As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide,breast cancer poses a formidable public health challenge on a global scale.Breast cancer consists of a group of biologically and molecularly heterogeneous disea...As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide,breast cancer poses a formidable public health challenge on a global scale.Breast cancer consists of a group of biologically and molecularly heterogeneous diseases originated from the breast.While the risk factors associated with this cancer varies with respect to other cancers,genetic predisposition,most notably mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene,is an important causative factor for this malignancy.Breast cancers can begin in different areas of the breast,such as the ducts,the lobules,or the tissue in between.Within the large group of diverse breast carcinomas,there are various denoted types of breast cancer based on their invasiveness relative to the primary tumor sites.It is important to distinguish between the various subtypes because they have different prognoses and treatment implications.As there are remarkable parallels between normal development and breast cancer progression at the molecular level,it has been postulated that breast cancer may be derived from mammary cancer stem cells.Normal breast development and mammary stem cells are regulated by several signaling pathways,such as estrogen receptors(ERs),HER2,and Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathways,which control stem cell proliferation,cell death,cell differentiation,and cell motility.Furthermore,emerging evidence indicates that epigenetic regulations and noncoding RNAs may play important roles in breast cancer development and may contribute to the heterogeneity and metastatic aspects of breast cancer,especially for triple-negative breast cancer.This review provides a comprehensive survey of the molecular,cellular and genetic aspects of breast cancer.展开更多
With the significant financial burden of chronic cutaneous wounds on the healthcare system,not to the personal burden mention on those individuals afflicted,it has become increasingly essential to improve our clinical...With the significant financial burden of chronic cutaneous wounds on the healthcare system,not to the personal burden mention on those individuals afflicted,it has become increasingly essential to improve our clinical treatments.This requires the translation of the most recent benchtop approaches to clinical wound repair as our current treatment modalities have proven insufficient.The most promising potential treatment options rely on stem cellbased therapies.Stem cell proliferation and signaling play crucial roles in every phase of the wound healing process and chronic wounds are often associated with impaired stem cell function.Clinical approaches involving stem cells could thus be utilized in some cases to improve a body’s inhibited healing capacity.We aim to present the laboratory research behind the mechanisms and effects of this technology as well as current clinical trials which showcase their therapeutic potential.Given the current problems and complications presented by chronic wounds,we hope to show that developing the clinical applications of stem cell therapies is the rational next step in improving wound care.展开更多
As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide,breast cancer poses a formidable public health challenge on a global scale.Breast cancer consists of a group of biologically and molecularly heterogeneous disea...As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide,breast cancer poses a formidable public health challenge on a global scale.Breast cancer consists of a group of biologically and molecularly heterogeneous diseases originated from the breast.While the risk factors associated with this cancer varies with respect to other cancers,genetic predisposition,most notably mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene,is an important causative factor for this malignancy.Breast cancers can begin in different areas of the breast,such as the ducts,the lobules,or the tissue in between.Within the large group of diverse breast carcinomas,there are various denoted types of breast cancer based on their invasiveness relative to the primary tumor sites.It is important to distinguish between the various subtypes because they have different prognoses and treatment implications.As there are remarkable parallels between normal development and breast cancer progression at the molecular level,it has been postulated that breast cancer may be derived from mammary cancer stem cells.Normal breast development and mammary stem cells are regulated by several signaling pathways,such as estrogen receptors(ERs),HER2,and Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathways,which control stem cell proliferation,cell death,cell differentiation,and cell motility.Furthermore,emerging evidence indicates that epigenetic regulations and noncoding RNAs may play important roles in breast cancer development and may contribute to the heterogeneity and metastatic aspects of breast cancer,especially for triple-negative breast cancer.This review provides a comprehensive survey of the molecular,cellular and genetic aspects of breast cancer.展开更多
基金Research in the authors’laboratories was supported in part by research grants from the National Institutes of Health(CA226303 to TCH)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1000803 and 2011CB707906 to TCH)the Natural Science Foundation of China(#30670811,#31171243,and#31420103915 to GR).
文摘As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide,breast cancer poses a formidable public health challenge on a global scale.Breast cancer consists of a group of biologically and molecularly heterogeneous diseases originated from the breast.While the risk factors associated with this cancer varies with respect to other cancers,genetic predisposition,most notably mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene,is an important causative factor for this malignancy.Breast cancers can begin in different areas of the breast,such as the ducts,the lobules,or the tissue in between.Within the large group of diverse breast carcinomas,there are various denoted types of breast cancer based on their invasiveness relative to the primary tumor sites.It is important to distinguish between the various subtypes because they have different prognoses and treatment implications.As there are remarkable parallels between normal development and breast cancer progression at the molecular level,it has been postulated that breast cancer may be derived from mammary cancer stem cells.Normal breast development and mammary stem cells are regulated by several signaling pathways,such as estrogen receptors(ERs),HER2,and Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathways,which control stem cell proliferation,cell death,cell differentiation,and cell motility.Furthermore,emerging evidence indicates that epigenetic regulations and noncoding RNAs may play important roles in breast cancer development and may contribute to the heterogeneity and metastatic aspects of breast cancer,especially for triple-negative breast cancer.This review provides a comprehensive survey of the molecular,cellular and genetic aspects of breast cancer.
基金The contributing authors’laboratories were supported in part by research grants from the National Institutes of Health(CA226303,DE020140 to TCH and RRR)the U.S.Department of Defense(OR130096 to JMW)+4 种基金the Chicago Biomedical Consortium with support from the Searle Funds at The Chicago Community Trust(R.R.R.,T.C.H.,and G.A.A.)the Scoliosis Research Society(TCH and MJL),and the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1000803 and 2011CB707906).This project was also supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health through Grant Number UL1 TR000430.EC was supported by the Summer Research Program of The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine.TCH was also supported by the Mabel Green Myers Research Endowment Fund and The University of Chicago Orthopaedic Alumni Fund.Funding sources were not involved in the study designin the collection,analysis and interpretation of datain the writing of the reportand in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
文摘With the significant financial burden of chronic cutaneous wounds on the healthcare system,not to the personal burden mention on those individuals afflicted,it has become increasingly essential to improve our clinical treatments.This requires the translation of the most recent benchtop approaches to clinical wound repair as our current treatment modalities have proven insufficient.The most promising potential treatment options rely on stem cellbased therapies.Stem cell proliferation and signaling play crucial roles in every phase of the wound healing process and chronic wounds are often associated with impaired stem cell function.Clinical approaches involving stem cells could thus be utilized in some cases to improve a body’s inhibited healing capacity.We aim to present the laboratory research behind the mechanisms and effects of this technology as well as current clinical trials which showcase their therapeutic potential.Given the current problems and complications presented by chronic wounds,we hope to show that developing the clinical applications of stem cell therapies is the rational next step in improving wound care.
基金supported in part by research grants from the National Institutes of Health(CA226303 to TCH)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1000803 and 2011CB707906 to TCH)the Natural Science Foundation of China(#30670811,#31171243,and#31420103915 to GR)。
文摘As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide,breast cancer poses a formidable public health challenge on a global scale.Breast cancer consists of a group of biologically and molecularly heterogeneous diseases originated from the breast.While the risk factors associated with this cancer varies with respect to other cancers,genetic predisposition,most notably mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene,is an important causative factor for this malignancy.Breast cancers can begin in different areas of the breast,such as the ducts,the lobules,or the tissue in between.Within the large group of diverse breast carcinomas,there are various denoted types of breast cancer based on their invasiveness relative to the primary tumor sites.It is important to distinguish between the various subtypes because they have different prognoses and treatment implications.As there are remarkable parallels between normal development and breast cancer progression at the molecular level,it has been postulated that breast cancer may be derived from mammary cancer stem cells.Normal breast development and mammary stem cells are regulated by several signaling pathways,such as estrogen receptors(ERs),HER2,and Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathways,which control stem cell proliferation,cell death,cell differentiation,and cell motility.Furthermore,emerging evidence indicates that epigenetic regulations and noncoding RNAs may play important roles in breast cancer development and may contribute to the heterogeneity and metastatic aspects of breast cancer,especially for triple-negative breast cancer.This review provides a comprehensive survey of the molecular,cellular and genetic aspects of breast cancer.
