Objective:This study aimed to analyze the temporal trends in cancer mortality in China from 2013-2021 and project the future trends through 2030.Methods:This study was based on the China Causes of Death Surveillance D...Objective:This study aimed to analyze the temporal trends in cancer mortality in China from 2013-2021 and project the future trends through 2030.Methods:This study was based on the China Causes of Death Surveillance Dataset,which covers 2.37 billion person-years.Age-standardized mortality rates(ASMRs)were calculated using Segi’s world standard population and the trends were evaluated via Joinpoint regression.Bayesian age-period-cohort models were used for mortality projections.Contributions of demographic changes(population size and age structure)and risk factors to the mortality burden were quantified using the decomposition analysis.Results:The combined ASMRs for all cancers decreased annually by 2.3%,driven by significant declines in esophageal(4.8%),stomach(4.5%),and liver cancers(2.7%).In contrast,the pancreatic and prostate cancer ASMRs increased by 2.0% and 3.4% annually,respectively.Urban areas demonstrated a more rapid decline in the combined ASMRs for all cancers[average annual percent change(AAPC)=-3.0% in urban areas vs.-2.0% in rural areas],highlighting persistent disparities.Population aging contributed 20%-50% to death increases between 2013 and 2021.The combined ASMRs for all cancers,like the findings of temporal trend analyses,will continue to decrease and the regional(urban and rural)difference is projected to simulate that of the temporal trend through 2030.In fact,cancer deaths are projected to reach 2.4 million by 2030.Conclusions:The cancer burden in China is facing the dual challenges of population aging and urban-rural disparities.It is necessary to prioritize rural screening,control risk factors,such as smoking and diet,and integrate more efficacious cancer prevention and control programmes into the policy to reduce mortality in the future.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the microbiological characteristics and drug resistance in liver cirrhosis patients with spontaneous peritonitis.METHODS: We analyzed the data of patients with liver cirrhosis and abdominal infecti...AIM: To investigate the microbiological characteristics and drug resistance in liver cirrhosis patients with spontaneous peritonitis.METHODS: We analyzed the data of patients with liver cirrhosis and abdominal infection at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University between January 2011 and December 2013. Pathogens present in the ascites were identified,and their sensitivity to various antibiotics was determined. RESULTS: We isolated 306 pathogenic bacteria from 288 cases: In 178 cases,the infection was caused by gram-negative strains(58.2%); in 85 cases,grampositive strains(27.8%); in 9 cases,fungi(2.9%); and in 16 cases,more than one pathogen. The main pathogens were Escherichia coli(E. coli)(24.2%),Klebsiella pneumoniae(18.9%),Enterococcus spp.(11.1%),and Staphylococcus aureus(7.5%). Of the 306 isolated pathogens,99 caused nosocomial infections and 207 caused community-acquired andother infections. The E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains produced more extended-spectrum β-lactamases in cases of nosocomial infections than non-nosocomial infections(62.5% vs 38%,P < 0.013; 36.8% vs 12.8%,P < 0.034,respectively). The sensitivity to individual antibiotics differed between nosocomial and non-nosocomial infections: Piperacillin/tazobactam was significantly more effective against non-nosocomial E. coli infections(4% vs 20.8%,P < 0.021). Nitrofurantoin had stronger antibacterial activity against Enterococcus species causing non-nosocomial infections(36.4% vs 86.3%,P < 0.009).CONCLUSION: The majority of pathogens that cause abdominal infection in patients with liver cirrhosis are gram-negative,and drug resistance is significantly higher in nosocomial infections than in non-nosocomial infections.展开更多
The COVID-19 pandemic has escalated into one of the largest crises of the 21 st Century.The new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus,responsible for COVID-19,has spread rapidly all around the world.The Spanish Government was forced...The COVID-19 pandemic has escalated into one of the largest crises of the 21 st Century.The new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus,responsible for COVID-19,has spread rapidly all around the world.The Spanish Government was forced to declare a nationwide lockdown in view of the rapidly spreading virus and high mortality rate in the nation.This study investigated the impact of short-term lockdown during the period from March 15th to April 12th 2020 on the atmospheric levels of CO,SO_(2),PM_(10),O_(3),and NO_(2)over 11 representative Spanish cities.The possible influence of several meteorological factors(temperature,precipitation,wind,sunlight hours,minimum and maximum pressure)on the pollutants'levels were also considered.The results obtained show that the 4-week lockdown had significant impact on reducing the atmospheric levels of NO_(2)in all cities except for the small city of Santander as well as CO,SO_(2),and PM_(10)in some cities,but resulted in increase of O_(3)level.展开更多
Privacy protection for big data linking is discussed here in relation to the Central Statistics Office （CSO）, Ireland＇s, big data linking project titled the ＇Structure of Earnings Survey - Administrative Data Proj...Privacy protection for big data linking is discussed here in relation to the Central Statistics Office （CSO）, Ireland＇s, big data linking project titled the ＇Structure of Earnings Survey - Administrative Data Project＇ （SESADP）. The result of the project was the creation of datasets and statistical outputs for the years 2011 to 2014 to meet Eurostat＇s annual earnings statistics requirements and the Structure of Earnings Survey （SES） Regulation. Record linking across the Census and various public sector datasets enabled the necessary information to be acquired to meet the Eurostat earnings requirements. However, the risk of statistical disclosure （i.e. identifying an individual on the dataset） is high unless privacy and confidentiality safe-guards are built into the data matching process. This paper looks at the three methods of linking records on big datasets employed on the SESADP, and how to anonymise the data to protect the identity of the individuals, where potentially disclosive variables exist.展开更多
This paper describes how data records can be matched across large datasets using a technique called the Identity Correlation Approach （ICA）. The ICA technique is then compared with a string matching exercise. Both t...This paper describes how data records can be matched across large datasets using a technique called the Identity Correlation Approach （ICA）. The ICA technique is then compared with a string matching exercise. Both the string matching exercise and the ICA technique were employed for a big data project carried out by the CSO. The project was called the SESADP （Structure of Earnings Survey Administrative Data Project） and involved linking the Irish Census dataset 2011 to a large Public Sector Dataset. The ICA technique provides a mathematical tool to link the datasets and the matching rate for an exact match can be calculated before the matching process begins. Based on the number of variables and the size of the population, the matching rate is calculated in the ICA approach from the MRUI （Matching Rate for Unique Identifier） formula, and false positives are eliminated. No string matching is used in the ICA, therefore names are not required on the dataset, making the data more secure ＆ ensuring confidentiality. The SESADP Project was highly successful using the ICA technique. A comparison of the results using a string matching exercise for the SESADP and the ICA are discussed here.展开更多
BACKGROUND Delta hepatitis is a rare infection with an aggressive disease course.For almost three decades,however,there have been no epidemiological studies in our traditionally endemic area.AIM To investigate the pre...BACKGROUND Delta hepatitis is a rare infection with an aggressive disease course.For almost three decades,however,there have been no epidemiological studies in our traditionally endemic area.AIM To investigate the prevalence of delta hepatitis in a sample of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection followed at a Hepatology Unit in Valencia,Spain.METHODS Retrospective evaluation of anti-hepatitis D virus-immunoglobulin G seroprevalence among patients with chronic HBV infection(n=605)followed at a reference Hepatology Unit in Spain.RESULTS The prevalence of anti-hepatitis D virus-immunoglobulin G among HBV-infected patients was 11.5%:Male(63%)and median age of 52 years.The majority were born in Spain(67%)and primarily infected through intravenous drug use.However,a significant percent(24.5%),particularly those diagnosed in more recent years,were migrants presumably nosocomially infected.Comorbidities such as diabetes(8.5%),obesity/overweight(55%),and alcohol consumption(34%)were frequent.A high proportion of patients developed liver complications such as cirrhosis(77%),liver decompensation(81%),hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)(16.5%),or required liver transplantation(LT)(59.5%).Diabetes was associated with progression to cirrhosis,LT,and death.Male sex,increasing age,and alcohol were associated with LT and HCC.Compared to HBV mono-infected patients,delta individuals developed cirrhosis and liver decompensation more frequently,with no differences in HCC rates.CONCLUSION Patients infected in the 1980’s were mostly locals infected through intravenous drug use,whereas those diagnosed recently are frequently non-Spanish natives from endemic areas.Regardless of their origin,patients are predominantly male with significant comorbidities,which potentially play a major role in disease progression.We confirm a high rate of subsequent liver complications.展开更多
Depending on the source, a reader may be left with the impression that Family Businesses （FBs） typically account for between 75% and 95% of all enterprises operating in an economy. This study, using official structu...Depending on the source, a reader may be left with the impression that Family Businesses （FBs） typically account for between 75% and 95% of all enterprises operating in an economy. This study, using official structural business statistics from Ireland, suggests that in fact family businesses may account for a considerably smaller share of the business economy, something closer to 46%. This paper attempts to explain how such a discrepancy can arise. Using the Annual Services Inquiry compiled by the Central Statistics Office （CSO） as the anchor dataset, micro data are linked to the e-Commerce and ICT survey, Community Innovation Survey and VAT registrations datasets in order to determine whether labour productivity in Family Businesses （FBs） is significantly different to that of Non-Family Businesses （NFBs） and if Information and Communication Technologies （ICT） or innovation has an impact. The paper also highlights the significant impact that Foreign Direct Investment （FDI） makes to the Irish economy. This analysis is particularly relevant for a small open economy like Ireland where 31% of traded services GVA and 15% of employment is generated by multinational enterprises.展开更多
In this paper the authors wish to introduce an application of the gravitational model through two concrete examples. In their investigation the gravitational model was transformed to analyze the spatial structure of E...In this paper the authors wish to introduce an application of the gravitational model through two concrete examples. In their investigation the gravitational model was transformed to analyze the spatial structure of Europe, and the impact of accessibility in Hungary. In this analysis not only the size of gravitational forces but their direction can also be measured. Displacements were illustrated by a bi-dimensional regression, which gives a new perspective to the investigation of spatial structure.展开更多
In Hungary a general agricultural census （AC） was carried out in 2000, followed in 2001 by the population and housing census. The two censuses had been designed separately. Originally the Hungarian Central Statistic...In Hungary a general agricultural census （AC） was carried out in 2000, followed in 2001 by the population and housing census. The two censuses had been designed separately. Originally the Hungarian Central Statistical Office （HCSO） did not plan the joint analysis of the data of the two censuses. Following the censuses users and researchers expressed the view that linking the data of the two databases would represent a value-added in the use of the data and the joint utilization of the databases of the two censuses was examined. The databases were matched and the aggregated handling of the information increased the potential for analysing both censuses and allowed further, more sophisticated investigations. By means of the databases of the two censuses, the first opportunity arose for matching the discrete data of the surveys. The precondition of the matching of the data was the conformity of the respective metadata of the two operations. ,,Private holding＂ and ,,dwelling-household＂ were the categories applicable as the smallest unit for the matching. The links between the private holdings and the households could be based on the identity of the persons living in the dwelling. The matching of the data required the use of individual identity codes. With the matching process used a joint database of the agricultural and population censuses was set up providing new approaches for gender disaggregated analysis. By using the linked database, the HCSO issued a series of publications on the households living in agricultural private holdings in the countryside. This presentation describes the method of matching the databases of the two censuses.展开更多
Many organizations have datasets which contain a high volume of personal data on individuals,e.g.,health data.Even without a name or address,persons can be identified based on the details(variables)on the dataset.This...Many organizations have datasets which contain a high volume of personal data on individuals,e.g.,health data.Even without a name or address,persons can be identified based on the details(variables)on the dataset.This is an important issue for big data holders such as public sector organizations(e.g.,Public Health Organizations)and social media companies.This paper looks at how individuals can be identified from big data using a mathematical approach and how to apply this mathematical solution to prevent accidental disclosure of a person’s details.The mathematical concept is known as the“Identity Correlation Approach”(ICA)and demonstrates how an individual can be identified without a name or address using a unique set of characteristics(variables).Secondly,having identified the individual person,it shows how a solution can be put in place to prevent accidental disclosure of the personal details.Thirdly,how to store data such that accidental leaks of the datasets do not lead to the disclosure of the personal details to unauthorized users.展开更多
Background:With the popularization of lung cancer screening,more early-stage lung cancers are being detected.This study aims to compare three types of N classifications,including location-based N classification(pathol...Background:With the popularization of lung cancer screening,more early-stage lung cancers are being detected.This study aims to compare three types of N classifications,including location-based N classification(pathologic nodal classification[pN]),the number of lymph node stations(nS)-based N classification(nS classification),and the combined approach proposed by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer(IASLC)which incorporates both pN and nS classification to determine if the nS classification is more appropriate for early-stage lung cancer.Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of lung cancer patients treated at the Cancer Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between 2005 and 2018.Inclusion criteria was clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma patients who underwent resection during this period.Sub-analyses were performed for the three types of N classifications.The optimal cutoffvalues for nS classification were determined with X-tile software.Kaplan‒Meier and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to assess the prognostic significance of the different N classifications.The prediction performance among the three types of N classifications was compared using the concordance index(C-index)and decision curve analysis(DCA).Results:Of the 669 patients evaluated,534 had pathological stage N0 disease(79.8%),82 had N1 disease(12.3%)and 53 had N2 disease(7.9%).Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that all three types of N classifications were independent prognostic factors for prognosis(all P<0.001).However,the prognosis overlaps between pN(N1 and N2,P=0.052)and IASLC-proposed N classification(N1b and N2a1[P=0.407],N2a1 and N2a2[P=0.364],and N2a2 and N2b[P=0.779]),except for nS classification subgroups(nS0 and nS1[P<0.001]and nS1 and nS>1[P=0.006]).There was no significant difference in the C-index values between the three N classifications(P=0.370).The DCA results demonstrated that the nS classification provided greater clinical utility.Conclusion:The nS classification might be a better choice for nodal classification in clinical stage IA lung adeno-carcinoma.展开更多
Background:Breast cancer is ranked among the most prevalent malignancies in the Chinese female population.However,comprehensive reports detailing the latest epidemiological data and attributable disease burden have no...Background:Breast cancer is ranked among the most prevalent malignancies in the Chinese female population.However,comprehensive reports detailing the latest epidemiological data and attributable disease burden have not been extensively documented.Methods:In 2018,high-quality cancer surveillance data were recorded in 700 population-based cancer registries in China.We extracted data on female breast cancers(International Classification of Diseases,Tenth Revision[ICD-10]:C50)and estimated the incidence and mortality in 2022 according to the baseline data and corresponding trends from 2010 to 2018.Pathological types were classified according to the ICD for Oncology,3rd Edition codes.Disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)were calculated as the sum of the years of life lost(YLLs)and years lived with disability(YLDs).Results:In 2022,approximately 357,200 new female breast cancer cases and 75,000 deaths occurred in China,accounting for 15.59%and 7.94%of total new cancer cases and deaths,respectively.The age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)was 33.04 per 100,000.When analyzed by pathological type,the ASIRs for papillary neoplasms,invasive breast carcinoma,rare and salivary gland-type tumors,and other types were 1.13,29.79,0.24,and 1.88 per 100,000,respectively.The age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)was 6.10 per 100,000.A total of 2,628,000 DALYs were found to be attributable to female breast cancer in China,comprising 2,278,300 YLLs and 349,700 YLDs.The ASIR,ASMR,and age-standardized rate(ASR)for DALYs in urban areas were consistently higher than those in rural areas.We observed a four-fold increase in the ASIR and ASR for DALYs and an eight-fold increase in the ASMR among females over 55 years compared with those aged under 55 years.Conclusion:These data provide invaluable insights into the latest epidemiology of female breast cancer in China and highlight the urgency for disease prevention and control strategy formulation.展开更多
Background:Lifetime cancer risk is an index that indicates the cumulative probability of cancer at some age during a person’s lifetime.Nevertheless,comparative evaluations regarding the probability of developing lung...Background:Lifetime cancer risk is an index that indicates the cumulative probability of cancer at some age during a person’s lifetime.Nevertheless,comparative evaluations regarding the probability of developing lung cancer and dying from the disease among diverse populations at the global,regional,and national levels are scarce.Methods:Lung cancer data from 185 countries were obtained from GLOBOCAN 2022,and data on any other cause of death were acquired from the United Nations.The lifetime risks of lung cancer development and death were estimated using adjustment for multiple primary cancers(AMP)method.The lung cancer risks in countries or regions worldwide were compared by region and the Human Development Index(HDI).Results:The global lifetime risk of developing and dying from lung cancer in 2022 was 3.49%and 2.69%,respectively.The lifetime probabilities of developing lung cancer in countries/areas with low,medium,high,and very high HDIs were 0.33%,0.95%,4.72%,and 5.29%,and dying from lung cancer in low,medium,high and very high HDI countries were 0.30%,0.86%,3.69%and 3.92%,respectively.After the age of 40 years,the remaining probability of lung cancer development and death decreased with age,leaving a residual risk of 2.00%and 1.71%,respectively,starting at 70 years.Conclusions:The probability of developing lung cancer during one’s lifetime is equivalent to 1 in 28 and 1 in 37 people suffering and dying from lung cancer.The age-related risk of developing and dying of lung cancer varies among geographic locations with different HDIs.展开更多
Background： Human rhinoviruses （HRVs） are divided into three genetic species： HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C. The association of different HRV species with asthma in children in China has not yet been evaluated. This pre...Background： Human rhinoviruses （HRVs） are divided into three genetic species： HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C. The association of different HRV species with asthma in children in China has not yet been evaluated. This preliminary study aimed to assess the associations between different HRV species, particularly HRV-C, and asthma in young children in China. Methods： A total of 702 nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from 155 children with asthma （asthma group）, 461 children with acute respiratory infection （ARI） without asthma （nonasthma ARI group）, and 86 children from the control group. Semi-nested polymerase chain reaction （PCR） was used to detect HRVs, and PCR products were sequenced for species identification. Epidemiological characteristics of HRV-positive cases were analyzed. Results： HRVs were the most common pathogen （ 15.4%; 108/702） in the patients in this study. The prevalence of HRV was significantly different （F = 20.633, P = 0.000） between tile asthma （25.8%） and nonasthma ARI groups （11.1%）. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that in the 108 cases positive for HRVs, 41 were identified as HRV-A, 8 as HRV-B, and 56 as HRV-C, Comparing the asthma with the nonasthlna ARI group, Spearman＇s rank correlation analysis revealed an association between HRV-A （P 〈 0.05） and C （P 〈 0.01） and asthma, confirmed by regression analysis, with odds ratios of 2.2 （HRV-A） and 4.2 （HRV-C）. Conclusions： Our data revealed a high prevalence of HRVs in children in China, regardless of clinical status. HRV-C was the dominant species and may be one of the key factors in the association of HRVs with asthma.展开更多
To the Editor:Invasive ventilation is a necessary form of respiratory support in the intensive care unit.Noninvasive ventilation(NIV)is frequently used as a sequential respiratory support following extubation in patie...To the Editor:Invasive ventilation is a necessary form of respiratory support in the intensive care unit.Noninvasive ventilation(NIV)is frequently used as a sequential respiratory support following extubation in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)to prevent the recurrence of respiratory failure,avoid reintubation,and improve the prognosis.[1]However,some patients may have a poor tolerance to NIV.展开更多
Background:The heterogeneity of patients with COVID-19 may explain the wide variation of mortality rate due to the population characteristics,presence of comorbidities and clinical manifestations.Methods:In this study...Background:The heterogeneity of patients with COVID-19 may explain the wide variation of mortality rate due to the population characteristics,presence of comorbidities and clinical manifestations.Methods:In this study,we analyzed 5342 patients’recordings and selected a cohort of 177 hospitalized patients with a poor prognosis at an early stage.We assessed during 6 months their symptomatology,coexisting health conditions,clinical measures and health assistance related to mortality.Multiple Cox proportional hazards models were built to identify the associated factors with mortality risk.Results:We observed that cough and kidney failure triplicate the mortality risk and both bilirubin levels and oncologic condition are shown as the most associated with the demise,increasing in four and ten times the risk,respectively.Other clinical characteristics such as fever,diabetes mellitus,breathing frequency,neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio,oxygen saturation,and troponin levels,were also related to mortality risk of in-hospital death.Conclusions:The present study shows that some symptomatology,comorbidities and clinical measures could be the target of prevention tools to improve survival rates.展开更多
基金supported by the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Grant No.2021-I2M-1-011)the Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(Grant No.CFH2024-2G-40214).
文摘Objective:This study aimed to analyze the temporal trends in cancer mortality in China from 2013-2021 and project the future trends through 2030.Methods:This study was based on the China Causes of Death Surveillance Dataset,which covers 2.37 billion person-years.Age-standardized mortality rates(ASMRs)were calculated using Segi’s world standard population and the trends were evaluated via Joinpoint regression.Bayesian age-period-cohort models were used for mortality projections.Contributions of demographic changes(population size and age structure)and risk factors to the mortality burden were quantified using the decomposition analysis.Results:The combined ASMRs for all cancers decreased annually by 2.3%,driven by significant declines in esophageal(4.8%),stomach(4.5%),and liver cancers(2.7%).In contrast,the pancreatic and prostate cancer ASMRs increased by 2.0% and 3.4% annually,respectively.Urban areas demonstrated a more rapid decline in the combined ASMRs for all cancers[average annual percent change(AAPC)=-3.0% in urban areas vs.-2.0% in rural areas],highlighting persistent disparities.Population aging contributed 20%-50% to death increases between 2013 and 2021.The combined ASMRs for all cancers,like the findings of temporal trend analyses,will continue to decrease and the regional(urban and rural)difference is projected to simulate that of the temporal trend through 2030.In fact,cancer deaths are projected to reach 2.4 million by 2030.Conclusions:The cancer burden in China is facing the dual challenges of population aging and urban-rural disparities.It is necessary to prioritize rural screening,control risk factors,such as smoking and diet,and integrate more efficacious cancer prevention and control programmes into the policy to reduce mortality in the future.
基金Supported by Grants from the National Basic Research Program of China,973 Program,No.2013CB531401
文摘AIM: To investigate the microbiological characteristics and drug resistance in liver cirrhosis patients with spontaneous peritonitis.METHODS: We analyzed the data of patients with liver cirrhosis and abdominal infection at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University between January 2011 and December 2013. Pathogens present in the ascites were identified,and their sensitivity to various antibiotics was determined. RESULTS: We isolated 306 pathogenic bacteria from 288 cases: In 178 cases,the infection was caused by gram-negative strains(58.2%); in 85 cases,grampositive strains(27.8%); in 9 cases,fungi(2.9%); and in 16 cases,more than one pathogen. The main pathogens were Escherichia coli(E. coli)(24.2%),Klebsiella pneumoniae(18.9%),Enterococcus spp.(11.1%),and Staphylococcus aureus(7.5%). Of the 306 isolated pathogens,99 caused nosocomial infections and 207 caused community-acquired andother infections. The E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains produced more extended-spectrum β-lactamases in cases of nosocomial infections than non-nosocomial infections(62.5% vs 38%,P < 0.013; 36.8% vs 12.8%,P < 0.034,respectively). The sensitivity to individual antibiotics differed between nosocomial and non-nosocomial infections: Piperacillin/tazobactam was significantly more effective against non-nosocomial E. coli infections(4% vs 20.8%,P < 0.021). Nitrofurantoin had stronger antibacterial activity against Enterococcus species causing non-nosocomial infections(36.4% vs 86.3%,P < 0.009).CONCLUSION: The majority of pathogens that cause abdominal infection in patients with liver cirrhosis are gram-negative,and drug resistance is significantly higher in nosocomial infections than in non-nosocomial infections.
基金Financial support was received from the Universitat de València for the VLC-CAMPUS“Atraccióde Talent”PhD fellowship(awarded to C.B-S)the Fundación Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir through Grant 2019–231–003UCV(awarded toá.S-A)。
文摘The COVID-19 pandemic has escalated into one of the largest crises of the 21 st Century.The new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus,responsible for COVID-19,has spread rapidly all around the world.The Spanish Government was forced to declare a nationwide lockdown in view of the rapidly spreading virus and high mortality rate in the nation.This study investigated the impact of short-term lockdown during the period from March 15th to April 12th 2020 on the atmospheric levels of CO,SO_(2),PM_(10),O_(3),and NO_(2)over 11 representative Spanish cities.The possible influence of several meteorological factors(temperature,precipitation,wind,sunlight hours,minimum and maximum pressure)on the pollutants'levels were also considered.The results obtained show that the 4-week lockdown had significant impact on reducing the atmospheric levels of NO_(2)in all cities except for the small city of Santander as well as CO,SO_(2),and PM_(10)in some cities,but resulted in increase of O_(3)level.
文摘Privacy protection for big data linking is discussed here in relation to the Central Statistics Office （CSO）, Ireland＇s, big data linking project titled the ＇Structure of Earnings Survey - Administrative Data Project＇ （SESADP）. The result of the project was the creation of datasets and statistical outputs for the years 2011 to 2014 to meet Eurostat＇s annual earnings statistics requirements and the Structure of Earnings Survey （SES） Regulation. Record linking across the Census and various public sector datasets enabled the necessary information to be acquired to meet the Eurostat earnings requirements. However, the risk of statistical disclosure （i.e. identifying an individual on the dataset） is high unless privacy and confidentiality safe-guards are built into the data matching process. This paper looks at the three methods of linking records on big datasets employed on the SESADP, and how to anonymise the data to protect the identity of the individuals, where potentially disclosive variables exist.
文摘This paper describes how data records can be matched across large datasets using a technique called the Identity Correlation Approach （ICA）. The ICA technique is then compared with a string matching exercise. Both the string matching exercise and the ICA technique were employed for a big data project carried out by the CSO. The project was called the SESADP （Structure of Earnings Survey Administrative Data Project） and involved linking the Irish Census dataset 2011 to a large Public Sector Dataset. The ICA technique provides a mathematical tool to link the datasets and the matching rate for an exact match can be calculated before the matching process begins. Based on the number of variables and the size of the population, the matching rate is calculated in the ICA approach from the MRUI （Matching Rate for Unique Identifier） formula, and false positives are eliminated. No string matching is used in the ICA, therefore names are not required on the dataset, making the data more secure ＆ ensuring confidentiality. The SESADP Project was highly successful using the ICA technique. A comparison of the results using a string matching exercise for the SESADP and the ICA are discussed here.
文摘BACKGROUND Delta hepatitis is a rare infection with an aggressive disease course.For almost three decades,however,there have been no epidemiological studies in our traditionally endemic area.AIM To investigate the prevalence of delta hepatitis in a sample of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection followed at a Hepatology Unit in Valencia,Spain.METHODS Retrospective evaluation of anti-hepatitis D virus-immunoglobulin G seroprevalence among patients with chronic HBV infection(n=605)followed at a reference Hepatology Unit in Spain.RESULTS The prevalence of anti-hepatitis D virus-immunoglobulin G among HBV-infected patients was 11.5%:Male(63%)and median age of 52 years.The majority were born in Spain(67%)and primarily infected through intravenous drug use.However,a significant percent(24.5%),particularly those diagnosed in more recent years,were migrants presumably nosocomially infected.Comorbidities such as diabetes(8.5%),obesity/overweight(55%),and alcohol consumption(34%)were frequent.A high proportion of patients developed liver complications such as cirrhosis(77%),liver decompensation(81%),hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)(16.5%),or required liver transplantation(LT)(59.5%).Diabetes was associated with progression to cirrhosis,LT,and death.Male sex,increasing age,and alcohol were associated with LT and HCC.Compared to HBV mono-infected patients,delta individuals developed cirrhosis and liver decompensation more frequently,with no differences in HCC rates.CONCLUSION Patients infected in the 1980’s were mostly locals infected through intravenous drug use,whereas those diagnosed recently are frequently non-Spanish natives from endemic areas.Regardless of their origin,patients are predominantly male with significant comorbidities,which potentially play a major role in disease progression.We confirm a high rate of subsequent liver complications.
文摘Depending on the source, a reader may be left with the impression that Family Businesses （FBs） typically account for between 75% and 95% of all enterprises operating in an economy. This study, using official structural business statistics from Ireland, suggests that in fact family businesses may account for a considerably smaller share of the business economy, something closer to 46%. This paper attempts to explain how such a discrepancy can arise. Using the Annual Services Inquiry compiled by the Central Statistics Office （CSO） as the anchor dataset, micro data are linked to the e-Commerce and ICT survey, Community Innovation Survey and VAT registrations datasets in order to determine whether labour productivity in Family Businesses （FBs） is significantly different to that of Non-Family Businesses （NFBs） and if Information and Communication Technologies （ICT） or innovation has an impact. The paper also highlights the significant impact that Foreign Direct Investment （FDI） makes to the Irish economy. This analysis is particularly relevant for a small open economy like Ireland where 31% of traded services GVA and 15% of employment is generated by multinational enterprises.
文摘In this paper the authors wish to introduce an application of the gravitational model through two concrete examples. In their investigation the gravitational model was transformed to analyze the spatial structure of Europe, and the impact of accessibility in Hungary. In this analysis not only the size of gravitational forces but their direction can also be measured. Displacements were illustrated by a bi-dimensional regression, which gives a new perspective to the investigation of spatial structure.
文摘In Hungary a general agricultural census （AC） was carried out in 2000, followed in 2001 by the population and housing census. The two censuses had been designed separately. Originally the Hungarian Central Statistical Office （HCSO） did not plan the joint analysis of the data of the two censuses. Following the censuses users and researchers expressed the view that linking the data of the two databases would represent a value-added in the use of the data and the joint utilization of the databases of the two censuses was examined. The databases were matched and the aggregated handling of the information increased the potential for analysing both censuses and allowed further, more sophisticated investigations. By means of the databases of the two censuses, the first opportunity arose for matching the discrete data of the surveys. The precondition of the matching of the data was the conformity of the respective metadata of the two operations. ,,Private holding＂ and ,,dwelling-household＂ were the categories applicable as the smallest unit for the matching. The links between the private holdings and the households could be based on the identity of the persons living in the dwelling. The matching of the data required the use of individual identity codes. With the matching process used a joint database of the agricultural and population censuses was set up providing new approaches for gender disaggregated analysis. By using the linked database, the HCSO issued a series of publications on the households living in agricultural private holdings in the countryside. This presentation describes the method of matching the databases of the two censuses.
文摘Many organizations have datasets which contain a high volume of personal data on individuals,e.g.,health data.Even without a name or address,persons can be identified based on the details(variables)on the dataset.This is an important issue for big data holders such as public sector organizations(e.g.,Public Health Organizations)and social media companies.This paper looks at how individuals can be identified from big data using a mathematical approach and how to apply this mathematical solution to prevent accidental disclosure of a person’s details.The mathematical concept is known as the“Identity Correlation Approach”(ICA)and demonstrates how an individual can be identified without a name or address using a unique set of characteristics(variables).Secondly,having identified the individual person,it shows how a solution can be put in place to prevent accidental disclosure of the personal details.Thirdly,how to store data such that accidental leaks of the datasets do not lead to the disclosure of the personal details to unauthorized users.
基金supported by CAMS Innovation Fund for Med-ical Sciences(grant number:2021-I2M-C&T-B-061)Beijing Hope Run Special Fund of Cancer Foundation of China(grant number:LC2022A22)+1 种基金Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(grant num-ber:7184238)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number:81701692).
文摘Background:With the popularization of lung cancer screening,more early-stage lung cancers are being detected.This study aims to compare three types of N classifications,including location-based N classification(pathologic nodal classification[pN]),the number of lymph node stations(nS)-based N classification(nS classification),and the combined approach proposed by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer(IASLC)which incorporates both pN and nS classification to determine if the nS classification is more appropriate for early-stage lung cancer.Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of lung cancer patients treated at the Cancer Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between 2005 and 2018.Inclusion criteria was clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma patients who underwent resection during this period.Sub-analyses were performed for the three types of N classifications.The optimal cutoffvalues for nS classification were determined with X-tile software.Kaplan‒Meier and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to assess the prognostic significance of the different N classifications.The prediction performance among the three types of N classifications was compared using the concordance index(C-index)and decision curve analysis(DCA).Results:Of the 669 patients evaluated,534 had pathological stage N0 disease(79.8%),82 had N1 disease(12.3%)and 53 had N2 disease(7.9%).Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that all three types of N classifications were independent prognostic factors for prognosis(all P<0.001).However,the prognosis overlaps between pN(N1 and N2,P=0.052)and IASLC-proposed N classification(N1b and N2a1[P=0.407],N2a1 and N2a2[P=0.364],and N2a2 and N2b[P=0.779]),except for nS classification subgroups(nS0 and nS1[P<0.001]and nS1 and nS>1[P=0.006]).There was no significant difference in the C-index values between the three N classifications(P=0.370).The DCA results demonstrated that the nS classification provided greater clinical utility.Conclusion:The nS classification might be a better choice for nodal classification in clinical stage IA lung adeno-carcinoma.
基金supported by a grant from the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(No.2021-I2M-1-011).
文摘Background:Breast cancer is ranked among the most prevalent malignancies in the Chinese female population.However,comprehensive reports detailing the latest epidemiological data and attributable disease burden have not been extensively documented.Methods:In 2018,high-quality cancer surveillance data were recorded in 700 population-based cancer registries in China.We extracted data on female breast cancers(International Classification of Diseases,Tenth Revision[ICD-10]:C50)and estimated the incidence and mortality in 2022 according to the baseline data and corresponding trends from 2010 to 2018.Pathological types were classified according to the ICD for Oncology,3rd Edition codes.Disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)were calculated as the sum of the years of life lost(YLLs)and years lived with disability(YLDs).Results:In 2022,approximately 357,200 new female breast cancer cases and 75,000 deaths occurred in China,accounting for 15.59%and 7.94%of total new cancer cases and deaths,respectively.The age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)was 33.04 per 100,000.When analyzed by pathological type,the ASIRs for papillary neoplasms,invasive breast carcinoma,rare and salivary gland-type tumors,and other types were 1.13,29.79,0.24,and 1.88 per 100,000,respectively.The age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)was 6.10 per 100,000.A total of 2,628,000 DALYs were found to be attributable to female breast cancer in China,comprising 2,278,300 YLLs and 349,700 YLDs.The ASIR,ASMR,and age-standardized rate(ASR)for DALYs in urban areas were consistently higher than those in rural areas.We observed a four-fold increase in the ASIR and ASR for DALYs and an eight-fold increase in the ASMR among females over 55 years compared with those aged under 55 years.Conclusion:These data provide invaluable insights into the latest epidemiology of female breast cancer in China and highlight the urgency for disease prevention and control strategy formulation.
基金supported by grants from the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Nos.2022-I2MC&T-B-076,and 2021-I2M-1-011).
文摘Background:Lifetime cancer risk is an index that indicates the cumulative probability of cancer at some age during a person’s lifetime.Nevertheless,comparative evaluations regarding the probability of developing lung cancer and dying from the disease among diverse populations at the global,regional,and national levels are scarce.Methods:Lung cancer data from 185 countries were obtained from GLOBOCAN 2022,and data on any other cause of death were acquired from the United Nations.The lifetime risks of lung cancer development and death were estimated using adjustment for multiple primary cancers(AMP)method.The lung cancer risks in countries or regions worldwide were compared by region and the Human Development Index(HDI).Results:The global lifetime risk of developing and dying from lung cancer in 2022 was 3.49%and 2.69%,respectively.The lifetime probabilities of developing lung cancer in countries/areas with low,medium,high,and very high HDIs were 0.33%,0.95%,4.72%,and 5.29%,and dying from lung cancer in low,medium,high and very high HDI countries were 0.30%,0.86%,3.69%and 3.92%,respectively.After the age of 40 years,the remaining probability of lung cancer development and death decreased with age,leaving a residual risk of 2.00%and 1.71%,respectively,starting at 70 years.Conclusions:The probability of developing lung cancer during one’s lifetime is equivalent to 1 in 28 and 1 in 37 people suffering and dying from lung cancer.The age-related risk of developing and dying of lung cancer varies among geographic locations with different HDIs.
文摘Background： Human rhinoviruses （HRVs） are divided into three genetic species： HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C. The association of different HRV species with asthma in children in China has not yet been evaluated. This preliminary study aimed to assess the associations between different HRV species, particularly HRV-C, and asthma in young children in China. Methods： A total of 702 nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from 155 children with asthma （asthma group）, 461 children with acute respiratory infection （ARI） without asthma （nonasthma ARI group）, and 86 children from the control group. Semi-nested polymerase chain reaction （PCR） was used to detect HRVs, and PCR products were sequenced for species identification. Epidemiological characteristics of HRV-positive cases were analyzed. Results： HRVs were the most common pathogen （ 15.4%; 108/702） in the patients in this study. The prevalence of HRV was significantly different （F = 20.633, P = 0.000） between tile asthma （25.8%） and nonasthma ARI groups （11.1%）. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that in the 108 cases positive for HRVs, 41 were identified as HRV-A, 8 as HRV-B, and 56 as HRV-C, Comparing the asthma with the nonasthlna ARI group, Spearman＇s rank correlation analysis revealed an association between HRV-A （P 〈 0.05） and C （P 〈 0.01） and asthma, confirmed by regression analysis, with odds ratios of 2.2 （HRV-A） and 4.2 （HRV-C）. Conclusions： Our data revealed a high prevalence of HRVs in children in China, regardless of clinical status. HRV-C was the dominant species and may be one of the key factors in the association of HRVs with asthma.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81770080 and 82100037)the Xiangya Hospital-Beida Weiming Clinical Rehabilitation Research Fund(No.XYWM2015I20)+4 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(No.2016YFC1304204)the National Science Foundation for Postdoctoral Scientists of China(No.2021TQ0375)Hunan Outstanding Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Program(No.2021RC2018)the Youth Foundation of Xiangya Hospital(No.2020Q06)Hainan Provincial Medical and Health Research Project(No.2001032061A2010)
文摘To the Editor:Invasive ventilation is a necessary form of respiratory support in the intensive care unit.Noninvasive ventilation(NIV)is frequently used as a sequential respiratory support following extubation in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)to prevent the recurrence of respiratory failure,avoid reintubation,and improve the prognosis.[1]However,some patients may have a poor tolerance to NIV.
基金supported by the Innovation,Universities,Science and Digital Society Council through the Valencia Innovation Agency(AVI)grant 851255 from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programfrom the Universitat de València.
文摘Background:The heterogeneity of patients with COVID-19 may explain the wide variation of mortality rate due to the population characteristics,presence of comorbidities and clinical manifestations.Methods:In this study,we analyzed 5342 patients’recordings and selected a cohort of 177 hospitalized patients with a poor prognosis at an early stage.We assessed during 6 months their symptomatology,coexisting health conditions,clinical measures and health assistance related to mortality.Multiple Cox proportional hazards models were built to identify the associated factors with mortality risk.Results:We observed that cough and kidney failure triplicate the mortality risk and both bilirubin levels and oncologic condition are shown as the most associated with the demise,increasing in four and ten times the risk,respectively.Other clinical characteristics such as fever,diabetes mellitus,breathing frequency,neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio,oxygen saturation,and troponin levels,were also related to mortality risk of in-hospital death.Conclusions:The present study shows that some symptomatology,comorbidities and clinical measures could be the target of prevention tools to improve survival rates.
