Yunnan in southwestern China is renowned for its high plant diversity.To understand how this modern botanical richness formed,it is critical to investigate the past biodiversity throughout the geological time.In this ...Yunnan in southwestern China is renowned for its high plant diversity.To understand how this modern botanical richness formed,it is critical to investigate the past biodiversity throughout the geological time.In this review,we present a summary on plant diversity,floristics and climates in the Cenozoic of Yunnan and document their changes,by compiling published palaeobotanical sources.Our review demonstrates that thus far a total of 386 fossil species of ferns,gymnosperms and angiosperms belonging to 170 genera within 66 families have been reported from the Cenozoic,particularly the Neogene,of Yunnan.Angiosperms display the highest richness represented by 353 species grouped into 155 genera within 60 families,with Fagaceae,Fabaceae,Lauraceae and Juglandaceae being the most diversified.Most of the families and genera recorded as fossils still occur in Yunnan,but seven genera have disappeared,including Berryophyllum,Cedrelospermum,Cedrus,Palaeocarya,Podocarpium,Sequoia and Wataria.The regional extinction of these genera is commonly referred to an aridification of the dry season associated with Asian monsoon development.Floristic analyses indicate that in the late Miocene,Yunnan had three floristic regions:a northern subtropical floristic region in the northeast,a subtropical floristic region in the east,and a tropical floristic region in the southwest.In the late Pliocene,Yunnan saw two kinds of floristic regions:a subalpine floristic region in the northwest,and two subtropical floristic regions separately in the southwest and the eastern center.These floristic concepts are verified by results from our areal type analyses which suggest that in the Miocene southwestern Yunnan supported the most Pantropic elements,while in the Pliocene southwestern Yunnan had abundant Tropical Asia(Indo e Malaysia)type and East Asia and North America disjunct type that were absent from northwestern Yunnan.From the late Miocene to late Pliocene through to the present,floristic composition and vegetation types changed markedly,presumably in response to altitude changes and coeval global cooling.An integration of palaeoclimate data suggests that during the Neogene Yunnan was warmer and wetter than today.Moreover,northern Yunnan witnessed a pronounced temperature decline,while southern Yunnan experienced only moderate temperature changes.Summer precipitation was consistently higher than winter precipitation,suggesting a rainfall seasonality.This summary on palaeoclimates helps us to understand under what conditions plant diversity occurred and evolved in Yunnan throughout the Cenozoic.展开更多
The investigation of the fossil floras from the Turgai plateau (central Kazakhstan) contributes to a better understanding of the origin of the temperate Turgai type flora which spread to Kazakhstan and adjacent areas ...The investigation of the fossil floras from the Turgai plateau (central Kazakhstan) contributes to a better understanding of the origin of the temperate Turgai type flora which spread to Kazakhstan and adjacent areas during the Oligocene-Miocene transition. In this paper, we present the results of a carpological and palynological study of the Kumyrtas flora collected from a flora-bearing horizon of the regional coalbearing Zhilanchik suite, dated to the Aquitanian period. Pollen analysis identified 33 taxa, with are dominated by angiosperms (about 73%) and reflect zonal vegetation. The high percentages of Betula (27%) and Pterocarya (7.5%) that were found in this flora allows comparisons with other Aquitanian floras of Kazakhstan. Based on descriptions of fossil fruits and seeds, we determined that 19 taxa were dominant;these taxa had meosphytic herbaceous components, suggesting mostly edaphic local conditions. The incongruence between the carpological and the pollen records suggests a significant taphonomical effect. Quantitative reconstruction of the palaeoclimate based on pollen records supports—and slightly extends—previous findings based on fossil leaf data, but contradicts findings deduced from the carpological record. Plant Functional Type (PFT) classification was used to characterize the vegetation patterns. Pollen records show that about 45% of diversity relates to the arboreal broadleaved deciduous components and ca. 35% to conifers. Fossil fruit and seed data indicate riverine vegetation with a high diversity of aquatic components and shrub stratum.展开更多
Following the precedence already established during the INQUA Congress in 1932, the Middle/Upper （Late） Pleistocene boundary is defined at the base of the Last Interglacial, the Eemian Stage. It is proposed that a h...Following the precedence already established during the INQUA Congress in 1932, the Middle/Upper （Late） Pleistocene boundary is defined at the base of the Last Interglacial, the Eemian Stage. It is proposed that a high-resolution core sequence from the Amsterdam Terminal （the Eemian Stage parastratotype） should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Upper （Late） Pleistocene Subseries （Quaternary System/Period）.展开更多
Terrestrial plants and insects currently account for the majority of the Earth＇s biodiversity, and approximately haft of insect species are herbivores. Thus, insects and plants share ancient associations that date ba...Terrestrial plants and insects currently account for the majority of the Earth＇s biodiversity, and approximately haft of insect species are herbivores. Thus, insects and plants share ancient associations that date back more than 400 Myr. However, investigations of their past interactions are at the preliminary stages in Western Europe. Herein, we present the first results of our study of various feeding damage based on a dataset of nearly 3500 examined plant specimens from the Lower Miocene of the Lagerstaette Bflina Mine in the Most Basin, Czech Republic. This site provides a unique view of the Neogene freshwater ecosystems. It has long been studied by scientists working in different branches of sedimentology, paleobotany, and paleozoology. The fossils are preserved in three characteristic horizons overlaying the coal seam （Clayey Superseam Horizon, Delta Sandy Horizon, and Lake Clayey Horizon）, reflecting paleoenvironmental changes in a short time period of development. The trace fossils are classified as functional feeding groups or ＂guilds＂, without searching for a direct cause or a recent analog host relation. Approximately 23% of specimens of dicotyledonous plant leaves were found to be damaged and associated with some leaf ＂morphotypes＂. Deciduous plant-host taxa, and those with a chartaceous texture typical of riparian habitats, were frequently damaged, such as Populus, recorded with two species Populus zaddachii and Populus populina （57.9% and 31% herbivory levels, respectively）, followed by Acer, Alnus, and Carya, averaging almost 30% of damaged leaves/leaflets. There has been evidence of 60 damage types （DT） representing all functional feeding groups recorded at the Bflina Mine, including 12 types of leaf mines and 16 gall- type DT. In total, Lower Miocene of the Lagerstaette Bilina Mine exhibits a high level of external foliage feeding types （23.7%）, and a low level of more specialized DT, such as galls （4.3%） and leaf mines （〈1%）. A broader comparison based on DT of the main sedimentary environments shows significance supporting different biomes by frequency of damage levels and DT diversities.展开更多
Fossil water scavenger beetles （Coleoptera： Hydrophilidae） of the latest Oligocene Rott Formation are revised, based on the examination of the type specimens, as well as numerous additional material from Statz （Lo...Fossil water scavenger beetles （Coleoptera： Hydrophilidae） of the latest Oligocene Rott Formation are revised, based on the examination of the type specimens, as well as numerous additional material from Statz （Los Angeles） and Kastenholz （Bonn） collections. Seven hydrophilid species are recognized, five of which are reliably attributed to the following genera： Berosus morticinus （von Heyden and von Heyden, 1866）, Paracymus excitatus （von Heyden and yon Heyden, 1866）, Paracymus sp., Hydrobiomorpha fraterna （von Heyden, 1859）, and Hydrophilus rottensis （Statz, 1939）. Coccinella？protogaeae Germar 1837 is attributed to the subtribe Hydrophilina, and Cymbiodyta？ austera Statz 1939 to the subfamily Hydrophilinae. Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 and Paracymus excitatus （form 3） are excluded from the Hydrophlloidea. Berosus capitatus Statz 1939 is synonymized with Berosus morticinus, and Hydrous neptunus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 with Hydrobiomorphafraterna. Lectotypes of Philydrus morticinus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 and Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 are designated. The significance of the hydrophllid fossils for paleoecological reconstructions of the former Rott Lake is briefly discussed.展开更多
Experiments using electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) have shown promising results in reducing the uncertainty of solute plume characteristics related to estimates based on the analysis of local point measurements ...Experiments using electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) have shown promising results in reducing the uncertainty of solute plume characteristics related to estimates based on the analysis of local point measurements only.To explore the similarities and differences between two cross-borehole ERT inversion approaches for characterizing salt tracer plumes,namely the classical smoothness-constrained inversion and a geostatistically based approach,we performed two-dimensional synthetic experiments.Simplifying assumptions about the solute transport model and the electrical forward and inverse model allowed us to study the sensitivity of the ERT inversion approaches towards a variety of basic conditions,including the number of boreholes,measurement schemes,contrast between the plume and background electrical conductivity,use of a priori knowledge,and point conditioning.The results show that geostatistically based and smoothness-constrained inversions of electrical resistance data yield plume characteristics of similar quality,which can be further improved when point measurements are incorporated and advantageous measurement schemes are chosen.As expected,an increased number of boreholes included in the ERT measurement layout can highly improve the quality of inferred plume characteristics,while in this case the benefits of point conditioning and advantageous measurement schemes diminish.Both ERT inversion approaches are similarly sensitive to the noise level of the data and the contrast between the solute plume and background electrical conductivity,and robust with regard to biased input parameters,such as mean concentration,variance,and correlation length of the plume.Although sophisticated inversion schemes have recently become available,in which flow and transport as well as electrical forward models are coupled,these schemes effectively rely on a relatively simple geometrical parameterization of the hydrogeological model.Therefore,we believe that standard uncoupled ERT inverse approaches,like the ones discussed and assessed in this paper,will continue to be important to the imaging and characterization of solute plumes in many real-world applications.展开更多
To mark the occasion of the 175th anniversary of the Rheinische Naturforschende Gesellschaft in 2009 and of the centennial of the Mainz Natural History Museum in 2010, we present a short account of our present knowled...To mark the occasion of the 175th anniversary of the Rheinische Naturforschende Gesellschaft in 2009 and of the centennial of the Mainz Natural History Museum in 2010, we present a short account of our present knowledge of the Eckfeld Maar after 20 years of continuous research. This paper does not attempt to include all of the detailed results on the geology of the Eckfeld site or its biota. To date, nearly 250 papers and books have been published since the start of our project. An up-to-date list of these publications can be found at www.eckfeldermaar.de.展开更多
The Sultanate of Oman(Fig.1)is an incredibly diverse geologic region with a plethora of cultural,geomorphic,and stratigraphic sealevel data sets and was,therefore,a brilliant location to kick-off the International Geo...The Sultanate of Oman(Fig.1)is an incredibly diverse geologic region with a plethora of cultural,geomorphic,and stratigraphic sealevel data sets and was,therefore,a brilliant location to kick-off the International Geoscience Program(IGCP)project 639(http://www.sealevelchange.org)meetings.The United Nations Education,Scientific and Cultural Organization funded,IGCP 639 Project,“Coupling instrumental,historical,archaeological,and geological records of sealevel change over minutes to millennia”,held its first meeting from November 9–14,2016.The 2016 IGCP 639 project meeting was a multi-faceted conference that included a one-day workshop,two-day science symposium,and field-excursion components.Both the workshop and symposium sessions were held on the campus of German University of Technology in Oman,in Muscat,Oman and a three-day field excursion was conducted along Oman’s northeastern coastline.Thanks to the commitment from the event organizers and enthusiastic involvement from attendees,the meeting was extremely successful and well acknowledged by all(Fig.2a;http://sealevelchange.org/pdf/igcpOman4.pdf).展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1502231)the Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 163108)the foundation of the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University (No. 2015DG007-KF01)
文摘Yunnan in southwestern China is renowned for its high plant diversity.To understand how this modern botanical richness formed,it is critical to investigate the past biodiversity throughout the geological time.In this review,we present a summary on plant diversity,floristics and climates in the Cenozoic of Yunnan and document their changes,by compiling published palaeobotanical sources.Our review demonstrates that thus far a total of 386 fossil species of ferns,gymnosperms and angiosperms belonging to 170 genera within 66 families have been reported from the Cenozoic,particularly the Neogene,of Yunnan.Angiosperms display the highest richness represented by 353 species grouped into 155 genera within 60 families,with Fagaceae,Fabaceae,Lauraceae and Juglandaceae being the most diversified.Most of the families and genera recorded as fossils still occur in Yunnan,but seven genera have disappeared,including Berryophyllum,Cedrelospermum,Cedrus,Palaeocarya,Podocarpium,Sequoia and Wataria.The regional extinction of these genera is commonly referred to an aridification of the dry season associated with Asian monsoon development.Floristic analyses indicate that in the late Miocene,Yunnan had three floristic regions:a northern subtropical floristic region in the northeast,a subtropical floristic region in the east,and a tropical floristic region in the southwest.In the late Pliocene,Yunnan saw two kinds of floristic regions:a subalpine floristic region in the northwest,and two subtropical floristic regions separately in the southwest and the eastern center.These floristic concepts are verified by results from our areal type analyses which suggest that in the Miocene southwestern Yunnan supported the most Pantropic elements,while in the Pliocene southwestern Yunnan had abundant Tropical Asia(Indo e Malaysia)type and East Asia and North America disjunct type that were absent from northwestern Yunnan.From the late Miocene to late Pliocene through to the present,floristic composition and vegetation types changed markedly,presumably in response to altitude changes and coeval global cooling.An integration of palaeoclimate data suggests that during the Neogene Yunnan was warmer and wetter than today.Moreover,northern Yunnan witnessed a pronounced temperature decline,while southern Yunnan experienced only moderate temperature changes.Summer precipitation was consistently higher than winter precipitation,suggesting a rainfall seasonality.This summary on palaeoclimates helps us to understand under what conditions plant diversity occurred and evolved in Yunnan throughout the Cenozoic.
基金project of the Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Saint Petersburg, Russia) NAAAA-A19-119021190031-8Our study was funded by RFBR and NSFC according to the research project No 19-55-53010+1 种基金Pioneer Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 419 115 30 105 to Y.W. Xingthe Chinese Academy of Sciences 135 program (No. 2017XTBG- F01)
文摘The investigation of the fossil floras from the Turgai plateau (central Kazakhstan) contributes to a better understanding of the origin of the temperate Turgai type flora which spread to Kazakhstan and adjacent areas during the Oligocene-Miocene transition. In this paper, we present the results of a carpological and palynological study of the Kumyrtas flora collected from a flora-bearing horizon of the regional coalbearing Zhilanchik suite, dated to the Aquitanian period. Pollen analysis identified 33 taxa, with are dominated by angiosperms (about 73%) and reflect zonal vegetation. The high percentages of Betula (27%) and Pterocarya (7.5%) that were found in this flora allows comparisons with other Aquitanian floras of Kazakhstan. Based on descriptions of fossil fruits and seeds, we determined that 19 taxa were dominant;these taxa had meosphytic herbaceous components, suggesting mostly edaphic local conditions. The incongruence between the carpological and the pollen records suggests a significant taphonomical effect. Quantitative reconstruction of the palaeoclimate based on pollen records supports—and slightly extends—previous findings based on fossil leaf data, but contradicts findings deduced from the carpological record. Plant Functional Type (PFT) classification was used to characterize the vegetation patterns. Pollen records show that about 45% of diversity relates to the arboreal broadleaved deciduous components and ca. 35% to conifers. Fossil fruit and seed data indicate riverine vegetation with a high diversity of aquatic components and shrub stratum.
文摘Following the precedence already established during the INQUA Congress in 1932, the Middle/Upper （Late） Pleistocene boundary is defined at the base of the Last Interglacial, the Eemian Stage. It is proposed that a high-resolution core sequence from the Amsterdam Terminal （the Eemian Stage parastratotype） should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Upper （Late） Pleistocene Subseries （Quaternary System/Period）.
基金the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic(No.205/09/J019)the German Science Foundation(No.WA 1492/4-1)(bilateral project)+1 种基金Ministry of Schools MSM 0021620828the support of his Masters study at Charles University Grant Agency(GAUK)(No. 46509/2009/B-Bio/PrF)
文摘Terrestrial plants and insects currently account for the majority of the Earth＇s biodiversity, and approximately haft of insect species are herbivores. Thus, insects and plants share ancient associations that date back more than 400 Myr. However, investigations of their past interactions are at the preliminary stages in Western Europe. Herein, we present the first results of our study of various feeding damage based on a dataset of nearly 3500 examined plant specimens from the Lower Miocene of the Lagerstaette Bflina Mine in the Most Basin, Czech Republic. This site provides a unique view of the Neogene freshwater ecosystems. It has long been studied by scientists working in different branches of sedimentology, paleobotany, and paleozoology. The fossils are preserved in three characteristic horizons overlaying the coal seam （Clayey Superseam Horizon, Delta Sandy Horizon, and Lake Clayey Horizon）, reflecting paleoenvironmental changes in a short time period of development. The trace fossils are classified as functional feeding groups or ＂guilds＂, without searching for a direct cause or a recent analog host relation. Approximately 23% of specimens of dicotyledonous plant leaves were found to be damaged and associated with some leaf ＂morphotypes＂. Deciduous plant-host taxa, and those with a chartaceous texture typical of riparian habitats, were frequently damaged, such as Populus, recorded with two species Populus zaddachii and Populus populina （57.9% and 31% herbivory levels, respectively）, followed by Acer, Alnus, and Carya, averaging almost 30% of damaged leaves/leaflets. There has been evidence of 60 damage types （DT） representing all functional feeding groups recorded at the Bflina Mine, including 12 types of leaf mines and 16 gall- type DT. In total, Lower Miocene of the Lagerstaette Bilina Mine exhibits a high level of external foliage feeding types （23.7%）, and a low level of more specialized DT, such as galls （4.3%） and leaf mines （〈1%）. A broader comparison based on DT of the main sedimentary environments shows significance supporting different biomes by frequency of damage levels and DT diversities.
基金supported by grants from the Czech Academy of Sciences(GAAV)(no. KJB301110901)the Charles University Grant Agency(GAUK) (no.18307/2007/B-Bio/PrF)+3 种基金the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic(no.MK00002327201)grant of the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic(no.MSM0021620828)funded by the SYNTHESYS Project http://www.synthesys. info/ which is financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 Integrating Activities Programme(GB-TAF-637)funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,German Research Foundation, project no.WE 2942/3-1(to MF and Sonja Wedmann)
文摘Fossil water scavenger beetles （Coleoptera： Hydrophilidae） of the latest Oligocene Rott Formation are revised, based on the examination of the type specimens, as well as numerous additional material from Statz （Los Angeles） and Kastenholz （Bonn） collections. Seven hydrophilid species are recognized, five of which are reliably attributed to the following genera： Berosus morticinus （von Heyden and von Heyden, 1866）, Paracymus excitatus （von Heyden and yon Heyden, 1866）, Paracymus sp., Hydrobiomorpha fraterna （von Heyden, 1859）, and Hydrophilus rottensis （Statz, 1939）. Coccinella？protogaeae Germar 1837 is attributed to the subtribe Hydrophilina, and Cymbiodyta？ austera Statz 1939 to the subfamily Hydrophilinae. Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 and Paracymus excitatus （form 3） are excluded from the Hydrophlloidea. Berosus capitatus Statz 1939 is synonymized with Berosus morticinus, and Hydrous neptunus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 with Hydrobiomorphafraterna. Lectotypes of Philydrus morticinus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 and Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 are designated. The significance of the hydrophllid fossils for paleoecological reconstructions of the former Rott Lake is briefly discussed.
文摘Experiments using electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) have shown promising results in reducing the uncertainty of solute plume characteristics related to estimates based on the analysis of local point measurements only.To explore the similarities and differences between two cross-borehole ERT inversion approaches for characterizing salt tracer plumes,namely the classical smoothness-constrained inversion and a geostatistically based approach,we performed two-dimensional synthetic experiments.Simplifying assumptions about the solute transport model and the electrical forward and inverse model allowed us to study the sensitivity of the ERT inversion approaches towards a variety of basic conditions,including the number of boreholes,measurement schemes,contrast between the plume and background electrical conductivity,use of a priori knowledge,and point conditioning.The results show that geostatistically based and smoothness-constrained inversions of electrical resistance data yield plume characteristics of similar quality,which can be further improved when point measurements are incorporated and advantageous measurement schemes are chosen.As expected,an increased number of boreholes included in the ERT measurement layout can highly improve the quality of inferred plume characteristics,while in this case the benefits of point conditioning and advantageous measurement schemes diminish.Both ERT inversion approaches are similarly sensitive to the noise level of the data and the contrast between the solute plume and background electrical conductivity,and robust with regard to biased input parameters,such as mean concentration,variance,and correlation length of the plume.Although sophisticated inversion schemes have recently become available,in which flow and transport as well as electrical forward models are coupled,these schemes effectively rely on a relatively simple geometrical parameterization of the hydrogeological model.Therefore,we believe that standard uncoupled ERT inverse approaches,like the ones discussed and assessed in this paper,will continue to be important to the imaging and characterization of solute plumes in many real-world applications.
基金supported by the Government of Rhineland-PalatinateThe German Science Foundation and the Stiftung Rheinland-Pfalz fur Innovation have financially supported several projects and for this we are grateful.
文摘To mark the occasion of the 175th anniversary of the Rheinische Naturforschende Gesellschaft in 2009 and of the centennial of the Mainz Natural History Museum in 2010, we present a short account of our present knowledge of the Eckfeld Maar after 20 years of continuous research. This paper does not attempt to include all of the detailed results on the geology of the Eckfeld site or its biota. To date, nearly 250 papers and books have been published since the start of our project. An up-to-date list of these publications can be found at www.eckfeldermaar.de.
文摘The Sultanate of Oman(Fig.1)is an incredibly diverse geologic region with a plethora of cultural,geomorphic,and stratigraphic sealevel data sets and was,therefore,a brilliant location to kick-off the International Geoscience Program(IGCP)project 639(http://www.sealevelchange.org)meetings.The United Nations Education,Scientific and Cultural Organization funded,IGCP 639 Project,“Coupling instrumental,historical,archaeological,and geological records of sealevel change over minutes to millennia”,held its first meeting from November 9–14,2016.The 2016 IGCP 639 project meeting was a multi-faceted conference that included a one-day workshop,two-day science symposium,and field-excursion components.Both the workshop and symposium sessions were held on the campus of German University of Technology in Oman,in Muscat,Oman and a three-day field excursion was conducted along Oman’s northeastern coastline.Thanks to the commitment from the event organizers and enthusiastic involvement from attendees,the meeting was extremely successful and well acknowledged by all(Fig.2a;http://sealevelchange.org/pdf/igcpOman4.pdf).
