Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge,which creates a risk for coinfections.chikungunya virus(CHIKV),an arbovirus disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti or A.al...Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge,which creates a risk for coinfections.chikungunya virus(CHIKV),an arbovirus disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti or A.albopictus,and malaria,a parasitic disease transmitted by Anopheles gambiae,are prevalent in Nigeria and neighbouring countries,but their burden and possible coinfections are poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the antibody seropositivity and endemicity of chikungunya and Zika viruses(ZIKV)in three regions of Nigeria.A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted on 871 participants.Samples were collected from outpatients by simple random sampling.Analyses of the samples were performed using recomLine Tropical Fever for the presence of antibody serological marker IgG immunoblot with CHIKV VLP(virus like particle),ZIKV NS1 and ZIKV Equad according to manufacturers’instructions and malaria RDT for malaria parasite.There was a significantly higher antibody seropositivity against CHIKV in the central region than in the northern and southern regions(69.5%,291/419),while ZIKV-seropositivity(22.4%,34/152)and CHIKV-ZIKV co-circulating antibody seropositivity(17.8%,27/152)were notably higher in the southern region than in the central and northern regions.This investigation revealed an unexpectedly high antibody seropositivity and concealed endemicity of CHIKV and ZIKV in three Nigerian regions.The seropositivity of detectable antibodies differed among the three geographical locations.展开更多
Infectious diseases of poverty(IDoP)disproportionately affect the poorest population in the world and contribute to a cycle of poverty as a result of decreased productivity ensuing from long-term illness,disability,an...Infectious diseases of poverty(IDoP)disproportionately affect the poorest population in the world and contribute to a cycle of poverty as a result of decreased productivity ensuing from long-term illness,disability,and social stigma.In 2010,the global deaths from HIV/AIDS have increased to 1.5 million and malaria mortality rose to 1.17 million.Mortality from neglected tropical diseases rose to 152,000,while tuberculosis killed 1.2 million people that same year.Substantial regional variations exist in the distribution of these diseases as they are primarily concentrated in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa,Asia,and Latin America,with geographic overlap and high levels of co-infection.Evidence-based interventions exist to prevent and control these diseases,however,the coverage still remains low with an emerging challenge of antimicrobial resistance.Therefore,community-based delivery platforms are increasingly being advocated to ensure sustainability and combat co-infections.Because of the high morbidity and mortality burden of these diseases,especially in resource-poor settings,it is imperative to conduct a systematic review to identify strategies to prevent and control these diseases.Therefore,we attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of one of these strategies,that is community-based delivery for the prevention and treatment of IDoP.In this paper,we describe the burden,epidemiology,and potential interventions for IDoP.In subsequent papers of this series,we describe the analytical framework and the methodology used to guide the systematic reviews,and report the findings and interpretations of our analyses of the impact of community-based strategies on individual IDoPs.展开更多
Background:The climate variables that directly influence vector-borne diseases'ecosystems are mainly temperature and rainfall.This is not only because the vectors bionomics are strongly dependent upon these variab...Background:The climate variables that directly influence vector-borne diseases'ecosystems are mainly temperature and rainfall.This is not only because the vectors bionomics are strongly dependent upon these variables,but also because most of the elements of the systems are impacted,such as the host behavior and development and the pathogen amplification.The impact of the climate changes on the transmission patterns of these diseases is not easily understood,since many confounding faaors are acting together.Consequently,knowledge of these impacts is often based on hypothesis derived from mathematical models.Nevertheless,some direct evidences can be found for several vector-borne diseases.Main body:Evidences of the impact of climate change are available for malaria,arbovirus diseases such as dengue,and many other parasitic and viral diseases such as Rift Valley Fever,Japanese encephalitis,human African trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.The effect of temperature and rainfall change as well as extreme events,were found to be the main cause for outbreaks and are alarming the global community.Among the main driving factors,climate strongly influences the geographical distribution of insect veaors,which is rapidly changing due to climate change.Further,in both models and direct evidences,climate change is seen to be affecting veaor-borne diseases more strikingly in fringe of different climatic areas often in the border of transmission zones,which were once free of these diseases with human populations less immune and more receptive.The impact of climate change is also more devastating because of the unpreparedness of Public Health systems to provide adequate response to the events,even when climatic warning is available.Although evidences are strong at the regional and local levels,the studies on impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases and health are producing contradictory results at the global level.Conclusions:In this paper we discuss the current state of the results and draw on evidences from malaria,dengue and other vector-borne diseases to illustrate the state of current thinking and outline the need for further research to inform our predictions and response.展开更多
Background:Diseases transmitted to humans by vectors account for 17%of all infectious diseases and remain significant public health problems.Through the years,great strides have been taken towards combatting vectorbor...Background:Diseases transmitted to humans by vectors account for 17%of all infectious diseases and remain significant public health problems.Through the years,great strides have been taken towards combatting vectorborne diseases(VBDs),most notably through large scale and coordinated control programmes,which have contributed to the decline of the global mortality attributed to VBDs.However,with environmental changes,including climate change,the impact on VBDs is anticipated to be significant,in terms of VBD-related hazards,vulnerabilities and exposure.While there is growing awareness on the vulnerability of the African continent to VBDs in the context of climate change,there is still a paucity of research being undertaken in this area,and impeding the formulation of evidence-based health policy change.Main body:One way in which the gap in knowledge and evidence can be filled is for donor institutions to support research in this area.The collaboration between the WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases(TDR)and the International Centre for Research and Development(IDRC)builds on more than 10 years of partnership in research capacity-building in the field of tropical diseases.From this partnership was born yet another research initiative on VBDs and the impact of climate change in the Sahel and sub-Saharan Africa.This paper lists the projects supported under this research initiative and provides a brief on some of the policy and good practice recommendations emerging from the ongoing implementation of the research projects.Conclusion:Data generated from the research initiative are expected to be uptaken by stakeholders(including communities,policy makers,public health practitioners and other relevant partners)to contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of social,environmental and climate change on VBDs(i.e.the nature of the hazard,vulnerabilities,exposure),and improve the ability of African countries to adapt to and reduce the effects of these changes in ways that benefit their most vulnerable populations.展开更多
Background:Pregnant women living in an area of stable malaria transmission such as Lagos,Nigeria,have been identified as being at an increased risk of the effects of malaria infection.In this area,most of the infectio...Background:Pregnant women living in an area of stable malaria transmission such as Lagos,Nigeria,have been identified as being at an increased risk of the effects of malaria infection.In this area,most of the infections are asymptomatic which means they are overlooked and untreated much to the detriment of the mother and her foetus.The reality of scaled-up malaria interventions with long-lasting insecticide treated nets,vector control,artemisinin combination therapy(ACT)and intermittent preventive treatment of malaria pregnancy(IPTp)using sulphadoxine pyrimethamine(SP)is that it is also essential to determine the risk factors at play in these kinds of circumstances.This study was aimed at identifying the factors associated with risk of malaria infection in pregnant women in Lagos,Southwest Nigeria.Methods:Demographic information and malaria prevention practices of the pregnant women studied were captured using structured questionnaire.Microscopy was used to establish malaria infection,species identification and parasite density.Relative risk and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to compare factors associated with malaria in pregnant women.Results:Malaria microscopy details,demographic information and malaria prevention practices of the pregnant women were obtained using a structured questionnaire.The prevalence of malaria using peripheral blood from 1,084 pregnant women that participated in the study was 7.7%.Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum)was seen in 95.2%of the cases as either mixed infection with P.malariae(3.6%)or as a mono infection(91.6%).Malaria preventive practices associated with a significant reduction(P<0.05)in the malaria infection was the use of insecticide sprays(RR=0.36,95 C.I.0.24-0.54),and the combined use of insecticide spray and insecticide-treated nets(ITN)(RR=6.53,95%C.I.0.92-46.33).Sleeping under ITN alone(RR=1.07,95%C.I.0.55-2.09)was not associated with significant reduction in malaria infection among the study participants with malaria parasitaemia.Young maternal age(<20years)(RR=2.86,95%C.I.1.48-5.50),but not primigravidity(RR=1.36,95%C.I.0.90-2.05),was associated with an increased risk of malaria infection during pregnancy.After a multivariate logistic regression,young maternal age(OR=2.61,95%C.I.1.13-6.03)and the use of insecticide spray(OR=0.38,95%C.I.0.24-0.63)were associated with an increase and a reduction in malaria infection,respectively.Conclusion:Malaria prevalence was low among the pregnant women studied.Young maternal age and non-usage of insecticidal spray were the main factors associated with an increased risk of malaria infection among pregnant women in Lagos,Nigeria.展开更多
Globally,there are growing efforts to address diseases through the advancement in health research and development(R&D),strengthening of regional cooperation in science and technology(particularly on product discov...Globally,there are growing efforts to address diseases through the advancement in health research and development(R&D),strengthening of regional cooperation in science and technology(particularly on product discovery and development),and implementation of the World Health Assembly Resolution 61.21(WHA61.21)on the Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health,Innovation,and Intellectual Property(GSPA-PHI).As such,the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)is responding to this through the establishment of the ASEAN-Network for Drugs,Diagnostics,Vaccines,and Traditional Medicines Innovation(ASEAN-NDI).This is important in the ASEAN considering that infectious tropical diseases remain prevalent,emerging,and reemerging in the region.This paper looks into the evolution of the ASEAN-NDI from its inception in 2009,to how it is at present,and its plans to mitigate public health problems regionally and even globally.展开更多
Background:More than half of the world’s population currently lives in urban settlements that grow both in size and number.By 2050,approximately 70%of the global population will be living in urban conglomerations,mai...Background:More than half of the world’s population currently lives in urban settlements that grow both in size and number.By 2050,approximately 70%of the global population will be living in urban conglomerations,mainly in low-and middle-income countries.Mobility,poverty,different layers of inequalities as well as climate variability and change are some of the social and environmental factors that influence the exposure of human populations in urban settings to vector-borne diseases,which pose eminent public health threats.Accurate,consistent,and evidencebased interventions for prevention and control of vector-borne and other infectious diseases of poverty in urban settings are needed to implement innovative and cost-effective public policy and to promote inclusive and equitable urban health services.Main body:While there is growing awareness of vector-borne diseases epidemiology at the urban level,there is still a paucity of research and action being undertaken in this area,hindering evidence-based public health policy decisions and practice and strategies for active community engagement.This paper describes the collaboration and partnership of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases(TDR)hosted by the World Health Organization(WHO)and the“VEctor boRne DiseAses Scoping reviews”(VERDAS)Research Consortium as they joined efforts in response to filling this gap in knowledge and evidence by supporting the development of a series of scoping reviews that highlight priority research gaps and policy implications to address vector-borne and other infectious diseases at the urban level.Conclusions:The set of scoping reviews proposed in this special issue presents a critical analysis of the state-of-the-art of research on urban health interventions for the prevention and control of vector-borne and other infectious diseases of poverty.The authors of the 6 reviews highlighted severe gaps in knowledge and identified organizational and theoretical limitations that need to be urgently tackled to improve cities preparedness and vector control response.The more pressing need at present is to ensure that more implementation research on vector-borne diseases in urban settings is conducted,addressing policy and practice implications and calling for more political commitment and social mobilization through adequate citizen engagement strategies.展开更多
Background:The China’s 1-3-7 strategy was initiated and extensively adopted in different types of counties(geographic regions)for reporting of malaria cases within 1 day,their confirmation and investigation within 3 ...Background:The China’s 1-3-7 strategy was initiated and extensively adopted in different types of counties(geographic regions)for reporting of malaria cases within 1 day,their confirmation and investigation within 3 days,and the appropriate public health response to prevent further transmission within 7 days.Assessing the level of compliance to the 1-3-7 strategy at the county level is a first step towards determining whether the surveillance and response strategy is happening according to plan.This study assessed if the time-bound targets of the 1-3-7 strategy were being sustained over time.Such information would be useful to improve implementation of the 1-3-7 strategy in China.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved country-wide programmatic data for the period January 1st 2013 to June 30th 2014.Data variables were extracted from the national malaria information system and included socio-demographic information,type of county,date of diagnosis,date of reporting,date of case investigation,case classification(indigenous,or imported,or unknown),focus investigation,date of reactive case detection(RACD),and date of indoor residual spraying(IRS).Summary statistics and proportions were used and comparisons between groups were assessed using the chi-square test.Level of significance was set at a P-value≤0.05.Results:Of a total of 5,688 malaria cases from 731 counties,there were 55(1%)indigenous cases(only in Type 1 and Type 2 counties)and 5,633(99%)imported cases from all types of counties.There was no delay in reporting malaria cases by type of county.In terms of case investigation,97.5%cases were investigated within 3 days with the proportion of delays(1.5%)in type 2 counties,being significantly lower than type 1 counties(4.1%).Regarding active foci,96.4%were treated by RACD and/or IRS.Conclusions:The performance of 1-3-7 strategy was encouraging but identified some challenges that if addressed can further improve implementation.展开更多
文摘Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge,which creates a risk for coinfections.chikungunya virus(CHIKV),an arbovirus disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti or A.albopictus,and malaria,a parasitic disease transmitted by Anopheles gambiae,are prevalent in Nigeria and neighbouring countries,but their burden and possible coinfections are poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the antibody seropositivity and endemicity of chikungunya and Zika viruses(ZIKV)in three regions of Nigeria.A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted on 871 participants.Samples were collected from outpatients by simple random sampling.Analyses of the samples were performed using recomLine Tropical Fever for the presence of antibody serological marker IgG immunoblot with CHIKV VLP(virus like particle),ZIKV NS1 and ZIKV Equad according to manufacturers’instructions and malaria RDT for malaria parasite.There was a significantly higher antibody seropositivity against CHIKV in the central region than in the northern and southern regions(69.5%,291/419),while ZIKV-seropositivity(22.4%,34/152)and CHIKV-ZIKV co-circulating antibody seropositivity(17.8%,27/152)were notably higher in the southern region than in the central and northern regions.This investigation revealed an unexpectedly high antibody seropositivity and concealed endemicity of CHIKV and ZIKV in three Nigerian regions.The seropositivity of detectable antibodies differed among the three geographical locations.
基金supported by the United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases(TDR)by the United States Agency for International Development(USAID)
文摘Infectious diseases of poverty(IDoP)disproportionately affect the poorest population in the world and contribute to a cycle of poverty as a result of decreased productivity ensuing from long-term illness,disability,and social stigma.In 2010,the global deaths from HIV/AIDS have increased to 1.5 million and malaria mortality rose to 1.17 million.Mortality from neglected tropical diseases rose to 152,000,while tuberculosis killed 1.2 million people that same year.Substantial regional variations exist in the distribution of these diseases as they are primarily concentrated in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa,Asia,and Latin America,with geographic overlap and high levels of co-infection.Evidence-based interventions exist to prevent and control these diseases,however,the coverage still remains low with an emerging challenge of antimicrobial resistance.Therefore,community-based delivery platforms are increasingly being advocated to ensure sustainability and combat co-infections.Because of the high morbidity and mortality burden of these diseases,especially in resource-poor settings,it is imperative to conduct a systematic review to identify strategies to prevent and control these diseases.Therefore,we attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of one of these strategies,that is community-based delivery for the prevention and treatment of IDoP.In this paper,we describe the burden,epidemiology,and potential interventions for IDoP.In subsequent papers of this series,we describe the analytical framework and the methodology used to guide the systematic reviews,and report the findings and interpretations of our analyses of the impact of community-based strategies on individual IDoPs.
文摘Background:The climate variables that directly influence vector-borne diseases'ecosystems are mainly temperature and rainfall.This is not only because the vectors bionomics are strongly dependent upon these variables,but also because most of the elements of the systems are impacted,such as the host behavior and development and the pathogen amplification.The impact of the climate changes on the transmission patterns of these diseases is not easily understood,since many confounding faaors are acting together.Consequently,knowledge of these impacts is often based on hypothesis derived from mathematical models.Nevertheless,some direct evidences can be found for several vector-borne diseases.Main body:Evidences of the impact of climate change are available for malaria,arbovirus diseases such as dengue,and many other parasitic and viral diseases such as Rift Valley Fever,Japanese encephalitis,human African trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.The effect of temperature and rainfall change as well as extreme events,were found to be the main cause for outbreaks and are alarming the global community.Among the main driving factors,climate strongly influences the geographical distribution of insect veaors,which is rapidly changing due to climate change.Further,in both models and direct evidences,climate change is seen to be affecting veaor-borne diseases more strikingly in fringe of different climatic areas often in the border of transmission zones,which were once free of these diseases with human populations less immune and more receptive.The impact of climate change is also more devastating because of the unpreparedness of Public Health systems to provide adequate response to the events,even when climatic warning is available.Although evidences are strong at the regional and local levels,the studies on impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases and health are producing contradictory results at the global level.Conclusions:In this paper we discuss the current state of the results and draw on evidences from malaria,dengue and other vector-borne diseases to illustrate the state of current thinking and outline the need for further research to inform our predictions and response.
基金This research portfolio received funding support from the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases(TDR)Geneva,Switzerland and the International Development Research Center,Canada.
文摘Background:Diseases transmitted to humans by vectors account for 17%of all infectious diseases and remain significant public health problems.Through the years,great strides have been taken towards combatting vectorborne diseases(VBDs),most notably through large scale and coordinated control programmes,which have contributed to the decline of the global mortality attributed to VBDs.However,with environmental changes,including climate change,the impact on VBDs is anticipated to be significant,in terms of VBD-related hazards,vulnerabilities and exposure.While there is growing awareness on the vulnerability of the African continent to VBDs in the context of climate change,there is still a paucity of research being undertaken in this area,and impeding the formulation of evidence-based health policy change.Main body:One way in which the gap in knowledge and evidence can be filled is for donor institutions to support research in this area.The collaboration between the WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases(TDR)and the International Centre for Research and Development(IDRC)builds on more than 10 years of partnership in research capacity-building in the field of tropical diseases.From this partnership was born yet another research initiative on VBDs and the impact of climate change in the Sahel and sub-Saharan Africa.This paper lists the projects supported under this research initiative and provides a brief on some of the policy and good practice recommendations emerging from the ongoing implementation of the research projects.Conclusion:Data generated from the research initiative are expected to be uptaken by stakeholders(including communities,policy makers,public health practitioners and other relevant partners)to contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of social,environmental and climate change on VBDs(i.e.the nature of the hazard,vulnerabilities,exposure),and improve the ability of African countries to adapt to and reduce the effects of these changes in ways that benefit their most vulnerable populations.
文摘Background:Pregnant women living in an area of stable malaria transmission such as Lagos,Nigeria,have been identified as being at an increased risk of the effects of malaria infection.In this area,most of the infections are asymptomatic which means they are overlooked and untreated much to the detriment of the mother and her foetus.The reality of scaled-up malaria interventions with long-lasting insecticide treated nets,vector control,artemisinin combination therapy(ACT)and intermittent preventive treatment of malaria pregnancy(IPTp)using sulphadoxine pyrimethamine(SP)is that it is also essential to determine the risk factors at play in these kinds of circumstances.This study was aimed at identifying the factors associated with risk of malaria infection in pregnant women in Lagos,Southwest Nigeria.Methods:Demographic information and malaria prevention practices of the pregnant women studied were captured using structured questionnaire.Microscopy was used to establish malaria infection,species identification and parasite density.Relative risk and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to compare factors associated with malaria in pregnant women.Results:Malaria microscopy details,demographic information and malaria prevention practices of the pregnant women were obtained using a structured questionnaire.The prevalence of malaria using peripheral blood from 1,084 pregnant women that participated in the study was 7.7%.Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum)was seen in 95.2%of the cases as either mixed infection with P.malariae(3.6%)or as a mono infection(91.6%).Malaria preventive practices associated with a significant reduction(P<0.05)in the malaria infection was the use of insecticide sprays(RR=0.36,95 C.I.0.24-0.54),and the combined use of insecticide spray and insecticide-treated nets(ITN)(RR=6.53,95%C.I.0.92-46.33).Sleeping under ITN alone(RR=1.07,95%C.I.0.55-2.09)was not associated with significant reduction in malaria infection among the study participants with malaria parasitaemia.Young maternal age(<20years)(RR=2.86,95%C.I.1.48-5.50),but not primigravidity(RR=1.36,95%C.I.0.90-2.05),was associated with an increased risk of malaria infection during pregnancy.After a multivariate logistic regression,young maternal age(OR=2.61,95%C.I.1.13-6.03)and the use of insecticide spray(OR=0.38,95%C.I.0.24-0.63)were associated with an increase and a reduction in malaria infection,respectively.Conclusion:Malaria prevalence was low among the pregnant women studied.Young maternal age and non-usage of insecticidal spray were the main factors associated with an increased risk of malaria infection among pregnant women in Lagos,Nigeria.
文摘Globally,there are growing efforts to address diseases through the advancement in health research and development(R&D),strengthening of regional cooperation in science and technology(particularly on product discovery and development),and implementation of the World Health Assembly Resolution 61.21(WHA61.21)on the Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health,Innovation,and Intellectual Property(GSPA-PHI).As such,the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)is responding to this through the establishment of the ASEAN-Network for Drugs,Diagnostics,Vaccines,and Traditional Medicines Innovation(ASEAN-NDI).This is important in the ASEAN considering that infectious tropical diseases remain prevalent,emerging,and reemerging in the region.This paper looks into the evolution of the ASEAN-NDI from its inception in 2009,to how it is at present,and its plans to mitigate public health problems regionally and even globally.
基金The scoping reviews received funding support from the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases(TDR),Geneva,Switzerland.
文摘Background:More than half of the world’s population currently lives in urban settlements that grow both in size and number.By 2050,approximately 70%of the global population will be living in urban conglomerations,mainly in low-and middle-income countries.Mobility,poverty,different layers of inequalities as well as climate variability and change are some of the social and environmental factors that influence the exposure of human populations in urban settings to vector-borne diseases,which pose eminent public health threats.Accurate,consistent,and evidencebased interventions for prevention and control of vector-borne and other infectious diseases of poverty in urban settings are needed to implement innovative and cost-effective public policy and to promote inclusive and equitable urban health services.Main body:While there is growing awareness of vector-borne diseases epidemiology at the urban level,there is still a paucity of research and action being undertaken in this area,hindering evidence-based public health policy decisions and practice and strategies for active community engagement.This paper describes the collaboration and partnership of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases(TDR)hosted by the World Health Organization(WHO)and the“VEctor boRne DiseAses Scoping reviews”(VERDAS)Research Consortium as they joined efforts in response to filling this gap in knowledge and evidence by supporting the development of a series of scoping reviews that highlight priority research gaps and policy implications to address vector-borne and other infectious diseases at the urban level.Conclusions:The set of scoping reviews proposed in this special issue presents a critical analysis of the state-of-the-art of research on urban health interventions for the prevention and control of vector-borne and other infectious diseases of poverty.The authors of the 6 reviews highlighted severe gaps in knowledge and identified organizational and theoretical limitations that need to be urgently tackled to improve cities preparedness and vector control response.The more pressing need at present is to ensure that more implementation research on vector-borne diseases in urban settings is conducted,addressing policy and practice implications and calling for more political commitment and social mobilization through adequate citizen engagement strategies.
基金This research was conducted through the Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative(SORT IT),a global partnership led by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases at the World Health Organization(WHO/TDR).The model is based on a course developed jointly by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease(The Union)and Medécins sans Frontières(MSF).The specific SORT IT programme which resulted in this publication was jointly developed and implemented by:The Centre for Operational Research,The Union,Paris,FranceThe Operational Research Unit(LUXOR),Medécins Sans Frontières,Brussels Operational Center,Luxembourg+1 种基金The Union,South-East Asia Regional Office,New Delhi,Indiaand The Centre for International Health,University of Bergen,Norway The programme was supported and funded by Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network(APMEN,Grant 108-06),Bloomberg Philanthropies,The Union,MSF,the Department for International Development(DFID),UK and the World Health Organization.La Fondation Veuve Emile Metz-Tesch supported open access publications costs.The funders except for APMEN had no role in study design,data collection and analysis,decision to publish,or preparation of the manuscript.APMEN support the data collection and data analysis.
文摘Background:The China’s 1-3-7 strategy was initiated and extensively adopted in different types of counties(geographic regions)for reporting of malaria cases within 1 day,their confirmation and investigation within 3 days,and the appropriate public health response to prevent further transmission within 7 days.Assessing the level of compliance to the 1-3-7 strategy at the county level is a first step towards determining whether the surveillance and response strategy is happening according to plan.This study assessed if the time-bound targets of the 1-3-7 strategy were being sustained over time.Such information would be useful to improve implementation of the 1-3-7 strategy in China.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved country-wide programmatic data for the period January 1st 2013 to June 30th 2014.Data variables were extracted from the national malaria information system and included socio-demographic information,type of county,date of diagnosis,date of reporting,date of case investigation,case classification(indigenous,or imported,or unknown),focus investigation,date of reactive case detection(RACD),and date of indoor residual spraying(IRS).Summary statistics and proportions were used and comparisons between groups were assessed using the chi-square test.Level of significance was set at a P-value≤0.05.Results:Of a total of 5,688 malaria cases from 731 counties,there were 55(1%)indigenous cases(only in Type 1 and Type 2 counties)and 5,633(99%)imported cases from all types of counties.There was no delay in reporting malaria cases by type of county.In terms of case investigation,97.5%cases were investigated within 3 days with the proportion of delays(1.5%)in type 2 counties,being significantly lower than type 1 counties(4.1%).Regarding active foci,96.4%were treated by RACD and/or IRS.Conclusions:The performance of 1-3-7 strategy was encouraging but identified some challenges that if addressed can further improve implementation.
