In many applications,such as plasma edge simulation of a nuclear fusion reactor,a coupled PDE/kinetic description is required.Such systems can be solved with a coupled finite-volume/Monte-Carlo method.Different proced...In many applications,such as plasma edge simulation of a nuclear fusion reactor,a coupled PDE/kinetic description is required.Such systems can be solved with a coupled finite-volume/Monte-Carlo method.Different procedures have been proposed to estimate the source terms in the finite volume part that appear from the Monte Carlo part of the simulation.In this series of papers,we present a systematic(analytical and numerical)comparison of the variance and computational cost of a coherent set of such estimation procedures.The comparison is based on an invariant imbedding procedure,in which systems of ordinary differential equations(ODEs)are derived that quantify the statistical error and computational cost of each estimator.In this paper,we discuss analog and collision simulation and estimation procedures.We analyze in detail a scenario with forward-backward scattering in a one-dimensional slab,uncovering and quantifying the effects determining the performance of the estimation procedures.展开更多
Immunotherapy remains more effective for hematologic tumors than for solid tumors.One of the main challenges to immunotherapy of solid tumors is the immunosuppressive microenvironment these tumors generate,which limit...Immunotherapy remains more effective for hematologic tumors than for solid tumors.One of the main challenges to immunotherapy of solid tumors is the immunosuppressive microenvironment these tumors generate,which limits the cytotoxic capabilities of immune effector cells(e.g.,cytotoxic T and natural killer cells).This microenvironment is characterized by hypoxia,nutrient starvation,accumulated waste products,and acidic pH.Tumor-hijacked cells,such as fibroblasts,macrophages,and T regulatory cells,also contribute to this inhospitable microenvironment for immune cells by secreting immunosuppressive cytokines that suppress the antitumor immune response and lead to immune evasion.Thus,there is a strong interest in developing new drugs and cell formulations that modulate the tumor microenvironment and reduce tumor cell immune evasion.Microphysiological systems(MPSs)are versatile tools that may accelerate the development and evaluation of these therapies,although specific examples showcasing the potential of MPSs remain rare.Advances in microtechnologies have led to the development of sophisticated microfluidic devices used to recapitulate tumor complexity.The resulting models,also known as microphysiological systems(MPSs),are versatile tools with which to decipher the molecular mechanisms driving immune cell antitumor cytotoxicity,immune cell exhaustion,and immune cell exclusion and to evaluate new targeted immunotherapies.Here,we review existing microphysiological platforms to study immuno-oncological applications and discuss challenges and opportunities in the field.展开更多
基金funding from the Euratom research and training programme under grant agreements No.633053 and No.101052200supported by the Research Foundation Flanders(FWO)under project grant G078316N+2 种基金funded by a PhD fellowship of the Research Foundation Flanders(FWO)funded by the Research Foundation-Flanders(FWO)the Flemish Government-department EWI.
文摘In many applications,such as plasma edge simulation of a nuclear fusion reactor,a coupled PDE/kinetic description is required.Such systems can be solved with a coupled finite-volume/Monte-Carlo method.Different procedures have been proposed to estimate the source terms in the finite volume part that appear from the Monte Carlo part of the simulation.In this series of papers,we present a systematic(analytical and numerical)comparison of the variance and computational cost of a coherent set of such estimation procedures.The comparison is based on an invariant imbedding procedure,in which systems of ordinary differential equations(ODEs)are derived that quantify the statistical error and computational cost of each estimator.In this paper,we discuss analog and collision simulation and estimation procedures.We analyze in detail a scenario with forward-backward scattering in a one-dimensional slab,uncovering and quantifying the effects determining the performance of the estimation procedures.
基金supported by the UW SEED grant 101-4-534300-AAK3854 and the UW Carbone Cancer Centersupported by NIH/NCI F31 NRSA Individual Fellowship(F31CA247248)+2 种基金financial support from the“Moore4Medical”project funded by the ECSEL Joint Undertaking under grant agreement H2020-ECSEL-2019-IA-876190the PRIME project funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No 829010 and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaciónla Agencia y del Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional(project PID2021-126051OB-C41 funded by MCIN/AEI/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER,UE).
文摘Immunotherapy remains more effective for hematologic tumors than for solid tumors.One of the main challenges to immunotherapy of solid tumors is the immunosuppressive microenvironment these tumors generate,which limits the cytotoxic capabilities of immune effector cells(e.g.,cytotoxic T and natural killer cells).This microenvironment is characterized by hypoxia,nutrient starvation,accumulated waste products,and acidic pH.Tumor-hijacked cells,such as fibroblasts,macrophages,and T regulatory cells,also contribute to this inhospitable microenvironment for immune cells by secreting immunosuppressive cytokines that suppress the antitumor immune response and lead to immune evasion.Thus,there is a strong interest in developing new drugs and cell formulations that modulate the tumor microenvironment and reduce tumor cell immune evasion.Microphysiological systems(MPSs)are versatile tools that may accelerate the development and evaluation of these therapies,although specific examples showcasing the potential of MPSs remain rare.Advances in microtechnologies have led to the development of sophisticated microfluidic devices used to recapitulate tumor complexity.The resulting models,also known as microphysiological systems(MPSs),are versatile tools with which to decipher the molecular mechanisms driving immune cell antitumor cytotoxicity,immune cell exhaustion,and immune cell exclusion and to evaluate new targeted immunotherapies.Here,we review existing microphysiological platforms to study immuno-oncological applications and discuss challenges and opportunities in the field.
