The characteristics of ammonia in drinking water sources in China were evaluated during 2005-2009. The spatial distribution and seasonal changes of ammonia in different types of drinking water sources of 22 provinces,...The characteristics of ammonia in drinking water sources in China were evaluated during 2005-2009. The spatial distribution and seasonal changes of ammonia in different types of drinking water sources of 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities were investigated. The levels of ammonia in drinking water sources follow the order of fiver 〉 lake/reservoir 〉 groundwater. The levels of ammonia concentration in river sources gradually decreased from 2005 to 2008, while no obvious change was observed in the lakes/reservoirs and groundwater drinking water sources. The proportion of the type of drinking water sources is different in different regions. In river drinking water sources, the ammonia level was varied in different regions and changed seasonally. The highest value and wide range of annual ammonia was found in South East region, while the lowest value was found in Southwest region. In lake/reservoir drinking water sources, the ammonia levels were not varied obviously in different regions. In underground drinking water sources, the ammonia levels were varied obviously in different regions due to the geological permeability and the natural features of regions. In the drinking water sources with higher ammonia levels, there are enterprises and wastewater drainages in the protected areas of the drinking water sources.展开更多
In this work, a method was developed and optimized for the analysis of polyfluoroalkyl and/or perfluoroalkyl substances（PFASs） content in surface water and sediment samples with high instrumental response and good s...In this work, a method was developed and optimized for the analysis of polyfluoroalkyl and/or perfluoroalkyl substances（PFASs） content in surface water and sediment samples with high instrumental response and good separation. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta（YRD） to analyze the distribution characteristics of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids（PFCAs）, perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids（PFSAs）, perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids（PFPAs）, perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids（PFPiAs）, and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters（di PAPs）. The results showed that the total concentrations of PFCAs and PFSAs in YRD varied from 31 to 902 ng/L. PFCAs（≥ 11 carbons） and PFSAs（≥ 10 carbons atoms） were not detected in any surface water samples. The mean concentrations of all PFCAs and PFSAs in surface water from the sampling areas decreased in the following order：Yangtze river（191 ng/L） ≈ Taihu lake（189 ng/L） 〉 Huangpu river（122 ng/L） ≈ Qiantang river（120 ng/L） 〉 Jiaxing urban river（100 ng/L）. Strong significant（p 〈 0.05） correlations between the concentrations of many of the compounds were found in the sampling areas, suggesting a common source for these compounds. Only perfluorooctanoic acid（PFOA） was observed in all sediment samples, at concentrations varying from 0.02 to 1.35 ng/g. Finally, detection rates of two di PAPs were only 8% and 10%, respectively and the concentration of di PAPs was two to three times lower compared to PFCAs and PFSAs.展开更多
基金supported by the Water Pollution Control and Management (No. 2009ZX07419-002-2,2009ZX07419-003)the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China (No.2007DFA90510)
文摘The characteristics of ammonia in drinking water sources in China were evaluated during 2005-2009. The spatial distribution and seasonal changes of ammonia in different types of drinking water sources of 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities were investigated. The levels of ammonia in drinking water sources follow the order of fiver 〉 lake/reservoir 〉 groundwater. The levels of ammonia concentration in river sources gradually decreased from 2005 to 2008, while no obvious change was observed in the lakes/reservoirs and groundwater drinking water sources. The proportion of the type of drinking water sources is different in different regions. In river drinking water sources, the ammonia level was varied in different regions and changed seasonally. The highest value and wide range of annual ammonia was found in South East region, while the lowest value was found in Southwest region. In lake/reservoir drinking water sources, the ammonia levels were not varied obviously in different regions. In underground drinking water sources, the ammonia levels were varied obviously in different regions due to the geological permeability and the natural features of regions. In the drinking water sources with higher ammonia levels, there are enterprises and wastewater drainages in the protected areas of the drinking water sources.
基金supported by the Water Pollution Control and Management Program (2014ZX07405001)Drinking Water Source Environmental Monitoring Project (1441100022)
文摘In this work, a method was developed and optimized for the analysis of polyfluoroalkyl and/or perfluoroalkyl substances（PFASs） content in surface water and sediment samples with high instrumental response and good separation. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta（YRD） to analyze the distribution characteristics of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids（PFCAs）, perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids（PFSAs）, perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids（PFPAs）, perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids（PFPiAs）, and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters（di PAPs）. The results showed that the total concentrations of PFCAs and PFSAs in YRD varied from 31 to 902 ng/L. PFCAs（≥ 11 carbons） and PFSAs（≥ 10 carbons atoms） were not detected in any surface water samples. The mean concentrations of all PFCAs and PFSAs in surface water from the sampling areas decreased in the following order：Yangtze river（191 ng/L） ≈ Taihu lake（189 ng/L） 〉 Huangpu river（122 ng/L） ≈ Qiantang river（120 ng/L） 〉 Jiaxing urban river（100 ng/L）. Strong significant（p 〈 0.05） correlations between the concentrations of many of the compounds were found in the sampling areas, suggesting a common source for these compounds. Only perfluorooctanoic acid（PFOA） was observed in all sediment samples, at concentrations varying from 0.02 to 1.35 ng/g. Finally, detection rates of two di PAPs were only 8% and 10%, respectively and the concentration of di PAPs was two to three times lower compared to PFCAs and PFSAs.
