The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides a new global policy to guide the way countries collectively manage and transform the social,economic,and environmental dimensions of people and the planet over the ...The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides a new global policy to guide the way countries collectively manage and transform the social,economic,and environmental dimensions of people and the planet over the next 15 years.Achieving sustainable development presents all countries and the global policy community with a set of significant development challenges that are almost entirely geographic in nature.Many of the issues impacting sustainable development can be analyzed,modeled,and mapped within a geographic context,which in turn can provide the integrative framework necessary for global collaboration,consensus and evidence-based decision-making.However,and despite significant advances in geospatial information technologies,there is a lack of awareness,understanding and uptake,particular at the policy and decision-making level,of the vital and integrative role of geospatial information and related enabling architectures such as National Spatial Data Infrastructures.This paper reasons that the role of geospatial information in contributing to sustainable development has not adequately been described by either the sustainable development policy practice or by the geospatial professional community.This lack of policy and guidance,with commensurate critical gaps and connection points with national geospatial frameworks,is a visible impediment to developing countries and those most affected by the challenges and need to achieve sustainable development.The global geospatial community now has a unique opportunity to integrate and connect geospatial information into the global development agenda in a more holistic and sustainable manner,specifically in contributing their data resources toward measuring and monitoring the 17 Sustainable Development Goals,and their 169 associated targets,through the global indicator framework that anchors the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This paper introduces and discusses a new strategic framework for linking a global policy to national geospatial capabilities.展开更多
Rauwolfia species(Apocynaceae) are medicinal plants well known worldwide due to its potent bioactive monoterpene indole alkaloids(MIAs) such as reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine.Reserpine,ajmalici...Rauwolfia species(Apocynaceae) are medicinal plants well known worldwide due to its potent bioactive monoterpene indole alkaloids(MIAs) such as reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine.Reserpine,ajmalicine and ajmaline are powerful antihypertensive,tranquilizing agents used in hypertension.Yohimbine is an aphrodisiac used in dietary supplements.As there is no report on the comparative and comprehensive phytochemical investigation of the roots of Rauwolfia species,we have developed an efficient and reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method for ethanolic root extract of Rauwolfia species to elucidate the fragmentation pathways for dereplication of bioactive MIAs using highperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC–ESI–QTOF–MS/MS) in positive ion mode.We identified and established diagnostic fragment ions and fragmentation pathways using reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine.The MS/MS spectra of reserpine,ajmalicine,and ajmaline showed C-ring-cleavage whereas E-ring cleavage was observed in serpentine via Retro Diels Alder(RDA).A total of 47 bioactive MIAs were identified and characterized on the basis of their molecular formula,exact mass measurements and MS/MS analysis.Reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine were unambiguously identified by comparison with their authentic standards and other 42 MIAs were tentatively identified and characterized from the roots of Rauwolfia hookeri,Rauwolfia micrantha,Rauwolfia serpentina,Rauwolfia verticillata,Rauwolfia tetraphylla and Rauwolfia vomitoria.Application of LC–MS followed by principal component analysis(PCA) has been successfully used to discriminate among six Rauwolfia species.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Conventional neuroimaging diagnosis does not assist with the monitoring or evaluation of basal nuclei ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, or motor functional recovery. Magnetic resonance, diffusion tensor im...BACKGROUND： Conventional neuroimaging diagnosis does not assist with the monitoring or evaluation of basal nuclei ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, or motor functional recovery. Magnetic resonance, diffusion tensor imaging, and diffusion tensor tractography have all been used to observe features of cerebral white matter fibrous structures. In addition, diffusion tensor tractography is the only non-invasive imaging method to display the corticospinal tract in vivo. OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the impairment degree of corticospinal tract induced by basal nuclei ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke through the use of magnetic resonance, diffusion tensor imaging, and diffusion tensor tractography, and to analyze the correlation to muscular strength. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A retrospective case analysis was performed at the Department of Medical Imaging, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA between November 2002 and June 2008. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 15 patients with acute or subacute cerebral ischemic stroke and nine with hemorrhagic stroke in the basal nuclei were selected. METHODS： Magnetic resonance, diffusion tensor imaging, and diffusion tensor tractography results and data were analyzed. Fractional anisotropy and directionally encoded color maps were obtained. Three-dimensional tractography of bilateral corticospinal tract was created, and corticospinal tract integrity was graded. Fractional anisotropy of infarct region and corresponding contralateral normal regions were measured, and hematoma volume in hemorrhagic stroke patients was determined. Hand motor function ability was evaluated using Brunstorm criteria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Fractional anisotropy of infarct region and corresponding contralateral normal regions; hematoma volume in hemorrhagic stroke patients; correlation between muscular strength and corticospinal tract impairment degree in ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke patients before and after treatment. RESULTS： In ischemic stroke patients, the fractional anisotropy value was significantly lower in the infarct area of white matter than in the normal hemisphere （P 〈 0.01）. The impairment degree of corticospinal tract negatively correlated with muscular strength of the corresponding hand （r = -0.97 P 〈 0.01）. The hematoma volume of hemorrhagic stroke patients significantly negatively correlated with Spearman test results for muscular strength of the corresponding hand （r = -0.88, P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Corticospinal tract impairment severity negatively correlated with muscular strength and motor functional recovery, which suggested that diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion tensor tractography could be used to evaluate corticospinal tract motor function.展开更多
Background:A central challenge in cancer research is to create models that bridge the gap between the molecular level on which interventions can be designed and the cellular and tissue levels on which the disease phen...Background:A central challenge in cancer research is to create models that bridge the gap between the molecular level on which interventions can be designed and the cellular and tissue levels on which the disease phenotypes are manifested.This study was undertaken to construct such a model from functional annotations and explore its use when integrated with large-scale cancer genomics data.Methods:We created a map that connects genes to cancer hallmarks via signaling pathways.We projected gene mutation and focal copy number data from various cancer types onto this map.We performed statistical analyses to uncover mutually exclusive and co-occurring oncogenic aberrations within this topology.Results:Our analysis showed that although the genetic fingerprint of tumor types could be very different,there were less variations at the level of hallmarks,consistent with the idea that different genetic alterations have similar functional outcomes.Additionally,we showed how the multilevel map could help to clarify the role of infrequently mutated genes,and we demonstrated that mutually exclusive gene mutations were more prevalent in pathways,whereas many co-occurring gene mutations were associated with hallmark characteristics.Conclusions:Overlaying this map with gene mutation and focal copy number data from various cancer types makes it possible to investigate the similarities and differences between tumor samples systematically at the levels of not only genes but also pathways and hallmarks.展开更多
This article describes mathematical models for phase separated mixtures of materials that are in pressure and velocity equilibrium but not necessarily temperature equilibrium. General conditions for constitutive model...This article describes mathematical models for phase separated mixtures of materials that are in pressure and velocity equilibrium but not necessarily temperature equilibrium. General conditions for constitutive models for such mixtures that exhibit a single mixture sound speed are discussed and specific examples are described.展开更多
Berberis petiolaris Wall. ex G. Don, an unexplored medicinal plant belonging to the family Berberidaceae, is a large deciduous shrub found in Western Himalaya between 1800-3000 m. Chemical profiling of fruit, leaf, ro...Berberis petiolaris Wall. ex G. Don, an unexplored medicinal plant belonging to the family Berberidaceae, is a large deciduous shrub found in Western Himalaya between 1800-3000 m. Chemical profiling of fruit, leaf, root and stem was done by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry followed by multivariate analysis for discrimination among the plant parts. The bioactive compounds, including magnofiorine, berberine, jatrorrhizine, thalifendine/berberrubine, demethyleneberberine, reticuline, 8-oxoberberine, N-methyltetrahydroberberine, tetrahydropalmatine, tetrahydroberberine and palmatine, were identified by their exact mass measurement and the corresponding molecular formula of each compound. A comparative study of distribution pattern for all these bioactive alkaloids showed qualitative and quantitative variations in different parts of B. petiolaris. Principal component analysis clearly dis- criminated each part of B. petiolaris plant.展开更多
In the age of information and technological advancements, location-awareness is becoming a key feature in management of natural resources. Geospatial mapping is a location based study and is a part of intelligence GIS...In the age of information and technological advancements, location-awareness is becoming a key feature in management of natural resources. Geospatial mapping is a location based study and is a part of intelligence GIS which is expected to be useful tool for fisheries scientists, aquatic resource managers and policy planners in developing and planning strategies for fisheries resources of the country. In this context, a study was performed where mapping of fisheries profile of West Bengal was carried out using GIS tool having critical geographic dimensions. For this purpose, at the core of the system fisheries data of West Bengal were accessed and integrated from different sources at district level. Data were tabulated using Microsoft Excel and then joined to digitize Map of West Bengal to enable mapping using Arc info 9.3 GIS software. This was further synchronized and integrated to generate four thematic maps based on different criteria. The map dealing with fisher folk population and their occupation contains the searchable criteria as regards to the fishermen population as well as their classified categories according to their occupation. The map dealing with West Bengal fish production contains fish production, fish seed production district-wise and growth rate for 2004-2008. The third map contains district-wise water resources and reservoir areas along with brackish water. With this mapped information, planners and various stakeholders will have readily accessible district level data on various components of fisheries of West Bengal, thereby facilitating better planning, management and development of the fisheries sector.展开更多
Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek(3%)(aerial parts:leaves and stems(LS),roots(R),ground seeds(GS)and not ground seeds(NGS))and petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial ...Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek(3%)(aerial parts:leaves and stems(LS),roots(R),ground seeds(GS)and not ground seeds(NGS))and petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea,Fusarium graminearum,Alternaria sp.,Pythium aphanidermatum,and Rhizoctinia solani.All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory effects was species and plant parts d...展开更多
Rice transplanting with a transplanter is a cost-effective process. Due to labor shortages during the peak time of rice transplanting, it is a promising technology in Bangladesh. However, the high-quality mat-type see...Rice transplanting with a transplanter is a cost-effective process. Due to labor shortages during the peak time of rice transplanting, it is a promising technology in Bangladesh. However, the high-quality mat-type seedling is a prerequisite factor for mechanical transplanting. The experiments were conducted at three different locations (Gazipur, Tangail, and Rangpur) during the dry season (Boro)/2019-20 to determine the best seeding density for high-quality mat-type seedlings to be prepared for mechanical rice transplanters. The effects of seeding rate on seedling quality such as survival rate, seedling strength, stem thickness of newly released boro rice varieties BRRI dhan86, BRRI dhan89, and BRRI dhan92 were studied using four seeding rates (130, 140, 150, 160 g/tray). Results revealed that BRRI dhan92 showed quick seedling emergence compared to BRRI dhan89 and BRRI dhan86. Seedling mortality was found the lowest BRRI dhan92 while the highest in BRRI dhan86. 25 - 30 days old seedling was found suitable for mechanical transplanting in terms of seedling mortality. Seedling height increased with the increase in seed density. BRRI dhan92 showed the highest stem thickness followed by BRRI dhan89 and BRRI dhan86 with seed rate 150 - 160 g per tray. The suitable seeding rate (150 - 160 g/tray) for the studied varieties was found better for raising mat-type seedlings suitable for mechanical transplanting, which could coordinate the production of larger population growth and higher harvest index to achieve high grain yield.展开更多
Clonal propagation of eucalypts has considerable importance due to the increasing demands for short rotation tree crops.Rooting quality is important as it governs the soil exploitation capacity of the plant and the an...Clonal propagation of eucalypts has considerable importance due to the increasing demands for short rotation tree crops.Rooting quality is important as it governs the soil exploitation capacity of the plant and the anchorage of trees which are susceptible to wind damage.This study assesses the quality of adventitious rooting by coppice cuttings of commercially important Eucalyptus clones using multiple attribute ranking of the diff erences in parameters of root growth.The eff ects of diff erent concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid(IBA)on root development were observed.Cuttings were treated with 500,1000,4000,6000 mg L−1 IBA and tannic acid for 10 s,2 h and 24 h.Total length of root systems,number of roots,shoot to root ratios,number of root segments,extent of forking,rooting percentage,average root diameters,and number of root tips were measured.Grey relational analysis was used to create a comparability sequence to rank treatments.Reducing the concentration of auxin(IBA)and increasing the length of exposure produced better quality roots in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and interspecifi c hybrids(reciprocal hybrids of E.tereticornis and E.camaldulensis),while the opposite was observed with E.tereticornis clones.A root quality index was proposed,based on the Dickson quality index for the assessment of root system characteristics and considered total mass,shoot:root ratios,total length of root systems,and average root diameters.It has the advantage of implementation convenience.A positive correlation was obtained between grey relational analysis grades and root quality index.Rooting dynamics were studied by evaluating the total length of the root system at seven-day intervals and plotting daily current and medium increments using regression analysis.The curves showed the variation in growth rates among the diff erent clones,and their intersection gave the optimal time of permanence(time at which further growth is restricted)which varied considerably.The highest daily current increment was 35–40 days for all clones.展开更多
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is considered a leading contributor to severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).AIM To characterize differences between hospitalized diabetic patients with vs without COVID-19,and paramet...BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is considered a leading contributor to severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).AIM To characterize differences between hospitalized diabetic patients with vs without COVID-19,and parameters associated with COVID-19 severity for prediction.METHODS This case-control study included 209 patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus hospitalized at the Galilee Medical Center(Nahariya,Israel)and recruited between September 2020 and May 2021,65 patients with COVID-19 infection in dedicated wards and 144 COVID-19-negative patients in internal medicine wards hospitalized due to other reasons.Clinical parameters-including age,type of antiglycemic medications,presence of retinopathy,smoking history,body mass index(BMI),glycosylated hemoglobin,maximum neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio(NLR_(max)),C-reactive protein(CRP),estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),and albumin(blood and urine)-were compared between the two primary patient groups,and then between COVID-19-negative patients hospitalized due to infectious vs non-infectious disease.Finally,we explored which parameters were associated with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.RESULTS COVID-19-negative patients were older(63.9±9.9 vs 59.8±9.2,P=0.005),and had longer duration of diabetes(P=0.031),lower eGFR(P=0.033),higher albumin(P=0.026),lower CRP(P<0.001),greater smoking prevalence(P<0.001),and more baseline albuminuria(54.9%vs 30.8%,P=0.005)at admission;70%of COVID-19 patients with albuminuria had moderate-range albuminuria(albumin:creatinine 30-300 mg/g).Most of the patients with albuminuria had chronic kidney disease stage II(CKD II).Oral antiglycemic therapies were not significantly different between the two groups.Multivariable logistic regression showed that higher BMI was significantly associated with severe COVID-19(OR 1.24,95%CI:1.01-1.53,P=0.04),as was higher NLR_(max)(OR 1.2,95%CI:1.06-1.37,P=0.005).Surprisingly,pre-hospitalization albuminuria,mostly moderate-range,was associated with reduced risk(OR 0.09,95%CI:0.01-0.62,P=0.015).Moderate-range albuminuria was not associated with bacterial infections.CONCLUSION Moderate-range albuminuria in COVID-19-positive diabetic patients with CKD II is associated with less severe COVID-19.Further studies should explore this potential biomarker for risk of COVID-19-related deterioration and early interventions.展开更多
Advances in machine learning(ML)have enabled the development of interatomic potentials that promise the accuracy of first principles methods and the low-cost,parallel efficiency of empirical potentials.However,ML-base...Advances in machine learning(ML)have enabled the development of interatomic potentials that promise the accuracy of first principles methods and the low-cost,parallel efficiency of empirical potentials.However,ML-based potentials struggle to achieve transferability,i.e.,provide consistent accuracy across configurations that differ from those used during training.In order to realize the promise of ML-based potentials,systematic and scalable approaches to generate diverse training sets need to be developed.This work creates a diverse training set for tungsten in an automated manner using an entropy optimization approach.Subsequently,multiple polynomial and neural network potentials are trained on the entropy-optimized dataset.A corresponding set of potentials are trained on an expert-curated dataset for tungsten for comparison.The models trained to the entropy-optimized data exhibited superior transferability compared to the expert-curated models.Furthermore,the models trained to the expert-curated set exhibited a significant decrease in performance when evaluated on out-of-sample configurations.展开更多
The phenomenon of global fragmented production and associated trade in intermediate products,including intangible assets,has changed how economists study globalization and how new public policies are shaped.Understand...The phenomenon of global fragmented production and associated trade in intermediate products,including intangible assets,has changed how economists study globalization and how new public policies are shaped.Understanding cross-border flows of disembodied knowledge,often associated with intellectual property(IP),is essential for analyzing how modern economies operate.Available data to document these international IP-related knowledge flowsdnamely cross-border payments for IPdare distorted by various factors.Tax planning by multinational enterprises has seriously distorted the measurement of cross-border IP flows,affecting national measurements of imports,exports,GDP,and productivity.The tax-induced mismeasurement could be more than 35% of global charges for use of intellectual property,and greater for individual countries,particularly high-taxrate countries.International initiatives to address the effects of tax base erosion,profit shifting,and other statistical initiatives on global value chains will improve future measurements of cross-border IP flows,improving the understanding of both the creation and uses of IP.展开更多
In case-control studies, controls are often more readily obtained than cases so it makes sense to have the control-case ratio larger than 1. In case-control design, for the basic form of one dichtomous risk factor, we...In case-control studies, controls are often more readily obtained than cases so it makes sense to have the control-case ratio larger than 1. In case-control design, for the basic form of one dichtomous risk factor, we have been using the formula R/(1+R) for the relative efficiency of 1: R matching to 1:∞ matching and current textbooks all point out that a matching ratio R of 4 to 5 will generally suffice,展开更多
The development of machine learning models has led to an abundance of datasets containing quantum mechanical(QM)calculations for molecular and material systems.However,traditional training methods for machine learning...The development of machine learning models has led to an abundance of datasets containing quantum mechanical(QM)calculations for molecular and material systems.However,traditional training methods for machine learning models are unable to leverage the plethora of data available as they require that each dataset be generated using the same QM method.Taking machine learning interatomic potentials(MLIPs)as an example,we show that meta-learning techniques,a recent advancement from the machine learning community,can be used to fit multiple levels of QMtheory in the same training process.Meta-learning changes the training procedure to learn a representation that can be easily re-trained to new tasks with small amounts of data.We then demonstrate that metalearning enables simultaneously training to multiple large organic molecule datasets.As a proof of concept,we examine the performance of aMLIP refit to a small drug-like molecule and show that pretraining potentials to multiple levels of theory with meta-learning improves performance.This difference in performance can be seen both in the reduced error and in the improved smoothness of the potential energy surface produced.We therefore show that meta-learning can utilize existing datasets with inconsistentQMlevels of theory to producemodels that are better at specializing to new datasets.This opens new routes for creating pre-trained,foundationmodels for interatomic potentials.展开更多
Dislocationmobility,which dictates the response of dislocations to an applied stress,is a fundamental property of crystalline materials that governs the evolution of plastic deformation.Traditional approaches for deri...Dislocationmobility,which dictates the response of dislocations to an applied stress,is a fundamental property of crystalline materials that governs the evolution of plastic deformation.Traditional approaches for deriving mobility laws rely on phenomenological models of the underlying physics,whose free parameters are in turn fitted to a small number of intuition-driven atomic scale simulations under varying conditions of temperature and stress.This tedious and time-consuming approach becomes particularly cumbersome for materials with complex dependencies on stress,temperature,and local environment,such as body-centered cubic crystals(BCC)metals and alloys.In this paper,we present a novel,uncertainty quantification-driven active learning paradigm for learning dislocation mobility laws from automated high-throughput large-scale molecular dynamics simulations,using Graph Neural Networks(GNN)with a physics-informed architecture.We demonstrate that this Physics-informed Graph Neural Network(PI-GNN)framework captures the underlying physics more accurately compared to existing phenomenological mobility laws in BCC metals.展开更多
文摘The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides a new global policy to guide the way countries collectively manage and transform the social,economic,and environmental dimensions of people and the planet over the next 15 years.Achieving sustainable development presents all countries and the global policy community with a set of significant development challenges that are almost entirely geographic in nature.Many of the issues impacting sustainable development can be analyzed,modeled,and mapped within a geographic context,which in turn can provide the integrative framework necessary for global collaboration,consensus and evidence-based decision-making.However,and despite significant advances in geospatial information technologies,there is a lack of awareness,understanding and uptake,particular at the policy and decision-making level,of the vital and integrative role of geospatial information and related enabling architectures such as National Spatial Data Infrastructures.This paper reasons that the role of geospatial information in contributing to sustainable development has not adequately been described by either the sustainable development policy practice or by the geospatial professional community.This lack of policy and guidance,with commensurate critical gaps and connection points with national geospatial frameworks,is a visible impediment to developing countries and those most affected by the challenges and need to achieve sustainable development.The global geospatial community now has a unique opportunity to integrate and connect geospatial information into the global development agenda in a more holistic and sustainable manner,specifically in contributing their data resources toward measuring and monitoring the 17 Sustainable Development Goals,and their 169 associated targets,through the global indicator framework that anchors the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This paper introduces and discusses a new strategic framework for linking a global policy to national geospatial capabilities.
基金Council of Scientific Industrial Research,India for providing financial support
文摘Rauwolfia species(Apocynaceae) are medicinal plants well known worldwide due to its potent bioactive monoterpene indole alkaloids(MIAs) such as reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine.Reserpine,ajmalicine and ajmaline are powerful antihypertensive,tranquilizing agents used in hypertension.Yohimbine is an aphrodisiac used in dietary supplements.As there is no report on the comparative and comprehensive phytochemical investigation of the roots of Rauwolfia species,we have developed an efficient and reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method for ethanolic root extract of Rauwolfia species to elucidate the fragmentation pathways for dereplication of bioactive MIAs using highperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC–ESI–QTOF–MS/MS) in positive ion mode.We identified and established diagnostic fragment ions and fragmentation pathways using reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine.The MS/MS spectra of reserpine,ajmalicine,and ajmaline showed C-ring-cleavage whereas E-ring cleavage was observed in serpentine via Retro Diels Alder(RDA).A total of 47 bioactive MIAs were identified and characterized on the basis of their molecular formula,exact mass measurements and MS/MS analysis.Reserpine,ajmalicine,ajmaline,serpentine and yohimbine were unambiguously identified by comparison with their authentic standards and other 42 MIAs were tentatively identified and characterized from the roots of Rauwolfia hookeri,Rauwolfia micrantha,Rauwolfia serpentina,Rauwolfia verticillata,Rauwolfia tetraphylla and Rauwolfia vomitoria.Application of LC–MS followed by principal component analysis(PCA) has been successfully used to discriminate among six Rauwolfia species.
基金a Grant from the Science and Technology Department of Fujian Province,No.2006J0192
文摘BACKGROUND： Conventional neuroimaging diagnosis does not assist with the monitoring or evaluation of basal nuclei ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, or motor functional recovery. Magnetic resonance, diffusion tensor imaging, and diffusion tensor tractography have all been used to observe features of cerebral white matter fibrous structures. In addition, diffusion tensor tractography is the only non-invasive imaging method to display the corticospinal tract in vivo. OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the impairment degree of corticospinal tract induced by basal nuclei ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke through the use of magnetic resonance, diffusion tensor imaging, and diffusion tensor tractography, and to analyze the correlation to muscular strength. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A retrospective case analysis was performed at the Department of Medical Imaging, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command of Chinese PLA between November 2002 and June 2008. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 15 patients with acute or subacute cerebral ischemic stroke and nine with hemorrhagic stroke in the basal nuclei were selected. METHODS： Magnetic resonance, diffusion tensor imaging, and diffusion tensor tractography results and data were analyzed. Fractional anisotropy and directionally encoded color maps were obtained. Three-dimensional tractography of bilateral corticospinal tract was created, and corticospinal tract integrity was graded. Fractional anisotropy of infarct region and corresponding contralateral normal regions were measured, and hematoma volume in hemorrhagic stroke patients was determined. Hand motor function ability was evaluated using Brunstorm criteria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Fractional anisotropy of infarct region and corresponding contralateral normal regions; hematoma volume in hemorrhagic stroke patients; correlation between muscular strength and corticospinal tract impairment degree in ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke patients before and after treatment. RESULTS： In ischemic stroke patients, the fractional anisotropy value was significantly lower in the infarct area of white matter than in the normal hemisphere （P 〈 0.01）. The impairment degree of corticospinal tract negatively correlated with muscular strength of the corresponding hand （r = -0.97 P 〈 0.01）. The hematoma volume of hemorrhagic stroke patients significantly negatively correlated with Spearman test results for muscular strength of the corresponding hand （r = -0.88, P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Corticospinal tract impairment severity negatively correlated with muscular strength and motor functional recovery, which suggested that diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion tensor tractography could be used to evaluate corticospinal tract motor function.
基金supported in part by the National Cancer Institute (U24CA143835 to IS and TAK)the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research-The Cancer System Biology Center(to LFAW and TB)
文摘Background:A central challenge in cancer research is to create models that bridge the gap between the molecular level on which interventions can be designed and the cellular and tissue levels on which the disease phenotypes are manifested.This study was undertaken to construct such a model from functional annotations and explore its use when integrated with large-scale cancer genomics data.Methods:We created a map that connects genes to cancer hallmarks via signaling pathways.We projected gene mutation and focal copy number data from various cancer types onto this map.We performed statistical analyses to uncover mutually exclusive and co-occurring oncogenic aberrations within this topology.Results:Our analysis showed that although the genetic fingerprint of tumor types could be very different,there were less variations at the level of hallmarks,consistent with the idea that different genetic alterations have similar functional outcomes.Additionally,we showed how the multilevel map could help to clarify the role of infrequently mutated genes,and we demonstrated that mutually exclusive gene mutations were more prevalent in pathways,whereas many co-occurring gene mutations were associated with hallmark characteristics.Conclusions:Overlaying this map with gene mutation and focal copy number data from various cancer types makes it possible to investigate the similarities and differences between tumor samples systematically at the levels of not only genes but also pathways and hallmarks.
基金supported by the Los Alamos National Laboratory,an affir mative action/equal opportunity employer,operated by Los Alamos National Security,LLC,for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S.Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396
文摘This article describes mathematical models for phase separated mixtures of materials that are in pressure and velocity equilibrium but not necessarily temperature equilibrium. General conditions for constitutive models for such mixtures that exhibit a single mixture sound speed are discussed and specific examples are described.
文摘Berberis petiolaris Wall. ex G. Don, an unexplored medicinal plant belonging to the family Berberidaceae, is a large deciduous shrub found in Western Himalaya between 1800-3000 m. Chemical profiling of fruit, leaf, root and stem was done by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry followed by multivariate analysis for discrimination among the plant parts. The bioactive compounds, including magnofiorine, berberine, jatrorrhizine, thalifendine/berberrubine, demethyleneberberine, reticuline, 8-oxoberberine, N-methyltetrahydroberberine, tetrahydropalmatine, tetrahydroberberine and palmatine, were identified by their exact mass measurement and the corresponding molecular formula of each compound. A comparative study of distribution pattern for all these bioactive alkaloids showed qualitative and quantitative variations in different parts of B. petiolaris. Principal component analysis clearly dis- criminated each part of B. petiolaris plant.
文摘In the age of information and technological advancements, location-awareness is becoming a key feature in management of natural resources. Geospatial mapping is a location based study and is a part of intelligence GIS which is expected to be useful tool for fisheries scientists, aquatic resource managers and policy planners in developing and planning strategies for fisheries resources of the country. In this context, a study was performed where mapping of fisheries profile of West Bengal was carried out using GIS tool having critical geographic dimensions. For this purpose, at the core of the system fisheries data of West Bengal were accessed and integrated from different sources at district level. Data were tabulated using Microsoft Excel and then joined to digitize Map of West Bengal to enable mapping using Arc info 9.3 GIS software. This was further synchronized and integrated to generate four thematic maps based on different criteria. The map dealing with fisher folk population and their occupation contains the searchable criteria as regards to the fishermen population as well as their classified categories according to their occupation. The map dealing with West Bengal fish production contains fish production, fish seed production district-wise and growth rate for 2004-2008. The third map contains district-wise water resources and reservoir areas along with brackish water. With this mapped information, planners and various stakeholders will have readily accessible district level data on various components of fisheries of West Bengal, thereby facilitating better planning, management and development of the fisheries sector.
文摘Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek(3%)(aerial parts:leaves and stems(LS),roots(R),ground seeds(GS)and not ground seeds(NGS))and petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea,Fusarium graminearum,Alternaria sp.,Pythium aphanidermatum,and Rhizoctinia solani.All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory effects was species and plant parts d...
文摘Rice transplanting with a transplanter is a cost-effective process. Due to labor shortages during the peak time of rice transplanting, it is a promising technology in Bangladesh. However, the high-quality mat-type seedling is a prerequisite factor for mechanical transplanting. The experiments were conducted at three different locations (Gazipur, Tangail, and Rangpur) during the dry season (Boro)/2019-20 to determine the best seeding density for high-quality mat-type seedlings to be prepared for mechanical rice transplanters. The effects of seeding rate on seedling quality such as survival rate, seedling strength, stem thickness of newly released boro rice varieties BRRI dhan86, BRRI dhan89, and BRRI dhan92 were studied using four seeding rates (130, 140, 150, 160 g/tray). Results revealed that BRRI dhan92 showed quick seedling emergence compared to BRRI dhan89 and BRRI dhan86. Seedling mortality was found the lowest BRRI dhan92 while the highest in BRRI dhan86. 25 - 30 days old seedling was found suitable for mechanical transplanting in terms of seedling mortality. Seedling height increased with the increase in seed density. BRRI dhan92 showed the highest stem thickness followed by BRRI dhan89 and BRRI dhan86 with seed rate 150 - 160 g per tray. The suitable seeding rate (150 - 160 g/tray) for the studied varieties was found better for raising mat-type seedlings suitable for mechanical transplanting, which could coordinate the production of larger population growth and higher harvest index to achieve high grain yield.
文摘Clonal propagation of eucalypts has considerable importance due to the increasing demands for short rotation tree crops.Rooting quality is important as it governs the soil exploitation capacity of the plant and the anchorage of trees which are susceptible to wind damage.This study assesses the quality of adventitious rooting by coppice cuttings of commercially important Eucalyptus clones using multiple attribute ranking of the diff erences in parameters of root growth.The eff ects of diff erent concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid(IBA)on root development were observed.Cuttings were treated with 500,1000,4000,6000 mg L−1 IBA and tannic acid for 10 s,2 h and 24 h.Total length of root systems,number of roots,shoot to root ratios,number of root segments,extent of forking,rooting percentage,average root diameters,and number of root tips were measured.Grey relational analysis was used to create a comparability sequence to rank treatments.Reducing the concentration of auxin(IBA)and increasing the length of exposure produced better quality roots in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and interspecifi c hybrids(reciprocal hybrids of E.tereticornis and E.camaldulensis),while the opposite was observed with E.tereticornis clones.A root quality index was proposed,based on the Dickson quality index for the assessment of root system characteristics and considered total mass,shoot:root ratios,total length of root systems,and average root diameters.It has the advantage of implementation convenience.A positive correlation was obtained between grey relational analysis grades and root quality index.Rooting dynamics were studied by evaluating the total length of the root system at seven-day intervals and plotting daily current and medium increments using regression analysis.The curves showed the variation in growth rates among the diff erent clones,and their intersection gave the optimal time of permanence(time at which further growth is restricted)which varied considerably.The highest daily current increment was 35–40 days for all clones.
文摘BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is considered a leading contributor to severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).AIM To characterize differences between hospitalized diabetic patients with vs without COVID-19,and parameters associated with COVID-19 severity for prediction.METHODS This case-control study included 209 patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus hospitalized at the Galilee Medical Center(Nahariya,Israel)and recruited between September 2020 and May 2021,65 patients with COVID-19 infection in dedicated wards and 144 COVID-19-negative patients in internal medicine wards hospitalized due to other reasons.Clinical parameters-including age,type of antiglycemic medications,presence of retinopathy,smoking history,body mass index(BMI),glycosylated hemoglobin,maximum neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio(NLR_(max)),C-reactive protein(CRP),estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),and albumin(blood and urine)-were compared between the two primary patient groups,and then between COVID-19-negative patients hospitalized due to infectious vs non-infectious disease.Finally,we explored which parameters were associated with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.RESULTS COVID-19-negative patients were older(63.9±9.9 vs 59.8±9.2,P=0.005),and had longer duration of diabetes(P=0.031),lower eGFR(P=0.033),higher albumin(P=0.026),lower CRP(P<0.001),greater smoking prevalence(P<0.001),and more baseline albuminuria(54.9%vs 30.8%,P=0.005)at admission;70%of COVID-19 patients with albuminuria had moderate-range albuminuria(albumin:creatinine 30-300 mg/g).Most of the patients with albuminuria had chronic kidney disease stage II(CKD II).Oral antiglycemic therapies were not significantly different between the two groups.Multivariable logistic regression showed that higher BMI was significantly associated with severe COVID-19(OR 1.24,95%CI:1.01-1.53,P=0.04),as was higher NLR_(max)(OR 1.2,95%CI:1.06-1.37,P=0.005).Surprisingly,pre-hospitalization albuminuria,mostly moderate-range,was associated with reduced risk(OR 0.09,95%CI:0.01-0.62,P=0.015).Moderate-range albuminuria was not associated with bacterial infections.CONCLUSION Moderate-range albuminuria in COVID-19-positive diabetic patients with CKD II is associated with less severe COVID-19.Further studies should explore this potential biomarker for risk of COVID-19-related deterioration and early interventions.
基金The development of the entropy maximization method and the generation of the training data was supported by the Exascale Computing Project(17-SC-20-SC),a collaborative effort of the U.SDepartment of Energy Office of Science and the National Nuclear Security Administration.The training of the various MLIAP models and the comparative performance analysis was supported by the U.S.Department of Energy,Office of Fusion Energy Sciences(OFES)under Field Work Proposal Number 20-023149+1 种基金Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology&Engineering Solutions of Sandia,LLC,a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc.,for the U.S.Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by Triad National Security LLC,for the National Nuclear Security administration of the U.S.DOE under Contract No.89233218CNA0000001.
文摘Advances in machine learning(ML)have enabled the development of interatomic potentials that promise the accuracy of first principles methods and the low-cost,parallel efficiency of empirical potentials.However,ML-based potentials struggle to achieve transferability,i.e.,provide consistent accuracy across configurations that differ from those used during training.In order to realize the promise of ML-based potentials,systematic and scalable approaches to generate diverse training sets need to be developed.This work creates a diverse training set for tungsten in an automated manner using an entropy optimization approach.Subsequently,multiple polynomial and neural network potentials are trained on the entropy-optimized dataset.A corresponding set of potentials are trained on an expert-curated dataset for tungsten for comparison.The models trained to the entropy-optimized data exhibited superior transferability compared to the expert-curated models.Furthermore,the models trained to the expert-curated set exhibited a significant decrease in performance when evaluated on out-of-sample configurations.
文摘The phenomenon of global fragmented production and associated trade in intermediate products,including intangible assets,has changed how economists study globalization and how new public policies are shaped.Understanding cross-border flows of disembodied knowledge,often associated with intellectual property(IP),is essential for analyzing how modern economies operate.Available data to document these international IP-related knowledge flowsdnamely cross-border payments for IPdare distorted by various factors.Tax planning by multinational enterprises has seriously distorted the measurement of cross-border IP flows,affecting national measurements of imports,exports,GDP,and productivity.The tax-induced mismeasurement could be more than 35% of global charges for use of intellectual property,and greater for individual countries,particularly high-taxrate countries.International initiatives to address the effects of tax base erosion,profit shifting,and other statistical initiatives on global value chains will improve future measurements of cross-border IP flows,improving the understanding of both the creation and uses of IP.
文摘In case-control studies, controls are often more readily obtained than cases so it makes sense to have the control-case ratio larger than 1. In case-control design, for the basic form of one dichtomous risk factor, we have been using the formula R/(1+R) for the relative efficiency of 1: R matching to 1:∞ matching and current textbooks all point out that a matching ratio R of 4 to 5 will generally suffice,
基金supported by the United States Department of Energy(US DOE),Office of Science,Basic Energy Sciences,Chemical Sciences,Geosciences,and Biosciences Division under Triad National Security,LLC(‘Triad’)contract grant no.89233218CNA000001(FWP:LANLE3F2)A.E.A.Allen and S.Matin also acknowledge the Center for Nonlinear Studies.Computer time was provided by the CCS-7 Darwin cluster at LANL.LAUR-23-27568.
文摘The development of machine learning models has led to an abundance of datasets containing quantum mechanical(QM)calculations for molecular and material systems.However,traditional training methods for machine learning models are unable to leverage the plethora of data available as they require that each dataset be generated using the same QM method.Taking machine learning interatomic potentials(MLIPs)as an example,we show that meta-learning techniques,a recent advancement from the machine learning community,can be used to fit multiple levels of QMtheory in the same training process.Meta-learning changes the training procedure to learn a representation that can be easily re-trained to new tasks with small amounts of data.We then demonstrate that metalearning enables simultaneously training to multiple large organic molecule datasets.As a proof of concept,we examine the performance of aMLIP refit to a small drug-like molecule and show that pretraining potentials to multiple levels of theory with meta-learning improves performance.This difference in performance can be seen both in the reduced error and in the improved smoothness of the potential energy surface produced.We therefore show that meta-learning can utilize existing datasets with inconsistentQMlevels of theory to producemodels that are better at specializing to new datasets.This opens new routes for creating pre-trained,foundationmodels for interatomic potentials.
基金supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development(LDRD)Project“Accelerated Dynamics Across Computational and Physical Scales”(20220063DR)The study has been approved for unlimited release with LA-UR-23-26562The authors acknowledge significant support from the Darwin test bed at Los Alamos National Laboratory(LANL),which is funded by the Computational Systems and Software Environments subprogram of LANL’s Advanced Simulation and Computing program(NNSA/DOE),and Institutional High Performance Computing.
文摘Dislocationmobility,which dictates the response of dislocations to an applied stress,is a fundamental property of crystalline materials that governs the evolution of plastic deformation.Traditional approaches for deriving mobility laws rely on phenomenological models of the underlying physics,whose free parameters are in turn fitted to a small number of intuition-driven atomic scale simulations under varying conditions of temperature and stress.This tedious and time-consuming approach becomes particularly cumbersome for materials with complex dependencies on stress,temperature,and local environment,such as body-centered cubic crystals(BCC)metals and alloys.In this paper,we present a novel,uncertainty quantification-driven active learning paradigm for learning dislocation mobility laws from automated high-throughput large-scale molecular dynamics simulations,using Graph Neural Networks(GNN)with a physics-informed architecture.We demonstrate that this Physics-informed Graph Neural Network(PI-GNN)framework captures the underlying physics more accurately compared to existing phenomenological mobility laws in BCC metals.
