Bee bread,a naturally fermented product,is rich in bioactive compounds,such as flavonoids,phenolics,and essential fatty acids,indicating promising therapeutic potential.This study evaluated the physicochemical charact...Bee bread,a naturally fermented product,is rich in bioactive compounds,such as flavonoids,phenolics,and essential fatty acids,indicating promising therapeutic potential.This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and biological activities of bee bread formulated into microparticles(BbNP)at different con-centrations(0.1,0.5,and 1 g)compared with bee bread powder(BbHi)and microemulsion(BbNPE).Particle size analysis(PSA)revealed that BbNP at 0.1 g and 0.5 g exhibited the smallest mean particle sizes(>1000 nm),indicating stable microparticle formation with narrow distribution.Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR)spectra confirmed the stability of key functional groups(-OH,C=O,and C-O)related to phenolic and flavonoid com-pounds after encapsulation.Antioxidant activity assessed by the DPPH assay showed that BbNP 0.5 g had the highest radical scavenging capacity(IC_(50)=41.15μg/mL),closely comparable to vitamin C(IC_(50)=39.81μg/mL).Similarly,anti-inflammatory assays indicated that BbNP 0.5 g had the lowest IC_(50)(63.07μg/mL),nearly matching indomethacin(IC_(50)=40.46μg/mL),with significant differences(p<0.05).Antibacterial assays demonstrated that BbNP(0.5 g)produced the most substantial inhibition zones,particularly against Staphylo-coccus epidermidis(17.89±1.82 mm)and Propionibacterium acnes(15.11±1.77 mm),indicating enhanced antimicrobial potency following microparticle formulation.In conclusion,microparticles significantly improved the bioactivity of bee bread,especially at a 0.5 g concentration.These results support the potential development of bee bread microparticles as natural sources of antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and antimicrobial agents for functional food and pharmaceutical applications.展开更多
基金to the Ministry of Research,Technology,and Higher Education for funding this research(Grand number:493/UN17.L1/HK/2023)for Enos Tangke Arung dan BRIN by reaserch funding from the Deputy of Research and Innovation,National Research and Innovation Agency(BRIN)for"Pusat Kolaboratif Riset Kosmetik Berteknologi Nano Berbasis Bio-massa"in the Fiscal Year 2025(Grant number:B-1146/II.7/HK.01.00/5/2025)for Enos Tangke Arung.
文摘Bee bread,a naturally fermented product,is rich in bioactive compounds,such as flavonoids,phenolics,and essential fatty acids,indicating promising therapeutic potential.This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and biological activities of bee bread formulated into microparticles(BbNP)at different con-centrations(0.1,0.5,and 1 g)compared with bee bread powder(BbHi)and microemulsion(BbNPE).Particle size analysis(PSA)revealed that BbNP at 0.1 g and 0.5 g exhibited the smallest mean particle sizes(>1000 nm),indicating stable microparticle formation with narrow distribution.Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR)spectra confirmed the stability of key functional groups(-OH,C=O,and C-O)related to phenolic and flavonoid com-pounds after encapsulation.Antioxidant activity assessed by the DPPH assay showed that BbNP 0.5 g had the highest radical scavenging capacity(IC_(50)=41.15μg/mL),closely comparable to vitamin C(IC_(50)=39.81μg/mL).Similarly,anti-inflammatory assays indicated that BbNP 0.5 g had the lowest IC_(50)(63.07μg/mL),nearly matching indomethacin(IC_(50)=40.46μg/mL),with significant differences(p<0.05).Antibacterial assays demonstrated that BbNP(0.5 g)produced the most substantial inhibition zones,particularly against Staphylo-coccus epidermidis(17.89±1.82 mm)and Propionibacterium acnes(15.11±1.77 mm),indicating enhanced antimicrobial potency following microparticle formulation.In conclusion,microparticles significantly improved the bioactivity of bee bread,especially at a 0.5 g concentration.These results support the potential development of bee bread microparticles as natural sources of antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and antimicrobial agents for functional food and pharmaceutical applications.
