The surface properties of PAN-based carbon fibers electrochemically treated in aqueous ammonium bicarbonate before and after treatment were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microsc...The surface properties of PAN-based carbon fibers electrochemically treated in aqueous ammonium bicarbonate before and after treatment were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Dynamic Contact Angle Analysis (DCAA). The results of characterization indicated that the oxygen and nitrogen contents in carbon fiber surface were significantly increased by electrochemical treatment, and amide groups was introduced onto it, which was related with the electrolyte. The AFM photographs illustrated that the roughness of the fiber surface was also increased. The wettibality of the fibers was improved after treatment because the surface energy especially the polar part of it was increased.展开更多
This is a report of a nonrandomized comparison of treatment results of 139 patients with stage IB, HA and proximal IIB carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated by radiation alone and 113 treated with a combination of r...This is a report of a nonrandomized comparison of treatment results of 139 patients with stage IB, HA and proximal IIB carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated by radiation alone and 113 treated with a combination of radiation and surgery. The five-year tumor free acturial survival for the patients with stage IB either with irradiation alone (RT) or combined with surgery (RS) was approximately 87%. For stage Ⅱ the tumor free actuarial five-year survival 79% with patients of RS, and 76% with RT. In the 113 patients treated with RS there were 18 (16%). In the 139 patients treated by RT there were 18 (13%) recurrences of pelvic, 4 local recurrences, 11 combined with parametrial, and free parametrial recurrences. There was no significant difference in the survival and recurrence rate of the patients treated with either method. Major complications were comparable in both groups (RT approximately 25% and RS approximately 10%), but 2/3 of those complications recovered without sequelae. The most frequent minor complication in the patients treated with RT was rectosigmoiditis.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCC) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in patients. Methods One hundred and thirty-eight patients with traumatic brain inju...Objective To evaluate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCC) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in patients. Methods One hundred and thirty-eight patients with traumatic brain injury were treated by routine therapy combined with HBOT and 29 patients by routine therapy.展开更多
Seven cases of sarcoma botryoides of the uterine cervix are reviewed. The age of the patients ranged from 19 to 40 years, with a median age of 23 years. Four patients were diagnosed as stage Ia, two as Ib and one as ...Seven cases of sarcoma botryoides of the uterine cervix are reviewed. The age of the patients ranged from 19 to 40 years, with a median age of 23 years. Four patients were diagnosed as stage Ia, two as Ib and one as Ⅱ a, 6 cases were treated with surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and 1 with surgery only, 5 cases in this group survived more than 5 years with a mean 7.9 years of follow-up. The prognosis for cervical sarcoma botryoides is similar to that of other female genital tract embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. Primary therapy should consist of vincristine and dactinomycin based chemotherapy. Surgery should be guided by the response to initial chemotherapy and should attempt to conserve the function of the bladder, rectum, vagina, and ovaries. Radiotherapy was used for involved surgical margins or positive nodes. The effect of radiotherapy is unclear for stage Ia cases.展开更多
In the present paper the author reviews the viewpoint of 'preventive treatment of diseases' in the ancient literature of traditional Chinese medicine (TCN) and its clinical application from (1) prevention firs...In the present paper the author reviews the viewpoint of 'preventive treatment of diseases' in the ancient literature of traditional Chinese medicine (TCN) and its clinical application from (1) prevention first before the occurrence of diseases; and (2) preventing development after onset of diseases. In the preventive treatment of diseases, the ancient Chinese doctors usually (1) regulated qi of both Conception Vessel and Governor Vessel for health care; (2) performed regular moxibustion; and (3) applied plaster to the acupoint in summer for treating winter-diseases. In the treatment of diseases after onset, the ancient Chinese usually (1) tried best to make early diagnosis and early treatment; and (2) strengthened the related internal organ in advance to check their development; and (3) employed appropriate remedies to recuperate the patient's health.展开更多
From 1975 to 1987, 112 patients with loco-regional recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (N P C) were treated again with radiation at our hospital. All cases were proven histologically by biopsy. Of these patients, 9...From 1975 to 1987, 112 patients with loco-regional recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (N P C) were treated again with radiation at our hospital. All cases were proven histologically by biopsy. Of these patients, 92 had their recurrence in the nasopharynx only, 13 had additional involvement of the base of the skull, and 7 had tumor recurrences simultaneously in the nasopharynx as well as the cervical lymph nodes. Radiotherapy adopted in this series was 60Co external irradiation (X R Te) and/ or betatron in 96 patients, X R Te plus intracavitary 60Co irradiation (X R Ti) in 12 patients and X R Ti alone in the other 4 patients. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 86.3%, 45.8% and 30.2% respectively after the start of recurrence retreatment. The 63 patients who survived for 5 years or more were analyzed. The prognosis of the patient was related to the histological type, clinical stage, modality of treatment, and disease interval to recurrence and site of recurrence. No serious complications occurred. It is suggested that re-irradiation is appropriate in the treatment of loco-regional recurrent N P C.展开更多
Objective: To observe and evaluate the therapeutic effect of anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) chemicals and Compound Astragalus Capsule (CAC) in combinedly treating drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (DR-TB). Methods: N...Objective: To observe and evaluate the therapeutic effect of anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) chemicals and Compound Astragalus Capsule (CAC) in combinedly treating drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (DR-TB). Methods: Ninety-two patients with DR-TB were equally randomized into the treated group (treated with combination therapy) and the control group (treated with anti-TB chemicals alone). The therapeutic course for both groups was 18 months. Therapeutic effects between the two groups were compared at the end of the therapeutic course. Sputum bacterial negative rate, focal absorption effective rate, cavity closing rate, 10-day symptom improving rate, the incidence of adverse reaction and 2-year bacteriological recurrence rate between the two groups were compared. Results: In the treated group, the sputum bacterial negative conversion rate was 84. 8% , focal absorption effective rate 91. 3% , cavity closing rate 58. 7% and 10-day symptom improving rate 54. 4% , while in the control group, the corresponding rates were 65.2% , 73. 9 % , 37.0% and 26.1 % , respectively. Comparison between the groups showed significant difference in all the parameters (P<0.05, P<0.05, P<0.05 and P<0.01). The incidence of adverse reaction and 2-year bacteriological recurrence rate in the treated group were 23. 9% and 2.6% respectively, while those in the control group 50. 0% and 16. 7% , which were higher than the former group with significant difference ( P<0. 01 and P<0. 05, respectively). Conclusion: The therapeutic effect of combined treatment with anti-TB and CAC is superior to that of treatment with anti-TB chemicals alone, and the Chinese herbal medicine showed an adverse reaction alleviating effect, which provides a new therapy for DR-TB, and therefore, it is worth spreading in clinical practice.展开更多
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system. During the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, stimulatory factors continuously act on the microglia causing abnormal activation and unbalanced phen...Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system. During the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, stimulatory factors continuously act on the microglia causing abnormal activation and unbalanced phenotypic changes;these events have become a significant and promising area of research. In this review, we summarize the effects of microglial polarization and crosstalk with other cells in the central nervous system in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Our literature search found that phenotypic changes occur continuously in Alzheimer’s disease and that microglia exhibit extensive crosstalk with astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, and penetrated peripheral innate immune cells via specific signaling pathways and cytokines. Collectively, unlike previous efforts to modulate microglial phenotypes at a single level, targeting the phenotypes of microglia and the crosstalk with other cells in the central nervous system may be more effective in reducing inflammation in the central nervous system in Alzheimer’s disease. This would establish a theoretical basis for reducing neuronal death from central nervous system inflammation and provide an appropriate environment to promote neuronal regeneration in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
Monocytes (MC), lymphocytes (LC) and Kupffer cells (KC) were isolated respectively from blood and surgical liver samples of patients suffering from he-patocellular carcinoma (HCC). 13 patients were given BCG, mixed ba...Monocytes (MC), lymphocytes (LC) and Kupffer cells (KC) were isolated respectively from blood and surgical liver samples of patients suffering from he-patocellular carcinoma (HCC). 13 patients were given BCG, mixed bacterium vaccine (MBV) and human white blood cell interferon (IFN), the other 3 patients were not treated with any biological immune stimulants (BIS) and served as controls. The cytosta-tic and cytotoxic effects of MC and KC on human hepatoma SMMC-7721 (TC) were assayed in vitro and the numbers of T total (Tt), T helper (Th) and T suppressor (Ts) cells were counted using CD monoclonal antibody immunofluorescence. The results were as follows: (1) On the 7th day after the first administration of BIS, the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of MC on TC showed obvious increase over pre-administration. The activity of BIS was 1 ?5 times as high as that in the controls. (2) After 3 administrations, the cytostatic effect of MC on TC increased to the normal level (84%), while the controls remained as before (45%). (3) On the 7th day after first administration, cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of KC on TC were 0.5 and 1 times higher respectively than those of the controls. (4) The numbers of Tt and Th of patients given BIS increased continuously; on the contrary Ts decreased in number. These results indicate that combined use of BCG, MBV and IFN can actively enhance the immune anti-hepatoma function of patients suffering from HCC.展开更多
Ras homolog(Rho)-associated kinases(ROCKs)belong to the serine-threonine kinase family,which plays a pivotal role in regulating the damage,survival,axon guidance,and regeneration of neurons.ROCKs are also involved in ...Ras homolog(Rho)-associated kinases(ROCKs)belong to the serine-threonine kinase family,which plays a pivotal role in regulating the damage,survival,axon guidance,and regeneration of neurons.ROCKs are also involved in the biological effects of immune cells and glial cells,as well as the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,and multiple sclerosis.Previous studies by us and others confirmed that ROCKs inhibitors attenuated the symptoms and progression of experimental models of the abovementioned neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting neuroinflammation,regulating immune imbalance,repairing the blood-brain barrier,and promoting nerve repair and myelin regeneration.Fasudil,the first ROCKs inhibitor to be used clinically,has a good therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative diseases.Fasudil increases the activity of neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells,thus optimizing cell therapy.This review will systematically describe,for the first time,the effects of abnormal activation of ROCKs on T cells,B cells,microglia,astrocytes,oligodendrocytes,and pericytes in neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system,summarize the therapeutic potential of fasudil in several experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases,and clarify the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of ROCKs inhibition.This review also proposes that fasudil is a novel potential treatment,especially in combination with cell-based therapy.Findings from this review add support for further investigation of ROCKs and its inhibitor fasudil for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
Since the identification of the first case of pneumonia of unknown cause in 2019,the COVID‐19 pandemic has spread the globe for over 3 years.As the most populous country in the world,China's disease prevention po...Since the identification of the first case of pneumonia of unknown cause in 2019,the COVID‐19 pandemic has spread the globe for over 3 years.As the most populous country in the world,China's disease prevention policies and response plans concern the health of the country's 1.4 billion people and beyond.During the course of the pandemic,scientific research has been accumulated and given evidence‐based support to the official guidance of COVID‐19 management.The National Health Commission of China have compiled,published,and updated a total of 10 versions of the“Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID‐19 Patients”to better inform clinical practitioners and staff to effectively screen,diagnose,manage,treat,and care for cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.This paper compares and summarizes each version of the protocol in terms of etiology and epidemiology,clinical manifestation and diagnosis,treatment and nursing,disease control and management,presenting detailed changes,additions,deletions,and refinement of the protocols.展开更多
Based on the long-term clinical practice and scientific researches on the three methods for the stage-treatment of Parkinson＇s disease put forward by the author in the early years, this essay further discusses the di...Based on the long-term clinical practice and scientific researches on the three methods for the stage-treatment of Parkinson＇s disease put forward by the author in the early years, this essay further discusses the division of the three stages of Parkinson＇s disease. Early stage： Appearance of the early symptoms and signs of Parkinson＇s disease, but short in duration and mild in severity, which do not affect the social communications, daily life and work of the patient; and their modified Hoehn ＆ Yahr grading is 1,0-1.5. Mid stage： With the symptoms and signs of Parkinson＇s disease getting worse and affecting the social communications, daily life and work of the patient, those who have their modified Hoehn ＆ Yahr grading 2-3 need medical treatment. Late stage： The patients have severe clinical symptoms of Parkinson＇s disease, and Levodopa preparation is insufficient for them to maintain their daily life; and their modified Hoehn ＆ Yahr grading is 4-5. The three treating methods are： TCM medical treatment adopted at the early stage; the combined treatment of Chinese and western medicine at the mid stage; and comprehensive treatment with multi-theraoies at the late stage.展开更多
Objective: To study the memory biomechanical character of anatomic distal radius Nitinol memory connector (DRMC) in treating distal radius fracture. Methods: Establishing three dimensional model and finite element ana...Objective: To study the memory biomechanical character of anatomic distal radius Nitinol memory connector (DRMC) in treating distal radius fracture. Methods: Establishing three dimensional model and finite element analysis, we calculated the stress in and around the fracture faces when distal radius fracture was fixated with DRMC. Results: Axial holding stress produced by holding part of DRMC on distal radius was 14.66 MPa. The maximum stress of holding part was 40-70 MPa, the minimum stress was 3-7 MPa,and the stress of compression part was 20-40 MPa. Conclusion: The distribution of stress produced by DRMC around the fracture line is reasonable, and axial holding stress can help stabilize fracture during earlier period. The existence of longitudal compression and memory effect can transfer fixated disused section into developed section and enhance fracture healing.展开更多
Objective: To observe the therapeutic effect of Si Cao Tang (四草汤), a TCM decoction for nourishing kidney and removing toxin, on lupus nephritis. Method: 60 patients with lupus nephritis were divided into a treatmen...Objective: To observe the therapeutic effect of Si Cao Tang (四草汤), a TCM decoction for nourishing kidney and removing toxin, on lupus nephritis. Method: 60 patients with lupus nephritis were divided into a treatment group and a control group with 30 cases in each group. Hormonotherapy with standard course of treatment plus CTX shock was used not only in the control group, but also in the treatment group. However, Si Cao Tang was added in the treatment group. Result: Edema, swelling pain in the joints, skin rash and hematuria were obviously alleviated in the treatment group as compared to the control group with significant difference (P<0.05). Complement C3 level was very obviously enhanced, and blood sedimentation, antinuclear antibody, ds-DNA antibody and IgG were very obviously reduced in the treatment group as compared to the control group with very significant difference (P<0.01). Furthermore, the incidences of hepatic damage, baldness, menstrual disorder and secondary infection in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group with significant difference (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the two groups in reducing proteinuria, blood creatinine, urea nitrogen and antinuclear antibody titer as well as enhancing albumin. Conclusion: Si Cao Tang can effectively treat lupus nephritis with its therapeutic effect being better than that of hormonotherapy with standard course of treatment plus CTX shock and the incidence of its side effects obviously reduced. The decoction can effectively control lupus activity and treat and prevent glomerulosclerosis caused by lupus nephritis.展开更多
From 1973 to 1989, 90 cases of obstructing carcinoma of the left colon were treated with five different operative procedures, the Incidence of anastomotic leakage was 6.7%, the operative mortality was 7. 8%. Among all...From 1973 to 1989, 90 cases of obstructing carcinoma of the left colon were treated with five different operative procedures, the Incidence of anastomotic leakage was 6.7%, the operative mortality was 7. 8%. Among all the patients, 14 cases were treated by primary resection with anastomosis. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 6 cases, and 5 of them were died. Of 25 cases with the traditional staged management, the tumors were resected only in 20 cases, and not resectable in the other 5 patients. 19 with modified Hartmann's procedure and 26 with extended right hemlcolectomy with ileorectal or low ileosigmoid anastomosis gave satisfactory results. In terms of this series, the five-year survival rate in primary resection group was significantly higher than that in staged resection group (P< 0. 05). It is suggested that extented right hemlcolectomy or modified Hartmann' s procedure in cases of acute cancerous obstruction of the left colon would be favord.展开更多
Objective:Systematically evaluate the effect of Buyang Huanwu decoction(BHD)combined with Western medicine(WM)in treating diabetic foot(DF).Methods:Randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of BHD on DF w...Objective:Systematically evaluate the effect of Buyang Huanwu decoction(BHD)combined with Western medicine(WM)in treating diabetic foot(DF).Methods:Randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of BHD on DF were collected from various databases,including CBM,PubMed,EMBASE,Web of Science,CNKI,Wanfang,and Weipu.Two researchers evaluated the quality of the literature and extracted relevant data,which was then analyzed using RevMan 5.3 for meta-analysis.The analysis was carried out in accordance with the 2020 PRISMA checklist.Results:The study analyzed 19 articles involving 1284 patients.According to the meta-analysis,BHD combined with WM improved clinical efficacy and reduced traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores,glycosylated hemoglobin,and fibrinogen levels in DF patients.Although the BHD combined with WM showed a trend towards reducing wound area,the difference was not significant.Additionally,the incidence of adverse reactions did not show a significant decrease with BHD combined with WM.Conclusion:The findings of the study indicated that the use of BHD combined with WM yielded better therapeutic outcomes than WM alone,supporting the recommendation of using BHD with WM for DF treatment.This approach is suggested for further clinical application and promotion.展开更多
Background:Ischemic stroke(IS)is a global health issue and the current treatment options for IS are inadequate.Buyang Huanwu decoction(BHD)has demonstrated effectiveness in treating IS.However,the mechanisms by which ...Background:Ischemic stroke(IS)is a global health issue and the current treatment options for IS are inadequate.Buyang Huanwu decoction(BHD)has demonstrated effectiveness in treating IS.However,the mechanisms by which BHD treats IS remain unclear,and no studies have been conducted to analyze these mechanisms from the perspective of Cuproptosis.In order to investigate the potential of BHD to intervene in IS through Cuproptosis,this study employed a systematic pharmacological approach and molecular docking verification.Methods:To investigate the mechanism of BHD in treating IS through Cuproptosis,relevant information on the structure,targets,and major biological functions and pathways of compounds related to BHD was collected from databases such as PubChem,PharmMapper,UniProt,and GeneCards.The results were then visualized using Cytoscape3.6.1,Ledock,and pymol software.Results:BHD is composed of 7 Chinese medicines,which contain 82 compounds,including 10 core compounds.These compounds are associated with 241 genes,of which 97 are common to BHD,IS,and Cuproptosis.The 97 common genes,including 10 core genes,are involved in biological processes such as proteolysis,regulation of apoptosis and cholesterol storage,as well as cellular components and molecular functions.The common genes among BHD,IS,and Cuproptosis,including 10 core genes,participate mainly in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways such as pathways in cancer,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,and Estrogen signaling pathway.According to molecular docking results,linolenic acid showed good docking scores with 9 out of 10 core genes,except for SRC.13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid also demonstrated good docking scores with EGFR,MAPK14,and F2.Similarly,senkyunone also had good docking scores with EGFR,MAPK14,and F2,all of which had docking energy greater than−5 kcal.Conclusion:In this study,the potential of BHD for treating IS through Cuproptosis and its underlying mechanisms were explored and partially validated through molecular docking.However,due to the limitations of the systems pharmacology research method,further validation through cell experiments,animal experiments,and clinical trials may be necessary to confirm these findings.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Qidan granule in blemycinA5-induced pulmonary interstitial fibrosis (PIF)in rats. Methods: PIF models were established by blemycinA5-induced in rats. Th...Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Qidan granule in blemycinA5-induced pulmonary interstitial fibrosis (PIF)in rats. Methods: PIF models were established by blemycinA5-induced in rats. They were treated by Qidan granule and Hydrocortisone respectively. The pathological changes and collagen protein disposition were observed, and the expression of TGF-β, TNF-α proteins were measured by immunohistochemical technique. Results: The pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis were alleviated remarkably in Qidan granule group compared with those in the model control group and hydrocortisone group (P<0.01). The expression of TGF-β and TNF-α protein were higher in Qidan granule group than those in normal group ,and were significantly less than those in the model control group and in hydrocortisone group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Qidan granule would ameliorate the pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis. TGF-β and TNF-α might play an important role in the development of alveolitis and fibrosis in rats.展开更多
Background:Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been shown to be effective in treating ischemic stroke(IS),and the combination of Angelicae Sinensis Radix(ASR)and Astragali Radix(AR)is a core TCM prescription that is ...Background:Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been shown to be effective in treating ischemic stroke(IS),and the combination of Angelicae Sinensis Radix(ASR)and Astragali Radix(AR)is a core TCM prescription that is widely acknowledged for its efficacy in IS treatment.This study utilized network pharmacology methods to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix in IS treatment,with preliminary validation conducted through molecular docking.Methods:Information on the structure,targets,main biological functions,and pathways of the active components in Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix was collected using databases such as PubChem,PharmMapper,UniProt,and GeneCards.The results were visualized using software such as Cytoscape 3.6.1,Ledock,and pymol.Results:We retrieved 20 active components and 149 targets associated with the compatibility of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix from various databases,and GeneCards database was used to search 3350 IS-related gene targets,including 78 key targets of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix for the treatment of IS.Enrichment analysis of these 78 targets using gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)revealed the involvement of 48 GO terms in the treatment of IS,mainly in biological processes such as metabolism,biological regulation,and stress response.The composition of biological devices such as supercavitary membrane,cell fluid,and extracellular space was also involved.The biological functions mainly included protein binding,ion binding,hydrolytic enzyme activity,and others.The identified pathways were estrogen signaling pathway,mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway,PI3K-AKT signaling pathway,RAP1 signaling pathway,P53 signaling pathway,PPAR signaling pathway,FOXO signaling pathway,RAS signaling pathway,prolactin signaling pathway,HIF-1 signaling pathway,and TNF signaling pathway.Molecular docking analysis showed that the 17 key active components of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix had strong binding activity with 13 IS key targets.Conclusion:Through the application of network pharmacology methods,it was found that the use of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix for treating ischemic stroke mainly targets the MAPK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways,involving several crucial compounds and genes.Nevertheless,additional in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to verify these findings.展开更多
A series of idealized model simulations are analyzed to determine the sensitivity of model results to different configurations of the lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) in simulating mesoscale shallow convection over ...A series of idealized model simulations are analyzed to determine the sensitivity of model results to different configurations of the lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) in simulating mesoscale shallow convection over hilly terrain. In the simulations with steady thermal forcing at the model surface, a radiation condition at both boundaries is the best choice under high wind conditions, and the best results are produced when both the normal velocities and the temperature are treated with the radiation scheme in which the phase speed is the same for different variables. When the background wind speed is reasonably small, the LBC configuration with either the radiation or the zero gradient condition at both boundaries tends to make the numerical solution unstable. The choice of a constant condition at the inflow boundary and a radiation outflow boundary condition is appropriate in most cases. In the simulations with diurnal thermal forcing at the model surface, different LBC schemes are combined together to reduce spurious signals induced by the outflow boundary. A specification inflow boundary condition, in which the velocity fields at the inflow boundary are provided using the time-dependent results of a simulation with periodic LBCs over a flat domain, is tested and the results indicate that the specification condition at the inflow boundary makes it possible to use a smaller model domain to obtain reasonable results. The model horizontal domain length should be greater than a critical length, which depends on the domain depth H and the angle between gravity wave phase lines and the vertical. An estimate of minimum domain length is given by , where N and U are the background stability and wind speed, respectively, Lx is the typical gravity wavelength scale, and Zi is the convective boundary layer (CBL) depth.展开更多
基金Sponsored by the Scientific Research Foundation of Harbin Institute of Technology(Grant No. HIT. 2003.57)
文摘The surface properties of PAN-based carbon fibers electrochemically treated in aqueous ammonium bicarbonate before and after treatment were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Dynamic Contact Angle Analysis (DCAA). The results of characterization indicated that the oxygen and nitrogen contents in carbon fiber surface were significantly increased by electrochemical treatment, and amide groups was introduced onto it, which was related with the electrolyte. The AFM photographs illustrated that the roughness of the fiber surface was also increased. The wettibality of the fibers was improved after treatment because the surface energy especially the polar part of it was increased.
文摘This is a report of a nonrandomized comparison of treatment results of 139 patients with stage IB, HA and proximal IIB carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated by radiation alone and 113 treated with a combination of radiation and surgery. The five-year tumor free acturial survival for the patients with stage IB either with irradiation alone (RT) or combined with surgery (RS) was approximately 87%. For stage Ⅱ the tumor free actuarial five-year survival 79% with patients of RS, and 76% with RT. In the 113 patients treated with RS there were 18 (16%). In the 139 patients treated by RT there were 18 (13%) recurrences of pelvic, 4 local recurrences, 11 combined with parametrial, and free parametrial recurrences. There was no significant difference in the survival and recurrence rate of the patients treated with either method. Major complications were comparable in both groups (RT approximately 25% and RS approximately 10%), but 2/3 of those complications recovered without sequelae. The most frequent minor complication in the patients treated with RT was rectosigmoiditis.
文摘Objective To evaluate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCC) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in patients. Methods One hundred and thirty-eight patients with traumatic brain injury were treated by routine therapy combined with HBOT and 29 patients by routine therapy.
文摘Seven cases of sarcoma botryoides of the uterine cervix are reviewed. The age of the patients ranged from 19 to 40 years, with a median age of 23 years. Four patients were diagnosed as stage Ia, two as Ib and one as Ⅱ a, 6 cases were treated with surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and 1 with surgery only, 5 cases in this group survived more than 5 years with a mean 7.9 years of follow-up. The prognosis for cervical sarcoma botryoides is similar to that of other female genital tract embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. Primary therapy should consist of vincristine and dactinomycin based chemotherapy. Surgery should be guided by the response to initial chemotherapy and should attempt to conserve the function of the bladder, rectum, vagina, and ovaries. Radiotherapy was used for involved surgical margins or positive nodes. The effect of radiotherapy is unclear for stage Ia cases.
文摘In the present paper the author reviews the viewpoint of 'preventive treatment of diseases' in the ancient literature of traditional Chinese medicine (TCN) and its clinical application from (1) prevention first before the occurrence of diseases; and (2) preventing development after onset of diseases. In the preventive treatment of diseases, the ancient Chinese doctors usually (1) regulated qi of both Conception Vessel and Governor Vessel for health care; (2) performed regular moxibustion; and (3) applied plaster to the acupoint in summer for treating winter-diseases. In the treatment of diseases after onset, the ancient Chinese usually (1) tried best to make early diagnosis and early treatment; and (2) strengthened the related internal organ in advance to check their development; and (3) employed appropriate remedies to recuperate the patient's health.
文摘From 1975 to 1987, 112 patients with loco-regional recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (N P C) were treated again with radiation at our hospital. All cases were proven histologically by biopsy. Of these patients, 92 had their recurrence in the nasopharynx only, 13 had additional involvement of the base of the skull, and 7 had tumor recurrences simultaneously in the nasopharynx as well as the cervical lymph nodes. Radiotherapy adopted in this series was 60Co external irradiation (X R Te) and/ or betatron in 96 patients, X R Te plus intracavitary 60Co irradiation (X R Ti) in 12 patients and X R Ti alone in the other 4 patients. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 86.3%, 45.8% and 30.2% respectively after the start of recurrence retreatment. The 63 patients who survived for 5 years or more were analyzed. The prognosis of the patient was related to the histological type, clinical stage, modality of treatment, and disease interval to recurrence and site of recurrence. No serious complications occurred. It is suggested that re-irradiation is appropriate in the treatment of loco-regional recurrent N P C.
文摘Objective: To observe and evaluate the therapeutic effect of anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) chemicals and Compound Astragalus Capsule (CAC) in combinedly treating drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (DR-TB). Methods: Ninety-two patients with DR-TB were equally randomized into the treated group (treated with combination therapy) and the control group (treated with anti-TB chemicals alone). The therapeutic course for both groups was 18 months. Therapeutic effects between the two groups were compared at the end of the therapeutic course. Sputum bacterial negative rate, focal absorption effective rate, cavity closing rate, 10-day symptom improving rate, the incidence of adverse reaction and 2-year bacteriological recurrence rate between the two groups were compared. Results: In the treated group, the sputum bacterial negative conversion rate was 84. 8% , focal absorption effective rate 91. 3% , cavity closing rate 58. 7% and 10-day symptom improving rate 54. 4% , while in the control group, the corresponding rates were 65.2% , 73. 9 % , 37.0% and 26.1 % , respectively. Comparison between the groups showed significant difference in all the parameters (P<0.05, P<0.05, P<0.05 and P<0.01). The incidence of adverse reaction and 2-year bacteriological recurrence rate in the treated group were 23. 9% and 2.6% respectively, while those in the control group 50. 0% and 16. 7% , which were higher than the former group with significant difference ( P<0. 01 and P<0. 05, respectively). Conclusion: The therapeutic effect of combined treatment with anti-TB and CAC is superior to that of treatment with anti-TB chemicals alone, and the Chinese herbal medicine showed an adverse reaction alleviating effect, which provides a new therapy for DR-TB, and therefore, it is worth spreading in clinical practice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos. 82004028 (to LJS) and 81473577 (to CGM)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No. 2020M680912 (to LJS)+4 种基金Shanxi Applied Basic Research Project,No. 201901D211538 (to LJS)Leading Team of Medical Science and Technology of Shanxi Province,No. 2020TD05 (to CGM)Funds for Construction of Key Disciplines from Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine,Young Scientists Cultivation Project of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine No. 2021PYQN-09 (to LJS)Basic Research Project of the Cultivation Plan of Scientific and Technological Innovation Ability of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine,No. 2020PY-JC-02 (to LJS)Cardiovascular Special Fund Project of National Regional Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Center of Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine in 2021, No. XGZX202115 (to LJS)。
文摘Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system. During the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, stimulatory factors continuously act on the microglia causing abnormal activation and unbalanced phenotypic changes;these events have become a significant and promising area of research. In this review, we summarize the effects of microglial polarization and crosstalk with other cells in the central nervous system in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Our literature search found that phenotypic changes occur continuously in Alzheimer’s disease and that microglia exhibit extensive crosstalk with astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, and penetrated peripheral innate immune cells via specific signaling pathways and cytokines. Collectively, unlike previous efforts to modulate microglial phenotypes at a single level, targeting the phenotypes of microglia and the crosstalk with other cells in the central nervous system may be more effective in reducing inflammation in the central nervous system in Alzheimer’s disease. This would establish a theoretical basis for reducing neuronal death from central nervous system inflammation and provide an appropriate environment to promote neuronal regeneration in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
文摘Monocytes (MC), lymphocytes (LC) and Kupffer cells (KC) were isolated respectively from blood and surgical liver samples of patients suffering from he-patocellular carcinoma (HCC). 13 patients were given BCG, mixed bacterium vaccine (MBV) and human white blood cell interferon (IFN), the other 3 patients were not treated with any biological immune stimulants (BIS) and served as controls. The cytosta-tic and cytotoxic effects of MC and KC on human hepatoma SMMC-7721 (TC) were assayed in vitro and the numbers of T total (Tt), T helper (Th) and T suppressor (Ts) cells were counted using CD monoclonal antibody immunofluorescence. The results were as follows: (1) On the 7th day after the first administration of BIS, the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of MC on TC showed obvious increase over pre-administration. The activity of BIS was 1 ?5 times as high as that in the controls. (2) After 3 administrations, the cytostatic effect of MC on TC increased to the normal level (84%), while the controls remained as before (45%). (3) On the 7th day after first administration, cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of KC on TC were 0.5 and 1 times higher respectively than those of the controls. (4) The numbers of Tt and Th of patients given BIS increased continuously; on the contrary Ts decreased in number. These results indicate that combined use of BCG, MBV and IFN can actively enhance the immune anti-hepatoma function of patients suffering from HCC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Nos.81473577 (to CGM), 81903596 (to QW), 82004028 (to LJS)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, No.2020M680912 (to LJS)+2 种基金Open Project of The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education of China,No.2019004 (to CGM)Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shanxi Colleges of China, Nos.2019L0728 (to QW)Cultivation Project of Shanxi Universtity of Chinese Medicine of China, No.2019PY130 (to QW)
文摘Ras homolog(Rho)-associated kinases(ROCKs)belong to the serine-threonine kinase family,which plays a pivotal role in regulating the damage,survival,axon guidance,and regeneration of neurons.ROCKs are also involved in the biological effects of immune cells and glial cells,as well as the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,and multiple sclerosis.Previous studies by us and others confirmed that ROCKs inhibitors attenuated the symptoms and progression of experimental models of the abovementioned neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting neuroinflammation,regulating immune imbalance,repairing the blood-brain barrier,and promoting nerve repair and myelin regeneration.Fasudil,the first ROCKs inhibitor to be used clinically,has a good therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative diseases.Fasudil increases the activity of neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells,thus optimizing cell therapy.This review will systematically describe,for the first time,the effects of abnormal activation of ROCKs on T cells,B cells,microglia,astrocytes,oligodendrocytes,and pericytes in neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system,summarize the therapeutic potential of fasudil in several experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases,and clarify the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of ROCKs inhibition.This review also proposes that fasudil is a novel potential treatment,especially in combination with cell-based therapy.Findings from this review add support for further investigation of ROCKs and its inhibitor fasudil for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
文摘Since the identification of the first case of pneumonia of unknown cause in 2019,the COVID‐19 pandemic has spread the globe for over 3 years.As the most populous country in the world,China's disease prevention policies and response plans concern the health of the country's 1.4 billion people and beyond.During the course of the pandemic,scientific research has been accumulated and given evidence‐based support to the official guidance of COVID‐19 management.The National Health Commission of China have compiled,published,and updated a total of 10 versions of the“Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID‐19 Patients”to better inform clinical practitioners and staff to effectively screen,diagnose,manage,treat,and care for cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.This paper compares and summarizes each version of the protocol in terms of etiology and epidemiology,clinical manifestation and diagnosis,treatment and nursing,disease control and management,presenting detailed changes,additions,deletions,and refinement of the protocols.
文摘Based on the long-term clinical practice and scientific researches on the three methods for the stage-treatment of Parkinson＇s disease put forward by the author in the early years, this essay further discusses the division of the three stages of Parkinson＇s disease. Early stage： Appearance of the early symptoms and signs of Parkinson＇s disease, but short in duration and mild in severity, which do not affect the social communications, daily life and work of the patient; and their modified Hoehn ＆ Yahr grading is 1,0-1.5. Mid stage： With the symptoms and signs of Parkinson＇s disease getting worse and affecting the social communications, daily life and work of the patient, those who have their modified Hoehn ＆ Yahr grading 2-3 need medical treatment. Late stage： The patients have severe clinical symptoms of Parkinson＇s disease, and Levodopa preparation is insufficient for them to maintain their daily life; and their modified Hoehn ＆ Yahr grading is 4-5. The three treating methods are： TCM medical treatment adopted at the early stage; the combined treatment of Chinese and western medicine at the mid stage; and comprehensive treatment with multi-theraoies at the late stage.
文摘Objective: To study the memory biomechanical character of anatomic distal radius Nitinol memory connector (DRMC) in treating distal radius fracture. Methods: Establishing three dimensional model and finite element analysis, we calculated the stress in and around the fracture faces when distal radius fracture was fixated with DRMC. Results: Axial holding stress produced by holding part of DRMC on distal radius was 14.66 MPa. The maximum stress of holding part was 40-70 MPa, the minimum stress was 3-7 MPa,and the stress of compression part was 20-40 MPa. Conclusion: The distribution of stress produced by DRMC around the fracture line is reasonable, and axial holding stress can help stabilize fracture during earlier period. The existence of longitudal compression and memory effect can transfer fixated disused section into developed section and enhance fracture healing.
文摘Objective: To observe the therapeutic effect of Si Cao Tang (四草汤), a TCM decoction for nourishing kidney and removing toxin, on lupus nephritis. Method: 60 patients with lupus nephritis were divided into a treatment group and a control group with 30 cases in each group. Hormonotherapy with standard course of treatment plus CTX shock was used not only in the control group, but also in the treatment group. However, Si Cao Tang was added in the treatment group. Result: Edema, swelling pain in the joints, skin rash and hematuria were obviously alleviated in the treatment group as compared to the control group with significant difference (P<0.05). Complement C3 level was very obviously enhanced, and blood sedimentation, antinuclear antibody, ds-DNA antibody and IgG were very obviously reduced in the treatment group as compared to the control group with very significant difference (P<0.01). Furthermore, the incidences of hepatic damage, baldness, menstrual disorder and secondary infection in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group with significant difference (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the two groups in reducing proteinuria, blood creatinine, urea nitrogen and antinuclear antibody titer as well as enhancing albumin. Conclusion: Si Cao Tang can effectively treat lupus nephritis with its therapeutic effect being better than that of hormonotherapy with standard course of treatment plus CTX shock and the incidence of its side effects obviously reduced. The decoction can effectively control lupus activity and treat and prevent glomerulosclerosis caused by lupus nephritis.
文摘From 1973 to 1989, 90 cases of obstructing carcinoma of the left colon were treated with five different operative procedures, the Incidence of anastomotic leakage was 6.7%, the operative mortality was 7. 8%. Among all the patients, 14 cases were treated by primary resection with anastomosis. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 6 cases, and 5 of them were died. Of 25 cases with the traditional staged management, the tumors were resected only in 20 cases, and not resectable in the other 5 patients. 19 with modified Hartmann's procedure and 26 with extended right hemlcolectomy with ileorectal or low ileosigmoid anastomosis gave satisfactory results. In terms of this series, the five-year survival rate in primary resection group was significantly higher than that in staged resection group (P< 0. 05). It is suggested that extented right hemlcolectomy or modified Hartmann' s procedure in cases of acute cancerous obstruction of the left colon would be favord.
基金This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81874416)Hunan Science and Technology Innovation Team Project(2020RC4050)Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate(CX20220788).
文摘Objective:Systematically evaluate the effect of Buyang Huanwu decoction(BHD)combined with Western medicine(WM)in treating diabetic foot(DF).Methods:Randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of BHD on DF were collected from various databases,including CBM,PubMed,EMBASE,Web of Science,CNKI,Wanfang,and Weipu.Two researchers evaluated the quality of the literature and extracted relevant data,which was then analyzed using RevMan 5.3 for meta-analysis.The analysis was carried out in accordance with the 2020 PRISMA checklist.Results:The study analyzed 19 articles involving 1284 patients.According to the meta-analysis,BHD combined with WM improved clinical efficacy and reduced traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores,glycosylated hemoglobin,and fibrinogen levels in DF patients.Although the BHD combined with WM showed a trend towards reducing wound area,the difference was not significant.Additionally,the incidence of adverse reactions did not show a significant decrease with BHD combined with WM.Conclusion:The findings of the study indicated that the use of BHD combined with WM yielded better therapeutic outcomes than WM alone,supporting the recommendation of using BHD with WM for DF treatment.This approach is suggested for further clinical application and promotion.
基金This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81874416)Hunan Science and Technology Innovation Team Project(2020RC4050)+1 种基金Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate(CX20220788)Foshan Medical Research Fund(20210311).
文摘Background:Ischemic stroke(IS)is a global health issue and the current treatment options for IS are inadequate.Buyang Huanwu decoction(BHD)has demonstrated effectiveness in treating IS.However,the mechanisms by which BHD treats IS remain unclear,and no studies have been conducted to analyze these mechanisms from the perspective of Cuproptosis.In order to investigate the potential of BHD to intervene in IS through Cuproptosis,this study employed a systematic pharmacological approach and molecular docking verification.Methods:To investigate the mechanism of BHD in treating IS through Cuproptosis,relevant information on the structure,targets,and major biological functions and pathways of compounds related to BHD was collected from databases such as PubChem,PharmMapper,UniProt,and GeneCards.The results were then visualized using Cytoscape3.6.1,Ledock,and pymol software.Results:BHD is composed of 7 Chinese medicines,which contain 82 compounds,including 10 core compounds.These compounds are associated with 241 genes,of which 97 are common to BHD,IS,and Cuproptosis.The 97 common genes,including 10 core genes,are involved in biological processes such as proteolysis,regulation of apoptosis and cholesterol storage,as well as cellular components and molecular functions.The common genes among BHD,IS,and Cuproptosis,including 10 core genes,participate mainly in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways such as pathways in cancer,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,and Estrogen signaling pathway.According to molecular docking results,linolenic acid showed good docking scores with 9 out of 10 core genes,except for SRC.13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid also demonstrated good docking scores with EGFR,MAPK14,and F2.Similarly,senkyunone also had good docking scores with EGFR,MAPK14,and F2,all of which had docking energy greater than−5 kcal.Conclusion:In this study,the potential of BHD for treating IS through Cuproptosis and its underlying mechanisms were explored and partially validated through molecular docking.However,due to the limitations of the systems pharmacology research method,further validation through cell experiments,animal experiments,and clinical trials may be necessary to confirm these findings.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30271625).
文摘Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Qidan granule in blemycinA5-induced pulmonary interstitial fibrosis (PIF)in rats. Methods: PIF models were established by blemycinA5-induced in rats. They were treated by Qidan granule and Hydrocortisone respectively. The pathological changes and collagen protein disposition were observed, and the expression of TGF-β, TNF-α proteins were measured by immunohistochemical technique. Results: The pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis were alleviated remarkably in Qidan granule group compared with those in the model control group and hydrocortisone group (P<0.01). The expression of TGF-β and TNF-α protein were higher in Qidan granule group than those in normal group ,and were significantly less than those in the model control group and in hydrocortisone group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Qidan granule would ameliorate the pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis. TGF-β and TNF-α might play an important role in the development of alveolitis and fibrosis in rats.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81874416)Science,Technology Innovation Team Project of Hunan(No.2020RC4050).
文摘Background:Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been shown to be effective in treating ischemic stroke(IS),and the combination of Angelicae Sinensis Radix(ASR)and Astragali Radix(AR)is a core TCM prescription that is widely acknowledged for its efficacy in IS treatment.This study utilized network pharmacology methods to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix in IS treatment,with preliminary validation conducted through molecular docking.Methods:Information on the structure,targets,main biological functions,and pathways of the active components in Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix was collected using databases such as PubChem,PharmMapper,UniProt,and GeneCards.The results were visualized using software such as Cytoscape 3.6.1,Ledock,and pymol.Results:We retrieved 20 active components and 149 targets associated with the compatibility of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix from various databases,and GeneCards database was used to search 3350 IS-related gene targets,including 78 key targets of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix for the treatment of IS.Enrichment analysis of these 78 targets using gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)revealed the involvement of 48 GO terms in the treatment of IS,mainly in biological processes such as metabolism,biological regulation,and stress response.The composition of biological devices such as supercavitary membrane,cell fluid,and extracellular space was also involved.The biological functions mainly included protein binding,ion binding,hydrolytic enzyme activity,and others.The identified pathways were estrogen signaling pathway,mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway,PI3K-AKT signaling pathway,RAP1 signaling pathway,P53 signaling pathway,PPAR signaling pathway,FOXO signaling pathway,RAS signaling pathway,prolactin signaling pathway,HIF-1 signaling pathway,and TNF signaling pathway.Molecular docking analysis showed that the 17 key active components of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix had strong binding activity with 13 IS key targets.Conclusion:Through the application of network pharmacology methods,it was found that the use of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Astragali Radix for treating ischemic stroke mainly targets the MAPK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways,involving several crucial compounds and genes.Nevertheless,additional in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to verify these findings.
基金The first author was supported by an Overseas Research ScholarshipThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.40233031.
文摘A series of idealized model simulations are analyzed to determine the sensitivity of model results to different configurations of the lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) in simulating mesoscale shallow convection over hilly terrain. In the simulations with steady thermal forcing at the model surface, a radiation condition at both boundaries is the best choice under high wind conditions, and the best results are produced when both the normal velocities and the temperature are treated with the radiation scheme in which the phase speed is the same for different variables. When the background wind speed is reasonably small, the LBC configuration with either the radiation or the zero gradient condition at both boundaries tends to make the numerical solution unstable. The choice of a constant condition at the inflow boundary and a radiation outflow boundary condition is appropriate in most cases. In the simulations with diurnal thermal forcing at the model surface, different LBC schemes are combined together to reduce spurious signals induced by the outflow boundary. A specification inflow boundary condition, in which the velocity fields at the inflow boundary are provided using the time-dependent results of a simulation with periodic LBCs over a flat domain, is tested and the results indicate that the specification condition at the inflow boundary makes it possible to use a smaller model domain to obtain reasonable results. The model horizontal domain length should be greater than a critical length, which depends on the domain depth H and the angle between gravity wave phase lines and the vertical. An estimate of minimum domain length is given by , where N and U are the background stability and wind speed, respectively, Lx is the typical gravity wavelength scale, and Zi is the convective boundary layer (CBL) depth.
