1.Introduction Injury prevention is an essential element of science and medicine in sports,and it garners attention from stakeholders focused on minimizing athletes’injury risk.Catchy titles including“injury risk”o...1.Introduction Injury prevention is an essential element of science and medicine in sports,and it garners attention from stakeholders focused on minimizing athletes’injury risk.Catchy titles including“injury risk”or“injury prevention”are likely to grab the readers’attention.Meanwhile,studies on injury prevention might assess the impact of interventions on mitigating injury risk factors(e.g.,strength,range of motion(ROM))but fail to report injury data(e.g.,incidence).1,2 Likewise,observational studies may include“injury risk”in their titles,but fail to provide injury data.3 Without injury data.展开更多
Technological advancements have profoundly transformed the sports domain,ushering it into the digital era.Services leveraging big data in intelligent sports-encompassing performance analytics,train-ing statistical eva...Technological advancements have profoundly transformed the sports domain,ushering it into the digital era.Services leveraging big data in intelligent sports-encompassing performance analytics,train-ing statistical evaluations and metrics-have become indispensable.These tools are vital in aiding athletes with their daily training regimens and in devising sophisticated competition strategies,proving crucial in the pursuit of victory.Despite their potential,wearable electronic devices used for motion monitoring are subject to several limitations,including prohibitive cost,extensive energy usage,incompatibility with individual spatial structures,and flawed data analysis methodologies.Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)have become instrumental in the development of self-powered devices/systems owing to their remarkable capacity to harnessing ambient high-entropy energy from the environment.This paper provides a thorough review of the advancements and emerging trends in TENG-based intelligent sports,focusing on physiological data monitoring,sports training performance,event refereeing assistance,and sports injury prevention and rehabilitation.Excluding the potential influence of sports psychological factors,this review provides a detailed discourse on present challenges and prospects for boosting smart sports with energy autonomy and digital intelligence.This study presents innovative insights and motivations for propelling the evolution of intelligent sports toward a more sustainable and efficient future for humanity.展开更多
With Beijing Huilongguan Sports and Cultural Park as the research object,this study was conducted to investigate public service satisfaction in the park by the Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA)method.A questionnair...With Beijing Huilongguan Sports and Cultural Park as the research object,this study was conducted to investigate public service satisfaction in the park by the Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA)method.A questionnaire covering six dimensions,including public transportation,sanitation and environment,and supporting facility construction,was designed.A total of 208 valid samples were collected,and SPSS was employed for reliability and validity tests as well as IPA analysis.The findings were as follows:①Visitors were generally quite satisfied with the overall public services in Huilongguan Sports and Cultural Park.②The highest satisfaction levels were observed in sanitation and environment services and the sports and cultural atmosphere,while lower satisfaction was noted for supporting facility construction and public information services.③The advantage enhancement zone includes sanitation and environment services and sports and cultural atmosphere;and the continuous maintenance zone includes public transportation services and security management amd maintenance;the subsequent opportunity zone includes supporting facility construction and public information services;and there are no dimensions in the urgent improvement zone.The study recommends strengthening the service connotations from three aspects:enhancing facilities with sports as the core,optimizing services with a people-centered approach,and upgrading the information platform through technological efficiency.Additionally,a multi-stakeholder collaborative mechanism involving the government in coordinating policy resources,the operator in improving implementation efficiency,and the public participating in supervision and evaluation is proposed to drive the enhancement of public service quality at Huilongguan Sports and Cultural Park.展开更多
The balance of urban and rural public sports services directly affects residents'quality of life and social equity,but traditional evaluation methods rely on manual research and statistical models,which have probl...The balance of urban and rural public sports services directly affects residents'quality of life and social equity,but traditional evaluation methods rely on manual research and statistical models,which have problems such as low efficiency,single indicators,and insufficient dynamic response capabilities.This study proposes an AI based framework for evaluating the balance of urban and rural public sports services(AI-PSBE),which integrates multi-source heterogeneous data(satellite images,policy texts,user behavior logs)with multimodal deep learning techniques to achieve dynamic evaluation of multidimensional indicators such as coverage,quality,and usage efficiency.This framework uses ResNet-50 and Transformer dual channel architecture to extract spatial and semantic features,and generates a balance index through an adaptive weight fusion module.Based on urban and rural data from 10 provinces in China,experiments have shown that the evaluation accuracy of AI-PSBE(R^(2)=0.937)has improved by 41.2%compared to traditional methods,with a response time reduced to 3 minutes.Additionally,the interpretability heatmap intuitively displays regional shortcomings.This study provides intelligent tools for optimizing the layout of public sports resources.展开更多
This study explores the application of artificial intelligence(AI)technology in Chinese-English translation for live sports broadcasting,addressing the growing demand for real-time,high-quality multilingual communicat...This study explores the application of artificial intelligence(AI)technology in Chinese-English translation for live sports broadcasting,addressing the growing demand for real-time,high-quality multilingual communication in global sports events.Drawing on advancements in neural machine translation(NMT),automatic speech recognition(ASR),and text-to-speech(TTS)technologies,the paper examines key theoretical foundations,including self-attention mechanisms in Transformer models,real-time subtitle synchronization,and domain-specific terminology processing.It outlines primary application forms,such as cloud-based speech translation systems,end-to-end speech-to-speech modes,AI-assisted subtitle generation with human post-editing,and multilingual subtitle technologies,illustrated with sports scenarios like football and basketball matches.Representative cases from international events(e.g.,NBA,Olympics,FIFA World Cup)and domestic ones(e.g.,CBA,China Table Tennis Super League,Hangzhou Asian Games)demonstrate practical implementations and comparative effects.The analysis highlights challenges,including terminology-real-time conflicts,accent and noise interference,cultural and emotional nuance loss,latency-cost-stability issues,and data privacy-copyright concerns.To mitigate these,technical improvements are proposed,focusing on multimodal fusion,sports-domain pre-trained models,and latency optimization through edge computing.The study underscores the theoretical and practical significance for sports media,emphasizing AI's role in enhancing audience experience and promoting Chinese sports culture globally.Future trends point toward more intelligent,personalized,and ecosystem-integrated applications.展开更多
Background Health promotion(HP)interventions delivered through sports clubs have demonstrated promising outcomes among men,but less is known about which aspects of the interventions work,for whom,and under what circum...Background Health promotion(HP)interventions delivered through sports clubs have demonstrated promising outcomes among men,but less is known about which aspects of the interventions work,for whom,and under what circumstances.This rapid realist review aimed to understand the contexts,mechanisms,and outcomes of HP interventions for men delivered through sports clubs.Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in February 2023 for studies published after 2013 in MEDLINE,Embase,and SPORTDiscus databases.Included studies:(a)were delivered by or in collaboration with sports clubs,(b)targeted men aged 18+years,and(c)reported 1 or more HP outcomes.A grey literature search was also performed.Studies were included in a realist synthesis based on richness and rigor.Hereafter,context-mechanism-outcome(CMO)configurations were developed.Results We identified and screened 3358 studies,finally including 59 studies describing 22 interventions.Most HP interventions were delivered in high income countries,included Caucasian men aged 35-65 years with overweight/obesity,and used professional sports clubs(mostly football)for recruitment and facilities.Quantitative HP outcomes were reported across 19 interventions.Of these 19 interventions,the majority reported on weight(n=18),physical activity(n=12),mental health(n=10),and diet(n=9).We identified 13 CMOs related to how HP interventions affected men's recruitment,engagement,and health behavior maintenance.Conclusion Our findings show that using sports clubs for HP interventions is effective for engaging men.Recruitment was facilitated by leveraging sports clubs’identity,addressing masculinity-related barriers,improving accessibility,and building trust.Engagement was enhanced through shared identity experiences,safe spaces,inclusive competition,and self-efficacy.However,there's limited evidence on behavior maintenance post-intervention,though involving community stakeholders seemed vital.In general,considerations should be made to avoid perpetuating traditional masculine norms,which may exclude some men and reinforce unhealthy behaviors.These findings can guide intervention development,emphasizing the need to harness men's perspectives in the process.展开更多
We sincerely thank the authors of the commentary1 for their thoughtful analysis and constructive critique of our systematic review on ischemic preconditioning(IPC)and placebo effects in exercise capacity and athletic ...We sincerely thank the authors of the commentary1 for their thoughtful analysis and constructive critique of our systematic review on ischemic preconditioning(IPC)and placebo effects in exercise capacity and athletic performance.2Their attention to methodological details,particularly concerning the inclusion and timing of warm-up protocols across studies,is commendable and contributes meaningfully to the ongoing refinement of IPC research in sports science.展开更多
We highly commend Dr Souza et al.1for their systematic review research.The authors conducted a detailed investigation into the effects of ischemic preconditioning(IPC)on athletic performance,comparing it with placebo ...We highly commend Dr Souza et al.1for their systematic review research.The authors conducted a detailed investigation into the effects of ischemic preconditioning(IPC)on athletic performance,comparing it with placebo and no-intervention conditions.The study found that while IPC demonstrated superior effects over the no-intervention group in certain metrics(e.g.,time to exhaustion),its performance did not significantly surpass that of the placebo group.This suggests that the potential benefits of IPC may partially stem from participants’psychological expectations,or placebo effects.The study also highlighted the significant impact of placebo interventions on athletic performance,emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between placebo and no-intervention conditions in experimental designs.展开更多
Vertical jump height is a fundamental measure of neuromuscular power in sports science.A diverse array of measurement instruments is available,yet selecting the appropriate technology requires a nuanced understanding ...Vertical jump height is a fundamental measure of neuromuscular power in sports science.A diverse array of measurement instruments is available,yet selecting the appropriate technology requires a nuanced understanding of the trade-offs between accuracy,cost,and practicality.This comprehensive technical review synthesizes the current state of vertical jump instrumentation.We systematically analyze four primary methodologies:direct measurement,motion capture(kinematic),force platform(kinetic),and flight time-based systems.The underlying technical principles,error sources,and practical limitations of each are detailed.Our analysis reveals a clear hierarchy:force platforms and motion capture systems provide gold-standard accuracy(e.g.,±0.3 cm for force platforms)but are constrained by high cost and laboratory environments.Conversely,flight time-based systems and smartphone applications offer excellent portability and accessibility but are subject to systematic errors(1-4 cm overestimation)and lower temporal resolution.Furthermore,we examine how emerging technologies,including artificial intelligence and wearable sensors,are poised to bridge the gap between laboratory-grade accuracy and field-based utility.This review provides engineers and sports scientists with a consolidated framework to guide instrument selection,data interpretation,and future innovation in athletic performance assessment.展开更多
Background:Iron facilitates key biological functions underpinning sports performance,and up to 60%of female athletes experience iron deficiency.However,the effects of iron deficiency on sports performance in female at...Background:Iron facilitates key biological functions underpinning sports performance,and up to 60%of female athletes experience iron deficiency.However,the effects of iron deficiency on sports performance in female athletes is unclear,as are the degree of benefits of iron supplementation(FeSup).This study characterizes the effects of iron deficiency and FeSup on sports performance in high-level female athletes.Methods:Searches of the electronic databases MEDLINE,SPORTDiscus,Web of Science,Scopus,and CINAHL were performed in July 2023.Studies were included that evaluated the effects of iron deficiency or FeSup on sports performance in high-level(maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max)>45 mL/kg/min,or trained>5 h/week)iron deficient(ID)(serum ferritin(sFer)<40 mg/L)female athletes.Studies were assessed using a modified Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist.Results:A total of 23 studies comprising 669 athletes(age range:13-47 years)across 16 sports were included in the review.Iron deficiency negatively affects endurance performance by 3%-4%.However,endurance performance improved by 2%-20%when ID athletes were treated with 100 mg/day of elemental iron for up to 56 days via oral supplementation,or bi-daily via parenteral administration over 8-10 days.ID nonanemic athletes with low sFer stores may be predisposed to reduced maximal aerobic capacity.However,maximal aerobic capacity improved by 6%-15%following 16 mg/day-100 mg/day of elemental iron for 36-126 days.Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power performance may be impeded(-23%to+4%)among ID athletes,but the effect of FeSup on anaerobic power varied markedly(-5%to+9%)following 100 mg/day of elemental iron over 42-56 days,or 100 mg of elemental iron bi-daily over 8-10 days.The quality of studies was moderate(77%),ranging from low(57%)to high(100%).Moststudies(n=18)contained group sizes-20 athletes,thus limiting the likelihood of detecting significant effects(statistical power>0.80).Conclusion:High-level ID female athletes experience a negative impact on endurance performance,which can be improved by supplementing with»100 mg of elemental iron per day or bi-daily.The decrements in other performance parameters characterizing a range of sports coincide with the severity of iron deficiency.展开更多
Background:Ischemic preconditioning(IPC)is purported to have beneficial effects on athletic performance,although findings are inconsistent,with some studies reporting placebo effects.The majority of studies have inves...Background:Ischemic preconditioning(IPC)is purported to have beneficial effects on athletic performance,although findings are inconsistent,with some studies reporting placebo effects.The majority of studies have investigated IPC alongside a placebo condition,but without a control condition that was devoid of experimental manipulation,thereby limiting accurate determination of the IPC effects.Therefore,the aims of this study were to assess the impact of the IPC intervention,compared to both placebo and no intervention,on exercise capacity and athletic performance.Methods:A systematic search of PubMed,Embase,SPORTDiscus,Cochrane Library,and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature(LILACS)covering records from their inception until July 2023 was conducted.To qualify for inclusion,studies had to apply IPC as an acute intervention,comparing it with placebo and/or control conditions.Outcomes of interest were performance(force,number of repetitions,power,time to exhaustion,and time trial performance),physiological measurements(maximum oxygen consumption,and heart rate),or perceptual measurements(RPE).For each outcome measure,we conducted 3 independent meta-analyses(IPC vs.placebo,IPC vs.control,placebo vs.control)using an inverse-variance random-effects model.The between-treatment effects were quantified by the standardized mean difference(SMD),accompanied by their respective 95%confidence intervals.Additionally,we employed the Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluation(GRADE)approach to assess the level of certainty in the evidence.Results:Seventy-nine studies were included in the quantitative analysis.Overall,IPC demonstrates a comparable effect to the placebo condition(using a low-pressure tourniquet),irrespective of the subjects'training level(all outcomes presenting p>0.05),except for the outcome of time to exhaustion,which exhibits a small magnitude effect(SMD=0.37;p=0.002).Additionally,the placebo exhibited effects notably greater than the control condition(outcome:number of repetitions;SMD=0.45;p=0.03),suggesting a potential influence of participants'cognitive perception on the outcomes.However,the evidence is of moderate to low certainty,regardless of the comparison or outcome.Conclusion:IPC has significant effects compared to the control intervention,but it did not surpass the placebo condition.Its administration might be influenced by the cognitive perception of the receiving subject,and the efficacy of IPC as an ergogenic strategy for enhancing exercise capacity and athletic performance remains questionable.展开更多
The 128th plenary session of International Olympic Committee declared on July 31, 2015 after vote that Beijing and Zhan^iakou will be the bidding cities of 2022 Winter Olympics. It was the second time for China to suc...The 128th plenary session of International Olympic Committee declared on July 31, 2015 after vote that Beijing and Zhan^iakou will be the bidding cities of 2022 Winter Olympics. It was the second time for China to successfully bid Olympic Games since 2008 Summer Olympics, which will encourage China to continue to develop sports career in the process of sports power construction and will have long-term construction meanings. Chinese winter sports industry and sports culture will enter into the fast booming development period in the future 7 years. The paper begins with Beijing and Zhangjiakou Winter Olympics bid and the future Chinese winter sports industry construction to illustrate the impact of bid for Winter Olympics on the future winter sports career development.展开更多
The purposes of this study were to examine the relationships between providing and receiving social supports with teammates, and to clarify the particularities of Japan, based on an examination of differences between ...The purposes of this study were to examine the relationships between providing and receiving social supports with teammates, and to clarify the particularities of Japan, based on an examination of differences between Japan and the U.S. The subjects were 123 collegiate student＇s athletes from Japan and 115 from the United States. They participated organized sports activities in their universities （including intramural and varsity level）. The participants completed questionnaires measuring the providing and receiving social supports for sports participation and persistency. Providing and Receiving Social Support Scale for Sports Team （Hagiwara and Isogai, 2014） were adopted to investigate the amount of social supports with teammates in a sports team. The results of correlations in providing and receiving social supports demonstrated that the amount of providing social support for teammates related to the amount of receiving social support from teammates in both Japanese and American student＇s athletes. The results of comparison Japan and the U.S. indicated that American student＇s athletes provided more social supports for teammates than Japanese. The present findings might be an important material to better understand Japanese student＇s athletes.展开更多
Sports are a meaningful context in which many young people participate,and youth sports teams may be a viable way to promote optimal development.Sports comprises all forms of physical activities that contribute to phy...Sports are a meaningful context in which many young people participate,and youth sports teams may be a viable way to promote optimal development.Sports comprises all forms of physical activities that contribute to physical fitness,mental well-being and social interaction.Participation in sport improves the development of peer relationships,establishes the notion of trust and builds teamwork skills.The purpose of this study was to see the impact of sports participation on intelligence among boys.The present study was conducted on 300 male subjects between age group 14 and 17 years.Subjects were divided into following three groups(Group 1-Team Sports Group,Group 2-Individual Sports Group,Group 3-Non-participant Group)using a questionnaire for Sports Activity participation survey.Each group has 100 students.To assess intelligence of the selected subjects,verbal intelligence test prepared by Dr.P.Srinivasan was adopted.Appropriate tool was used to assess the parameters.The results show that majority i.e.64.7%of the subjects were found to be average intelligent and 22.7 superiorly intelligent.It was revealed that sports participation has no association withrelation to intelligence(IQ)and revealed that there was no significant effect found on intelligence level of the subjects who participated in sports as well as the non-participants.展开更多
With the development of the social economy and the rise of the national fitness campaign, the development of sports functional beverage has become a part of sports consumption. Sports functional beverage has significa...With the development of the social economy and the rise of the national fitness campaign, the development of sports functional beverage has become a part of sports consumption. Sports functional beverage has significant effect on improving athletic ability and fast recovery. But the inappropriate choice of beverage and drinking arrangements will cause irreparable damage to the body. Only the scientific and rational drinking, sports functional beverage will really play its whole function.展开更多
In today＇s modem world, a will to succeed is inextricably linked with the acquisition of profit, while sports competition turns into an aggressive fight for the result and prestige. The athletes in professional sport...In today＇s modem world, a will to succeed is inextricably linked with the acquisition of profit, while sports competition turns into an aggressive fight for the result and prestige. The athletes in professional sports, where victory is imperative, often treated as just another object and an obstacle to be overcome. Violence in sports performed primarily athletes themselves. In sports games can be applied aggressive tactics, but the use of violence is considered to be beyond the scope of what is considered to be the good behavior of an athlete. Athletes decide on violence sometimes with a clear goal of hurting the opposing player, and sometimes only for intimidation, in order to win. Extreme exercise, accompanied by great hardships and frequent injuries, are not always sufficient to achieve the required and expected results, and more and more athletes turning to the use of prohibited doping substances, thus trying to improve their own capabilities.展开更多
Background:Sports medicine(injury and illnesses)requires distinct coding systems because the International Classification of Diseases is insuf-ficient for sports medicine coding.The Orchard Sports Injury and Illness C...Background:Sports medicine(injury and illnesses)requires distinct coding systems because the International Classification of Diseases is insuf-ficient for sports medicine coding.The Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System(OSIICS)is one of two sports medicine coding systems recommended by the International Olympic Committee.Regular updates of coding systems are required.Methods:For Version 15,updates for mental health conditions in athletes,sports cardiology,concussion sub-types,infectious diseases,and skin and eye conditions were considered particularly important.Results:Recommended codes were added from a recent International Olympic Committee consensus statement on mental health conditions in athletes.Two landmark sports cardiology papers were used to update a more comprehensive list of sports cardiology codes.Rugby union protocols on head injury assessment were used to create additional concussion codes.Conclusion:It is planned that OSIICS Version 15 will be translated into multiple new languages in a timely fashion to facilitate international accessibility.The large number of recently published sport-specific and discipline-specific consensus statements on athlete surveillance warrant regular updating of OSIICS.展开更多
Background: Traditional Chinese sports and physical activities(PAs) have a long history and are practiced by millions of Chinese. However,relatively few systematic reviews of the scientific evidence for their health b...Background: Traditional Chinese sports and physical activities(PAs) have a long history and are practiced by millions of Chinese. However,relatively few systematic reviews of the scientific evidence for their health benefits, especially for older Chinese adults, have been undertaken.Evidence acquisition: Between January and March 2016, a systematic search was conducted using the CNKI and Pub Med databases to identify studies published between 2000 and 2015. Studies were selected for review if they were designed specifically to evaluate the health benefits of traditional Chinese sports and PAs in adults aged 50 years and older in the Mainland of China. The studies included observational, uncontrolled,and randomized and controlled designs. Papers published without an English title or abstract were excluded.Evidence synthesis: The initial search identified a total of 229 studies. After removing duplicates and studies that did not meet the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 95 studies were selected for review. Special attention was given to studies of the most commonly practiced activities: Tai Ji Quan,Qigong, and Yangko exercises. A positive association between these types of exercise and health benefits was noted for healthy older adults and those with chronic diseases. Evidence on other types of activities was less clear due to the limited number of studies conducted.Conclusion: There is promising evidence that traditional Chinese sports and PAs provide many health benefits for older Chinese adults. While additional scientifically rigorous research is warranted, promoting these traditional and culturally-based sports and PAs as forms of behavioral medicine in primary and secondary prevention of diseases among the aging Chinese population will help fulfill an urgent public health need.展开更多
The risk of both severe and frequent injury associated with active pursuits in mountain areas is acknowledged. This phenomenon is all the most relevant to investigate in France that there is a growing enthusiasm for o...The risk of both severe and frequent injury associated with active pursuits in mountain areas is acknowledged. This phenomenon is all the most relevant to investigate in France that there is a growing enthusiasm for outdoor sports and recreation. This paper focuses on the social-demographic and sporting profiles of accident victims. Our intent is to better understand who is specifically at risk, while practicing mountain recreation, in the French mountains. Such identification doubtlessly constitutes an important asset in order to enhance prevention. Three critical activities are notably tackled, among some others: hiking, a widespread activity that exposes many practitioners to hazardous settings; mountaineering and ski touring, supposedly entailing the most severe injuries.In order to align the information collected, then provide estimations based on the reasoned crossing of these secondary data, we consulted and summarised all the databases that we knew of on the French territory: rescue team intervention reports, aggregated statistics from the sports ministry, sporting federation accident declarations, avalanche experts statistics, mountain guides union accident/incident reports, healthcare facilities admissions, etc. Only the sources consideredto be the most reliable and representative were used, owing to the number of cases processed, the exhaustive nature of data collection, or the level of information detail available. Our method also included consultation of all the parties playing an active role in prevention, training and mountain rescue, thus ensuring a participative, co-constructive approach to the study with the people that have the best knowledge of victim profiles. Around fifty such parties were interviewed on the methods implemented, the benefits and limits of current data, and the main expectations in terms of accidentology progress, thus further enhancing the credibility of the study proposed in this paper. Our results show that the parent population profiles(in terms of age, gender, place of residence, etc.), weighted by the level of exposure(frequency of participation, level of engagement, etc.) appears to have an impact on the accident victim profiles. There is certainly a very marked gender bias and a serious age impact to be taken into account, as well as the influence of the level of experience, which counter certain preconceived ideas and which, at the very least, go against instinct. However, aside from a probable over-exposure of experienced or expert participants, much remains to be explained concerning the accident mechanisms and circumstances involved. At this stage, we regret the analytic deficiencies induced by a lack ofknowledge concerning the parent populations in many cases, which makes interpretation difficult.展开更多
Background: The 2 most cited sports injury prevention research frameworks incorporate intervention development, yet little guidance is available in the sports science literature on how to undertake this complex proces...Background: The 2 most cited sports injury prevention research frameworks incorporate intervention development, yet little guidance is available in the sports science literature on how to undertake this complex process. This paper presents a generalizable process for developing implementable sports injury prevention interventions, including a case study applying the process to develop a lower limb injury prevention exercise training program(Footy First) for community Australian football.Methods: The intervention development process is underpinned by 2 complementary premises:(1) that evidence-based practice integrates the best available scientific evidence with practitioner expertise and end user values and(2) that research evidence alone is insufficient to develop implementable interventions.Results: The generalizable 6-step intervention development process involves(1) compiling research evidence, clinical experience, and knowledge of the implementation context;(2) consulting with experts;(3) engaging with end users;(4) testing the intervention;(5) using theory; and(6)obtaining feedback from early implementers. Following each step, intervention content and presentation should be revised to ensure that the final intervention includes evidence-informed content that is likely to be adopted, properly implemented, and sustained over time by the targeted intervention deliverers. For Footy First, this process involved establishing a multidisciplinary intervention development group, conducting 2targeted literature reviews, undertaking an online expert consensus process, conducting focus groups with program end users, testing the program multiple times in different contexts, and obtaining feedback from early implementers of the program.Conclusion: This systematic yet pragmatic and iterative intervention development process is potentially applicable to any injury prevention topic across all sports settings and levels. It will guide researchers wishing to undertake intervention development.展开更多
基金Centre of Research,Education,Innovation,and Intervention in Sport(CIFI2D)is financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology,under the DOI https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/05913/2020。
文摘1.Introduction Injury prevention is an essential element of science and medicine in sports,and it garners attention from stakeholders focused on minimizing athletes’injury risk.Catchy titles including“injury risk”or“injury prevention”are likely to grab the readers’attention.Meanwhile,studies on injury prevention might assess the impact of interventions on mitigating injury risk factors(e.g.,strength,range of motion(ROM))but fail to report injury data(e.g.,incidence).1,2 Likewise,observational studies may include“injury risk”in their titles,but fail to provide injury data.3 Without injury data.
基金sponsored by the Liaoning Sports Science Society Planning Project(2024LTXH013)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3208102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52073031).
文摘Technological advancements have profoundly transformed the sports domain,ushering it into the digital era.Services leveraging big data in intelligent sports-encompassing performance analytics,train-ing statistical evaluations and metrics-have become indispensable.These tools are vital in aiding athletes with their daily training regimens and in devising sophisticated competition strategies,proving crucial in the pursuit of victory.Despite their potential,wearable electronic devices used for motion monitoring are subject to several limitations,including prohibitive cost,extensive energy usage,incompatibility with individual spatial structures,and flawed data analysis methodologies.Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)have become instrumental in the development of self-powered devices/systems owing to their remarkable capacity to harnessing ambient high-entropy energy from the environment.This paper provides a thorough review of the advancements and emerging trends in TENG-based intelligent sports,focusing on physiological data monitoring,sports training performance,event refereeing assistance,and sports injury prevention and rehabilitation.Excluding the potential influence of sports psychological factors,this review provides a detailed discourse on present challenges and prospects for boosting smart sports with energy autonomy and digital intelligence.This study presents innovative insights and motivations for propelling the evolution of intelligent sports toward a more sustainable and efficient future for humanity.
基金Sponsored by The Youth Project of National Social Science Foundation of China(21CTY007)Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central Universities(2024DAWH008).
文摘With Beijing Huilongguan Sports and Cultural Park as the research object,this study was conducted to investigate public service satisfaction in the park by the Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA)method.A questionnaire covering six dimensions,including public transportation,sanitation and environment,and supporting facility construction,was designed.A total of 208 valid samples were collected,and SPSS was employed for reliability and validity tests as well as IPA analysis.The findings were as follows:①Visitors were generally quite satisfied with the overall public services in Huilongguan Sports and Cultural Park.②The highest satisfaction levels were observed in sanitation and environment services and the sports and cultural atmosphere,while lower satisfaction was noted for supporting facility construction and public information services.③The advantage enhancement zone includes sanitation and environment services and sports and cultural atmosphere;and the continuous maintenance zone includes public transportation services and security management amd maintenance;the subsequent opportunity zone includes supporting facility construction and public information services;and there are no dimensions in the urgent improvement zone.The study recommends strengthening the service connotations from three aspects:enhancing facilities with sports as the core,optimizing services with a people-centered approach,and upgrading the information platform through technological efficiency.Additionally,a multi-stakeholder collaborative mechanism involving the government in coordinating policy resources,the operator in improving implementation efficiency,and the public participating in supervision and evaluation is proposed to drive the enhancement of public service quality at Huilongguan Sports and Cultural Park.
文摘The balance of urban and rural public sports services directly affects residents'quality of life and social equity,but traditional evaluation methods rely on manual research and statistical models,which have problems such as low efficiency,single indicators,and insufficient dynamic response capabilities.This study proposes an AI based framework for evaluating the balance of urban and rural public sports services(AI-PSBE),which integrates multi-source heterogeneous data(satellite images,policy texts,user behavior logs)with multimodal deep learning techniques to achieve dynamic evaluation of multidimensional indicators such as coverage,quality,and usage efficiency.This framework uses ResNet-50 and Transformer dual channel architecture to extract spatial and semantic features,and generates a balance index through an adaptive weight fusion module.Based on urban and rural data from 10 provinces in China,experiments have shown that the evaluation accuracy of AI-PSBE(R^(2)=0.937)has improved by 41.2%compared to traditional methods,with a response time reduced to 3 minutes.Additionally,the interpretability heatmap intuitively displays regional shortcomings.This study provides intelligent tools for optimizing the layout of public sports resources.
文摘This study explores the application of artificial intelligence(AI)technology in Chinese-English translation for live sports broadcasting,addressing the growing demand for real-time,high-quality multilingual communication in global sports events.Drawing on advancements in neural machine translation(NMT),automatic speech recognition(ASR),and text-to-speech(TTS)technologies,the paper examines key theoretical foundations,including self-attention mechanisms in Transformer models,real-time subtitle synchronization,and domain-specific terminology processing.It outlines primary application forms,such as cloud-based speech translation systems,end-to-end speech-to-speech modes,AI-assisted subtitle generation with human post-editing,and multilingual subtitle technologies,illustrated with sports scenarios like football and basketball matches.Representative cases from international events(e.g.,NBA,Olympics,FIFA World Cup)and domestic ones(e.g.,CBA,China Table Tennis Super League,Hangzhou Asian Games)demonstrate practical implementations and comparative effects.The analysis highlights challenges,including terminology-real-time conflicts,accent and noise interference,cultural and emotional nuance loss,latency-cost-stability issues,and data privacy-copyright concerns.To mitigate these,technical improvements are proposed,focusing on multimodal fusion,sports-domain pre-trained models,and latency optimization through edge computing.The study underscores the theoretical and practical significance for sports media,emphasizing AI's role in enhancing audience experience and promoting Chinese sports culture globally.Future trends point toward more intelligent,personalized,and ecosystem-integrated applications.
基金supported by the 5 Steno Diabetes Centers in Denmark,which are partly funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation.
文摘Background Health promotion(HP)interventions delivered through sports clubs have demonstrated promising outcomes among men,but less is known about which aspects of the interventions work,for whom,and under what circumstances.This rapid realist review aimed to understand the contexts,mechanisms,and outcomes of HP interventions for men delivered through sports clubs.Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in February 2023 for studies published after 2013 in MEDLINE,Embase,and SPORTDiscus databases.Included studies:(a)were delivered by or in collaboration with sports clubs,(b)targeted men aged 18+years,and(c)reported 1 or more HP outcomes.A grey literature search was also performed.Studies were included in a realist synthesis based on richness and rigor.Hereafter,context-mechanism-outcome(CMO)configurations were developed.Results We identified and screened 3358 studies,finally including 59 studies describing 22 interventions.Most HP interventions were delivered in high income countries,included Caucasian men aged 35-65 years with overweight/obesity,and used professional sports clubs(mostly football)for recruitment and facilities.Quantitative HP outcomes were reported across 19 interventions.Of these 19 interventions,the majority reported on weight(n=18),physical activity(n=12),mental health(n=10),and diet(n=9).We identified 13 CMOs related to how HP interventions affected men's recruitment,engagement,and health behavior maintenance.Conclusion Our findings show that using sports clubs for HP interventions is effective for engaging men.Recruitment was facilitated by leveraging sports clubs’identity,addressing masculinity-related barriers,improving accessibility,and building trust.Engagement was enhanced through shared identity experiences,safe spaces,inclusive competition,and self-efficacy.However,there's limited evidence on behavior maintenance post-intervention,though involving community stakeholders seemed vital.In general,considerations should be made to avoid perpetuating traditional masculine norms,which may exclude some men and reinforce unhealthy behaviors.These findings can guide intervention development,emphasizing the need to harness men's perspectives in the process.
文摘We sincerely thank the authors of the commentary1 for their thoughtful analysis and constructive critique of our systematic review on ischemic preconditioning(IPC)and placebo effects in exercise capacity and athletic performance.2Their attention to methodological details,particularly concerning the inclusion and timing of warm-up protocols across studies,is commendable and contributes meaningfully to the ongoing refinement of IPC research in sports science.
文摘We highly commend Dr Souza et al.1for their systematic review research.The authors conducted a detailed investigation into the effects of ischemic preconditioning(IPC)on athletic performance,comparing it with placebo and no-intervention conditions.The study found that while IPC demonstrated superior effects over the no-intervention group in certain metrics(e.g.,time to exhaustion),its performance did not significantly surpass that of the placebo group.This suggests that the potential benefits of IPC may partially stem from participants’psychological expectations,or placebo effects.The study also highlighted the significant impact of placebo interventions on athletic performance,emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between placebo and no-intervention conditions in experimental designs.
文摘Vertical jump height is a fundamental measure of neuromuscular power in sports science.A diverse array of measurement instruments is available,yet selecting the appropriate technology requires a nuanced understanding of the trade-offs between accuracy,cost,and practicality.This comprehensive technical review synthesizes the current state of vertical jump instrumentation.We systematically analyze four primary methodologies:direct measurement,motion capture(kinematic),force platform(kinetic),and flight time-based systems.The underlying technical principles,error sources,and practical limitations of each are detailed.Our analysis reveals a clear hierarchy:force platforms and motion capture systems provide gold-standard accuracy(e.g.,±0.3 cm for force platforms)but are constrained by high cost and laboratory environments.Conversely,flight time-based systems and smartphone applications offer excellent portability and accessibility but are subject to systematic errors(1-4 cm overestimation)and lower temporal resolution.Furthermore,we examine how emerging technologies,including artificial intelligence and wearable sensors,are poised to bridge the gap between laboratory-grade accuracy and field-based utility.This review provides engineers and sports scientists with a consolidated framework to guide instrument selection,data interpretation,and future innovation in athletic performance assessment.
文摘Background:Iron facilitates key biological functions underpinning sports performance,and up to 60%of female athletes experience iron deficiency.However,the effects of iron deficiency on sports performance in female athletes is unclear,as are the degree of benefits of iron supplementation(FeSup).This study characterizes the effects of iron deficiency and FeSup on sports performance in high-level female athletes.Methods:Searches of the electronic databases MEDLINE,SPORTDiscus,Web of Science,Scopus,and CINAHL were performed in July 2023.Studies were included that evaluated the effects of iron deficiency or FeSup on sports performance in high-level(maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max)>45 mL/kg/min,or trained>5 h/week)iron deficient(ID)(serum ferritin(sFer)<40 mg/L)female athletes.Studies were assessed using a modified Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist.Results:A total of 23 studies comprising 669 athletes(age range:13-47 years)across 16 sports were included in the review.Iron deficiency negatively affects endurance performance by 3%-4%.However,endurance performance improved by 2%-20%when ID athletes were treated with 100 mg/day of elemental iron for up to 56 days via oral supplementation,or bi-daily via parenteral administration over 8-10 days.ID nonanemic athletes with low sFer stores may be predisposed to reduced maximal aerobic capacity.However,maximal aerobic capacity improved by 6%-15%following 16 mg/day-100 mg/day of elemental iron for 36-126 days.Isokinetic strength and anaerobic power performance may be impeded(-23%to+4%)among ID athletes,but the effect of FeSup on anaerobic power varied markedly(-5%to+9%)following 100 mg/day of elemental iron over 42-56 days,or 100 mg of elemental iron bi-daily over 8-10 days.The quality of studies was moderate(77%),ranging from low(57%)to high(100%).Moststudies(n=18)contained group sizes-20 athletes,thus limiting the likelihood of detecting significant effects(statistical power>0.80).Conclusion:High-level ID female athletes experience a negative impact on endurance performance,which can be improved by supplementing with»100 mg of elemental iron per day or bi-daily.The decrements in other performance parameters characterizing a range of sports coincide with the severity of iron deficiency.
基金partially supported by the State Funding Agency of Minas Gerais,Brazil(FAPEMIG),Process No.APQ-01811-21supported by Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung(AvH)/Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES)+1 种基金National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq(Process No.308138/2022-8)supported by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq(Process No.BPD-00905-22).
文摘Background:Ischemic preconditioning(IPC)is purported to have beneficial effects on athletic performance,although findings are inconsistent,with some studies reporting placebo effects.The majority of studies have investigated IPC alongside a placebo condition,but without a control condition that was devoid of experimental manipulation,thereby limiting accurate determination of the IPC effects.Therefore,the aims of this study were to assess the impact of the IPC intervention,compared to both placebo and no intervention,on exercise capacity and athletic performance.Methods:A systematic search of PubMed,Embase,SPORTDiscus,Cochrane Library,and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature(LILACS)covering records from their inception until July 2023 was conducted.To qualify for inclusion,studies had to apply IPC as an acute intervention,comparing it with placebo and/or control conditions.Outcomes of interest were performance(force,number of repetitions,power,time to exhaustion,and time trial performance),physiological measurements(maximum oxygen consumption,and heart rate),or perceptual measurements(RPE).For each outcome measure,we conducted 3 independent meta-analyses(IPC vs.placebo,IPC vs.control,placebo vs.control)using an inverse-variance random-effects model.The between-treatment effects were quantified by the standardized mean difference(SMD),accompanied by their respective 95%confidence intervals.Additionally,we employed the Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluation(GRADE)approach to assess the level of certainty in the evidence.Results:Seventy-nine studies were included in the quantitative analysis.Overall,IPC demonstrates a comparable effect to the placebo condition(using a low-pressure tourniquet),irrespective of the subjects'training level(all outcomes presenting p>0.05),except for the outcome of time to exhaustion,which exhibits a small magnitude effect(SMD=0.37;p=0.002).Additionally,the placebo exhibited effects notably greater than the control condition(outcome:number of repetitions;SMD=0.45;p=0.03),suggesting a potential influence of participants'cognitive perception on the outcomes.However,the evidence is of moderate to low certainty,regardless of the comparison or outcome.Conclusion:IPC has significant effects compared to the control intervention,but it did not surpass the placebo condition.Its administration might be influenced by the cognitive perception of the receiving subject,and the efficacy of IPC as an ergogenic strategy for enhancing exercise capacity and athletic performance remains questionable.
文摘The 128th plenary session of International Olympic Committee declared on July 31, 2015 after vote that Beijing and Zhan^iakou will be the bidding cities of 2022 Winter Olympics. It was the second time for China to successfully bid Olympic Games since 2008 Summer Olympics, which will encourage China to continue to develop sports career in the process of sports power construction and will have long-term construction meanings. Chinese winter sports industry and sports culture will enter into the fast booming development period in the future 7 years. The paper begins with Beijing and Zhangjiakou Winter Olympics bid and the future Chinese winter sports industry construction to illustrate the impact of bid for Winter Olympics on the future winter sports career development.
文摘The purposes of this study were to examine the relationships between providing and receiving social supports with teammates, and to clarify the particularities of Japan, based on an examination of differences between Japan and the U.S. The subjects were 123 collegiate student＇s athletes from Japan and 115 from the United States. They participated organized sports activities in their universities （including intramural and varsity level）. The participants completed questionnaires measuring the providing and receiving social supports for sports participation and persistency. Providing and Receiving Social Support Scale for Sports Team （Hagiwara and Isogai, 2014） were adopted to investigate the amount of social supports with teammates in a sports team. The results of correlations in providing and receiving social supports demonstrated that the amount of providing social support for teammates related to the amount of receiving social support from teammates in both Japanese and American student＇s athletes. The results of comparison Japan and the U.S. indicated that American student＇s athletes provided more social supports for teammates than Japanese. The present findings might be an important material to better understand Japanese student＇s athletes.
文摘Sports are a meaningful context in which many young people participate,and youth sports teams may be a viable way to promote optimal development.Sports comprises all forms of physical activities that contribute to physical fitness,mental well-being and social interaction.Participation in sport improves the development of peer relationships,establishes the notion of trust and builds teamwork skills.The purpose of this study was to see the impact of sports participation on intelligence among boys.The present study was conducted on 300 male subjects between age group 14 and 17 years.Subjects were divided into following three groups(Group 1-Team Sports Group,Group 2-Individual Sports Group,Group 3-Non-participant Group)using a questionnaire for Sports Activity participation survey.Each group has 100 students.To assess intelligence of the selected subjects,verbal intelligence test prepared by Dr.P.Srinivasan was adopted.Appropriate tool was used to assess the parameters.The results show that majority i.e.64.7%of the subjects were found to be average intelligent and 22.7 superiorly intelligent.It was revealed that sports participation has no association withrelation to intelligence(IQ)and revealed that there was no significant effect found on intelligence level of the subjects who participated in sports as well as the non-participants.
文摘With the development of the social economy and the rise of the national fitness campaign, the development of sports functional beverage has become a part of sports consumption. Sports functional beverage has significant effect on improving athletic ability and fast recovery. But the inappropriate choice of beverage and drinking arrangements will cause irreparable damage to the body. Only the scientific and rational drinking, sports functional beverage will really play its whole function.
文摘In today＇s modem world, a will to succeed is inextricably linked with the acquisition of profit, while sports competition turns into an aggressive fight for the result and prestige. The athletes in professional sports, where victory is imperative, often treated as just another object and an obstacle to be overcome. Violence in sports performed primarily athletes themselves. In sports games can be applied aggressive tactics, but the use of violence is considered to be beyond the scope of what is considered to be the good behavior of an athlete. Athletes decide on violence sometimes with a clear goal of hurting the opposing player, and sometimes only for intimidation, in order to win. Extreme exercise, accompanied by great hardships and frequent injuries, are not always sufficient to achieve the required and expected results, and more and more athletes turning to the use of prohibited doping substances, thus trying to improve their own capabilities.
文摘Background:Sports medicine(injury and illnesses)requires distinct coding systems because the International Classification of Diseases is insuf-ficient for sports medicine coding.The Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System(OSIICS)is one of two sports medicine coding systems recommended by the International Olympic Committee.Regular updates of coding systems are required.Methods:For Version 15,updates for mental health conditions in athletes,sports cardiology,concussion sub-types,infectious diseases,and skin and eye conditions were considered particularly important.Results:Recommended codes were added from a recent International Olympic Committee consensus statement on mental health conditions in athletes.Two landmark sports cardiology papers were used to update a more comprehensive list of sports cardiology codes.Rugby union protocols on head injury assessment were used to create additional concussion codes.Conclusion:It is planned that OSIICS Version 15 will be translated into multiple new languages in a timely fashion to facilitate international accessibility.The large number of recently published sport-specific and discipline-specific consensus statements on athlete surveillance warrant regular updating of OSIICS.
基金supported by a grant from the General Administration of Sport of China (No. 2015B079)
文摘Background: Traditional Chinese sports and physical activities(PAs) have a long history and are practiced by millions of Chinese. However,relatively few systematic reviews of the scientific evidence for their health benefits, especially for older Chinese adults, have been undertaken.Evidence acquisition: Between January and March 2016, a systematic search was conducted using the CNKI and Pub Med databases to identify studies published between 2000 and 2015. Studies were selected for review if they were designed specifically to evaluate the health benefits of traditional Chinese sports and PAs in adults aged 50 years and older in the Mainland of China. The studies included observational, uncontrolled,and randomized and controlled designs. Papers published without an English title or abstract were excluded.Evidence synthesis: The initial search identified a total of 229 studies. After removing duplicates and studies that did not meet the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 95 studies were selected for review. Special attention was given to studies of the most commonly practiced activities: Tai Ji Quan,Qigong, and Yangko exercises. A positive association between these types of exercise and health benefits was noted for healthy older adults and those with chronic diseases. Evidence on other types of activities was less clear due to the limited number of studies conducted.Conclusion: There is promising evidence that traditional Chinese sports and PAs provide many health benefits for older Chinese adults. While additional scientifically rigorous research is warranted, promoting these traditional and culturally-based sports and PAs as forms of behavioral medicine in primary and secondary prevention of diseases among the aging Chinese population will help fulfill an urgent public health need.
文摘The risk of both severe and frequent injury associated with active pursuits in mountain areas is acknowledged. This phenomenon is all the most relevant to investigate in France that there is a growing enthusiasm for outdoor sports and recreation. This paper focuses on the social-demographic and sporting profiles of accident victims. Our intent is to better understand who is specifically at risk, while practicing mountain recreation, in the French mountains. Such identification doubtlessly constitutes an important asset in order to enhance prevention. Three critical activities are notably tackled, among some others: hiking, a widespread activity that exposes many practitioners to hazardous settings; mountaineering and ski touring, supposedly entailing the most severe injuries.In order to align the information collected, then provide estimations based on the reasoned crossing of these secondary data, we consulted and summarised all the databases that we knew of on the French territory: rescue team intervention reports, aggregated statistics from the sports ministry, sporting federation accident declarations, avalanche experts statistics, mountain guides union accident/incident reports, healthcare facilities admissions, etc. Only the sources consideredto be the most reliable and representative were used, owing to the number of cases processed, the exhaustive nature of data collection, or the level of information detail available. Our method also included consultation of all the parties playing an active role in prevention, training and mountain rescue, thus ensuring a participative, co-constructive approach to the study with the people that have the best knowledge of victim profiles. Around fifty such parties were interviewed on the methods implemented, the benefits and limits of current data, and the main expectations in terms of accidentology progress, thus further enhancing the credibility of the study proposed in this paper. Our results show that the parent population profiles(in terms of age, gender, place of residence, etc.), weighted by the level of exposure(frequency of participation, level of engagement, etc.) appears to have an impact on the accident victim profiles. There is certainly a very marked gender bias and a serious age impact to be taken into account, as well as the influence of the level of experience, which counter certain preconceived ideas and which, at the very least, go against instinct. However, aside from a probable over-exposure of experienced or expert participants, much remains to be explained concerning the accident mechanisms and circumstances involved. At this stage, we regret the analytic deficiencies induced by a lack ofknowledge concerning the parent populations in many cases, which makes interpretation difficult.
基金funded by an National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Partnership Project Grant (ID: 565907) which included additional support (both cash and in-kind) from the following project partner agencies: the Australian Football League Victorian Health Promotion Foundation+7 种基金 New South Wales Sporting Injuries Committee JLT Sport, a division of Jardine Lloyd Thompson Australia Pty Ltd. Sport and Recreation Victoria, Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure and Sports Medicine Australia- National and Victorian Branchessupported by an NHMRC Principal Research Fellowship (APP1058737)supported by an NHMRC Career Development Fellowship (APP1048731)supported by a NHMRC Practitioner fellowship (APP1058493)Research Fellowships funded through the major NHMRC Partnership Project Grant
文摘Background: The 2 most cited sports injury prevention research frameworks incorporate intervention development, yet little guidance is available in the sports science literature on how to undertake this complex process. This paper presents a generalizable process for developing implementable sports injury prevention interventions, including a case study applying the process to develop a lower limb injury prevention exercise training program(Footy First) for community Australian football.Methods: The intervention development process is underpinned by 2 complementary premises:(1) that evidence-based practice integrates the best available scientific evidence with practitioner expertise and end user values and(2) that research evidence alone is insufficient to develop implementable interventions.Results: The generalizable 6-step intervention development process involves(1) compiling research evidence, clinical experience, and knowledge of the implementation context;(2) consulting with experts;(3) engaging with end users;(4) testing the intervention;(5) using theory; and(6)obtaining feedback from early implementers. Following each step, intervention content and presentation should be revised to ensure that the final intervention includes evidence-informed content that is likely to be adopted, properly implemented, and sustained over time by the targeted intervention deliverers. For Footy First, this process involved establishing a multidisciplinary intervention development group, conducting 2targeted literature reviews, undertaking an online expert consensus process, conducting focus groups with program end users, testing the program multiple times in different contexts, and obtaining feedback from early implementers of the program.Conclusion: This systematic yet pragmatic and iterative intervention development process is potentially applicable to any injury prevention topic across all sports settings and levels. It will guide researchers wishing to undertake intervention development.
