Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),the third leading cause of death worldwide,led to approximately 3.23 million deaths in 2019 and imposed significant economic and health burdens.However,cardiovascular mortal...Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),the third leading cause of death worldwide,led to approximately 3.23 million deaths in 2019 and imposed significant economic and health burdens.However,cardiovascular mortality accounts for approximately one-third of deaths in patients with COPD,[1]particularly in those with mild or moderate disease severity.[2]Studies have also identified a substantial increase in the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with COPD.[3,4]Given the notable risk of cardiopulmonary(pulmonary and cardiovascular)events in COPD,the management of COPD should incorporate strategies aiming at reducing the risk of cardiopulmonary events.Optimized treatment of patients with COPD may reduce their risk of cardiopulmonary events and potentially enhance survival benefit.Fully understanding the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with COPD is crucial for comprehensive management of disease.Thus,this article aims to offer an update on the risk of cardiovascular events in COPD and emphasize the importance of cooperation between pulmonologists and cardiologists.展开更多
Context:Blockchain-based information ecosystems(BBIEs)are a type of information ecosystem in which blockchain technology is used to provide a trust mechanism among parties and to manage shared business logic,breaking ...Context:Blockchain-based information ecosystems(BBIEs)are a type of information ecosystem in which blockchain technology is used to provide a trust mechanism among parties and to manage shared business logic,breaking the traditional scheme of information ecosystems dominated by a leading company and leveraging the decentralization of data management,information flow,and business logic.Objective:In this paper,we’d like to propose an architecture and the technical aspects concerning creating a BBIE,underlining the supplied advantages and the logic decomposition among the business and storage components.Method:The requirements are derived from the current needs of the collaborative business and the data collected by surveying practitioners.To meet these needs,we followed the Grounded Theory research approach.We validate our architectural schema against a case study on managing a wine supply chain involving different companies and supervision authorities.Results:The proposed solution integrates blockchain-based applications with the existing information system as a module of the ecosystem,leveraging on the low costs,scalability,and high-level security because of the restricted access to the network.Conclusion:We must go a long way in deepening and refining the possibilities offered by technology in supporting innovative multi-organizational business models.BBIEs can contribute substantially to paving the way in such a direction.展开更多
Smart contracts show a high potential to make supply chain management strategies epochally leap towards higher levels of productivity,not only in the functioning of production processes but also in terms of product in...Smart contracts show a high potential to make supply chain management strategies epochally leap towards higher levels of productivity,not only in the functioning of production processes but also in terms of product innovation and overall economic returns.This article illustrates the principle of Income Sharing as a highly performing economic strategy for supply chains with a natural implementation in blockchain smart contracts.It proposes a blockchain-based architecture that uses smart contracts to implement various algorithmic versions of the Income Sharing principle among companies participating in a supply chain.The formation of the total income and its consequent redistribution are calculated taking into account the role of the technological platform automating these procedures,which therefore becomes a party to the inter-company business project of a supply chain in the alternative roles,as feasible in business practice,of Blockchain-as-a-Service and Blockchain-as-a-Partner.The approach is implemented on Hyperledger Fabric,the most widespread platform for private and consortium blockchains.We compare and justify this design choice with the alternative given by public blockchains,with specific attention to Ethereum.展开更多
A key component of blockchain technology is the ledger,viz.,a database that,unlike standard databases,keeps in memory the complete history of past transactions as in a notarial archive for the benefit of any future te...A key component of blockchain technology is the ledger,viz.,a database that,unlike standard databases,keeps in memory the complete history of past transactions as in a notarial archive for the benefit of any future test.In second-generation blockchains such as Ethereum,the ledger is coupled with smart contracts,which enable the automation of transactions associated with agreements between the parties of a financial or commercial nature.The coupling of smart contracts and ledgers provides the technological background for very innovative application areas,such as Decentralized Autonomous Organizations(DAOs),Initial Coin Offerings(ICOs),and Decentralized Finance(DeFi),which propelled blockchains beyond cryptocurrencies that were the only focus of first generation blockchains,such as Bitcoin.However,the currently used implementation of smart contracts as arbitrary programming constructs has made them susceptible to dangerous bugs that can be exploited maliciously and has moved their semantics away from that of legal contracts.We propose here to recompose the split and recover the reliability of databases by formalizing a notion of contract modeled as a finite-state automaton with well-defined computational characteristics derived from encoding in terms of allocations of resources to actors,as an alternative to the approach based on programming.To complete the work,we use temporal logic as the basis for an abstract query language that is effectively suited to the historical nature of the information kept in the ledger.展开更多
文摘Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),the third leading cause of death worldwide,led to approximately 3.23 million deaths in 2019 and imposed significant economic and health burdens.However,cardiovascular mortality accounts for approximately one-third of deaths in patients with COPD,[1]particularly in those with mild or moderate disease severity.[2]Studies have also identified a substantial increase in the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with COPD.[3,4]Given the notable risk of cardiopulmonary(pulmonary and cardiovascular)events in COPD,the management of COPD should incorporate strategies aiming at reducing the risk of cardiopulmonary events.Optimized treatment of patients with COPD may reduce their risk of cardiopulmonary events and potentially enhance survival benefit.Fully understanding the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with COPD is crucial for comprehensive management of disease.Thus,this article aims to offer an update on the risk of cardiovascular events in COPD and emphasize the importance of cooperation between pulmonologists and cardiologists.
基金support under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan(NRRP),Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.5-Call for tender No.3277 published on December 30,2021 by the Italian Ministry of University and Research(MUR)funded by the European Union-NextGenerationEUProject Code ECS0000038-Project Ti-tle eINS Ecosystem of Innovation for Next Generation Sardinia-CUP F53C22000430001-Grant Assignment Decree No.1056 adopted on June 23,2022 by the Italian Ministry of University and Research(MUR),F53C22000430001 the HALO(Hazard-Analysis and Anti-Counterfeiting Ledger Oriented Protection)project,funded by Sardegna Ricerche,CUP:F23C23000310008the W.E.B.E.S.T.(Wine EVOO Blockchain Et Smart ContracT)PRIN 2020 project,financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research(MUR),CUP:F73C22000430001。
文摘Context:Blockchain-based information ecosystems(BBIEs)are a type of information ecosystem in which blockchain technology is used to provide a trust mechanism among parties and to manage shared business logic,breaking the traditional scheme of information ecosystems dominated by a leading company and leveraging the decentralization of data management,information flow,and business logic.Objective:In this paper,we’d like to propose an architecture and the technical aspects concerning creating a BBIE,underlining the supplied advantages and the logic decomposition among the business and storage components.Method:The requirements are derived from the current needs of the collaborative business and the data collected by surveying practitioners.To meet these needs,we followed the Grounded Theory research approach.We validate our architectural schema against a case study on managing a wine supply chain involving different companies and supervision authorities.Results:The proposed solution integrates blockchain-based applications with the existing information system as a module of the ecosystem,leveraging on the low costs,scalability,and high-level security because of the restricted access to the network.Conclusion:We must go a long way in deepening and refining the possibilities offered by technology in supporting innovative multi-organizational business models.BBIEs can contribute substantially to paving the way in such a direction.
基金supported by the Italian Ministry of University and Research(MUR)under PRIN grant B87G22000450001(PINPOINT).
文摘Smart contracts show a high potential to make supply chain management strategies epochally leap towards higher levels of productivity,not only in the functioning of production processes but also in terms of product innovation and overall economic returns.This article illustrates the principle of Income Sharing as a highly performing economic strategy for supply chains with a natural implementation in blockchain smart contracts.It proposes a blockchain-based architecture that uses smart contracts to implement various algorithmic versions of the Income Sharing principle among companies participating in a supply chain.The formation of the total income and its consequent redistribution are calculated taking into account the role of the technological platform automating these procedures,which therefore becomes a party to the inter-company business project of a supply chain in the alternative roles,as feasible in business practice,of Blockchain-as-a-Service and Blockchain-as-a-Partner.The approach is implemented on Hyperledger Fabric,the most widespread platform for private and consortium blockchains.We compare and justify this design choice with the alternative given by public blockchains,with specific attention to Ethereum.
文摘A key component of blockchain technology is the ledger,viz.,a database that,unlike standard databases,keeps in memory the complete history of past transactions as in a notarial archive for the benefit of any future test.In second-generation blockchains such as Ethereum,the ledger is coupled with smart contracts,which enable the automation of transactions associated with agreements between the parties of a financial or commercial nature.The coupling of smart contracts and ledgers provides the technological background for very innovative application areas,such as Decentralized Autonomous Organizations(DAOs),Initial Coin Offerings(ICOs),and Decentralized Finance(DeFi),which propelled blockchains beyond cryptocurrencies that were the only focus of first generation blockchains,such as Bitcoin.However,the currently used implementation of smart contracts as arbitrary programming constructs has made them susceptible to dangerous bugs that can be exploited maliciously and has moved their semantics away from that of legal contracts.We propose here to recompose the split and recover the reliability of databases by formalizing a notion of contract modeled as a finite-state automaton with well-defined computational characteristics derived from encoding in terms of allocations of resources to actors,as an alternative to the approach based on programming.To complete the work,we use temporal logic as the basis for an abstract query language that is effectively suited to the historical nature of the information kept in the ledger.
