Livestock farming is a critical pillar of Tajikistan’s national economy and livelihood security.However,significant economic challenges in the country have led to the degradation of grassland ecosystems.This degradat...Livestock farming is a critical pillar of Tajikistan’s national economy and livelihood security.However,significant economic challenges in the country have led to the degradation of grassland ecosystems.This degradation has not only reduced the productivity of grassland ecosystems but also severely impacted their ecological functions.A particularly concerning consequence is the threat to biodiversity,as the survival and persistence of endemic,rare,and endangered plant species are at serious risk,thereby diminishing the value of species’genetic resources.Based on the data from multiple sources such as literature reviews,field observations,and national statistics,this study employed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to investigate the current status,causes of degradation,and restoration measures for grassland ecosystems in Tajikistan.The results revealed that Tajikistan’s grassland ecosystems support exceptionally high plant species diversity,comprising over 4500 vascular plant species,including nearly 1500 endemic and sub-endemic taxa that constitute a unique genetic reservoir.These ecosystems are experiencing severe degradation,characterized by significantly reduced vegetation cover and declining species richness.Palatable forage species are increasingly being displaced by unpalatable,thorny,and poisonous species.The primary drivers of degradation include excessive grazing pressure,which disrupts plant reproductive cycles and regeneration capacity,habitat fragmentation due to urbanization and infrastructure development,and uncontrolled exploitation of medicinal and edible plants.Climate change,particularly rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns,further exacerbates these anthropogenic pressures.Ecological restoration experiments suggested that both ecosystem productivity and plant species diversity are significantly enhanced by systematic reseeding trials using altitude-adapted native species.These findings underscore the necessity of establishing scientifically grounded approaches for ecological restoration.展开更多
Dendrobium officinale(DO)is a well-recognized medicinal and edible plant with a long history of application in traditional medicinal practices across China and Southeast Asia.Recent studies have demonstrated that DOis...Dendrobium officinale(DO)is a well-recognized medicinal and edible plant with a long history of application in traditional medicinal practices across China and Southeast Asia.Recent studies have demonstrated that DOis abundant in diverse bioactive compounds,including polysaccharides(DOP),flavonoids,alkaloids,and bibenzyls thought to exert a range of pharmacological effects,such as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory effects.However,our comprehensive understanding of two key aspects-pharmacological functions and biosynthetic mechanisms-of DO’s major constituents remains limited,especiallywhen considered within the clinical contexts of traditional use.To address this gap,this study reviews DO’s historical applications,clinical effects,and related formulations through an analysis of ancient texts spanning nearly two millennia-with special attention to region-specific traditional medical texts.This provides a historical and empirical foundation for further exploration of its modern pharmacological potential.Given the central role of DOP in DO’s biological activities,this paper further summarizes its therapeutic applications across various diseases and the underlying mechanisms,with special emphasis on structure-activity relationships.This focus is particularly important because the structural characteristics of DOP are highly dependent on extraction and analytical methods,which have contributed to inconsistencies in pharmacological findings over the past two decades.Finally,the review highlights recent advances in the understanding of the in vivo biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms of themajor bioactive components inDO,with a particular focus onmolecular regulation and responses to agricultural interventions.These factors are critical for the production of high-quality DO.Overall,this study develops a comprehensive knowledge framework that connects DO’s traditional applications of DO to its two key research areas:pharmacological functions and quality formation.We anticipate this framework will offer clear guidance for future research from a clinical perspective.展开更多
As the only naturally occurring stable derivative of L-ascorbic acid(AA;vitamin C),2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid(AA-2βG)is hydrolyzed in vivo to release active AA.AA-2βG exhibits strong antioxidant and ant...As the only naturally occurring stable derivative of L-ascorbic acid(AA;vitamin C),2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid(AA-2βG)is hydrolyzed in vivo to release active AA.AA-2βG exhibits strong antioxidant and antiphotoaging effects comparable to those of AA,and it plays a key role in maintaining organismal health.Owing to its superior stability and bioavailability,AA-2βG is considered as a promising,longer-lasting natural alternative to conventional vitamin C.It was first identified and is particularly abundant in Lycii Fructus(Gouqizi in Chinese)but has been detected in several crop plants.This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent advances in AA-2βG research,covering key aspects including discovery,structure,natural sources,extraction and detection methods,chemical and in vitro enzymatic synthesis,biosynthetic pathways,as well as applications in health care,skin care,and functional foods.Additionally,we highlight strategies for leveraging plant resources and enhancing AA-2βG biosynthesis,which are expected to accelerate future research and support the sustainable development and utilization of AA-2βG and other high-value natural products.展开更多
Keystone taxa are critical for microbial community homeostasis and ecological niche interactions.However,the functions and genomic traits of endophytic keystone fungi in plant tissues remain unclear.Via network analys...Keystone taxa are critical for microbial community homeostasis and ecological niche interactions.However,the functions and genomic traits of endophytic keystone fungi in plant tissues remain unclear.Via network analysis,this study identified keystone fungi Plectosphaerella(Plec)and Cladosporium(Clad)in roots/leaves of medicinal Panax plants(P.ginseng,P.quinquefolius,P.notoginseng).Both correlated strongly positively with ginsenoside Rd content in respective tissues(ρ>0.6,p<0.001).Co-cultivation confirmed their ability to convert ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd,linked toβ-glucosidase activity.Whole-genome sequencing/assembly/evolutionary analysis of the two strains elucidated genomic features for their keystone roles and saponin biotransformation.Genome mining found multiple GH3 genes(potential saponin transformers)in both;11(Plec)and 5(Clad)were upregulated by cellobiose.Gene family phylogenetic analysis showed expanded transmembrane transport and environmental response functions.Both also had abundant secondary metabolic gene clusters and secretome genes,linking biotic interaction functions to their keystone roles.In summary,this study shows Panax endophytic keystone fungi can participate in ginsenoside biotransformation and clarifies their genomic traits,offering insights for functional endophytic fungal resource development.展开更多
Objective The basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors(TFs)are pivotal in regulating fungal growth,development,and secondary metabolism.However,the knowledge about the Ganoderma lucidum bHLHs(GlbHLHs)in ganod...Objective The basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors(TFs)are pivotal in regulating fungal growth,development,and secondary metabolism.However,the knowledge about the Ganoderma lucidum bHLHs(GlbHLHs)in ganoderic acid(GA)biosynthesis of G.lucidum was limited.This study aimed to explore the functions of bHLH genes in ganoderic acid biosynthesis during G.lucidum growth development.Methods First,the genome-wide identification of GlbHLHs was performed through Hidden Markov model searches and Two-way blast.Furthermore,through physicochemical properties,gene structure,and phylogenetic analysis,as well as combining the transcriptome and metabolome data from different developmental stages of G.lucidum,candidate GlbHLHs were screened.Subsequently,their regulatory roles in ganoderic acid biosynthesis were explored using yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays.Results A total of 11 GlbHLH members were characterized in G.lucidum.The upstream promoter regions of these genes enriched hormones and abiotic stress responsive elements.Although individual ganoderic acid monomers demonstrated marked differences in accumulation patterns across specific growth phases and tissue types,overall,the total GA content was consistently higher in caps than in stipes throughout development.In addition,all GlbHLHs exhibited high expression in whole G.lucidum from the primordium to maturation stages.Among them,GlbHLH5 and GlbHLH7 showed the highest expression in any stage and highly correlated with key genes associated with GA pathway.Functional validation through dual-luciferase assays and yeast one-hybrid experiments had demonstrated that GlbHLH5 activated the P2 region of the lanosterol synthase promoter,while GlbHLH7 activated the promoters of squalene epoxidase and squalene synthase.Conclusion Compared to plants,G.lucidum harbored a small number of bHLH members but all high expression in any stages.Additionally,GlbHLH5 and GlbHLH7 with the highest expression among GlbHLHs showed activation in regulating the biosynthesis of GA.These results provide a theoretical reference for further research on ganoderic acid regulation in G.lucidum,and thereby providing a molecular foundation for enhancing ganoderic acid yield to optimize the medicinal value of G.lucidum.展开更多
Safflower is an important oilseed crop that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years because of the clinically valuable flavonoid glycosides in its flower petals.However,the biosynthesis an...Safflower is an important oilseed crop that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years because of the clinically valuable flavonoid glycosides in its flower petals.However,the biosynthesis and molecular regulation of these compounds are still elusive due to the lack of a high-quality reference genome and scarce identification of key biosynthetic pathway genes in a medicinal safflower variety.Here we leveraged an integrative multi-omics strategy by combining genomic,comparative genomics,and tissue-specific transcriptome profiling with biochemical analysis to identify uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases(UGTs)for flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis in safflower.We assembled and annotated a high-quality reference genome of a medicinal safflower variety,‘Yunhong3’.A comprehensive comparative genomic analysis indicated that an evolutionary whole-genome triplication event occurring in safflower contributed to gene amplification of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway.By combining comparative transcriptome profiling with enzymatic reactions,we identified 11 novel UGTs that could catalyze the conversion of naringenin chalcone and phloretin to the corresponding O-glycosides.Moreover,we outlined the molecular pathway of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)biosynthesis featured by 17 newly identified UGTs with promising catalytic activity,laying the foundation for the synthetic production of HSYA.Our study reports systemic genome and gene expression information for flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis in medicinal safflower and provides insights into mechanisms regulating HSYA biosynthesis,which would facilitate the genetic improvement and synthetic bioengineering design for producing clinically valuable flavonoid glycosides in safflower.展开更多
Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges...Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges.There has been a lack of a comprehensive and multidimensional assessment to inform strategic conservation planning.Therefore,this study integrated 4 key biodiversity indices including species richness(SR),phylogenetic diversity(PD),threatened species richness(TSR),and endemic species richness(ESR)to map species diversity distribution patterns,identify conservation gaps,and elucidate their effects of climatic factors.This study revealed that species diversity shows a clear trend of decreasing from the western region to the eastern region of Tajikistan.The central–western mountains(specifically the Gissar-Darvasian and Zeravshanian regions)emerge as irreplaceable biodiversity hotspots.However,we found a severe spatial mismatch between these priority areas and the existing protected areas(PAs).Protection coverage for all hotspots was alarmingly low,ranging from 31.00%to 38.00%.Consequently,a critical 64.80%of integrated priority areas fall outside of the current PAs,representing a major conservation gap.This study identified precipitation seasonality and isothermality as the principal drivers,collectively explaining over 50.00%of the diversity variation and suggesting high vulnerability to hydrological shifts.Furthermore,we detected significant geographic sampling bias in the public biodiversity databases,with the most critical hotspot being systematically under-sampled.This study provides a robust scientific basis for conservation action,highlighting the urgent need to strategically expand PAs in the under-protected southwestern region and to mitigate critical sampling gaps through targeted data digitization and field surveys.These measures are indispensable for securing Tajikistan’s unique biodiversity and achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3(“30×30 Protection”).展开更多
In clinical practice,antibiotics have historically been utilized for the treatment of pathogenic bacteria.However,the gradual emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial strains has posed a significant challeng...In clinical practice,antibiotics have historically been utilized for the treatment of pathogenic bacteria.However,the gradual emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial strains has posed a significant challenge to this approach.In 2022,Escherichia coli,a Gram-negative bacterium renowned for its widespread pathogenicity and high virulence,emerged as the predominant pathogenic bacterium in China.The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant E.coli strains has rendered antibiotics insufficient to fight E.coli infections.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has made remarkable contributions to the health of Chinese people for thousands of years,and its significant therapeutic effects have been proven in clinical practice.In this paper,we provide a comprehensive review of the advances and mechanisms of TCM and its active ingredients against antibiotic-resistant E.coli infections.First of all,this review introduces the classification,antibiotic resistance characteristics and mechanisms of E.coli.Then,the TCM formulas and extracts are listed along with their active ingredients against E.coli,including extraction solution,minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC),and the antibacterial mechanisms.In addition,there is growing evidence supporting the synergistic therapeutic strategy of combining TCM with antibiotics for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant E.coli infections,and we provide a summary of this evidence and its underlying mechanisms.In conclusion,we present a comprehensive review of TCM and highlight its potential and advantages in the prevention and treatment of E.coli infections.We hold the opinion that TCM will play an important role in global health,pharmaceutical development,and livestock farming in the future.展开更多
Despite ongoing advancements in cancer treatment,the emergence of primary and acquired resistance poses a significant challenge for both traditional chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade therapies.The demand for...Despite ongoing advancements in cancer treatment,the emergence of primary and acquired resistance poses a significant challenge for both traditional chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade therapies.The demand for targeted therapeutics for multidrug-resistant cancer is more important than ever.Peptides,as emerging alternatives to current anticancer drugs,offer exquisite versatility in facilitating the design of novel oncology drugs,with the core superiorities of good biocompatibility and a low tendency to induce drug resistance.This review comprehensively introduces the pharmacological mechanisms of peptide-based drugs and strategies for overcoming multidrug resistance(MDR)in cancers,including inducing cell membrane lysis,targeting organelles,activating anticancer immune responses,enhancing drug uptake,targeting ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporters,and targeting B-cell lymphoma-2(BCL-2)family proteins.Additionally,the current clinical applications of representative peptides in combating MDR cancers and their potential directions for medicinal chemistry research have been thoroughly discussed.This review offers essential insights into the novel treatment approaches for MDR cancers and highlights the trends and perspectives in this field.展开更多
Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants h...Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants have some differences in efficacy,but the flower buds are easily confused for similar traits.In addition,large-scale cultivation of ornamental rose flowers may lead to a decrease in the effective components of medicinal roses.Therefore,it is necessary to study the chemical composition and make quality evaluation of Rosae Chinensis Flos(Yueji)and Rosae Rugosae Flos(Meigui).Methods:In this study,40 batches of samples including Meigui and Yueji from different regions in China were collected to establish high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints.Then,the fingerprints data was analyzed using principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis,and partial least squares discriminant analysis analysis chemometrics to obtain information on intergroup differences,and non-targeted metabolomic techniques were applied to identify and compare chemical compositions of samples which were chosen from groups with large differences.Differential compounds were screened by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot,and finally multi-component quantification was performed to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Yueji and Meigui.Results:The similarity between the fingerprints of 40 batches roses and the reference print R was 0.73 to 0.93,indicating that there were similarities and differences between the samples.Through principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of fingerprints data,the samples from different origins and varieties were intuitively divided into four groups.Partial least-squares discriminant analysis analysis showed that Meigui and Yueji cluster into two categories and the model was reliable.A total of 89 compounds were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry,mainly were flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides,as well as phenolic acids.Eight differential components were screened out by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot analysis.Quantitative analyses of the eight compounds,including gallic acid,ellagic acid,hyperoside,isoquercitrin,etc.,showed that Yueji was generally richer in phenolic acids and flavonoids than Meigui,and the quality of Yueji from Shandong and Hebei was better.It is worth noting that Xinjiang rose is rich in various components,which is worth focusing on more in-depth research.Conclusion:In this study,the fingerprints of Meigui and Yueji were established.The chemical components information of roses was further improved based on non-targeted metabolomics and mass spectrometry technology.At the same time,eight differential components of Meigui and Yueji were screened out and quantitatively analyzed.The research results provided a scientific basis for the quality control and rational development and utilization of Rosae Chinensis Flos and Rosae Rugosae Flos,and also laid a foundation for the study of their pharmacodynamic material basis.展开更多
The formation of root system architecture(RSA)plays a crucial role in plant growth.OsDRO1 is known to have a function in controlling RSA in rice,however,the role of potato StDRO2,a homolog of rice OsDRO1,in root growt...The formation of root system architecture(RSA)plays a crucial role in plant growth.OsDRO1 is known to have a function in controlling RSA in rice,however,the role of potato StDRO2,a homolog of rice OsDRO1,in root growth remains unclear.In this study,we obtained potato dro2 mutant lines by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-Associated 9(CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated genome editing system.The mutant lines were generated from a splicing defect of the StDRO2 intron 1,which causes a nonsense mutation in StDRO2.Furthermore,the secondary structure of StDRO2 mRNA analyzed with RNAfold Web Server was altered in the dro2 mutant.Mutation of StDRO2 conveys potato adaptation through changing the RSA via alteration of auxin transport under drought stress.The potato dro2 lines showed higher plant height,longer root length,smaller root growth angle and increased tuber weight than the wild-type.The alteration of RSA was associated with a disturbance of IAA distribution in the dro2 mutant,and the levels of StPIN7 and StPIN10 detected by using real-time PCR were up-regulated in the roots of potato dro2 lines grown under drought stress.Moreover,the microRNAs(miRNAs)PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486 targeted the StDRO2 gene,and auxin positively and negatively regulated the expression of StDRO2 and the miRNAs PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486,respectively,in the potato roots.Our data shows that a regulatory network involving auxin,StDRO2,PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486 can control RSA to convey potato fitness under drought stress.展开更多
Brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)represent an emerging technology that facilitates direct communication between the brain and external devices.In recent years,numerous review articles have explored various aspects of BC...Brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)represent an emerging technology that facilitates direct communication between the brain and external devices.In recent years,numerous review articles have explored various aspects of BCIs,including their fundamental principles,technical advancements,and applications in specific domains.However,these reviews often focus on signal processing,hardware development,or limited applications such as motor rehabilitation or communication.This paper aims to offer a comprehensive review of recent electroencephalogram(EEG)-based BCI applications in the medical field across 8 critical areas,encompassing rehabilitation,daily communication,epilepsy,cerebral resuscitation,sleep,neurodegenerative diseases,anesthesiology,and emotion recognition.Moreover,the current challenges and future trends of BCIs were also discussed,including personal privacy and ethical concerns,network security vulnerabilities,safety issues,and biocompatibility.展开更多
Since the proposal of the“central dogma,”various types of RNA have been discovered,including messenger RNA(mRNA),ribosomal RNA(rRNA),and transfer RNA(tRNA).These RNAs are further classified into coding and non-codin...Since the proposal of the“central dogma,”various types of RNA have been discovered,including messenger RNA(mRNA),ribosomal RNA(rRNA),and transfer RNA(tRNA).These RNAs are further classified into coding and non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs).The modernization of research on traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)has led to the increasing availability of whole-genome sequences for medicinal plants and the initiation of RNome(ie,the complete set of all RNA species)projects for TCMs.展开更多
BACKGROUND Yiyi Fuzi Baijiang powder(YFB),a classic Chinese medicine,significantly affects ulcerative colitis(UC).However,it remains unclear whether YFB plays a therapeutic role by improving the intestinal flora of UC...BACKGROUND Yiyi Fuzi Baijiang powder(YFB),a classic Chinese medicine,significantly affects ulcerative colitis(UC).However,it remains unclear whether YFB plays a therapeutic role by improving the intestinal flora of UC patients and its active ingredients.AIM To explore the mechanisms of action of YFB in treating UC.METHODS A mouse model of UC was established by drinking 2.5%dextran sulfate sodium(DSS).Mice were treated with YFB.16S rDNA sequencing was used to detect changes in intestinal flora and perform functional predictions.Corresponding target genes of core active ingredients in YFB and UC were obtained using multiple database retrievals and then used to predict the mechanism of over-lapping targets.After screening core ingredients and target genes,AutoDock software was used for molecular docking,and the best binding target was selected to verify binding activity.RESULTS YFB improved DSS-UC mice by restoring body weight,reducing disease activity index,increasing water and food intake,and alleviating diarrhea and local histopathological damage.YFB enhanced beta diversity,decreased pathogenic bacteria such as Turicibacter and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,and increased probiotics such as unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae and Akkermansia.However,it also reduced anaerobic probiotics such as Ruminococcus,Enterorhabdus and Bifidobacterium.Network pharmacology identified 17 pathways,with cancer and adipocytokine signaling pathways showing significant differences in predicting intestinal microbial function.Molecular docking revealed that nuclear factor kappa-B inhibitor A,RELA and NFKB1,and colchamine,morusin and orotinin had docking scores>5.0.CONCLUSION YFB treats UC by reducing harmful bacteria and boosting probiotics to restore intestinal balance,while potentially influencing signaling pathways.展开更多
Medicinal plant diversity(MPD)is an indispensable part of global plant diversity,serving as the foundation for human survival by offering remedies and preventive measures against diseases.However,factors such as overe...Medicinal plant diversity(MPD)is an indispensable part of global plant diversity,serving as the foundation for human survival by offering remedies and preventive measures against diseases.However,factors such as overexploitation,competition from invasive alien species,and climate change,threaten the habitats of medicinal plants,necessitating a comprehensive understanding of their spatial distribution and suitable habitats.We leveraged a decade of field survey data on medicinal plant distribution in the Yinshan Mountains,combined with spatial analysis,species distribution modeling,and the Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach(CASA)to explore the MPD spatial distribution and suitable habitats.Spatial analysis revealed that the central and eastern parts of Yinshan Mountains were the primary MPD hotspots,with no cold spots evident at various spatial scales.As the spatial scale decreased,previous non-significant regions transformed into hotspots,with instances where large-scale hotspots became insignificant.These findings offer valuable guidance for safeguarding and nurturing MPD across diverse spatial scales.In future climate change scenarios within the shared socioeconomic pathways(SSP),the habitat suitability for MPD in the Yinshan Mountains predominantly remains concentrated in the central and eastern regions.Notably,areas with high net primary productivity(NPP)values and abundant vegetation coverage align closely with MPD habitat suitability areas,potentially contributing to the region's rich MPD.展开更多
Leveraging unique resource advantages of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)to achieve innovative breakthroughs in research constitutes a core strategic imperative for its inheritance,innovation and development.At prese...Leveraging unique resource advantages of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)to achieve innovative breakthroughs in research constitutes a core strategic imperative for its inheritance,innovation and development.At present,the academic advances and scientific achievements in TCM serve as a key driving force for industry growth and advancement of the inheritance and innovation of TCM.To continuously strengthen the leading role of academic research,the China Association of Chinese Medicine(CACM)attaches great importance to the latest research directions and academic results in TCM,and spotlights key advances and emerging trends in TCM scholarship.Since 2020,CACM has conducted the selection and release of the“top 10 academic advances in traditional Chinese medicine”on a yearly basis.The selection of“top 10 academic advances in traditional Chinese medicine in 2024”prioritized research that addresses clinical needs,answers scientific questions and drives industrial development.Highlighting exploratory,forward-looking,innovative and groundbreaking achievements,the following 10 breakthroughs were selected through a process of collection,systematic review and expert evaluation:New advances in prevention and treatment of digestive system diseases with“brain-gut”cross-organ strategy,high-level evidence support for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease(CVD)continuum with TCM,important breakthrough in the research on prevention and treatment of acute radiation injury with TCM,elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying“excellent shape and high quality”variation in cultivated American ginseng through domestication,biosynthesis of trace active ingredients such as benzylisoquinoline alkaloids,pilot application of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,research technology for unelucidated constituents of TCM,new drug delivery system in TCM,and establishment and preliminary application of integrated evidence chain-based effectiveness evaluation of TCM(iEC-Eff).展开更多
A strategy combining a tailored database and high-throughput activity screening that discover bioactive metabolites derived from Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(MOC)was developed and implemented to rapidly profile and di...A strategy combining a tailored database and high-throughput activity screening that discover bioactive metabolites derived from Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(MOC)was developed and implemented to rapidly profile and discover bioactive metabolites in vivo derived from traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).The strategy possessed four characteristics:1)The tailored database consisted of metabolites derived from big data-originated reference compound,metabolites predicted in silico,and MOC chemical profile-based pseudomolecular ions.2)When profiling MOC-derived metabolites in vivo,attentions were paid not only to prototypes of MOC compounds and metabolites directly derived from MOC compounds,as reported by most papers,but also to isomerized metabolites and the degradation products of MOC compounds as well as their derived metabolites.3)Metabolite traceability was performed,especially to distinguish isomeric prototypes-derived metabolites,prototypes of MOC compounds as well as phase I metabolites derived from other MOC compounds.4)Molecular docking was utilized for high-throughput activity screening and molecular dynamic simulation as well as zebrafish model were used for verification.Using this strategy,134 metabolites were swiftly characterized after the oral administration of MOC to rats,and several metabolites were reported for the first time.Furthermore,17 potential active metabolites were discovered by targeting the motilin,dopamine D2,and the serotonin type 4(5-HT4)receptors,and part bioactivities were verified using molecular dynamic simulation and a zebrafish constipation model.This study extends the application of mass spectrometry(MS)to rapidly profile TCM-derived metabolites in vivo,which will help pharmacologists rapidly discover potent metabolites from a complex matrix.展开更多
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs)are natural toxins generated as secondarymetabolites in plants,predominantly consisting of unsaturated PAs with diverse toxicities,such as hepatotoxicity.Echimidine,a prominent PA,is believ...Pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs)are natural toxins generated as secondarymetabolites in plants,predominantly consisting of unsaturated PAs with diverse toxicities,such as hepatotoxicity.Echimidine,a prominent PA,is believed to exert various toxicological effects,including survival inhibition and induction of apoptosis of hepatocytes.However,the effects of echimidine on development remain unclear.We selected three concentrations of 0.02,0.2,and 2 mg/L to investigate the developmental toxicity of echimidine on zebrafish embryos.After a 7-day exposure,we observed hyperactivity and anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish larvae.Furthermore,we found that echimidine exposure significantly promoted embryonic motor neurodevelopment in geneticallymodified zebrafish.Next,we detected that echimidine exposure significantly increased the content of the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine(ACh),accompanied by a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase(AChE)activity.Conversely,echimidine led to a significant reduction in the content of the sedative neurotransmitterγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),accompanied by abnormal gene expression of enzymes related to GABA synthesis.Moreover,we elucidated the strong direct binding of echimidine to zebrafish and human AChE protein through molecular docking.In summary,our study found that echimidine induced ACh accumulation possibly by inhibiting AChE activity,leading to motor neurodevelopmental abnormalities and hyperactivity in zebrafish larvae.This work provides important scientific knowledge on the effects and mechanisms of PAs on neural development,which is helpful for controlling the risk of PAs in food and protecting public health.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2025YFE0103800,2023YFE0102600,2024YFE0214200).
文摘Livestock farming is a critical pillar of Tajikistan’s national economy and livelihood security.However,significant economic challenges in the country have led to the degradation of grassland ecosystems.This degradation has not only reduced the productivity of grassland ecosystems but also severely impacted their ecological functions.A particularly concerning consequence is the threat to biodiversity,as the survival and persistence of endemic,rare,and endangered plant species are at serious risk,thereby diminishing the value of species’genetic resources.Based on the data from multiple sources such as literature reviews,field observations,and national statistics,this study employed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to investigate the current status,causes of degradation,and restoration measures for grassland ecosystems in Tajikistan.The results revealed that Tajikistan’s grassland ecosystems support exceptionally high plant species diversity,comprising over 4500 vascular plant species,including nearly 1500 endemic and sub-endemic taxa that constitute a unique genetic reservoir.These ecosystems are experiencing severe degradation,characterized by significantly reduced vegetation cover and declining species richness.Palatable forage species are increasingly being displaced by unpalatable,thorny,and poisonous species.The primary drivers of degradation include excessive grazing pressure,which disrupts plant reproductive cycles and regeneration capacity,habitat fragmentation due to urbanization and infrastructure development,and uncontrolled exploitation of medicinal and edible plants.Climate change,particularly rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns,further exacerbates these anthropogenic pressures.Ecological restoration experiments suggested that both ecosystem productivity and plant species diversity are significantly enhanced by systematic reseeding trials using altitude-adapted native species.These findings underscore the necessity of establishing scientifically grounded approaches for ecological restoration.
基金funded by the Scientific and technological innovation project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2023E002,CI2024E003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(82304663)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(ZZ16-XRZ-072,ZZ17-YQ-025,ZXKT22052,and ZXKT22060)the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC3501803).
文摘Dendrobium officinale(DO)is a well-recognized medicinal and edible plant with a long history of application in traditional medicinal practices across China and Southeast Asia.Recent studies have demonstrated that DOis abundant in diverse bioactive compounds,including polysaccharides(DOP),flavonoids,alkaloids,and bibenzyls thought to exert a range of pharmacological effects,such as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory effects.However,our comprehensive understanding of two key aspects-pharmacological functions and biosynthetic mechanisms-of DO’s major constituents remains limited,especiallywhen considered within the clinical contexts of traditional use.To address this gap,this study reviews DO’s historical applications,clinical effects,and related formulations through an analysis of ancient texts spanning nearly two millennia-with special attention to region-specific traditional medical texts.This provides a historical and empirical foundation for further exploration of its modern pharmacological potential.Given the central role of DOP in DO’s biological activities,this paper further summarizes its therapeutic applications across various diseases and the underlying mechanisms,with special emphasis on structure-activity relationships.This focus is particularly important because the structural characteristics of DOP are highly dependent on extraction and analytical methods,which have contributed to inconsistencies in pharmacological findings over the past two decades.Finally,the review highlights recent advances in the understanding of the in vivo biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms of themajor bioactive components inDO,with a particular focus onmolecular regulation and responses to agricultural interventions.These factors are critical for the production of high-quality DO.Overall,this study develops a comprehensive knowledge framework that connects DO’s traditional applications of DO to its two key research areas:pharmacological functions and quality formation.We anticipate this framework will offer clear guidance for future research from a clinical perspective.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program(Nos.2023YFC3504104 and 2024YFD2100700)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central public welfare research institutes(No.ZZ13-YQ-101)Scientific and technological innovation project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(No.CI2023E002-Y-28).
文摘As the only naturally occurring stable derivative of L-ascorbic acid(AA;vitamin C),2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid(AA-2βG)is hydrolyzed in vivo to release active AA.AA-2βG exhibits strong antioxidant and antiphotoaging effects comparable to those of AA,and it plays a key role in maintaining organismal health.Owing to its superior stability and bioavailability,AA-2βG is considered as a promising,longer-lasting natural alternative to conventional vitamin C.It was first identified and is particularly abundant in Lycii Fructus(Gouqizi in Chinese)but has been detected in several crop plants.This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent advances in AA-2βG research,covering key aspects including discovery,structure,natural sources,extraction and detection methods,chemical and in vitro enzymatic synthesis,biosynthetic pathways,as well as applications in health care,skin care,and functional foods.Additionally,we highlight strategies for leveraging plant resources and enhancing AA-2βG biosynthesis,which are expected to accelerate future research and support the sustainable development and utilization of AA-2βG and other high-value natural products.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82274044,82304663)National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC3501802,2022YFC3501803,and 2022YFC3501804)+1 种基金the Scientific and technological innovation project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2023E002,CI2024E003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(ZZ13-YQ-049,ZZ16-XRZ-072,ZZ17-YQ-025,ZXKT22052,and ZXKT22060).
文摘Keystone taxa are critical for microbial community homeostasis and ecological niche interactions.However,the functions and genomic traits of endophytic keystone fungi in plant tissues remain unclear.Via network analysis,this study identified keystone fungi Plectosphaerella(Plec)and Cladosporium(Clad)in roots/leaves of medicinal Panax plants(P.ginseng,P.quinquefolius,P.notoginseng).Both correlated strongly positively with ginsenoside Rd content in respective tissues(ρ>0.6,p<0.001).Co-cultivation confirmed their ability to convert ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd,linked toβ-glucosidase activity.Whole-genome sequencing/assembly/evolutionary analysis of the two strains elucidated genomic features for their keystone roles and saponin biotransformation.Genome mining found multiple GH3 genes(potential saponin transformers)in both;11(Plec)and 5(Clad)were upregulated by cellobiose.Gene family phylogenetic analysis showed expanded transmembrane transport and environmental response functions.Both also had abundant secondary metabolic gene clusters and secretome genes,linking biotic interaction functions to their keystone roles.In summary,this study shows Panax endophytic keystone fungi can participate in ginsenoside biotransformation and clarifies their genomic traits,offering insights for functional endophytic fungal resource development.
基金funding from the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(No.CI2021A04008)National Key Research and Development Project(No.2023YFC3504104)+2 种基金Hangzhou Joint Fund of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LHZSZ24H280003)Technology Major Program on Agricultural New Variety Breeding(No.2021C02073)Central Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project(No.2024ZY01009).
文摘Objective The basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors(TFs)are pivotal in regulating fungal growth,development,and secondary metabolism.However,the knowledge about the Ganoderma lucidum bHLHs(GlbHLHs)in ganoderic acid(GA)biosynthesis of G.lucidum was limited.This study aimed to explore the functions of bHLH genes in ganoderic acid biosynthesis during G.lucidum growth development.Methods First,the genome-wide identification of GlbHLHs was performed through Hidden Markov model searches and Two-way blast.Furthermore,through physicochemical properties,gene structure,and phylogenetic analysis,as well as combining the transcriptome and metabolome data from different developmental stages of G.lucidum,candidate GlbHLHs were screened.Subsequently,their regulatory roles in ganoderic acid biosynthesis were explored using yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays.Results A total of 11 GlbHLH members were characterized in G.lucidum.The upstream promoter regions of these genes enriched hormones and abiotic stress responsive elements.Although individual ganoderic acid monomers demonstrated marked differences in accumulation patterns across specific growth phases and tissue types,overall,the total GA content was consistently higher in caps than in stipes throughout development.In addition,all GlbHLHs exhibited high expression in whole G.lucidum from the primordium to maturation stages.Among them,GlbHLH5 and GlbHLH7 showed the highest expression in any stage and highly correlated with key genes associated with GA pathway.Functional validation through dual-luciferase assays and yeast one-hybrid experiments had demonstrated that GlbHLH5 activated the P2 region of the lanosterol synthase promoter,while GlbHLH7 activated the promoters of squalene epoxidase and squalene synthase.Conclusion Compared to plants,G.lucidum harbored a small number of bHLH members but all high expression in any stages.Additionally,GlbHLH5 and GlbHLH7 with the highest expression among GlbHLHs showed activation in regulating the biosynthesis of GA.These results provide a theoretical reference for further research on ganoderic acid regulation in G.lucidum,and thereby providing a molecular foundation for enhancing ganoderic acid yield to optimize the medicinal value of G.lucidum.
基金supported by the ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese medicine resources(Grant No.2060302)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA0900603)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0908000)the crosswise task based on DEYUANTANG pharmacy Co.,Ltd.Shanxi,China(Grant No.DYTKY180725).
文摘Safflower is an important oilseed crop that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years because of the clinically valuable flavonoid glycosides in its flower petals.However,the biosynthesis and molecular regulation of these compounds are still elusive due to the lack of a high-quality reference genome and scarce identification of key biosynthetic pathway genes in a medicinal safflower variety.Here we leveraged an integrative multi-omics strategy by combining genomic,comparative genomics,and tissue-specific transcriptome profiling with biochemical analysis to identify uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases(UGTs)for flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis in safflower.We assembled and annotated a high-quality reference genome of a medicinal safflower variety,‘Yunhong3’.A comprehensive comparative genomic analysis indicated that an evolutionary whole-genome triplication event occurring in safflower contributed to gene amplification of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway.By combining comparative transcriptome profiling with enzymatic reactions,we identified 11 novel UGTs that could catalyze the conversion of naringenin chalcone and phloretin to the corresponding O-glycosides.Moreover,we outlined the molecular pathway of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)biosynthesis featured by 17 newly identified UGTs with promising catalytic activity,laying the foundation for the synthetic production of HSYA.Our study reports systemic genome and gene expression information for flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis in medicinal safflower and provides insights into mechanisms regulating HSYA biosynthesis,which would facilitate the genetic improvement and synthetic bioengineering design for producing clinically valuable flavonoid glycosides in safflower.
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia(RCEECA),the construction and joint research for the China-Tajikistan“Belt and Road”Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use(2024YFE0214200)the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Partnership and International Technology Cooperation Plan of Science and Technology Projects(2023E01018,2025E01056)the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)(2024VBC0006).
文摘Tajikistan represents a core region of the biodiversity hotspot in Central Asian mountains and has exceptional vascular plant diversity.However,the species diversity of the country faces urgent conservation challenges.There has been a lack of a comprehensive and multidimensional assessment to inform strategic conservation planning.Therefore,this study integrated 4 key biodiversity indices including species richness(SR),phylogenetic diversity(PD),threatened species richness(TSR),and endemic species richness(ESR)to map species diversity distribution patterns,identify conservation gaps,and elucidate their effects of climatic factors.This study revealed that species diversity shows a clear trend of decreasing from the western region to the eastern region of Tajikistan.The central–western mountains(specifically the Gissar-Darvasian and Zeravshanian regions)emerge as irreplaceable biodiversity hotspots.However,we found a severe spatial mismatch between these priority areas and the existing protected areas(PAs).Protection coverage for all hotspots was alarmingly low,ranging from 31.00%to 38.00%.Consequently,a critical 64.80%of integrated priority areas fall outside of the current PAs,representing a major conservation gap.This study identified precipitation seasonality and isothermality as the principal drivers,collectively explaining over 50.00%of the diversity variation and suggesting high vulnerability to hydrological shifts.Furthermore,we detected significant geographic sampling bias in the public biodiversity databases,with the most critical hotspot being systematically under-sampled.This study provides a robust scientific basis for conservation action,highlighting the urgent need to strategically expand PAs in the under-protected southwestern region and to mitigate critical sampling gaps through targeted data digitization and field surveys.These measures are indispensable for securing Tajikistan’s unique biodiversity and achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3(“30×30 Protection”).
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes,China(Grant Nos.:ZZ16-YQ-037,JIPY2023003,and JJPY2022022)China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CACMS)Innovation Fund(Grant No.:CI2021A00601).
文摘In clinical practice,antibiotics have historically been utilized for the treatment of pathogenic bacteria.However,the gradual emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial strains has posed a significant challenge to this approach.In 2022,Escherichia coli,a Gram-negative bacterium renowned for its widespread pathogenicity and high virulence,emerged as the predominant pathogenic bacterium in China.The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant E.coli strains has rendered antibiotics insufficient to fight E.coli infections.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has made remarkable contributions to the health of Chinese people for thousands of years,and its significant therapeutic effects have been proven in clinical practice.In this paper,we provide a comprehensive review of the advances and mechanisms of TCM and its active ingredients against antibiotic-resistant E.coli infections.First of all,this review introduces the classification,antibiotic resistance characteristics and mechanisms of E.coli.Then,the TCM formulas and extracts are listed along with their active ingredients against E.coli,including extraction solution,minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC),and the antibacterial mechanisms.In addition,there is growing evidence supporting the synergistic therapeutic strategy of combining TCM with antibiotics for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant E.coli infections,and we provide a summary of this evidence and its underlying mechanisms.In conclusion,we present a comprehensive review of TCM and highlight its potential and advantages in the prevention and treatment of E.coli infections.We hold the opinion that TCM will play an important role in global health,pharmaceutical development,and livestock farming in the future.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(No.2022RC1168)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82322073,82173846,82304533)+12 种基金CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(No.2023-I2M-3-009)Key project at central government level:The ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese medicine resources(No.2060302)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M702215)Oriental Scholars of Shanghai Universities(No.TP2022081)Jiangxi Province Thousand Talents Program(No.jxsq2023102168)Young Talent Lifting Project of China Association of Chinese Medicine(No.CACM-(2021-QNRC2-A08))Shanghai Rising-Star Program(No.22QA1409100)Shanghai Sailing Program(No.22YF1445000)2021 Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(No.21S11902800)Three-year Action Plan for Shanghai TCM Development and Inheritance Program(Nos.ZY(2021-2023)-0208,ZY(2021-2023)-0401)High level Key Discipline of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.71)Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Program of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.ZYYCXTD-D-202004)Innovation team of high-level local universities in Shanghai:Strategic Innovation Team of TCM Chemical Biology。
文摘Despite ongoing advancements in cancer treatment,the emergence of primary and acquired resistance poses a significant challenge for both traditional chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade therapies.The demand for targeted therapeutics for multidrug-resistant cancer is more important than ever.Peptides,as emerging alternatives to current anticancer drugs,offer exquisite versatility in facilitating the design of novel oncology drugs,with the core superiorities of good biocompatibility and a low tendency to induce drug resistance.This review comprehensively introduces the pharmacological mechanisms of peptide-based drugs and strategies for overcoming multidrug resistance(MDR)in cancers,including inducing cell membrane lysis,targeting organelles,activating anticancer immune responses,enhancing drug uptake,targeting ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporters,and targeting B-cell lymphoma-2(BCL-2)family proteins.Additionally,the current clinical applications of representative peptides in combating MDR cancers and their potential directions for medicinal chemistry research have been thoroughly discussed.This review offers essential insights into the novel treatment approaches for MDR cancers and highlights the trends and perspectives in this field.
基金supported by the key project at the central government level:The ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese medicine resources(Grant number 2060302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number 82373982,82173929).
文摘Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants have some differences in efficacy,but the flower buds are easily confused for similar traits.In addition,large-scale cultivation of ornamental rose flowers may lead to a decrease in the effective components of medicinal roses.Therefore,it is necessary to study the chemical composition and make quality evaluation of Rosae Chinensis Flos(Yueji)and Rosae Rugosae Flos(Meigui).Methods:In this study,40 batches of samples including Meigui and Yueji from different regions in China were collected to establish high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints.Then,the fingerprints data was analyzed using principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis,and partial least squares discriminant analysis analysis chemometrics to obtain information on intergroup differences,and non-targeted metabolomic techniques were applied to identify and compare chemical compositions of samples which were chosen from groups with large differences.Differential compounds were screened by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot,and finally multi-component quantification was performed to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Yueji and Meigui.Results:The similarity between the fingerprints of 40 batches roses and the reference print R was 0.73 to 0.93,indicating that there were similarities and differences between the samples.Through principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of fingerprints data,the samples from different origins and varieties were intuitively divided into four groups.Partial least-squares discriminant analysis analysis showed that Meigui and Yueji cluster into two categories and the model was reliable.A total of 89 compounds were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry,mainly were flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides,as well as phenolic acids.Eight differential components were screened out by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot analysis.Quantitative analyses of the eight compounds,including gallic acid,ellagic acid,hyperoside,isoquercitrin,etc.,showed that Yueji was generally richer in phenolic acids and flavonoids than Meigui,and the quality of Yueji from Shandong and Hebei was better.It is worth noting that Xinjiang rose is rich in various components,which is worth focusing on more in-depth research.Conclusion:In this study,the fingerprints of Meigui and Yueji were established.The chemical components information of roses was further improved based on non-targeted metabolomics and mass spectrometry technology.At the same time,eight differential components of Meigui and Yueji were screened out and quantitatively analyzed.The research results provided a scientific basis for the quality control and rational development and utilization of Rosae Chinensis Flos and Rosae Rugosae Flos,and also laid a foundation for the study of their pharmacodynamic material basis.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32260085,31860064,31660501,31970609,32260718 and 31901870)the Key Projects of the Applied Basic Research Plan of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202301AS070082)+3 种基金the Start-up fund from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,the‘Top Talents Program in Science and Technology’from Yunnan Province,the Major Science and Technology Project in Yunnan Province(Grant Nos.202102AE090042 and 202202AE090036)the Young and Middle-Aged Academic and Technical Leaders Reserve Talent Program in Yunnan Province(Grant No.202205AC160076)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M653849XB)the High-level Talents Introduction Plan of Yunnan Province-Young Talents Special Project。
文摘The formation of root system architecture(RSA)plays a crucial role in plant growth.OsDRO1 is known to have a function in controlling RSA in rice,however,the role of potato StDRO2,a homolog of rice OsDRO1,in root growth remains unclear.In this study,we obtained potato dro2 mutant lines by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-Associated 9(CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated genome editing system.The mutant lines were generated from a splicing defect of the StDRO2 intron 1,which causes a nonsense mutation in StDRO2.Furthermore,the secondary structure of StDRO2 mRNA analyzed with RNAfold Web Server was altered in the dro2 mutant.Mutation of StDRO2 conveys potato adaptation through changing the RSA via alteration of auxin transport under drought stress.The potato dro2 lines showed higher plant height,longer root length,smaller root growth angle and increased tuber weight than the wild-type.The alteration of RSA was associated with a disturbance of IAA distribution in the dro2 mutant,and the levels of StPIN7 and StPIN10 detected by using real-time PCR were up-regulated in the roots of potato dro2 lines grown under drought stress.Moreover,the microRNAs(miRNAs)PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486 targeted the StDRO2 gene,and auxin positively and negatively regulated the expression of StDRO2 and the miRNAs PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486,respectively,in the potato roots.Our data shows that a regulatory network involving auxin,StDRO2,PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486 can control RSA to convey potato fitness under drought stress.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFF1200602)the National Science Fund for Excellent Overseas Scholars(0401260011)+3 种基金the National Defense Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Chinese Academy of Sciences(c02022088)the Tianjin Science and Technology Program(20JCZDJC00810)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82202798)the Shanghai Sailing Program(22YF1404200).
文摘Brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)represent an emerging technology that facilitates direct communication between the brain and external devices.In recent years,numerous review articles have explored various aspects of BCIs,including their fundamental principles,technical advancements,and applications in specific domains.However,these reviews often focus on signal processing,hardware development,or limited applications such as motor rehabilitation or communication.This paper aims to offer a comprehensive review of recent electroencephalogram(EEG)-based BCI applications in the medical field across 8 critical areas,encompassing rehabilitation,daily communication,epilepsy,cerebral resuscitation,sleep,neurodegenerative diseases,anesthesiology,and emotion recognition.Moreover,the current challenges and future trends of BCIs were also discussed,including personal privacy and ethical concerns,network security vulnerabilities,safety issues,and biocompatibility.
基金funded by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2023-I2M-3-009)Key Project at Central Government Level:The Ability Establishment of Sustainable Use for Valuable Chinese Medicine Resources(2060302-2305-02).
文摘Since the proposal of the“central dogma,”various types of RNA have been discovered,including messenger RNA(mRNA),ribosomal RNA(rRNA),and transfer RNA(tRNA).These RNAs are further classified into coding and non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs).The modernization of research on traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)has led to the increasing availability of whole-genome sequences for medicinal plants and the initiation of RNome(ie,the complete set of all RNA species)projects for TCMs.
基金Supported by Key Project at Central Government Level,No.2060302Key Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology in Shandong Province,No.Z-2023015Clinical Medical Science and Technology Innovation Program of Jinan Science and Technology Bureau,No.202328043.
文摘BACKGROUND Yiyi Fuzi Baijiang powder(YFB),a classic Chinese medicine,significantly affects ulcerative colitis(UC).However,it remains unclear whether YFB plays a therapeutic role by improving the intestinal flora of UC patients and its active ingredients.AIM To explore the mechanisms of action of YFB in treating UC.METHODS A mouse model of UC was established by drinking 2.5%dextran sulfate sodium(DSS).Mice were treated with YFB.16S rDNA sequencing was used to detect changes in intestinal flora and perform functional predictions.Corresponding target genes of core active ingredients in YFB and UC were obtained using multiple database retrievals and then used to predict the mechanism of over-lapping targets.After screening core ingredients and target genes,AutoDock software was used for molecular docking,and the best binding target was selected to verify binding activity.RESULTS YFB improved DSS-UC mice by restoring body weight,reducing disease activity index,increasing water and food intake,and alleviating diarrhea and local histopathological damage.YFB enhanced beta diversity,decreased pathogenic bacteria such as Turicibacter and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,and increased probiotics such as unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae and Akkermansia.However,it also reduced anaerobic probiotics such as Ruminococcus,Enterorhabdus and Bifidobacterium.Network pharmacology identified 17 pathways,with cancer and adipocytokine signaling pathways showing significant differences in predicting intestinal microbial function.Molecular docking revealed that nuclear factor kappa-B inhibitor A,RELA and NFKB1,and colchamine,morusin and orotinin had docking scores>5.0.CONCLUSION YFB treats UC by reducing harmful bacteria and boosting probiotics to restore intestinal balance,while potentially influencing signaling pathways.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2021YFE0190100Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mongolian Medicine Standardization Project,No.2023-[MB023]The Earmarked Fund for CARS,No.CARS-21。
文摘Medicinal plant diversity(MPD)is an indispensable part of global plant diversity,serving as the foundation for human survival by offering remedies and preventive measures against diseases.However,factors such as overexploitation,competition from invasive alien species,and climate change,threaten the habitats of medicinal plants,necessitating a comprehensive understanding of their spatial distribution and suitable habitats.We leveraged a decade of field survey data on medicinal plant distribution in the Yinshan Mountains,combined with spatial analysis,species distribution modeling,and the Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach(CASA)to explore the MPD spatial distribution and suitable habitats.Spatial analysis revealed that the central and eastern parts of Yinshan Mountains were the primary MPD hotspots,with no cold spots evident at various spatial scales.As the spatial scale decreased,previous non-significant regions transformed into hotspots,with instances where large-scale hotspots became insignificant.These findings offer valuable guidance for safeguarding and nurturing MPD across diverse spatial scales.In future climate change scenarios within the shared socioeconomic pathways(SSP),the habitat suitability for MPD in the Yinshan Mountains predominantly remains concentrated in the central and eastern regions.Notably,areas with high net primary productivity(NPP)values and abundant vegetation coverage align closely with MPD habitat suitability areas,potentially contributing to the region's rich MPD.
基金supported by the Project of Map of Scientific and Technological Talents in the Field of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.XMSB20240923106).
文摘Leveraging unique resource advantages of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)to achieve innovative breakthroughs in research constitutes a core strategic imperative for its inheritance,innovation and development.At present,the academic advances and scientific achievements in TCM serve as a key driving force for industry growth and advancement of the inheritance and innovation of TCM.To continuously strengthen the leading role of academic research,the China Association of Chinese Medicine(CACM)attaches great importance to the latest research directions and academic results in TCM,and spotlights key advances and emerging trends in TCM scholarship.Since 2020,CACM has conducted the selection and release of the“top 10 academic advances in traditional Chinese medicine”on a yearly basis.The selection of“top 10 academic advances in traditional Chinese medicine in 2024”prioritized research that addresses clinical needs,answers scientific questions and drives industrial development.Highlighting exploratory,forward-looking,innovative and groundbreaking achievements,the following 10 breakthroughs were selected through a process of collection,systematic review and expert evaluation:New advances in prevention and treatment of digestive system diseases with“brain-gut”cross-organ strategy,high-level evidence support for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease(CVD)continuum with TCM,important breakthrough in the research on prevention and treatment of acute radiation injury with TCM,elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying“excellent shape and high quality”variation in cultivated American ginseng through domestication,biosynthesis of trace active ingredients such as benzylisoquinoline alkaloids,pilot application of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,research technology for unelucidated constituents of TCM,new drug delivery system in TCM,and establishment and preliminary application of integrated evidence chain-based effectiveness evaluation of TCM(iEC-Eff).
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,China(Grant Nos.:CI2023E002 and CI2021A04513)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:82204619 and 82274094)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes,China(Grant Nos.:ZZ15-YQ-067 and ZZ16-ND-10-26).
文摘A strategy combining a tailored database and high-throughput activity screening that discover bioactive metabolites derived from Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(MOC)was developed and implemented to rapidly profile and discover bioactive metabolites in vivo derived from traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).The strategy possessed four characteristics:1)The tailored database consisted of metabolites derived from big data-originated reference compound,metabolites predicted in silico,and MOC chemical profile-based pseudomolecular ions.2)When profiling MOC-derived metabolites in vivo,attentions were paid not only to prototypes of MOC compounds and metabolites directly derived from MOC compounds,as reported by most papers,but also to isomerized metabolites and the degradation products of MOC compounds as well as their derived metabolites.3)Metabolite traceability was performed,especially to distinguish isomeric prototypes-derived metabolites,prototypes of MOC compounds as well as phase I metabolites derived from other MOC compounds.4)Molecular docking was utilized for high-throughput activity screening and molecular dynamic simulation as well as zebrafish model were used for verification.Using this strategy,134 metabolites were swiftly characterized after the oral administration of MOC to rats,and several metabolites were reported for the first time.Furthermore,17 potential active metabolites were discovered by targeting the motilin,dopamine D2,and the serotonin type 4(5-HT4)receptors,and part bioactivities were verified using molecular dynamic simulation and a zebrafish constipation model.This study extends the application of mass spectrometry(MS)to rapidly profile TCM-derived metabolites in vivo,which will help pharmacologists rapidly discover potent metabolites from a complex matrix.
基金supported by the Key Project at the Central Government Level:the ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese medicine resources(No.2060302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82104389)+2 种基金the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(No.CI2023E002)the High-level Key Discipline Program of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.ZYYZDXK-2023244)China Agricultural Research System of MOF and MARA(No.CARS-21).
文摘Pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs)are natural toxins generated as secondarymetabolites in plants,predominantly consisting of unsaturated PAs with diverse toxicities,such as hepatotoxicity.Echimidine,a prominent PA,is believed to exert various toxicological effects,including survival inhibition and induction of apoptosis of hepatocytes.However,the effects of echimidine on development remain unclear.We selected three concentrations of 0.02,0.2,and 2 mg/L to investigate the developmental toxicity of echimidine on zebrafish embryos.After a 7-day exposure,we observed hyperactivity and anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish larvae.Furthermore,we found that echimidine exposure significantly promoted embryonic motor neurodevelopment in geneticallymodified zebrafish.Next,we detected that echimidine exposure significantly increased the content of the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine(ACh),accompanied by a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase(AChE)activity.Conversely,echimidine led to a significant reduction in the content of the sedative neurotransmitterγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),accompanied by abnormal gene expression of enzymes related to GABA synthesis.Moreover,we elucidated the strong direct binding of echimidine to zebrafish and human AChE protein through molecular docking.In summary,our study found that echimidine induced ACh accumulation possibly by inhibiting AChE activity,leading to motor neurodevelopmental abnormalities and hyperactivity in zebrafish larvae.This work provides important scientific knowledge on the effects and mechanisms of PAs on neural development,which is helpful for controlling the risk of PAs in food and protecting public health.
