Seven biscuit types namely, Okin, Digestive, Cabin, Peanut, Cream crackers, Hobnobs and Glucose and wheat flour were screened for their resistance to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at ambient temperature of 28±2 ℃...Seven biscuit types namely, Okin, Digestive, Cabin, Peanut, Cream crackers, Hobnobs and Glucose and wheat flour were screened for their resistance to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at ambient temperature of 28±2 ℃ and 78±2% relative humidity in the laboratory. 50 g of each biscuit sample were infested with four female and two male adult beetles and left for 15 days then remove for a resistant experiment and 70 days for a mortality experiment. Each treatment and the control without beetles were replicated three times. Results showed that there was significant difference (P<0.05) in the mortality rate of T. castaneum in the biscuit types and wheat flour samples, while there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the weight loss of biscuit types. The highest adult mortality of beetles (100%) was obtained from Peanut biscuits at 28 days after infestation while there was only 5.5% adult mortality in wheat flour at 70 days after infestation. The susceptibility index was 0 for all the biscuit types since there was no adult emergence indicating that they were resistant to T. castaneum infestation. Resistance in the biscuit types could be due to chemical additives (e.g. sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate) used in the production of biscuits, which may have inhibitory effect on the development of T. castaneum and also the low moisture content of the biscuits. Packages that can easily be perforated or damaged to allow absorption of moisture from the environment should not be used in packing biscuits.展开更多
Carbon dioxide,as a greenhouse gas,is expected to be converted into other useful substances by the electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)technology.The electrocatalytic cell,or electrochemical cell,used t...Carbon dioxide,as a greenhouse gas,is expected to be converted into other useful substances by the electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)technology.The electrocatalytic cell,or electrochemical cell,used to provide the experimental environment for CO_(2)RR plays an irreplaceable role in the study of this process and determines the success or failure of the measurements.In recent years,electrolytic cells that can be applied to in-situ/operational synchrotron radiation(SR)characterization techniques have gradually gained widespread attention.However,the design and understanding of electrolyte systems that can be applied to in-situ/operational SR technologies are still not sufficiently advanced.In this paper,the electrocatalytic cells used to study the CO_(2)RR processes with in-situ/operando SR techniques are briefly introduced,and the types and characteristics of the electrolytic cells are analyzed.The recent advancements of in situ/operando electrolytic cells are discussed using X-ray scattering,X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS),light vibration spectroscopy,and X-ray combined techniques.An outlook is provided on the future prospects of this research field.This review facilitates the understanding of the reduction process and electrocatalytic mechanism of CO_(2)RR at the atomic and molecular scales,providing insights for the design of electrolysis cells applicable to SR technologies and accelerating the development of more efficient and sustainable carbon negative technologies.展开更多
文摘Seven biscuit types namely, Okin, Digestive, Cabin, Peanut, Cream crackers, Hobnobs and Glucose and wheat flour were screened for their resistance to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at ambient temperature of 28±2 ℃ and 78±2% relative humidity in the laboratory. 50 g of each biscuit sample were infested with four female and two male adult beetles and left for 15 days then remove for a resistant experiment and 70 days for a mortality experiment. Each treatment and the control without beetles were replicated three times. Results showed that there was significant difference (P<0.05) in the mortality rate of T. castaneum in the biscuit types and wheat flour samples, while there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the weight loss of biscuit types. The highest adult mortality of beetles (100%) was obtained from Peanut biscuits at 28 days after infestation while there was only 5.5% adult mortality in wheat flour at 70 days after infestation. The susceptibility index was 0 for all the biscuit types since there was no adult emergence indicating that they were resistant to T. castaneum infestation. Resistance in the biscuit types could be due to chemical additives (e.g. sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate) used in the production of biscuits, which may have inhibitory effect on the development of T. castaneum and also the low moisture content of the biscuits. Packages that can easily be perforated or damaged to allow absorption of moisture from the environment should not be used in packing biscuits.
基金supported by the Innovation Program of the Institute of High Energy Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2023000034),Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12275300)+1 种基金the Nature Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(Grant No.LH2019A025),Chinathe Project of Education Department of Heilongjiang Province(Grant No.145209101),China.
文摘Carbon dioxide,as a greenhouse gas,is expected to be converted into other useful substances by the electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)technology.The electrocatalytic cell,or electrochemical cell,used to provide the experimental environment for CO_(2)RR plays an irreplaceable role in the study of this process and determines the success or failure of the measurements.In recent years,electrolytic cells that can be applied to in-situ/operational synchrotron radiation(SR)characterization techniques have gradually gained widespread attention.However,the design and understanding of electrolyte systems that can be applied to in-situ/operational SR technologies are still not sufficiently advanced.In this paper,the electrocatalytic cells used to study the CO_(2)RR processes with in-situ/operando SR techniques are briefly introduced,and the types and characteristics of the electrolytic cells are analyzed.The recent advancements of in situ/operando electrolytic cells are discussed using X-ray scattering,X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS),light vibration spectroscopy,and X-ray combined techniques.An outlook is provided on the future prospects of this research field.This review facilitates the understanding of the reduction process and electrocatalytic mechanism of CO_(2)RR at the atomic and molecular scales,providing insights for the design of electrolysis cells applicable to SR technologies and accelerating the development of more efficient and sustainable carbon negative technologies.
