ADP-ribosyltransferases(ARTs)regulate key processes in cancer,including DNA repair,transcription,immune responses,and treatment resistance.The clostridial toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferase(ARTC)family and the diphther...ADP-ribosyltransferases(ARTs)regulate key processes in cancer,including DNA repair,transcription,immune responses,and treatment resistance.The clostridial toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferase(ARTC)family and the diphtheria toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferase(ARTD)family play a crucial role in genomic stability by modification of proteins either with mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation(MARylation)or poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation(PARylation).These ARTs are promising therapeutic targets and could serve as biomarkers in cancer management.This review explores the roles of these enzymes and current knowledge on specific inhibitors.A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar to identify studies published between 1992 and 2025 on ADP-ribosyltransferases and their roles in cancer.Among ARTC family,ART1 and ART3 modulate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)pathway,influencing angiogenesis,tumor growth,and immune evasion via cluster of differentiation 8+(CD8+)T-cell apoptosis.Within the ARTD family,poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(PARP)1 and PARP2 are activated by DNA single-strand breaks and are clinically validated targets in cancers with homologous recombination deficiency,such as breast cancer susceptibility genes 1/2(BRCA1/2)-mutated breast cancer.Their inhibition exemplifies synthetic lethality and has shown clinical efficacy.Four PARP inhibitors,olaparib,niraparib,rucaparib,are approved by the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)approved.Despite these advances,selective inhibitors for ARTs remain underexplored.Ongoing research focuses on overcoming PARP inhibitor resistance,improving biomarker-driven patient selection,and expanding therapeutic strategies that target ART-related pathways.展开更多
This study was conducted to identify the number and density of active licensed acupuncturists(LAcs),as well as the number of accredited schools in acupuncture and Oriental medicine(AOM),as of January 1,2023,in the Uni...This study was conducted to identify the number and density of active licensed acupuncturists(LAcs),as well as the number of accredited schools in acupuncture and Oriental medicine(AOM),as of January 1,2023,in the United States(U.S.).The number of active LAcs as of January 1,2023 was 34,524,potentially33,364 after removing license duplication in multiple states,among which the largest three states were California(with 7317 LAcs[21.19%of the total]),New York(5024[14.55%])and Florida(2644[7.66%]).The total number of LAcs decreased by 8.87%from 2018,and fell short of our projected number of LAcs in 2023 by 9037,or 20.75%.The overall LAc density in the U.S.Dmeasured as the number of LAcs per 100,000 populationDwas 10.36,less than in 2018.There were 56 active,accredited AOM schools which offered a total of 147 programs(121 at the level necessary for licensing[entry-level],12 for an advanced practicing degree[advanced-level],and 14 for certifications).Broken down further,offerings included 50 master's degrees in acupuncture,40 master's degrees in Oriental medicine,31 entry-level doctorate degrees(10 in acupuncture and 21 in acupuncture plus Chinese herbal medicine),and 12advanced-level doctorate degrees in AOM.The certification programs included one in East-Asian Medical Bodywork and 13 in CHM.Among these schools in 2023,institutions in the West and East Coast states comprised 67.86%(decreased from 77.42%in 2018)of the national total.California,Florida and Illinois represented 39.29%.There were 48 jurisdictions with acupuncture practice laws in place.The data suggests that the acupuncture profession in the U.S.has been significantly impacted during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.展开更多
Hairy polyp is an unusual, rare benign developmental malformation of neonates and infants. Embryologically, they are benign lesions containing of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin. Based on size, location of the l...Hairy polyp is an unusual, rare benign developmental malformation of neonates and infants. Embryologically, they are benign lesions containing of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin. Based on size, location of the lesion, they can produce symptoms such as feeding difficulties, airway obstructions, apneic episodes. We present a case of hairy polyp at Oro/Nasopharynx causing feeding difficulties immediately after birth. We explained the mode of presentation, imaging studies, treatment, and review of literature of congenital hairy polyp/choristoma.展开更多
文摘ADP-ribosyltransferases(ARTs)regulate key processes in cancer,including DNA repair,transcription,immune responses,and treatment resistance.The clostridial toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferase(ARTC)family and the diphtheria toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferase(ARTD)family play a crucial role in genomic stability by modification of proteins either with mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation(MARylation)or poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation(PARylation).These ARTs are promising therapeutic targets and could serve as biomarkers in cancer management.This review explores the roles of these enzymes and current knowledge on specific inhibitors.A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar to identify studies published between 1992 and 2025 on ADP-ribosyltransferases and their roles in cancer.Among ARTC family,ART1 and ART3 modulate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)pathway,influencing angiogenesis,tumor growth,and immune evasion via cluster of differentiation 8+(CD8+)T-cell apoptosis.Within the ARTD family,poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(PARP)1 and PARP2 are activated by DNA single-strand breaks and are clinically validated targets in cancers with homologous recombination deficiency,such as breast cancer susceptibility genes 1/2(BRCA1/2)-mutated breast cancer.Their inhibition exemplifies synthetic lethality and has shown clinical efficacy.Four PARP inhibitors,olaparib,niraparib,rucaparib,are approved by the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)approved.Despite these advances,selective inhibitors for ARTs remain underexplored.Ongoing research focuses on overcoming PARP inhibitor resistance,improving biomarker-driven patient selection,and expanding therapeutic strategies that target ART-related pathways.
文摘This study was conducted to identify the number and density of active licensed acupuncturists(LAcs),as well as the number of accredited schools in acupuncture and Oriental medicine(AOM),as of January 1,2023,in the United States(U.S.).The number of active LAcs as of January 1,2023 was 34,524,potentially33,364 after removing license duplication in multiple states,among which the largest three states were California(with 7317 LAcs[21.19%of the total]),New York(5024[14.55%])and Florida(2644[7.66%]).The total number of LAcs decreased by 8.87%from 2018,and fell short of our projected number of LAcs in 2023 by 9037,or 20.75%.The overall LAc density in the U.S.Dmeasured as the number of LAcs per 100,000 populationDwas 10.36,less than in 2018.There were 56 active,accredited AOM schools which offered a total of 147 programs(121 at the level necessary for licensing[entry-level],12 for an advanced practicing degree[advanced-level],and 14 for certifications).Broken down further,offerings included 50 master's degrees in acupuncture,40 master's degrees in Oriental medicine,31 entry-level doctorate degrees(10 in acupuncture and 21 in acupuncture plus Chinese herbal medicine),and 12advanced-level doctorate degrees in AOM.The certification programs included one in East-Asian Medical Bodywork and 13 in CHM.Among these schools in 2023,institutions in the West and East Coast states comprised 67.86%(decreased from 77.42%in 2018)of the national total.California,Florida and Illinois represented 39.29%.There were 48 jurisdictions with acupuncture practice laws in place.The data suggests that the acupuncture profession in the U.S.has been significantly impacted during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
文摘Hairy polyp is an unusual, rare benign developmental malformation of neonates and infants. Embryologically, they are benign lesions containing of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin. Based on size, location of the lesion, they can produce symptoms such as feeding difficulties, airway obstructions, apneic episodes. We present a case of hairy polyp at Oro/Nasopharynx causing feeding difficulties immediately after birth. We explained the mode of presentation, imaging studies, treatment, and review of literature of congenital hairy polyp/choristoma.
