A later heading date generally leads to higher grain yield in favorable ecological regions;however,grain yield reaches a limit as the heading date exceeds a certain threshold.Ghd7 is the first cloned major gene that r...A later heading date generally leads to higher grain yield in favorable ecological regions;however,grain yield reaches a limit as the heading date exceeds a certain threshold.Ghd7 is the first cloned major gene that regulates heading date,plant height and grain number.Here,we investigated the relationship between Ghd7 and florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1,to determine their roles in regulating heading date and grain number under different photoperiods.Our results revealed that under long-day(LD)conditions,Hd3a acts prior to RFT1 to promote heading while negatively regulating plant height and grain number.In contrast,Ghd7 positively regulates heading date,plant height,and grain number by inhibiting both Hd3a and RFT1.Under short-day(SD)conditions,the functions of Hd3a and RFT1 remain consistent with those under LD conditions,but Ghd7 does not inhibit their expression,resulting in a weaker phenotypic effect compared to Hd3a.Additionally,under both LD and SD conditions,increased Ghd7 expression enhances its inhibitory effect on Hd3a and RFT1,leading to later heading and increased grain number;however,once the heading date exceeds 94 d,grain number no longer increases.Moreover,the gn1a allele increased grain number by 16.5%to 42.5%,while combinations of the elite alleles from Ghd7,Hd3a,RFT1,and Gn1a significantly increased grain number by up to 240.9%.Therefore,we propose a new breeding strategy to optimize the heading date and grain number using the Ghd7Hd3aRFT1gn1a combination of Ghd7,Hd3a,RFT1,and Gn1a under LD conditions,and the Ghd7hd3aRFT1gn1a combination under SD conditions.This strategy improved the yield of the high-quality Northeast variety Kongyu 131(KY131)by 69.1%in Beijing and 93.7%in Hainan.This strategy will greatly improve the efficiency of north-to-south adaptation in rice,providing theoretical guidance for expanding the geographical adaptability of rice varieties.展开更多
Rice is a poor source of folate,an essential micronutrient for the body.Biofortification offers an effective way to enhance the folate content of rice and alleviate folate deficiencies in humans.In this study,we confi...Rice is a poor source of folate,an essential micronutrient for the body.Biofortification offers an effective way to enhance the folate content of rice and alleviate folate deficiencies in humans.In this study,we confirmed that OsADCS and OsGTPCHI,encoding the initial enzymes necessary for folate synthesis,positively regulate folate accumulation in knockout mutants of both japonica and indica rice backgrounds.The folate content in the low-folate japonica variety was slightly increased by the expression of the indica alleles driven by the endosperm-specific promoter.We further obtained co-expression lines by stacking OsADCS and OsGTPCHI genes;the folate accumulation in brown rice and polished rice reached 5.65μg/g and 2.95μg/g,respectively,representing 37.9-fold and 26.5-fold increases compared with the wild type.Transcriptomic analysis of rice grains from six transgenic lines showed that folate changes affected biological pathways involved in the synthesis and metabolism of rice seed storage substances,while the expression of other folate synthesis genes was weakly regulated.In addition,we identified Aus rice as a high-folate germplasm carrying superior haplotypes of OsADCS and OsGTPCHI through natural variation.This study provides an alternative and effective complementary strategy for rice biofortification,promoting the rational combination of metabolic engineering and conventional breeding to breed high-folate varieties.展开更多
Rice seedling blight,caused by various fungi,including Fusarium oxysporum,poses a severe threat to rice production.As awareness grows regarding the environmental and safety hazards associated with the application of f...Rice seedling blight,caused by various fungi,including Fusarium oxysporum,poses a severe threat to rice production.As awareness grows regarding the environmental and safety hazards associated with the application of fungicides for managing rice seedling blight,there has been a shift in focus towards biological control agents.In this study,we isolated biocontrol bacteria from paddy fields that significantly inhibited the growth of F.oxysporum in vitro and identified the strains as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens T40 and Bacillus pumilus T208.Additionally,our findings indicated that the combined application of these Bacillus strains in soil was more effective in reducing the incidence of rice seedling blight than their individual use.Analysis of 16S and internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene sequencing data revealed that the mixture of the T40 and T208 strains exhibited the lowest average clustering coefficients,which were negatively correlated with the biomass of F.oxysporum-inoculated rice seedlings.Furthermore,this mixture led to higher stochastic assembly(average|βNTI|<2)and reduced selection pressures on rice rhizosphere bacteria compared with individual strain applications.The mixture of the T40 and T208 strains also significantly increased the expression of defense-related genes.In conclusion,the mixture of the T40 and T208 strains effectively modulates microbial community structures,enhances microbial network stability,and boosts the resistance against rice seedling blight.Our study supports the development and utilization of biological resources for crop protection.展开更多
Global warming poses a severe threat to rice production and food security.We identified a heat-sensitive mutant hs1 through largescale screening of an established rice mutant library,and subsequently cloned the corres...Global warming poses a severe threat to rice production and food security.We identified a heat-sensitive mutant hs1 through largescale screening of an established rice mutant library,and subsequently cloned the corresponding gene HS1,which confers thermotolerance in rice.HS1 is localized to the chloroplast and functions by preserving chloroplast integrity under elevated temperatures through stabilizing the photosystem I subunit protein PsaC.Loss of HS1 function in the hs1 mutant leads to severe structural damage to the chloroplast under heat stress,accompanied by intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),which in turn triggers DNA damage and leaf albinism,ultimately manifesting as a heat-sensitive phenotype.展开更多
Sucrose transporters(SUTs)contain multiple transmembrane domains that mediate sucrose transport and provide energy for plant growth and development.However,the role of OsSUTs in regulating rice quality and grain yield...Sucrose transporters(SUTs)contain multiple transmembrane domains that mediate sucrose transport and provide energy for plant growth and development.However,the role of OsSUTs in regulating rice quality and grain yield remains unclear.In this study,we identified five rice SUT genes(OsSUT1-OsSUT5)and examined their molecular characteristics and biological functions.OsSUT1,OsSUT2,and OsSUT4 were predominantly expressed in stems,while OsSUT3 and OsSUT5 showed higher expression in panicles.OsSUT1 and OsSUT4 are located on the plasma membrane,whereas OsSUT2,OsSUT3,and OsSUT5 are localized to the tonoplast.展开更多
The width of rice leaves determines the size of the photosynthetic area.Optimizing rice leaf width can improve the photosynthetic rate,thereby increasing rice yield.In this study,a genome-wide association study(GWAS)w...The width of rice leaves determines the size of the photosynthetic area.Optimizing rice leaf width can improve the photosynthetic rate,thereby increasing rice yield.In this study,a genome-wide association study(GWAS)was conducted by 225 rice germplasm resources to explore the genetic basis of rice flag leaf width(FLW).We identified nine QTLs associated with FLW(qFLWs),with phenotypic contribution rates ranging from 3.17%to 14.37%.Near-isogenic lines(NILs)were developed for fine-mapping of qFLW11,and the function of FLW11 was further verified.We narrowed down q FLW11 to an 87-kb interval,which contains five genes.展开更多
In natural ecosystems,the timely abscission of seeds in wild plants is a crucial adaptive trait that contributes to reproductive success,population renewal,and colony expansion(Thurber et al.2010).In contrast,the tend...In natural ecosystems,the timely abscission of seeds in wild plants is a crucial adaptive trait that contributes to reproductive success,population renewal,and colony expansion(Thurber et al.2010).In contrast,the tendency for high seed shattering in domesticated crops,such as rice,not only reduces paddy yield but also complicates mechanized harvesting.展开更多
Rice grain size is a primary characteristic essential for artificial domestication and breeding,governed by grain length,width,and thickness.In this study,we cloned Grain Size 10(GS10),a novel gene via mapbased clonin...Rice grain size is a primary characteristic essential for artificial domestication and breeding,governed by grain length,width,and thickness.In this study,we cloned Grain Size 10(GS10),a novel gene via mapbased cloning.Biochemical,molecular,and genetic studies were performed to elucidate the GS10 involved grain size mechanism in rice.Mutant of GS10 lead to reduced grain size due to alterations in cell expansion.Additionally,GS10 is responsible for the formation of notched-belly grains,especially in smaller grain varieties possessing loss-function mutations.Overexpression of GS10 in Nipponbare results in increasing grain length,grain weight and improve the appearance quality of rice.GS10 encodes conserved protein with uncharacterized function.Furthermore,GS10 regulates the grain size by interacting OsBRICK1,a subunit of the WAVE complex that governs actin nucleation and affects the assembly of microfilaments in rice.Together,our study demonstrates that,GS10 positively regulates the grain length and grain weight,which is beneficial for further improvements in yield characteristics.展开更多
Efficient and high-quality estimation of key phenological dates in rice is of great significance in breeding work. Plant height(PH) dynamics are valuable for estimating phenological dates. However, research on estimat...Efficient and high-quality estimation of key phenological dates in rice is of great significance in breeding work. Plant height(PH) dynamics are valuable for estimating phenological dates. However, research on estimating the key phenological dates of multiple rice accessions based on PH dynamics has been limited. In 2022, field traits were collected using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-based images across 435 plots, including 364 rice varieties. PH, dates of initial heading(IH) and full heading(FH), and panicle initiation(PI), and growth period after transplanting(GPAT) were collected during the rice growth stage. PHs were extracted using a digital surface model(DSM) and fitted using Fourier and logistic models. Machine learning algorithms, including multiple linear regression, random forest(RF), support vector regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and elastic net regression, were employed to estimate phenological dates. Results indicated that the optimal percentile of the DSM for extracting rice PH was the 95th(R^(2) = 0.934, RMSE = 0.056 m). The Fourier model provided a better fit for PH dynamics compared with the logistic models. Additionally, curve features(CF) and GPAT were significantly associated with PI, IH, and FH. The combination of CF and GPAT outperformed the use of CF alone, with RF demonstrating the best performance among the algorithms. Specifically, the combination of CF extracted from the logistic models, GPAT, and RF yielded the best performance for estimating PI(R^(2) = 0.834, RMSE = 4.344 d), IH(R^(2) = 0.877, RMSE = 2.721 d), and FH(R^(2) = 0.883, RMSE = 2.694 d). Overall, UAV-based rice PH dynamics combined with machine learning effectively estimated the key phenological dates of multiple rice accessions, providing a novel approach for investigating key phenological dates in breeding work.展开更多
Rice yield is heavily reliant on the number of spikelets per panicle,a factor determined by the processes of spikelet differentiation and degeneration.In rice cultivars with large panicles,spikelet degeneration negate...Rice yield is heavily reliant on the number of spikelets per panicle,a factor determined by the processes of spikelet differentiation and degeneration.In rice cultivars with large panicles,spikelet degeneration negates the advantages of large panicle and constrains yield potential.Environmental stress-induced metabolic disorders in plants aggravate spikelet degeneration,with the sensitive period for this process commencing approximately 15‒20 d before panicle heading.Notable positional variations occur within the panicle,with significantly higher spikelet degeneration rates at the basal than at the upper positions.An imbalance of carbon and nitrogen metabolism represents the primary physiological basis for aggravated spikelet degeneration under abiotic stress.Impaired carbon and nitrogen metabolism leads to disordered energy metabolism and disrupted respiratory electron transport,which accelerates the apoptosis of young spikelets through excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation.Sucrose serves as the main carbohydrate source for spikelet development,demonstrating an apical dominance pattern that favors spikelet formation.However,under abiotic stress,the inhibition of sucrose decomposition,rather than sucrose transport impairment,predominantly contributes to aggravated spikelet degeneration at the basal panicle positions.Brassinolide and auxin have a significant relationship with spikelet formation,potentially mediating apical dominance.Specifically,brassinolide enhances sucrose accumulation and utilization,thereby alleviating spikelet degeneration.At present,the mechanisms underlying rice spikelet degeneration have not been fully revealed,and the joint effects of hormones,carbohydrates,and carbon and nitrogen metabolism on this process require further investigation.To reduce the spikelet degeneration,the strategic application of water and fertilizer to establish a stable rice population can enhance the rice plants’resilience to abiotic stress.An effective approach to reducing spikelet degeneration is to increase the dry matter occupancy of each spikelet during the panicle initiation period.展开更多
Increasing tiller number is a target of high-yield rice breeding. Identification of tiller-defect mutants and their corresponding genes is helpful for clarifying the molecular mechanism of rice tillering. Summarizing ...Increasing tiller number is a target of high-yield rice breeding. Identification of tiller-defect mutants and their corresponding genes is helpful for clarifying the molecular mechanism of rice tillering. Summarizing research progress on the two processes of rice tiller formation, namely the formation and growth of axillary meristem, this paper reviews the effects of genetic factors, endogenous hormones, and exogenous environment on rice tillering, finding that multiple molecular mechanisms and signal pathways regulating rice tillering cooperate rice tillering, and discusses future research objectives and application of its regulatory mechanism. Elucidation of theis mechanism will be helpful for breeding high-yielding rice cultivars with ideal plant type via molecular design breeding.展开更多
Lesion mimic mutants(LMMs) are advantageous materials for studying programmed cell death(PCD).Although some rice LMM genes have been cloned, the diversity of functions of these genes indicates that the mechanism of ce...Lesion mimic mutants(LMMs) are advantageous materials for studying programmed cell death(PCD).Although some rice LMM genes have been cloned, the diversity of functions of these genes indicates that the mechanism of cell death regulation in LMMs needs further study. In this study, we identified a rice light-dependent leaf lesion mimic mutant 4(llm4) that showed abnormal chloroplast structure, photoinhibition, reduced photosynthetic protein levels, massive accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS), and PCD. Map-based cloning and complementation testing revealed that LLM4 encodes zeaxanthin epoxidase(ZEP), an enzyme involved in the xanthophyll cycle, which functions in plant photoprotection,ROS scavenging, and carotenoid and abscisic acid(ABA) biosynthesis. The ABA content was decreased,and the contents of 24 carotenoids differed between the llm4 mutant and the wild type(WT). The llm4mutant showed reduced dormancy and greater sensitive to ABA than the WT. We concluded that the mutation of LLM4 resulted in the failure of xanthophyll cycle, in turn causing ROS accumulation. The excessive ROS accumulation damaged chloroplast structure and induced PCD, leading eventually to the formation of lesion mimics.展开更多
How to balance rice resistance and yield is an important issue in rice breeding.Plants with mutated necrotic lesion genes often have persistent broad-spectrum resistance,but this broad-spectrum resistance usually come...How to balance rice resistance and yield is an important issue in rice breeding.Plants with mutated necrotic lesion genes often have persistent broad-spectrum resistance,but this broad-spectrum resistance usually comes at the expense of yield.Currently,many necrotic lesion mutants in rice have been identified,and these genes are involved in disease resistance pathways.This review provides a detailed introduction to the characteristics,classification,and molecular mechanisms of necrotic lesion formation.Additionally,we review the molecular regulatory pathways of genes involved in rice disease resistance.Concurrently,we summarize the relationship between resistance and yield in rice using newly developed gene editing methods.We discuss a rational and precise breeding strategy to better utilize molecular design technology for breeding disease-resistant and high-yield rice varieties.展开更多
In rice fields,rice plants usually grow alongside wild weeds and are attacked by various invertebrate species.Viruses are abundant in plants and invertebrates,playing crucial ecological roles in controlling microbial ...In rice fields,rice plants usually grow alongside wild weeds and are attacked by various invertebrate species.Viruses are abundant in plants and invertebrates,playing crucial ecological roles in controlling microbial abundance and maintaining community structures.To date,only 16 rice viruses have been documented in rice-growing regions.These viruses pose serious threats to rice production and have traditionally been identified only from rice plants and insect vectors by isolation techniques.Advances in next-generation sequencing(NGS)have made it feasible to discover viruses on a global scale.Recently,numerous viruses have been identified in plants and invertebrates using NGS technologies.In this review,we discuss viral studies in rice plants,invertebrate species,and weeds in rice fields.Many novel viruses have been discovered in rice ecosystems through NGS technologies,with some also detected using metatranscriptomic and small RNA sequencing.These analyses greatly expand our understanding of viruses in rice fields and provide valuable insights for developing efficient strategies to manage insect pests and virus-mediated rice diseases.展开更多
Heading date is one of the most important agronomic traits that directly affect rice yield and determines the regional adaptability in specific growing environments.As a short-day plant,rice can grow under long-day(LD...Heading date is one of the most important agronomic traits that directly affect rice yield and determines the regional adaptability in specific growing environments.As a short-day plant,rice can grow under long-day(LD)conditions due to the synergistic regulation of many photosensitive genes.Using a set of chromosome segment substitution lines(CSSLs)with the indica cultivar Huanghuazhan(HHZ)as the recipient parent and Basmati Surkh 89-15(BAS)as the donor parent,we identified a QTL locus.展开更多
Iron is an essential nutrient for plant growth,development,and disease resistance.Plants absorb iron through their roots,with citrate playing a key role in xylem transport of insoluble Fe3+.In this study,we identified...Iron is an essential nutrient for plant growth,development,and disease resistance.Plants absorb iron through their roots,with citrate playing a key role in xylem transport of insoluble Fe3+.In this study,we identified the cytoplasmic ATP-citrate lyase(ACL)subunit A2 in rice(Oryza sativa L.),OsACL-A2(Os12g0566300),as a critical factor for iron uptake and transport.The osacl-a2 mutant exhibited reduced leaf iron levels,leading to iron deficiency-induced chlorosis,activated defense signaling,and eventual necrosis in mature leaves.Additionally,blast resistance was weakened in immature osacl-a2 leaves.Exogenous iron supplementation rescued these defects.The mutant displayed reduced ATP-citrate lyase activity but increased citric acid levels compared with its wild type(WT),suggesting that the osacl-a2 mutation impairs enzyme activity.Thus,OsACL-A2-mediated citrate lyase activity plays a vital role in promoting iron uptake and associated blast resistance in rice.展开更多
Rice seed germination marks the start of cultivation and influences subsequent seedling growth,and is affected by hormones and environmental factors.Ubiquitination plays a critical role in this process by regulating h...Rice seed germination marks the start of cultivation and influences subsequent seedling growth,and is affected by hormones and environmental factors.Ubiquitination plays a critical role in this process by regulating hormonal homeostasis.In the ubiquitination cascade,ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes(UBCs)function as ubiquitin carriers to determine linkage specificity of ubiquitin chains.In rice(Oryza sativa),39 UBC genes are identified,but only one gene OsUBC12 has been functionally studied to promote seed germination under low-temperatures in japonica rice.To elucidate the role of UBCs in seed germination,we generated CRISPR-Cas9 mutants for 23 UBC genes and overexpressed 20 members in rice.Among them,seven UBC genes(OsUBC4/6/7/12/25/27/48)were found to regulate seed germination,with OsUBC27 and OsUBC48 acting through the ABA pathway.Exogenous ABA inhibitors restored the germination rate of osubc27^(CR).RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the ABA synthesis genes OsNCED1-5 were significantly upregulated in the mutants.Further differential ubiquitination proteomics in knockout mutants and wild-type plants showed that OsUBC27 regulates ABA homeostasis by modulating ubiquitination of the ABA-degrading protein OsABA8ox1,thereby balancing seed dormancy and germination.Sequence analysis identified distinct haplotypes of the seven OsUBCs that showed differential distribution between japonica and indica subspecies.Our study provides valuable molecular targets for developing rice varieties resistant to seed vivipary.展开更多
The cell surface receptor chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1(CERK1)is a well-known component of plant immunity.OsCERK1 is involved in regulating copper(Cu)uptake in rice,though the underlying mechanisms remain elusive....The cell surface receptor chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1(CERK1)is a well-known component of plant immunity.OsCERK1 is involved in regulating copper(Cu)uptake in rice,though the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.In this study,we identified proteins interacting with OsCERK1 and uncovered a novel heavy metal-associated domain-containing protein,OsHPP08.Our findings demonstrate that OsCERK1 phosphorylated and stabilized OsHPP08.Through structural analysis using AlphaFold,a yeast sensitivity assay of the Cu uptake-deficient yeast mutant,and Cu level measurements in oshpp08 mutants and overexpression plants(OsHPP08OE),we revealed that OsHPP08 facilitated Cu uptake.Additionally,rice seedling infection assays demonstrated that OsHPP08 positively contributed to blast resistance,with both OsCERK1 and OsHPP08 being essential for Cu-modulated blast resistance.Further analyses suggested that OsCERK1 and OsHPP08 likely enhanced blast resistance by regulating the antioxidant system and increasing H_(2)O_(2) accumulation.In conclusion,OsCERK1 promoted Cu uptake by stabilizing OsHPP08,and together they contributed to Cu-modulated blast resistance,likely through the modulation of reactive oxygen species accumulation.These findings deepen our understanding of the intricate interplay between biotic and abiotic signals in rice.展开更多
Aluminium(Al)toxicity is one of the key factors limiting crop output in acidic soils,but until now little has been known about how Al is regulated transcriptionally in plants.This study identified Arabidopsis NAC tran...Aluminium(Al)toxicity is one of the key factors limiting crop output in acidic soils,but until now little has been known about how Al is regulated transcriptionally in plants.This study identified Arabidopsis NAC transcription factor ANAC050 in the regulation of Al tolerance.ANAC050 was located in the nucleus and displayed constitutive expression in the silique,flower,leaf,stem,and root,despite the fact that Al stress decreased its expression and protein accumulation.When compared with the Columbia ecotype wild-type,anac050 mutants that lacked function of ANAC050 exhibited Al sensitivity phenotype,while transgenic lines that overexpressed ANAC050 showed an Al-resistant phenotype,indicating the favorable influence of ANAC050 on preserving Al tolerance in plants.Further analysis indicated that anac050 mutants accumulated more Al in roots,implying that ANAC050 may confer a potential operation of an Al exclusion mechanism.Interestingly,anac050 mutants had down-regulated the expression of the genes encoding MULTIDRUG AND TOXIC COMPOUND EXTRUSION(MATE)and AL-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER(ALMT1),which were involved in the secretion of citrate and malate,even though there was no evidence of a direct interaction between them,suggesting ANAC050 may mediate the secretion of citrate and malate indirectly.Together with the decreased hemicellulose content,lower Al content was also discovered in root cell walls and hemicelluloses of anac050 mutants,pointing to a potential interaction between ANAC017 and XYLOGLUCAN ENDOTRANSGLUCOSYLASE/HYDROLASE(XTH).Although there was no evidence of a direct interaction between ANAC050 and XTH31,it is worth mentioning that the expression of XTH31,which is essential for xyloglucan modification,was down-regulated in anac050 mutants irrespective of the amount of Al given.In conclusion,our findings showed that ANAC050 contributed to Al resistance by indirect control of the release of organic acids and the accumulation of cell wall hemicelluloses.展开更多
Rice crops are frequently threatened by pests such as rice planthoppers(Nilaparvata lugens,Sogatella furcifera,and Laodelphax striatellus)and leafhoppers(Cicadellidae),which cause significant yield losses.Accurate ide...Rice crops are frequently threatened by pests such as rice planthoppers(Nilaparvata lugens,Sogatella furcifera,and Laodelphax striatellus)and leafhoppers(Cicadellidae),which cause significant yield losses.Accurate identification of both pest developmental stages and their natural predators is crucial for effective pest control and maintaining ecological balance.However,conventional field surveys are often subjective,inefficient,and lack traceability.To overcome these limitations,this study proposed RiceInsectID,a two-stage cascaded detection method designed to identify and count tiny rice pests and their natural predators from white flat plate images captured by head-worn AR glasses.The method recognizes 25 insect classes,including 17 instars of rice planthoppers,2 instars of leafhoppers,4 spider species(Araneae),as well as Miridae and rove beetles(Staphylinidae Latreille).At the first coarse-grained detection stage,16 visually similar classes are consolidated into 6 broader categories and detected using an enhanced YOLOv6 model.To improve small object detection and address class imbalance,the fullregion overlapping sliding slices and target pasting(FOSTP)algorithm was applied,increasing the mean average precision at a 50%IoU threshold(mAP50)by 35.46%over the baseline YOLOv6.Feature extraction and fusion were further improved by incorporating an efficient channel attention path aggregation feature pyramid network(ECA-PAFPN)and adaptive structure feature fusion(ASFF)modules,while the balanced classification mosaic(BCM)enhanced detection of minority classes.With test-time augmentation(TTA),mAP50 improved by an additional 2.06%,reaching 84.71%.At the second fine-grained classification stage,each of the six broad classes from the first stage is further classified using individual ResNet50 models.Online data augmentation and transfer learning were employed to significantly enhance generalization.Compared with the baseline YOLOv6,the two-stage cascaded method improved recall by 4.06%,precision by 3.79%,and the F1-score by 3.92%.Overall,RiceInsectID achieved 82.85%recall,80.62%precision,and an F1-score of 81.72%,demonstrating an efficient and practical solution for monitoring tiny rice pests and their natural predators in paddy fields.This study provides valuable insights for ecosystem monitoring and supporting sustainable pest management in rice agriculture.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24010101)the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2024ZD04077)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1001200)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LD24C130001)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP)of CAAS。
文摘A later heading date generally leads to higher grain yield in favorable ecological regions;however,grain yield reaches a limit as the heading date exceeds a certain threshold.Ghd7 is the first cloned major gene that regulates heading date,plant height and grain number.Here,we investigated the relationship between Ghd7 and florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1,to determine their roles in regulating heading date and grain number under different photoperiods.Our results revealed that under long-day(LD)conditions,Hd3a acts prior to RFT1 to promote heading while negatively regulating plant height and grain number.In contrast,Ghd7 positively regulates heading date,plant height,and grain number by inhibiting both Hd3a and RFT1.Under short-day(SD)conditions,the functions of Hd3a and RFT1 remain consistent with those under LD conditions,but Ghd7 does not inhibit their expression,resulting in a weaker phenotypic effect compared to Hd3a.Additionally,under both LD and SD conditions,increased Ghd7 expression enhances its inhibitory effect on Hd3a and RFT1,leading to later heading and increased grain number;however,once the heading date exceeds 94 d,grain number no longer increases.Moreover,the gn1a allele increased grain number by 16.5%to 42.5%,while combinations of the elite alleles from Ghd7,Hd3a,RFT1,and Gn1a significantly increased grain number by up to 240.9%.Therefore,we propose a new breeding strategy to optimize the heading date and grain number using the Ghd7Hd3aRFT1gn1a combination of Ghd7,Hd3a,RFT1,and Gn1a under LD conditions,and the Ghd7hd3aRFT1gn1a combination under SD conditions.This strategy improved the yield of the high-quality Northeast variety Kongyu 131(KY131)by 69.1%in Beijing and 93.7%in Hainan.This strategy will greatly improve the efficiency of north-to-south adaptation in rice,providing theoretical guidance for expanding the geographical adaptability of rice varieties.
基金supported by the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China(Grant No.CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202403)。
文摘Rice is a poor source of folate,an essential micronutrient for the body.Biofortification offers an effective way to enhance the folate content of rice and alleviate folate deficiencies in humans.In this study,we confirmed that OsADCS and OsGTPCHI,encoding the initial enzymes necessary for folate synthesis,positively regulate folate accumulation in knockout mutants of both japonica and indica rice backgrounds.The folate content in the low-folate japonica variety was slightly increased by the expression of the indica alleles driven by the endosperm-specific promoter.We further obtained co-expression lines by stacking OsADCS and OsGTPCHI genes;the folate accumulation in brown rice and polished rice reached 5.65μg/g and 2.95μg/g,respectively,representing 37.9-fold and 26.5-fold increases compared with the wild type.Transcriptomic analysis of rice grains from six transgenic lines showed that folate changes affected biological pathways involved in the synthesis and metabolism of rice seed storage substances,while the expression of other folate synthesis genes was weakly regulated.In addition,we identified Aus rice as a high-folate germplasm carrying superior haplotypes of OsADCS and OsGTPCHI through natural variation.This study provides an alternative and effective complementary strategy for rice biofortification,promoting the rational combination of metabolic engineering and conventional breeding to breed high-folate varieties.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.LQ24C010007)Zhejiang Science and Technology Major Program on Rice New Variety Breeding,China(Grant No.2021C02063)+4 种基金the Agricultural Sciences and Technologies Innovation Program,China(Grant No.CAAS-CSCB-202301)the Key Projects of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.LZ23C130002)the Youth Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.Y2023QC22)the Joint Open Competitive Project of the Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory and China National Seed Company Limited(Grant Nos.B23YQ1514 and B23CQ15EP)the External Cooperation Projects of Biotechnology Research Institute,Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(Grant No.DWHZ2024-07).
文摘Rice seedling blight,caused by various fungi,including Fusarium oxysporum,poses a severe threat to rice production.As awareness grows regarding the environmental and safety hazards associated with the application of fungicides for managing rice seedling blight,there has been a shift in focus towards biological control agents.In this study,we isolated biocontrol bacteria from paddy fields that significantly inhibited the growth of F.oxysporum in vitro and identified the strains as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens T40 and Bacillus pumilus T208.Additionally,our findings indicated that the combined application of these Bacillus strains in soil was more effective in reducing the incidence of rice seedling blight than their individual use.Analysis of 16S and internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene sequencing data revealed that the mixture of the T40 and T208 strains exhibited the lowest average clustering coefficients,which were negatively correlated with the biomass of F.oxysporum-inoculated rice seedlings.Furthermore,this mixture led to higher stochastic assembly(average|βNTI|<2)and reduced selection pressures on rice rhizosphere bacteria compared with individual strain applications.The mixture of the T40 and T208 strains also significantly increased the expression of defense-related genes.In conclusion,the mixture of the T40 and T208 strains effectively modulates microbial community structures,enhances microbial network stability,and boosts the resistance against rice seedling blight.Our study supports the development and utilization of biological resources for crop protection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32372118 and 32188102)the Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.LZ25C130010)+1 种基金the Qian Qian Academician Workstation,and the specific research fund of the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province,China(Grant No.YSPTZX202303)the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund from Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.Y2025YC93)。
文摘Global warming poses a severe threat to rice production and food security.We identified a heat-sensitive mutant hs1 through largescale screening of an established rice mutant library,and subsequently cloned the corresponding gene HS1,which confers thermotolerance in rice.HS1 is localized to the chloroplast and functions by preserving chloroplast integrity under elevated temperatures through stabilizing the photosystem I subunit protein PsaC.Loss of HS1 function in the hs1 mutant leads to severe structural damage to the chloroplast under heat stress,accompanied by intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),which in turn triggers DNA damage and leaf albinism,ultimately manifesting as a heat-sensitive phenotype.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF1000500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32372099,32172080,and 32188102)the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(Grant No.CAAS-CSCB-202402).
文摘Sucrose transporters(SUTs)contain multiple transmembrane domains that mediate sucrose transport and provide energy for plant growth and development.However,the role of OsSUTs in regulating rice quality and grain yield remains unclear.In this study,we identified five rice SUT genes(OsSUT1-OsSUT5)and examined their molecular characteristics and biological functions.OsSUT1,OsSUT2,and OsSUT4 were predominantly expressed in stems,while OsSUT3 and OsSUT5 showed higher expression in panicles.OsSUT1 and OsSUT4 are located on the plasma membrane,whereas OsSUT2,OsSUT3,and OsSUT5 are localized to the tonoplast.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.LD24C130001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.W2412006 and 32372125)+3 种基金the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant Nos.GHYF2025029 and YBXM2422)the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province,China(Grant No.YSPTZX202502)the National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Project,China(Grant No.CARS-01-18)the Special Support Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant Nos.NKYCLJ-C-2021-015 and CAAS-ZDRW202401)。
文摘The width of rice leaves determines the size of the photosynthetic area.Optimizing rice leaf width can improve the photosynthetic rate,thereby increasing rice yield.In this study,a genome-wide association study(GWAS)was conducted by 225 rice germplasm resources to explore the genetic basis of rice flag leaf width(FLW).We identified nine QTLs associated with FLW(qFLWs),with phenotypic contribution rates ranging from 3.17%to 14.37%.Near-isogenic lines(NILs)were developed for fine-mapping of qFLW11,and the function of FLW11 was further verified.We narrowed down q FLW11 to an 87-kb interval,which contains five genes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372118 and 32188102)the Qian Qian Academician Workstation,China+3 种基金the Specific Research Fund of the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province,China(YSPTZX202303)the Nanfan Special Project,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(ZDXM2315)the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Talent Plan-Outstanding Young Talentthe Zhejiang Province’s High-level Talent Special Support Plan-Young Talent,China。
文摘In natural ecosystems,the timely abscission of seeds in wild plants is a crucial adaptive trait that contributes to reproductive success,population renewal,and colony expansion(Thurber et al.2010).In contrast,the tendency for high seed shattering in domesticated crops,such as rice,not only reduces paddy yield but also complicates mechanized harvesting.
基金supported by Projects of International Cooperation NSFC(31961143016,31101203)Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects(QKHJC-ZK[2022]YB537)+4 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds of Central Public Welfare Research Institutions(CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202102,Y2020YJ17)Independent Project of State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology(2020Z2KT10201)High-quality and Resistant Hybrid Rice Germplasm Creation and New Varieties Development with International Competitiveness(2022KJCX45,YBXM2437)Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Projects(2022R51009)Inner Mongolia Breeding Joint Research Project(YZ2023004).
文摘Rice grain size is a primary characteristic essential for artificial domestication and breeding,governed by grain length,width,and thickness.In this study,we cloned Grain Size 10(GS10),a novel gene via mapbased cloning.Biochemical,molecular,and genetic studies were performed to elucidate the GS10 involved grain size mechanism in rice.Mutant of GS10 lead to reduced grain size due to alterations in cell expansion.Additionally,GS10 is responsible for the formation of notched-belly grains,especially in smaller grain varieties possessing loss-function mutations.Overexpression of GS10 in Nipponbare results in increasing grain length,grain weight and improve the appearance quality of rice.GS10 encodes conserved protein with uncharacterized function.Furthermore,GS10 regulates the grain size by interacting OsBRICK1,a subunit of the WAVE complex that governs actin nucleation and affects the assembly of microfilaments in rice.Together,our study demonstrates that,GS10 positively regulates the grain length and grain weight,which is beneficial for further improvements in yield characteristics.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2022YFD2300700)the Open Project Program of the State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute (Grant No.2023ZZKT20402)+1 种基金the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, China (Grant No.CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202119)the Zhejiang ‘Ten Thousand Talents’ Plan Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Project, China (Grant No.2020R52035)。
文摘Efficient and high-quality estimation of key phenological dates in rice is of great significance in breeding work. Plant height(PH) dynamics are valuable for estimating phenological dates. However, research on estimating the key phenological dates of multiple rice accessions based on PH dynamics has been limited. In 2022, field traits were collected using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-based images across 435 plots, including 364 rice varieties. PH, dates of initial heading(IH) and full heading(FH), and panicle initiation(PI), and growth period after transplanting(GPAT) were collected during the rice growth stage. PHs were extracted using a digital surface model(DSM) and fitted using Fourier and logistic models. Machine learning algorithms, including multiple linear regression, random forest(RF), support vector regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and elastic net regression, were employed to estimate phenological dates. Results indicated that the optimal percentile of the DSM for extracting rice PH was the 95th(R^(2) = 0.934, RMSE = 0.056 m). The Fourier model provided a better fit for PH dynamics compared with the logistic models. Additionally, curve features(CF) and GPAT were significantly associated with PI, IH, and FH. The combination of CF and GPAT outperformed the use of CF alone, with RF demonstrating the best performance among the algorithms. Specifically, the combination of CF extracted from the logistic models, GPAT, and RF yielded the best performance for estimating PI(R^(2) = 0.834, RMSE = 4.344 d), IH(R^(2) = 0.877, RMSE = 2.721 d), and FH(R^(2) = 0.883, RMSE = 2.694 d). Overall, UAV-based rice PH dynamics combined with machine learning effectively estimated the key phenological dates of multiple rice accessions, providing a novel approach for investigating key phenological dates in breeding work.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32201896)the Zhejiang Province Key Research and Development Plan Project,China(Grant No.2022C02034)the National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Construction Project,China(Grant No.CARS-01-21).
文摘Rice yield is heavily reliant on the number of spikelets per panicle,a factor determined by the processes of spikelet differentiation and degeneration.In rice cultivars with large panicles,spikelet degeneration negates the advantages of large panicle and constrains yield potential.Environmental stress-induced metabolic disorders in plants aggravate spikelet degeneration,with the sensitive period for this process commencing approximately 15‒20 d before panicle heading.Notable positional variations occur within the panicle,with significantly higher spikelet degeneration rates at the basal than at the upper positions.An imbalance of carbon and nitrogen metabolism represents the primary physiological basis for aggravated spikelet degeneration under abiotic stress.Impaired carbon and nitrogen metabolism leads to disordered energy metabolism and disrupted respiratory electron transport,which accelerates the apoptosis of young spikelets through excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation.Sucrose serves as the main carbohydrate source for spikelet development,demonstrating an apical dominance pattern that favors spikelet formation.However,under abiotic stress,the inhibition of sucrose decomposition,rather than sucrose transport impairment,predominantly contributes to aggravated spikelet degeneration at the basal panicle positions.Brassinolide and auxin have a significant relationship with spikelet formation,potentially mediating apical dominance.Specifically,brassinolide enhances sucrose accumulation and utilization,thereby alleviating spikelet degeneration.At present,the mechanisms underlying rice spikelet degeneration have not been fully revealed,and the joint effects of hormones,carbohydrates,and carbon and nitrogen metabolism on this process require further investigation.To reduce the spikelet degeneration,the strategic application of water and fertilizer to establish a stable rice population can enhance the rice plants’resilience to abiotic stress.An effective approach to reducing spikelet degeneration is to increase the dry matter occupancy of each spikelet during the panicle initiation period.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32071993, 32188102, 31971872, 31861143006,U2004204)Key Agricultural Technology Project(NK2022010302)。
文摘Increasing tiller number is a target of high-yield rice breeding. Identification of tiller-defect mutants and their corresponding genes is helpful for clarifying the molecular mechanism of rice tillering. Summarizing research progress on the two processes of rice tiller formation, namely the formation and growth of axillary meristem, this paper reviews the effects of genetic factors, endogenous hormones, and exogenous environment on rice tillering, finding that multiple molecular mechanisms and signal pathways regulating rice tillering cooperate rice tillering, and discusses future research objectives and application of its regulatory mechanism. Elucidation of theis mechanism will be helpful for breeding high-yielding rice cultivars with ideal plant type via molecular design breeding.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32060454, 32272109)Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory (B21HJ0215)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (32072048, U2004204)Specific Research Fund of The Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province。
文摘Lesion mimic mutants(LMMs) are advantageous materials for studying programmed cell death(PCD).Although some rice LMM genes have been cloned, the diversity of functions of these genes indicates that the mechanism of cell death regulation in LMMs needs further study. In this study, we identified a rice light-dependent leaf lesion mimic mutant 4(llm4) that showed abnormal chloroplast structure, photoinhibition, reduced photosynthetic protein levels, massive accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS), and PCD. Map-based cloning and complementation testing revealed that LLM4 encodes zeaxanthin epoxidase(ZEP), an enzyme involved in the xanthophyll cycle, which functions in plant photoprotection,ROS scavenging, and carotenoid and abscisic acid(ABA) biosynthesis. The ABA content was decreased,and the contents of 24 carotenoids differed between the llm4 mutant and the wild type(WT). The llm4mutant showed reduced dormancy and greater sensitive to ABA than the WT. We concluded that the mutation of LLM4 resulted in the failure of xanthophyll cycle, in turn causing ROS accumulation. The excessive ROS accumulation damaged chloroplast structure and induced PCD, leading eventually to the formation of lesion mimics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31971872,32372118,32071993)the QIAN Qian Academician Workstation,the Specific Research fund of the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province,China(Grant No.YSPTZX202303)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.2021C02056)。
文摘How to balance rice resistance and yield is an important issue in rice breeding.Plants with mutated necrotic lesion genes often have persistent broad-spectrum resistance,but this broad-spectrum resistance usually comes at the expense of yield.Currently,many necrotic lesion mutants in rice have been identified,and these genes are involved in disease resistance pathways.This review provides a detailed introduction to the characteristics,classification,and molecular mechanisms of necrotic lesion formation.Additionally,we review the molecular regulatory pathways of genes involved in rice disease resistance.Concurrently,we summarize the relationship between resistance and yield in rice using newly developed gene editing methods.We discuss a rational and precise breeding strategy to better utilize molecular design technology for breeding disease-resistant and high-yield rice varieties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31972983 and 32072487)the Key Technology R&D Program of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.2021C02006)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LY23C140001).
文摘In rice fields,rice plants usually grow alongside wild weeds and are attacked by various invertebrate species.Viruses are abundant in plants and invertebrates,playing crucial ecological roles in controlling microbial abundance and maintaining community structures.To date,only 16 rice viruses have been documented in rice-growing regions.These viruses pose serious threats to rice production and have traditionally been identified only from rice plants and insect vectors by isolation techniques.Advances in next-generation sequencing(NGS)have made it feasible to discover viruses on a global scale.Recently,numerous viruses have been identified in plants and invertebrates using NGS technologies.In this review,we discuss viral studies in rice plants,invertebrate species,and weeds in rice fields.Many novel viruses have been discovered in rice ecosystems through NGS technologies,with some also detected using metatranscriptomic and small RNA sequencing.These analyses greatly expand our understanding of viruses in rice fields and provide valuable insights for developing efficient strategies to manage insect pests and virus-mediated rice diseases.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.LZ24C130004 and LQ24C130008)。
文摘Heading date is one of the most important agronomic traits that directly affect rice yield and determines the regional adaptability in specific growing environments.As a short-day plant,rice can grow under long-day(LD)conditions due to the synergistic regulation of many photosensitive genes.Using a set of chromosome segment substitution lines(CSSLs)with the indica cultivar Huanghuazhan(HHZ)as the recipient parent and Basmati Surkh 89-15(BAS)as the donor parent,we identified a QTL locus.
基金supported by the Basic Public Welfare Research Program of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.LY23C130003)the Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding,China(Grant No.2023ZZKT20203)+5 种基金the Major Science and Technology Project of Guangxi,China(Grant No.AA23062015)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(Grant No.CAAS-ASTIP-2013-CNRRI)the China Rice Research System,China(Grant No.CARS-01-011)the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China(Grant No.CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202301)High-Quality and Resistant Hybrid Rice Germplasm Creation and New Varieties Development with International Competitiveness,China(Grant Nos.2022KJCX45 and YBXM2437)Xi’nan League Science and Technology Project,China(Grant No.2023DXZD0001).
文摘Iron is an essential nutrient for plant growth,development,and disease resistance.Plants absorb iron through their roots,with citrate playing a key role in xylem transport of insoluble Fe3+.In this study,we identified the cytoplasmic ATP-citrate lyase(ACL)subunit A2 in rice(Oryza sativa L.),OsACL-A2(Os12g0566300),as a critical factor for iron uptake and transport.The osacl-a2 mutant exhibited reduced leaf iron levels,leading to iron deficiency-induced chlorosis,activated defense signaling,and eventual necrosis in mature leaves.Additionally,blast resistance was weakened in immature osacl-a2 leaves.Exogenous iron supplementation rescued these defects.The mutant displayed reduced ATP-citrate lyase activity but increased citric acid levels compared with its wild type(WT),suggesting that the osacl-a2 mutation impairs enzyme activity.Thus,OsACL-A2-mediated citrate lyase activity plays a vital role in promoting iron uptake and associated blast resistance in rice.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(ZCLMS25C1302)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202408)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP)
文摘Rice seed germination marks the start of cultivation and influences subsequent seedling growth,and is affected by hormones and environmental factors.Ubiquitination plays a critical role in this process by regulating hormonal homeostasis.In the ubiquitination cascade,ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes(UBCs)function as ubiquitin carriers to determine linkage specificity of ubiquitin chains.In rice(Oryza sativa),39 UBC genes are identified,but only one gene OsUBC12 has been functionally studied to promote seed germination under low-temperatures in japonica rice.To elucidate the role of UBCs in seed germination,we generated CRISPR-Cas9 mutants for 23 UBC genes and overexpressed 20 members in rice.Among them,seven UBC genes(OsUBC4/6/7/12/25/27/48)were found to regulate seed germination,with OsUBC27 and OsUBC48 acting through the ABA pathway.Exogenous ABA inhibitors restored the germination rate of osubc27^(CR).RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the ABA synthesis genes OsNCED1-5 were significantly upregulated in the mutants.Further differential ubiquitination proteomics in knockout mutants and wild-type plants showed that OsUBC27 regulates ABA homeostasis by modulating ubiquitination of the ABA-degrading protein OsABA8ox1,thereby balancing seed dormancy and germination.Sequence analysis identified distinct haplotypes of the seven OsUBCs that showed differential distribution between japonica and indica subspecies.Our study provides valuable molecular targets for developing rice varieties resistant to seed vivipary.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.LR24C140001 and LZ23C130002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U23A20178)the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant Nos.Y2023QC22 and CAAS-CSCB-202301).
文摘The cell surface receptor chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1(CERK1)is a well-known component of plant immunity.OsCERK1 is involved in regulating copper(Cu)uptake in rice,though the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.In this study,we identified proteins interacting with OsCERK1 and uncovered a novel heavy metal-associated domain-containing protein,OsHPP08.Our findings demonstrate that OsCERK1 phosphorylated and stabilized OsHPP08.Through structural analysis using AlphaFold,a yeast sensitivity assay of the Cu uptake-deficient yeast mutant,and Cu level measurements in oshpp08 mutants and overexpression plants(OsHPP08OE),we revealed that OsHPP08 facilitated Cu uptake.Additionally,rice seedling infection assays demonstrated that OsHPP08 positively contributed to blast resistance,with both OsCERK1 and OsHPP08 being essential for Cu-modulated blast resistance.Further analyses suggested that OsCERK1 and OsHPP08 likely enhanced blast resistance by regulating the antioxidant system and increasing H_(2)O_(2) accumulation.In conclusion,OsCERK1 promoted Cu uptake by stabilizing OsHPP08,and together they contributed to Cu-modulated blast resistance,likely through the modulation of reactive oxygen species accumulation.These findings deepen our understanding of the intricate interplay between biotic and abiotic signals in rice.
基金supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42230711)。
文摘Aluminium(Al)toxicity is one of the key factors limiting crop output in acidic soils,but until now little has been known about how Al is regulated transcriptionally in plants.This study identified Arabidopsis NAC transcription factor ANAC050 in the regulation of Al tolerance.ANAC050 was located in the nucleus and displayed constitutive expression in the silique,flower,leaf,stem,and root,despite the fact that Al stress decreased its expression and protein accumulation.When compared with the Columbia ecotype wild-type,anac050 mutants that lacked function of ANAC050 exhibited Al sensitivity phenotype,while transgenic lines that overexpressed ANAC050 showed an Al-resistant phenotype,indicating the favorable influence of ANAC050 on preserving Al tolerance in plants.Further analysis indicated that anac050 mutants accumulated more Al in roots,implying that ANAC050 may confer a potential operation of an Al exclusion mechanism.Interestingly,anac050 mutants had down-regulated the expression of the genes encoding MULTIDRUG AND TOXIC COMPOUND EXTRUSION(MATE)and AL-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER(ALMT1),which were involved in the secretion of citrate and malate,even though there was no evidence of a direct interaction between them,suggesting ANAC050 may mediate the secretion of citrate and malate indirectly.Together with the decreased hemicellulose content,lower Al content was also discovered in root cell walls and hemicelluloses of anac050 mutants,pointing to a potential interaction between ANAC017 and XYLOGLUCAN ENDOTRANSGLUCOSYLASE/HYDROLASE(XTH).Although there was no evidence of a direct interaction between ANAC050 and XTH31,it is worth mentioning that the expression of XTH31,which is essential for xyloglucan modification,was down-regulated in anac050 mutants irrespective of the amount of Al given.In conclusion,our findings showed that ANAC050 contributed to Al resistance by indirect control of the release of organic acids and the accumulation of cell wall hemicelluloses.
基金supported by the National Key Research Program of China during the 14th Five-Year Plan Period(Grant No.2021YFD1401100)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LTGN24C140007)the‘San Nong Jiu Fang’Sciences and Technologies Cooperation Project of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.2024SNJF010)。
文摘Rice crops are frequently threatened by pests such as rice planthoppers(Nilaparvata lugens,Sogatella furcifera,and Laodelphax striatellus)and leafhoppers(Cicadellidae),which cause significant yield losses.Accurate identification of both pest developmental stages and their natural predators is crucial for effective pest control and maintaining ecological balance.However,conventional field surveys are often subjective,inefficient,and lack traceability.To overcome these limitations,this study proposed RiceInsectID,a two-stage cascaded detection method designed to identify and count tiny rice pests and their natural predators from white flat plate images captured by head-worn AR glasses.The method recognizes 25 insect classes,including 17 instars of rice planthoppers,2 instars of leafhoppers,4 spider species(Araneae),as well as Miridae and rove beetles(Staphylinidae Latreille).At the first coarse-grained detection stage,16 visually similar classes are consolidated into 6 broader categories and detected using an enhanced YOLOv6 model.To improve small object detection and address class imbalance,the fullregion overlapping sliding slices and target pasting(FOSTP)algorithm was applied,increasing the mean average precision at a 50%IoU threshold(mAP50)by 35.46%over the baseline YOLOv6.Feature extraction and fusion were further improved by incorporating an efficient channel attention path aggregation feature pyramid network(ECA-PAFPN)and adaptive structure feature fusion(ASFF)modules,while the balanced classification mosaic(BCM)enhanced detection of minority classes.With test-time augmentation(TTA),mAP50 improved by an additional 2.06%,reaching 84.71%.At the second fine-grained classification stage,each of the six broad classes from the first stage is further classified using individual ResNet50 models.Online data augmentation and transfer learning were employed to significantly enhance generalization.Compared with the baseline YOLOv6,the two-stage cascaded method improved recall by 4.06%,precision by 3.79%,and the F1-score by 3.92%.Overall,RiceInsectID achieved 82.85%recall,80.62%precision,and an F1-score of 81.72%,demonstrating an efficient and practical solution for monitoring tiny rice pests and their natural predators in paddy fields.This study provides valuable insights for ecosystem monitoring and supporting sustainable pest management in rice agriculture.
