Widespread soil acidification driven by nitrogen(N)fertilization and precipitation challenges the conventional notion of the long-term stability of soil inorganic carbon(SIC)in agroecosystems.However,the changes in SI...Widespread soil acidification driven by nitrogen(N)fertilization and precipitation challenges the conventional notion of the long-term stability of soil inorganic carbon(SIC)in agroecosystems.However,the changes in SIC with precipitation and N fertilization remain ambiguous.Based on 4,000+soil samples collected in the 1980s and 2010s and by developing machine learning models to fill the missing SIC of soil samples,this study generated 3,697 paired soil samples between the two periods and then investigated the cropland SIC change and explored its relationship with precipitation and N fertilization across the Sichuan Basin,China.The results showed an overall SIC loss,with a decline of the mean SIC by 15.73%.SIC change varied with initial soil pH and initial SIC and exhibited an exponential relationship with soil pH change,indicating the changing role of carbonates in providing acid-buffering capacity.There was a parabolical relationship between the magnitude of SIC decline and N fertilizer rates,and low N fertilizer rates contributed to a reduction in SIC loss,while SIC loss was promoted by N fertilization occurred when N fertilizing rates exceeded 250 kg ha^(-1) yr^(-1).The change in SIC showed a sinusoidal variation with precipitation,with 950 mm being the threshold controlling whether SIC increased or decreased.Meanwhile,N fertilization did not alter the sinusoidal relationship between SIC change and precipitation.In areas with rainfall<950 mm,the high N fertilizer rate did not cause SIC loss,while higher precipitation could also cause larger SIC loss in areas with lower N fertilizer rates.These results suggest that SIC dynamics are jointly driven by precipitation and N fertilization and are controlled by acid-buffering mechanisms associated with initial pH and SIC,with precipitation being the predominant driver.These findings emphasize the need for more regional soil observations and in-depth studies of SIC change and its mechanisms for accurately estimating SIC change.展开更多
The Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT) has pursued the creation of One World Terrain (OWT), which aims to provide a set of 3D global terrain capabilities and services that can replicate the coverage and complex...The Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT) has pursued the creation of One World Terrain (OWT), which aims to provide a set of 3D global terrain capabilities and services that can replicate the coverage and complexities of the operational environment. Research was conducted in support of One World Terrain through development of best practices for the delivery of a raster mosaic via cloud hosting service, created using OptimizeRasters Geoprocoessing Toolbox and the Mosaic Dataset Configuration Script. Though ultimately successful in developing the raster mosaic and hosting it online;JPEG compression lossiness was a key issue with the larger Rose Bowl dataset. Additionally, hosting the imagery via ArcGIS Online was found to increase the compressed file size;making it comparable to the original file size of the data. Future testing should consider usage of an enterprise server to avoid this issue. MRF_LERC compression was identified as the ideal file configuration;and ArcGIS Online was identified as a poor enterprise hosting medium. We have also identified a variety of ways to improve the MDCS script in order to automate the whole process more efficiently.展开更多
The advent of information and communication technology and the Internet of Things have led our society toward a digital era.The proliferation of personal computers,smartphones,intelligent autonomous sensors,and pervas...The advent of information and communication technology and the Internet of Things have led our society toward a digital era.The proliferation of personal computers,smartphones,intelligent autonomous sensors,and pervasive network interactions with individuals have gradually shifted human activities from offline to online and from in person to virtual.This transformation has brought a series of challenges in a variety of fields,such as the dilemma of placelessness,some aspects of timelessness(no time relevance),and the changing relevance of distance in the field of geographic information science(GIScience).In the last two decades,“cyber thinking”in GIScience has received significant attention from different perspectives.For instance,human activities in“cyberspace”need to be reconsidered when coupled with the geographic space to observe the first law of geography.展开更多
The transformation from authoritative to user-generated data landscapes has garnered considerable attention,notably with the proliferation of crowdsourced geospatial data.Facilitated by advancements in digital technol...The transformation from authoritative to user-generated data landscapes has garnered considerable attention,notably with the proliferation of crowdsourced geospatial data.Facilitated by advancements in digital technology and high-speed communication,this paradigm shift has democratized data collection,obliterating traditional barriers between data producers and users.While previous literature has compartmentalized this subject into distinct platforms and application domains,this review offers a holistic examination of crowdsourced geospatial data.Employing a narrative review approach due to the interdisciplinary nature of the topic,we investigate both human and Earth observations through crowdsourced initiatives.This review categorizes the diverse applications of these data and rigorously examines specific platforms and paradigms pertinent to data collection.Furthermore,it addresses salient challenges,encompassing data quality,inherent biases,and ethical dimensions.We contend that this thorough analysis will serve as an invaluable scholarly resource,encapsulating the current state-of-the-art in crowdsourced geospatial data,and offering strategic directions for future interdisciplinary research and applications across various sectors.展开更多
Projections of future urban land change are essential for a range of sustainability assessments,including those related to biodiversity loss,carbon emissions,and agricultural land conversion.However,to what extent and...Projections of future urban land change are essential for a range of sustainability assessments,including those related to biodiversity loss,carbon emissions,and agricultural land conversion.However,to what extent and where current projections agree or disagree remains unknown.Here,we systematically compare existing global projections that are consistent with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways.We find that the total global urban land area is expected to increase by 112%between 2020 and 2100(averaged across all projections),with a coefficient of variation of 0.81.This variation is mostly caused by the selection of the underlying drivers that are included in the different models.Regionally,the highest average growth rates are found in sub-Saharan Africa(+679%to+730%),while this region also has the highest variation across projections(coefficient of variation ranging from 2.02 to 2.18).When ranking scenarios within a study from the highest to the lowest projected increase in urban land,rankings are relatively similar for regions in the Global North,but not for regions in the Global South.The large disagreement across projections can lead to high uncertainties in assessments of future urban land change impacts,which can undermine the effectiveness of long-term planning,policymaking,and resource management decisions.展开更多
On 21 December of 2019,four lower respiratory tract samples were collected from patients with pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan,China[1].This disease was later diagnosed as a coronavirus disease.The World Health Org...On 21 December of 2019,four lower respiratory tract samples were collected from patients with pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan,China[1].This disease was later diagnosed as a coronavirus disease.The World Health Organization(WHO)named the coronavirus disease as COVID-19 on 11 February and declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020.The COVID-19 is a previously unknown disease with no tools available for pharmaceutical management at the early stage of its outbreak.展开更多
The climate warming is mainly due to the increase in concentrations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, of which CO_2 is the most important one responsible for radiative forcing of the climate. In order to reduce the g...The climate warming is mainly due to the increase in concentrations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, of which CO_2 is the most important one responsible for radiative forcing of the climate. In order to reduce the great estimation uncertainty of atmospheric CO_2 concentrations, several CO_2-related satellites have been successfully launched and many future greenhouse gas monitoring missions are planned. In this paper, we review the development of CO_2 retrieval algorithms, spatial interpolation methods and ground observations. The main findings include: 1) current CO_2 retrieval algorithms only partially account for atmospheric scattering effects; 2) the accurate estimation of the vertical profile of greenhouse gas concentrations is a long-term challenge for remote sensing techniques; 3) ground-based observations are too sparse to accurately infer CO_2 concentrations on regional scales; and 4) accuracy is the primary challenge of satellite estimation of CO_2 concentrations. These findings, taken as a whole, point to the need to develop a high accuracy method for simulation of carbon sources and sinks on the basis of the fundamental theorem of Earth's surface modelling, which is able to efficiently fuse space- and ground-based measurements on the one hand and work with atmospheric transport models on the other hand.展开更多
The reproduction number,R,is the average number of secondary infectious cases produced by one infectious case during a disease outbreak[1].When a population is totally susceptible,R becomes the basic reproduction numb...The reproduction number,R,is the average number of secondary infectious cases produced by one infectious case during a disease outbreak[1].When a population is totally susceptible,R becomes the basic reproduction number,R_(0).It is a key parameter regulating the transmission dynamics of a pandemic[2].R_(0)provides an indication of whether the introduction of disease will result in a localized burnout or signal the beginning of a pandemic that could move through all geographic scales[3].展开更多
The computer advances of the past century can be traced to the increase in their numbers on chips that has accompanied the miniaturization of transistors.However,computers are nearing the fundamental limits of such mi...The computer advances of the past century can be traced to the increase in their numbers on chips that has accompanied the miniaturization of transistors.However,computers are nearing the fundamental limits of such miniaturization[1].Many practical problems require huge amounts of computational resources that exceed the capabilities of today's computers.A 54-qubit quantum computer on the other hand can solve in minutes a problem that would take a classical machine 10,000 years[2].展开更多
We propose a fundamental theorem for eco-environmental surface modelling(FTEEM) in order to apply it into the fields of ecology and environmental science more easily after the fundamental theorem for Earth’s surface ...We propose a fundamental theorem for eco-environmental surface modelling(FTEEM) in order to apply it into the fields of ecology and environmental science more easily after the fundamental theorem for Earth’s surface system modeling(FTESM). The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region is taken as a case area to conduct empirical studies of algorithms for spatial upscaling, spatial downscaling, spatial interpolation, data fusion and model-data assimilation, which are based on high accuracy surface modelling(HASM), corresponding with corollaries of FTEEM. The case studies demonstrate how eco-environmental surface modelling is substantially improved when both extrinsic and intrinsic information are used along with an appropriate method of HASM. Compared with classic algorithms, the HASM-based algorithm for spatial upscaling reduced the root-meansquare error of the BTH elevation surface by 9 m. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial downscaling reduced the relative error of future scenarios of annual mean temperature by 16%. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial interpolation reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean precipitation by 0.2%. The HASM-based algorithm for data fusion reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean temperature by 70%. The HASM-based algorithm for model-data assimilation reduced the relative error of carbon stocks by 40%. We propose five theoretical challenges and three application problems of HASM that need to be addressed to improve FTEEM.展开更多
Various investigations have been conducted to analyze the water-coverage area of the Aral Sea and the Aral Sea Basin(ASB). However, the investigations incorporated considerable uncertainty and the used water indices h...Various investigations have been conducted to analyze the water-coverage area of the Aral Sea and the Aral Sea Basin(ASB). However, the investigations incorporated considerable uncertainty and the used water indices had misclassification problem, which made different research groups present different results. Thus we first ascertain the boundaries of the ASB, the Syr and Amu river basins as well as their upper, middle and lower reaches. Then a four-band index for both liquid and solid water(ILSW) is proposed to address the misclassification problems of the classic water indices. ILSW is calculated by using the reflectance values of the green, red, near infrared, and thermal infrared bands, which combines the normalized difference water index(NDWI) and land surface temperature(LST) together. Validation results show that the ILSW water index has the highest accuracy by far in the Aral Sea Basin. Our results indicate that annual average decline of the water-coverage area was 963 km^(2) in the southern Aral Sea, whereas the northern Aral Sea has experienced little change. In the meanwhile, permanent ice and snow in upper reach of ASB has retreated considerably. Annual retreating rates of the permanent ice and snow were respectively 6233and 3841 km^(2) in upper reaches of Amu river basin(UARB) and Syr river basin(USRB). One of major reasons is that climate has become warmer in ASB. The climate change has caused serious water deficit problem. The water deficit had an increasing trend since the 1990s and its increasing rates was 3.778 billion m^(3) yearly on average. The total water deficit was 76.967 billion m^(3) on average in the whole area of ASB in the 2010s. However, up reaches of Syr river basin(USRB), a component area of ASB, had water surplus of 25.461 billion m^(3). These conclusions are useful for setting out a sustainable development strategy in ASB.展开更多
Green buildings should respect nature and endeavor to mitigate harmful effects to the environment and occupants.This is often interpreted as creating sustain-able sites,consuming less energy and water,reusing material...Green buildings should respect nature and endeavor to mitigate harmful effects to the environment and occupants.This is often interpreted as creating sustain-able sites,consuming less energy and water,reusing materials,and providing excel-lent indoor environmental quality.Environmentally friendly buildings should also consider literally the impact that they have on birds,millions of them.A major factor in bird collisions with buildings is the choice of building materials.These choices are usually made by the architect who may not be aware of the issue or may be looking for guidance from certification programs such as LEED.As a proof of concept for an educational tool,we developed a software-assisted approach to characterize whether a proposed building design would earn a point for the LEED Pilot Credit 55:Avoiding Bird Collisions.Using the visual programming language Dynamo with the common building information modeling software Revit,we automated the assessment of designs.The approach depends on parameters that incorporate assessments of bird threat for façade materials,analyzes building geom-etry relative to materials,and processes user input on building operation to produce the assessment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42330707 and 41930647)the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72221002)the Science and Technology Plan of Sichuan Province,China(2022NSFSC0104).
文摘Widespread soil acidification driven by nitrogen(N)fertilization and precipitation challenges the conventional notion of the long-term stability of soil inorganic carbon(SIC)in agroecosystems.However,the changes in SIC with precipitation and N fertilization remain ambiguous.Based on 4,000+soil samples collected in the 1980s and 2010s and by developing machine learning models to fill the missing SIC of soil samples,this study generated 3,697 paired soil samples between the two periods and then investigated the cropland SIC change and explored its relationship with precipitation and N fertilization across the Sichuan Basin,China.The results showed an overall SIC loss,with a decline of the mean SIC by 15.73%.SIC change varied with initial soil pH and initial SIC and exhibited an exponential relationship with soil pH change,indicating the changing role of carbonates in providing acid-buffering capacity.There was a parabolical relationship between the magnitude of SIC decline and N fertilizer rates,and low N fertilizer rates contributed to a reduction in SIC loss,while SIC loss was promoted by N fertilization occurred when N fertilizing rates exceeded 250 kg ha^(-1) yr^(-1).The change in SIC showed a sinusoidal variation with precipitation,with 950 mm being the threshold controlling whether SIC increased or decreased.Meanwhile,N fertilization did not alter the sinusoidal relationship between SIC change and precipitation.In areas with rainfall<950 mm,the high N fertilizer rate did not cause SIC loss,while higher precipitation could also cause larger SIC loss in areas with lower N fertilizer rates.These results suggest that SIC dynamics are jointly driven by precipitation and N fertilization and are controlled by acid-buffering mechanisms associated with initial pH and SIC,with precipitation being the predominant driver.These findings emphasize the need for more regional soil observations and in-depth studies of SIC change and its mechanisms for accurately estimating SIC change.
文摘The Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT) has pursued the creation of One World Terrain (OWT), which aims to provide a set of 3D global terrain capabilities and services that can replicate the coverage and complexities of the operational environment. Research was conducted in support of One World Terrain through development of best practices for the delivery of a raster mosaic via cloud hosting service, created using OptimizeRasters Geoprocoessing Toolbox and the Mosaic Dataset Configuration Script. Though ultimately successful in developing the raster mosaic and hosting it online;JPEG compression lossiness was a key issue with the larger Rose Bowl dataset. Additionally, hosting the imagery via ArcGIS Online was found to increase the compressed file size;making it comparable to the original file size of the data. Future testing should consider usage of an enterprise server to avoid this issue. MRF_LERC compression was identified as the ideal file configuration;and ArcGIS Online was identified as a poor enterprise hosting medium. We have also identified a variety of ways to improve the MDCS script in order to automate the whole process more efficiently.
文摘The advent of information and communication technology and the Internet of Things have led our society toward a digital era.The proliferation of personal computers,smartphones,intelligent autonomous sensors,and pervasive network interactions with individuals have gradually shifted human activities from offline to online and from in person to virtual.This transformation has brought a series of challenges in a variety of fields,such as the dilemma of placelessness,some aspects of timelessness(no time relevance),and the changing relevance of distance in the field of geographic information science(GIScience).In the last two decades,“cyber thinking”in GIScience has received significant attention from different perspectives.For instance,human activities in“cyberspace”need to be reconsidered when coupled with the geographic space to observe the first law of geography.
基金supported by the Faculty Startup Fund of the College of Arts and Sciences at Emory University.
文摘The transformation from authoritative to user-generated data landscapes has garnered considerable attention,notably with the proliferation of crowdsourced geospatial data.Facilitated by advancements in digital technology and high-speed communication,this paradigm shift has democratized data collection,obliterating traditional barriers between data producers and users.While previous literature has compartmentalized this subject into distinct platforms and application domains,this review offers a holistic examination of crowdsourced geospatial data.Employing a narrative review approach due to the interdisciplinary nature of the topic,we investigate both human and Earth observations through crowdsourced initiatives.This review categorizes the diverse applications of these data and rigorously examines specific platforms and paradigms pertinent to data collection.Furthermore,it addresses salient challenges,encompassing data quality,inherent biases,and ethical dimensions.We contend that this thorough analysis will serve as an invaluable scholarly resource,encapsulating the current state-of-the-art in crowdsourced geospatial data,and offering strategic directions for future interdisciplinary research and applications across various sectors.
基金supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO in the form of a VIDI grant(Grant No.VI.Vidi.198.008).
文摘Projections of future urban land change are essential for a range of sustainability assessments,including those related to biodiversity loss,carbon emissions,and agricultural land conversion.However,to what extent and where current projections agree or disagree remains unknown.Here,we systematically compare existing global projections that are consistent with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways.We find that the total global urban land area is expected to increase by 112%between 2020 and 2100(averaged across all projections),with a coefficient of variation of 0.81.This variation is mostly caused by the selection of the underlying drivers that are included in the different models.Regionally,the highest average growth rates are found in sub-Saharan Africa(+679%to+730%),while this region also has the highest variation across projections(coefficient of variation ranging from 2.02 to 2.18).When ranking scenarios within a study from the highest to the lowest projected increase in urban land,rankings are relatively similar for regions in the Global North,but not for regions in the Global South.The large disagreement across projections can lead to high uncertainties in assessments of future urban land change impacts,which can undermine the effectiveness of long-term planning,policymaking,and resource management decisions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41930647,41421001,41590844)Strategic Priority Research Program(A)of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20030203)+1 种基金Innovation Project of State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System(O88RA600YA)Biodiversity Investigation,Observation and Assessment Program(2019-2023)of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China。
文摘On 21 December of 2019,four lower respiratory tract samples were collected from patients with pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan,China[1].This disease was later diagnosed as a coronavirus disease.The World Health Organization(WHO)named the coronavirus disease as COVID-19 on 11 February and declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020.The COVID-19 is a previously unknown disease with no tools available for pharmaceutical management at the early stage of its outbreak.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91325204, 41421001)the National High-tech R&D Program (Grant No. 2013AA122003)the National Key Technologies R&D Program (Grant No. 2013BACO3B05)
文摘The climate warming is mainly due to the increase in concentrations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, of which CO_2 is the most important one responsible for radiative forcing of the climate. In order to reduce the great estimation uncertainty of atmospheric CO_2 concentrations, several CO_2-related satellites have been successfully launched and many future greenhouse gas monitoring missions are planned. In this paper, we review the development of CO_2 retrieval algorithms, spatial interpolation methods and ground observations. The main findings include: 1) current CO_2 retrieval algorithms only partially account for atmospheric scattering effects; 2) the accurate estimation of the vertical profile of greenhouse gas concentrations is a long-term challenge for remote sensing techniques; 3) ground-based observations are too sparse to accurately infer CO_2 concentrations on regional scales; and 4) accuracy is the primary challenge of satellite estimation of CO_2 concentrations. These findings, taken as a whole, point to the need to develop a high accuracy method for simulation of carbon sources and sinks on the basis of the fundamental theorem of Earth's surface modelling, which is able to efficiently fuse space- and ground-based measurements on the one hand and work with atmospheric transport models on the other hand.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41421001,41930647,and 41590844)the Strategic Priority Research Program(A)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20030203)+1 种基金the Innovation Project of State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System(O88RA600YA)the Biodiversity Investigation,Observation and Assessment Program(2019-2023)of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China。
文摘The reproduction number,R,is the average number of secondary infectious cases produced by one infectious case during a disease outbreak[1].When a population is totally susceptible,R becomes the basic reproduction number,R_(0).It is a key parameter regulating the transmission dynamics of a pandemic[2].R_(0)provides an indication of whether the introduction of disease will result in a localized burnout or signal the beginning of a pandemic that could move through all geographic scales[3].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41930647 and 62001260)the Strategic Priority Research Program(A)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20030203)。
文摘The computer advances of the past century can be traced to the increase in their numbers on chips that has accompanied the miniaturization of transistors.However,computers are nearing the fundamental limits of such miniaturization[1].Many practical problems require huge amounts of computational resources that exceed the capabilities of today's computers.A 54-qubit quantum computer on the other hand can solve in minutes a problem that would take a classical machine 10,000 years[2].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41930647, 41590844, 41421001 & 41971358)the Strategic Priority Research Program (A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA20030203)+1 种基金the Innovation Project of LREIS (Grant No. O88RA600YA)the Biodiversity Investigation, Observation and Assessment Program (2019–2023) of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China。
文摘We propose a fundamental theorem for eco-environmental surface modelling(FTEEM) in order to apply it into the fields of ecology and environmental science more easily after the fundamental theorem for Earth’s surface system modeling(FTESM). The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region is taken as a case area to conduct empirical studies of algorithms for spatial upscaling, spatial downscaling, spatial interpolation, data fusion and model-data assimilation, which are based on high accuracy surface modelling(HASM), corresponding with corollaries of FTEEM. The case studies demonstrate how eco-environmental surface modelling is substantially improved when both extrinsic and intrinsic information are used along with an appropriate method of HASM. Compared with classic algorithms, the HASM-based algorithm for spatial upscaling reduced the root-meansquare error of the BTH elevation surface by 9 m. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial downscaling reduced the relative error of future scenarios of annual mean temperature by 16%. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial interpolation reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean precipitation by 0.2%. The HASM-based algorithm for data fusion reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean temperature by 70%. The HASM-based algorithm for model-data assimilation reduced the relative error of carbon stocks by 40%. We propose five theoretical challenges and three application problems of HASM that need to be addressed to improve FTEEM.
基金supported by the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42230708)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Pan-Third Pole Environment Study for a Green Silk Road(Grant No.XDA20060303)the K.C.Wong Education Foundation(Grant No.GJTD-2020-14)。
文摘Various investigations have been conducted to analyze the water-coverage area of the Aral Sea and the Aral Sea Basin(ASB). However, the investigations incorporated considerable uncertainty and the used water indices had misclassification problem, which made different research groups present different results. Thus we first ascertain the boundaries of the ASB, the Syr and Amu river basins as well as their upper, middle and lower reaches. Then a four-band index for both liquid and solid water(ILSW) is proposed to address the misclassification problems of the classic water indices. ILSW is calculated by using the reflectance values of the green, red, near infrared, and thermal infrared bands, which combines the normalized difference water index(NDWI) and land surface temperature(LST) together. Validation results show that the ILSW water index has the highest accuracy by far in the Aral Sea Basin. Our results indicate that annual average decline of the water-coverage area was 963 km^(2) in the southern Aral Sea, whereas the northern Aral Sea has experienced little change. In the meanwhile, permanent ice and snow in upper reach of ASB has retreated considerably. Annual retreating rates of the permanent ice and snow were respectively 6233and 3841 km^(2) in upper reaches of Amu river basin(UARB) and Syr river basin(USRB). One of major reasons is that climate has become warmer in ASB. The climate change has caused serious water deficit problem. The water deficit had an increasing trend since the 1990s and its increasing rates was 3.778 billion m^(3) yearly on average. The total water deficit was 76.967 billion m^(3) on average in the whole area of ASB in the 2010s. However, up reaches of Syr river basin(USRB), a component area of ASB, had water surplus of 25.461 billion m^(3). These conclusions are useful for setting out a sustainable development strategy in ASB.
文摘Green buildings should respect nature and endeavor to mitigate harmful effects to the environment and occupants.This is often interpreted as creating sustain-able sites,consuming less energy and water,reusing materials,and providing excel-lent indoor environmental quality.Environmentally friendly buildings should also consider literally the impact that they have on birds,millions of them.A major factor in bird collisions with buildings is the choice of building materials.These choices are usually made by the architect who may not be aware of the issue or may be looking for guidance from certification programs such as LEED.As a proof of concept for an educational tool,we developed a software-assisted approach to characterize whether a proposed building design would earn a point for the LEED Pilot Credit 55:Avoiding Bird Collisions.Using the visual programming language Dynamo with the common building information modeling software Revit,we automated the assessment of designs.The approach depends on parameters that incorporate assessments of bird threat for façade materials,analyzes building geom-etry relative to materials,and processes user input on building operation to produce the assessment.
