unfortunately,the lack of high-performance cathode materials has limited the development of CIBs to a large extent.Metal oxides are the most studied CIB cathodes by virtue of their superior electrochemical performance,cost advantages,and scalable synthesis.Among numerous metal oxides,layered vanadium oxides are a popular option because of their unique structural properties and high Ca^(2+)storage capability.Herein,VO2(B)nanofibers,a typical layered vanadium oxide,are synthesized by a simple one-step synthesis method using a commercial precursor.Employing as a CIB cathode,it could deliver high reversible capacities of 97.5 mAh·g^(-1) at 5 A·g^(-1) after 1000 cycles and 74.6 mAh·g^(-1) at 10 A·g^(-1) after 2000 cycles.Moreover,a CIB full battery assembled by perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide as an anode and the nanofiber as a cathode achieved a specific capacity of 38.8 mAh·g^(-1) at a current density of 0.5 A·g^(-1) even over 30,000 cycles.This work may provide CIBs with a promising cathode material that can be produced on a large scale and at a low cost.展开更多
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2(rhBMP-2)has been FDA-approved for lumbar fusion,but supraphysiologic initial burst release due to suboptimal carrier and late excess bone resorption caused by osteoclast ...Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2(rhBMP-2)has been FDA-approved for lumbar fusion,but supraphysiologic initial burst release due to suboptimal carrier and late excess bone resorption caused by osteoclast activation have limited its clinical usage.One strategy to mitigate the pro-osteoclast side effect of rhBMP-2 is to give systemic bisphosphonates,but it presents challenges with systemic side effects and low local bioavailability.The aim of this in vivo study was to analyze if posterolateral spinal fusion(PLF)could be improved by utilizing a calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite(CaS/HA)carrier co-delivering rhBMP-2 and zoledronic acid(ZA).Six groups were allocated(CaS/HA,CaS/HA+BMP-2,CaS/HA+systemic ZA,CaS/HA+local ZA,CaS/HA+BMP-2+systemic ZA,and CaS/HA+BMP-2+local ZA).10-week-old male Wistar rats,were randomly assigned to undergo L4-L5 PLF with implantation of group-dependent scaffolds.At 3 and 6 weeks,the animals were euthanized for radiography,μCT,histological staining,or biomechanical testing to evaluate spinal fusion.The results demonstrated that the CaS/HA biomaterial alone or in combination with local or systemic ZA didn’t support PLF.However,the delivery of rhBMP-2 significantly promoted PLF.Combining systemic ZA with rhBMP-2 didn’t enhance spinal fusion.Notably,the co-delivery of rhBMP-2 and ZA using the CaS/HA carrier significantly enhanced and accelerated PLF,without inhibiting systemic bone turnover,and potentially reduced the dose of rhBMP-2.Together,the treatment regimen of CaS/HA biomaterial co-delivering rhBMP-2 and ZA could potentially be a safe and cost-effective off-the-shelf bioactive bone substitute to enhance spinal fusion.展开更多
Choosing the best way for describing physical reality has always been standing in focus of research.Several methodologies have been developed based on classical mathematics,or statistics and also new disciplines-such ...Choosing the best way for describing physical reality has always been standing in focus of research.Several methodologies have been developed based on classical mathematics,or statistics and also new disciplines-such as soft-computing techniques-appeared.Petri Nets as one of the most naturalistic modeling methodologies are well suited to describe complex process in general.However in some fields of modeling the describing power of basic Petri Nets proved not to be robust enough,therefore several exten-sions were made to the original concept.Colored tokens(Colored Petri Nets),stochastic delayed streaming of mobile entities(Stochastic Petri Nets),object oriented architecture(Object Oriented Petri Nets),numerical(Numerical Petri Nets)and linguistic attributes(Fuzzy Petri Nets)broaden the range of capabilities.In some fields of problem solv-ing,usage of static and mobile knowledge bases is needed:e.g.,flexible manufacturing systems,or intelligent traffic simulation.These problems to be investigated involved new conceptual developments of Petri Nets and led to the introduction of Knowledge Attributed Petri Nets.At the same time distributed control in simulation appeared,intelligent agents supported the connection of mobile knowledge bases and static infer-ence engines in an effective way.The mentioned extensions brought general support in model synthesis,but some unsolved questions remained related to the implementation of intelligent mobile entities.This paper highlights a new level of AI controlled simulation introducing the Extended Knowledge Attributed Petri Nets that offer the capability of easy implementation of mobile inference engines and knowledge base,providing general mobile AI in Petri Nets.展开更多
Laser plasma accelerators(LPAs)enable the generation of intense and short proton bunches on a micrometre scale,thus offering new experimental capabilities to research fields such as ultra-high dose rate radiobiology o...Laser plasma accelerators(LPAs)enable the generation of intense and short proton bunches on a micrometre scale,thus offering new experimental capabilities to research fields such as ultra-high dose rate radiobiology or material analysis.Being spectrally broadband,laser-accelerated proton bunches allow for tailored volumetric dose deposition in a sample via single bunches to excite or probe specific sample properties.The rising number of such experiments indicates a need for diagnostics providing spatially resolved characterization of dose distributions with volumes of approximately 1 cm^(3) for single proton bunches to allow for fast online feedback.Here we present the scintillator-based miniSCIDOM detector for online single-bunch tomographic reconstruction of dose distributions in volumes of up to approximately 1 cm^(3).The detector achieves a spatial resolution below 500μm and a sensitivity of 100 mGy.The detector performance is tested at a proton therapy cyclotron and an LPA proton source.The experiments’primary focus is the characterization of the scintillator’s ionization quenching behaviour.展开更多
基金supported by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)the Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation,Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (BMUV) through the Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V.(FNR)(grant no. 2218 WK53X4)
文摘Increasing evidence suggests that fine roots are particularly sensitive to environmental changes,making them essential in responding and adapting forest ecosystems to climate change.However,we still lack a fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms that control fine root plasticity.The objective of this study was to determine the influence of soil moisture changes on fine root dynamics and morphology of European beech(Fagus sylvatica L.).We conducted a 30-month study of fine root traits,i.e.,fine root biomass(FRB),productivity,mortality,turnover,specific root length(SRL),specific root area(SRA),and root tip frequency(RTF),along a soil moisture gradient from dry,intermediate,and wet conditions in a near-natural mature beech forest.Sequential root coring with accompanying soil measurements was carried out at three study sites reflecting the gradient in soil water availability.For most fine root traits,we found significant differences between the upper 10 cm and lower soil depths.FRB showed significant differences between study sites,with the lowest FRB at the dry site.However,productivity,turnover,SRL,SRA,and RTF showed no significant differences between sites,but a high variability between seasons,suggesting an adaptation to short-term fluctuations but not to long-term gradients in soil water content(SWC).Linear mixed models revealed that decreasing SWC led to a significant increase in SRL,SRA,and RTF(standardized coefficients:-1.0±0.46,-1.1±0.46,and-1.1±0.43,respectively).Our observations indicate an adaptation strategy of beech to low availability of soil water and drought by forming thin absorptive roots and by maintaining a high seasonal plasticity to tolerate fluctuations in soil moisture.By highlighting the belowground morphological adaptations of mature forests to low soil water availability,our results provide novel insights into the structure and dynamics of forest ecosystem adaptations to climate change.
基金funding from the European Research Council(ERC)under the european union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(grant agreement ERC co-LS4 ODE(AB)and ERC Synergy Grant 4D Nanoscope(GS))Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG-Project number 501752319-TRR369-DIONE-Project No A02 and B05,FOR 2886(TP02),CRC1181(TPA01)DFG funding(450993414)Thunder Imager and the Leibniz Award(GS)。
文摘Osteocytes are the main cells in mineralized bone tissue.Elevated osteocyte apoptosis has been observed in lytic bone lesions of patients with multiple myeloma.However,their precise contribution to bone metastasis remains unclear.Here,we investigated the pathogenic mechanisms driving melanoma-induced osteocyte death.Both in vivo models and in vitro assays were combined with untargeted RNA sequencing approaches to explore the pathways governing melanoma-induced osteocyte death.We could show that ferroptosis is the primary mechanism behind osteocyte death in the context of melanoma bone metastasis.HMOX1 was identified as a crucial regulatory factor in this process,directly involved in inducing ferroptosis and affecting osteocyte viability.We uncover a non-canonical pathway that involves excessive autophagy-mediated ferritin degradation,highlighting the complex relationship between autophagy and ferroptosis in melanoma-induced osteocyte death.In addition,HIF1αpathway was shown as an upstream regulator,providing a potential target for modulating HMOX1 expression and influencing autophagy-dependent ferroptosis.In conclusion,our study provides insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of osteocyte death induced by melanoma bone metastasis,with a specific focus on ferroptosis and its regulation.This would enhance our comprehension of melanoma-induced osteocyte death.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(32300200,31670213,32160240)Postdoctoral Directional Training Foundation of Yunnan Province,China(E33O31C261)+2 种基金the Key Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province,China(202101BC070003)the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative,China(2024PVA0087)supported by the Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division of the Scottish Government,United Kingdom.
文摘The study of natural hybridization facilitates our understanding of potential adaptive mechanisms in evolution and the process involved in speciation.In this study,we used multiple data types,including morphological traits,ddRAD-seq and ecological niche data,to investigate the differences among Rhododendron×duclouxii hybrid zones and the mechanisms underlying natural hybridization and possible future evolutionary pathways.Our results show that the origins of each hybrid zone are independent,with variations in hybrid formation,structural characteristics,and patterns of genetic components and morphological trait differentiation.There were no significant differences in morphological traits or genetic variation between the F_(1)and F_(2)generations;however,the range of variation of the F_(2)generation was broader than that of the F_(1)generation.The distribution and ecological characteristics of R.×duclouxii did not significantly differ from those of the two parental species,indicating weak ecological niche preferences between the hybrid and parental taxa.These results imply that the hybrid zones of R.×duclouxii are characterized by considerable variability,with the magnitude of hybridization in each case likely influenced by unique combinations of biological and ecological factors specific to each hybrid zone.We predict that R.×duclouxii hybrid zones will persist and give rise to complex hybrid swarms,each potentially leading to different evolutionary outcomes.
基金The authors acknowledge the support of Swiss Federal Railways with the experimental measurements.
文摘The deterioration of the sleeper support on the ballasted track begins with the accumulation of sleeper voids.The increased dynamic loading in the voided zone and the ballast contact conditions cause the accelerated growth of the settlements in the voided zones,which results in the appearance of local instabilities like ballast breakdown,white spots,subgrade defects,etc.The recent detection and quantification of the sleeper voids with track-side and onboard monitoring can help to avoid or delay the development of local instabilities.The present paper is devoted to the study of the dynamic behavior of railway track with sleeper voids in the ballast breakdown zone.The result of the experimental track-side measurements of rail acceleration and deflection is presented.The analysis shows the existence of the dynamic impact during wheel entry in the voided zone.However,the measured dynamic impact is subjected to the bias of the track-side measurement method.Both the mechanism of the impact and the measurement aspects are explained by using the one-beam model on viscoelastic foundation.The void features in the dynamic behavior are analyzed for the purpose of track-side and onboard monitoring.A practical method of the void parameter quantification is proposed.
文摘Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer drug delivery,and recent research continues to focus on the development of“one-size-fits-all,”i.e.,“all-in-one”delivery nanovehicles.Although nanomedicines can address significant shortcomings of conventional therapy,biological barriers remain a challenge in their delivery and accumulation at diseased sites.To achieve long circulation time,immune evasion,and targeted accumulation,conventional nanocarriers need modifications,e.g.,PEGylation,peptide/aptamer attachment,etc.One such modification is a biomimetic coating using cell membrane(CM),which can offer long circulation or targeting,or both.This top-down CM coating process is facile and can provide some advantageous features over surface modification by synthetic polymers.Herein,an overview is provided on the engineering of CM camouflaged polymer nanoparticles.A short section on CM and the development of CM coating technology has been provided.Detailed description of the preparation and characterization of CM camouflaged polymer NPs and their applications in cancer treatment has been reported.A brief comparison between CM coating and PEGylation has been highlighted.Various targeting approaches to achieve tumor-specific delivery of CM coated NPs have been summarized here.Overall,this review will give the readers a nice picture of CM coated polymer NPs,along with their opportunities and challenges.
基金supported by the Sino-German Postdoc Scholarship Program of the China Scholarship Council(CSC)the German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD)+4 种基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32071541,41971071)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Nos.2021FY100200,2021FY100702,2023YFF0805802)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(No.2021392)the International Partnership Program,CAS(No.151853KYSB20190027)the“Climate Change Research Initiative of the Bavarian National Parks”funded by the Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection.
文摘An improved understanding of biodiversity-productivity relationships(BPRs)along environmental gradients is crucial for effective ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation.The stress-gradient hypothesis suggests that BPRs are stronger in stressful environments compared to more favorable conditions.However,there is limited knowledge regarding the variation of BPRs along elevational gradients and their generality across different landscapes.To study how BPRs change with elevation,we harnessed inventory data on 6,431 trees from152 plots surveyed twice in eight to ten year intervals in mountain forests of temperate Europe and subtropical Asia.We quantified the relationship between aboveground productivity and different biodiversity measures,including taxonomic,functional,and phylogenetic diversity.To elucidate the processes underlying BPRs,we studied the variation of different functional traits along elevation across landscapes.We found no general pattern of BPRs across landscapes and elevations.Relationships were neutral for all biodiversity measures in temperate forests,and negative for taxonomic and functional diversity in subtropical forests.BPRs were largely congruent between taxonomic,functional and phylogenetic diversity.We found only weak support for the stress-gradient hypothesis,with BPRs turning from negative to positive(effect not significant)close to the tree line in subtropical forests.In temperate forests,however,elevation patterns were strongly modulated by species identity effects as influenced by specific traits.The effect of traits such as community-weighted mean of maximum plant height and wood density on productivity was congruent across landscapes.Our study highlights the context-dependence of BPRs across elevation gradients and landscapes.Species traits are key modulating factors of BPRs and should be considered more explicitly in studies of the functional role of biodiversity.Furthermore,our findings highlight that potential trade-offs between conserving biodiversity and fostering ecosystem productivity exist,which require more attention in policy and management.
基金funding from SFB 1415 subproject B04(Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,No.417590517)supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through the Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence on Complexity and Topology in Quantum Matter-ct.qmat(EXC 2147,No.390858490)the support provided by the DRESDEN-concept alliance of research institutions.
文摘Twisted multilayers of two-dimensional materials attract widespread research interest due to their intriguing electronic and optical properties related to their chiral symmetry breaking and moiréeffects.The two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide MoSe_(2) is a particularly promising material for twisted multilayers,capable of sustaining moiréexcitons.Here,we report on a rational bottomup synthesis approach for twisted MoSe_(2) flakes by chemical vapor transport(CVT).Screw dislocation-driven growth was forced by surface-fused SiO_(2)nanoparticles on the substrates that serve as potential nucleation points in low supersaturation condition.Thus,crystal growth by in-situ CVT under addition of MoCl_(5) leads to bulk 2H-MoSe_(2) in a temperature gradient from 900 to 820℃ with a dwell time of 96 h.Hexagonally shaped 2H-MoSe_(2) flakes were grown from 710 to 685℃ with a dwell time of 30 min on SiO_(2)@Al_(2)O_(3)(0001)substrates.Electron backscatter diffraction as well as electron microscopy reveals the screw dislocation-driven growth of triangular 3R-MoSe_(2) with individual step heights between 0.9 and 2.9 nm on SiO_(2)@Si(100)under the same conditions.Finally,twisted MoSe_(2) flakes exhibiting a twist angle of 19°with respect to the[010]zone axis could be synthesized.
基金funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 875565 (CompBat project).
文摘An interactive web tool,PredPotS,has been developed for predicting one-electron standard reduction potentials of organic molecules in aqueous solutions.The predictions are generated using deep learning models trained and validated on a chemically diverse database comprising reduction potentials of approximately 8000 organic compounds.The reduction potentials of this database were computed using a composite computational protocol that combines the semiempirical quantum chemical method(GFN2-xTB)and awell-established DFT approach(M06-2X functional along with the SMD solvent model).While this computational approach is cost-effective,it is subject to certain limitations,which are nonetheless duly accounted for in the development of the database.The applied graph-based deep learning methods perform remarkably well in terms of the standard performance metrics.By entering or uploading the SMILES codes of the molecules,PredPotS provides fast and sensible predictions for one-electron standard reduction potentials for a diverse set of organic molecules also in the range compatible with the electrochemical stability of aqueous electrolytes.The PredPotS web tool is particularly well-suited for screening redox-active candidates for aqueous organic redox flow batteries,but it may also prove useful in a variety of other electrochemical applications.
文摘The inefficiency of approaches to large airports causes additional fuel consumption and emissions.Before mitigating interventions can be designed,the level and determinants of the inefficiency must be known.We study the approach efficiency at four large European airports to understand the efficiency problem and identify its determinants.This study thereby extends the research on the latter in several ways.We compare vertical and horizontal approach profiles and the vertical and horizontal efficiency measures on‘flows’(direction-runway links),discuss correlation and complementarities of both measures,and explore the heterogeneity of horizontal and vertical inefficiency concerning hour of day and flow used.The efficiency is significantly reduced by increased approach volumes,weather hazards and higher aircraft weight,while horizontal efficiency declines due to higher departure traffic.Additionally,runway and flow choice are relevant determinants that indicate the influence of air traffic control on efficiency.The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the efficiency-enhancing potential of the flow choice varies across the day.In this way,our study contributes to a broader understand-ing of approaches,adds to the knowledge required for airport-wide efficiency improvements and the reduction of the environmental impact of aviation.
基金the China Scholarship Council for financial support during a visit of Qiqi Yu(File No.201908310159)to Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorfthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11935008).
文摘Ultra-intense lasers can generate the strongest electromagnetic fields in laboratory conditions,and are expected to perform tests of quantum electrodynamics(QED)in yet unexplored parameter ranges.Such experiments require knowledge of the field strengths and all possible interaction pathways.The latter can be simplified if a perfect,particlefree vacuum is present,thereby excluding competing interactions.We propose a method to evacuate all residual gas particles prior to QED interactions,based on tunnel ionization by a preceding auxiliary laser pulse and a static electric field.We present modelling and experimental results of testing this method on a 0.5 TW chirped pulse amplification laser system.Experimental results match well the simulations for the given conditions and thereby provide valuable understanding to extrapolate this method for QED experiments with PW-class laser systems where it can likewise be employed for in situ peak field strength characterization.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21761132021)the Qin Lan project from Jiangsu Province for HanThe financial support from the Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztésiés Innovaciós Hivatal(NKFIH/OTKA)(National Research,Development and Innovation Office)of Hungary(K 142266)is also acknowledged.
文摘Electrochemical rearrangement reactions represent one of the most versatile types of organic chemical transformations,which afford efficient strategies for the rapid construction of complex molecular skeletons.However,known achievements in electrochemical rearrangement of alkene compounds are mainly focused on the migration of radical species.Thus,the development of new electrochemical rearrangement modes,in particular,remote migration rearrangement,is in high demand but still remains a great challenge.Herein,we report a novel electrochemical rearrangement reaction of acryl imides in the presence of nBu_(4)NI and water,which proceeds via nucleophilic substitutions leading to skeletal editing and affordingα,β-dihydroxyl amides with up to 76%yield.Control experiments suggest that this reaction proceeds through oxidation of iodide anion,iodination of alkenyl bond,coupling with water,substitution to form epoxide,substitution ring-opening,and intramolecular substitution to afford the desired dihydroxyl amides.This work represents a new electrochemical rearrangement mode and provides a new and efficient strategy for the synthesis ofα,β-dihydroxyl amide derivatives.
基金the ThermOSS and HYPHAD projects. Project HYPHAD was selected in the Joint Transnational Call 2023 of M-ERA.NET 3, which is an EU-funded network of about 49 funding organisations (Horizon 2020 grant agreement No 958174). The project is funded by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology, South Korea, the National Science Centre, Poland, and the Sächsisches Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Kultur und Tourismus, Germany. This project is co-financed with tax revenue on the basis of the budget adopted by the Saxon State Parliament. This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) and Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) through the International Cooperative R&D program No. P0027799This research was partially funded by the National Science Centre, Poland, number: 2023/05/Y/ST3/00249 under the M-ERA.NET 3 Call 2023+1 种基金Project ThermOSS is funded by the European Union and is co-financed with tax revenue on the basis of the budget adopted by the Saxon State ParliamentG.G. acknowledges the support from the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Ministry of Science and ICT under award numbers (2021R1C1C2094407, RS-2024-00429941), and supercomputing resources from Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI). The authors gratefully acknowledge the computing time made available to them on the high-performance computer at the NHR Center of TU Dresden. This center is jointly supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the state governments participating in the NHR.
文摘Accurate first-principles-based prediction of the pressure-composition-temperature(PCT)relationships of metal hydrides can enable predictive optimization of hydrogen capacities and pressures.In this work,we introduce a novel computational framework that integrates density functional theory(DFT)with a Python-based PCT Simulation Toolkit to predict PCT diagrams with high accuracy.By using only structural input data from the metallic phase,this toolkit automates the detection of interstitial voids,generates input files for DFT calculations,and constructs thermodynamic models based on para-equilibrium principles.We validate this approach across five major metal-hydride classes–BCC and FCC alloys,AB_(5),AB_(2),and AB compounds-and demonstrate that even with minimal computational effort,key hydrogen sorption characteristics can be reliably determined.Using the PBE functional without vibrational contribution,our results show that hydrogen capacity predictions achieve a mean accuracy of 95%,while sorption pressures are modeled within one order of magnitude of experimental values.Furthermore,our method can implicitly account for the phase transition in metal hydrides and can reliably model multicomponent alloys with representative alloys of lesser chemical complexity.This framework enables rapid and accurate exploration of metal hydrides to design alloys for new applications.
基金financially supported by the Education Department of Liaoning Province(No.JYTQN2023285)the Shenyang University of Technology(No.QNPY202209-4)+7 种基金the Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry(Heilongjiang University,Ministry of Education)the Science and Technology Department of Liaoning Province(No.2024-BSLH-172)the China Scholarship Council(No.202408320117)for the financial supportthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52307243)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20230537)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M741451)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(No.23KJB140003)the Jiangsu University Advanced Talent Research Startup Fund(No.22JDG052).
文摘In the post-lithium-ion battery era,calcium-ion batteries(CIBs)are considered a desirable candidate due to their great physicochemical and economic properties.Unfortunately,the lack of high-performance cathode materials has limited the development of CIBs to a large extent.Metal oxides are the most studied CIB cathodes by virtue of their superior electrochemical performance,cost advantages,and scalable synthesis.Among numerous metal oxides,layered vanadium oxides are a popular option because of their unique structural properties and high Ca^(2+)storage capability.Herein,VO2(B)nanofibers,a typical layered vanadium oxide,are synthesized by a simple one-step synthesis method using a commercial precursor.Employing as a CIB cathode,it could deliver high reversible capacities of 97.5 mAh·g^(-1) at 5 A·g^(-1) after 1000 cycles and 74.6 mAh·g^(-1) at 10 A·g^(-1) after 2000 cycles.Moreover,a CIB full battery assembled by perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide as an anode and the nanofiber as a cathode achieved a specific capacity of 38.8 mAh·g^(-1) at a current density of 0.5 A·g^(-1) even over 30,000 cycles.This work may provide CIBs with a promising cathode material that can be produced on a large scale and at a low cost.
基金L.L.thanks the Olav Thon Foundation(Grant Number:21-90)for financial supportD.B.R.thanks Maggie-Stephens Foundation(Grant Number:20202004)+1 种基金Sten K Johnson Foundation(Grant Number:2021-0592)The Crafoord Foundation(2021-0550)for research grants.
文摘Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2(rhBMP-2)has been FDA-approved for lumbar fusion,but supraphysiologic initial burst release due to suboptimal carrier and late excess bone resorption caused by osteoclast activation have limited its clinical usage.One strategy to mitigate the pro-osteoclast side effect of rhBMP-2 is to give systemic bisphosphonates,but it presents challenges with systemic side effects and low local bioavailability.The aim of this in vivo study was to analyze if posterolateral spinal fusion(PLF)could be improved by utilizing a calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite(CaS/HA)carrier co-delivering rhBMP-2 and zoledronic acid(ZA).Six groups were allocated(CaS/HA,CaS/HA+BMP-2,CaS/HA+systemic ZA,CaS/HA+local ZA,CaS/HA+BMP-2+systemic ZA,and CaS/HA+BMP-2+local ZA).10-week-old male Wistar rats,were randomly assigned to undergo L4-L5 PLF with implantation of group-dependent scaffolds.At 3 and 6 weeks,the animals were euthanized for radiography,μCT,histological staining,or biomechanical testing to evaluate spinal fusion.The results demonstrated that the CaS/HA biomaterial alone or in combination with local or systemic ZA didn’t support PLF.However,the delivery of rhBMP-2 significantly promoted PLF.Combining systemic ZA with rhBMP-2 didn’t enhance spinal fusion.Notably,the co-delivery of rhBMP-2 and ZA using the CaS/HA carrier significantly enhanced and accelerated PLF,without inhibiting systemic bone turnover,and potentially reduced the dose of rhBMP-2.Together,the treatment regimen of CaS/HA biomaterial co-delivering rhBMP-2 and ZA could potentially be a safe and cost-effective off-the-shelf bioactive bone substitute to enhance spinal fusion.
基金This project is supported by the grant TAMOP-4.2.2.B-10/1-2010-0009.
文摘Choosing the best way for describing physical reality has always been standing in focus of research.Several methodologies have been developed based on classical mathematics,or statistics and also new disciplines-such as soft-computing techniques-appeared.Petri Nets as one of the most naturalistic modeling methodologies are well suited to describe complex process in general.However in some fields of modeling the describing power of basic Petri Nets proved not to be robust enough,therefore several exten-sions were made to the original concept.Colored tokens(Colored Petri Nets),stochastic delayed streaming of mobile entities(Stochastic Petri Nets),object oriented architecture(Object Oriented Petri Nets),numerical(Numerical Petri Nets)and linguistic attributes(Fuzzy Petri Nets)broaden the range of capabilities.In some fields of problem solv-ing,usage of static and mobile knowledge bases is needed:e.g.,flexible manufacturing systems,or intelligent traffic simulation.These problems to be investigated involved new conceptual developments of Petri Nets and led to the introduction of Knowledge Attributed Petri Nets.At the same time distributed control in simulation appeared,intelligent agents supported the connection of mobile knowledge bases and static infer-ence engines in an effective way.The mentioned extensions brought general support in model synthesis,but some unsolved questions remained related to the implementation of intelligent mobile entities.This paper highlights a new level of AI controlled simulation introducing the Extended Knowledge Attributed Petri Nets that offer the capability of easy implementation of mobile inference engines and knowledge base,providing general mobile AI in Petri Nets.
基金partially supported by H2020 Laserlab Europe V (PRISES, Contract No. 871124)the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme Impulse (Grant agreement No. 871161)the support of the Weizmann-Helmholtz Laboratory for Laser Matter Interaction (WHELMI)
文摘Laser plasma accelerators(LPAs)enable the generation of intense and short proton bunches on a micrometre scale,thus offering new experimental capabilities to research fields such as ultra-high dose rate radiobiology or material analysis.Being spectrally broadband,laser-accelerated proton bunches allow for tailored volumetric dose deposition in a sample via single bunches to excite or probe specific sample properties.The rising number of such experiments indicates a need for diagnostics providing spatially resolved characterization of dose distributions with volumes of approximately 1 cm^(3) for single proton bunches to allow for fast online feedback.Here we present the scintillator-based miniSCIDOM detector for online single-bunch tomographic reconstruction of dose distributions in volumes of up to approximately 1 cm^(3).The detector achieves a spatial resolution below 500μm and a sensitivity of 100 mGy.The detector performance is tested at a proton therapy cyclotron and an LPA proton source.The experiments’primary focus is the characterization of the scintillator’s ionization quenching behaviour.
