With the development of smart cities and smart technologies,parks,as functional units of the city,are facing smart transformation.The development of smart parks can help address challenges of technology integration wi...With the development of smart cities and smart technologies,parks,as functional units of the city,are facing smart transformation.The development of smart parks can help address challenges of technology integration within urban spaces and serve as testbeds for exploring smart city planning and governance models.Information models facilitate the effective integration of technology into space.Building Information Modeling(BIM)and City Information Modeling(CIM)have been widely used in urban construction.However,the existing information models have limitations in the application of the park,so it is necessary to develop an information model suitable for the park.This paper first traces the evolution of park smart transformation,reviews the global landscape of smart park development,and identifies key trends and persistent challenges.Addressing the particularities of parks,the concept of Park Information Modeling(PIM)is proposed.PIM leverages smart technologies such as artificial intelligence,digital twins,and collaborative sensing to help form a‘space-technology-system’smart structure,enabling systematic management of diverse park spaces,addressing the deficiency in park-level information models,and aiming to achieve scale articulation between BIM and CIM.Finally,through a detailed top-level design application case study of the Nanjing Smart Education Park in China,this paper illustrates the translation process of the PIM concept into practice,showcasing its potential to provide smart management tools for park managers and enhance services for park stakeholders,although further empirical validation is required.展开更多
The accelerating global energy transition,driven by climate imperatives and technological advancements,demands fundamen-tal transformations in power systems.Smart grids,characterized by cyber-physical integration,dist...The accelerating global energy transition,driven by climate imperatives and technological advancements,demands fundamen-tal transformations in power systems.Smart grids,characterized by cyber-physical integration,distributed renewable resources,and data-driven intelligence,have emerged as the backbone of this evolution.This convergence,however,introduces unprecedented complexities in resilience,security,stability,and market operation.This special issue presents five pivotal studies addressing these interconnected challenges,offering novel methodologies and insights to advance the efficiency,resilience,and sustainability of modern power systems.展开更多
The proliferation of wearable biodevices has boosted the development of soft,innovative,and multifunctional materials for human health monitoring.The integration of wearable sensors with intelligent systems is an over...The proliferation of wearable biodevices has boosted the development of soft,innovative,and multifunctional materials for human health monitoring.The integration of wearable sensors with intelligent systems is an overwhelming tendency,providing powerful tools for remote health monitoring and personal health management.Among many candidates,two-dimensional(2D)materials stand out due to several exotic mechanical,electrical,optical,and chemical properties that can be efficiently integrated into atomic-thin films.While previous reviews on 2D materials for biodevices primarily focus on conventional configurations and materials like graphene,the rapid development of new 2D materials with exotic properties has opened up novel applications,particularly in smart interaction and integrated functionalities.This review aims to consolidate recent progress,highlight the unique advantages of 2D materials,and guide future research by discussing existing challenges and opportunities in applying 2D materials for smart wearable biodevices.We begin with an in-depth analysis of the advantages,sensing mechanisms,and potential applications of 2D materials in wearable biodevice fabrication.Following this,we systematically discuss state-of-the-art biodevices based on 2D materials for monitoring various physiological signals within the human body.Special attention is given to showcasing the integration of multi-functionality in 2D smart devices,mainly including self-power supply,integrated diagnosis/treatment,and human–machine interaction.Finally,the review concludes with a concise summary of existing challenges and prospective solutions concerning the utilization of2D materials for advanced biodevices.展开更多
Internet of Things(IoT)technology has brought about significant new changes to residents’lives,prompting changes in management models across various industries and promoting the overall intelligence of urban construc...Internet of Things(IoT)technology has brought about significant new changes to residents’lives,prompting changes in management models across various industries and promoting the overall intelligence of urban construction.Especially in the context of continuous technological development,information sensor devices can be effectively utilized to connect multiple dimensions in urban construction,enhancing the intelligence level of cities in China.This paper mainly elaborates on the application significance of IoT technology in smart cities and proposes corresponding measures from aspects such as smart transportation systems,intelligent public utility management,urban safety and monitoring,environmental monitoring,and sustainability,providing references for relevant personnel.展开更多
Currently,most conventional street lighting systems use a constant light mode throughout the entire night,fromsunset to sunrise,which results in high energy consumption and maintenance costs.Furthermore,scientific res...Currently,most conventional street lighting systems use a constant light mode throughout the entire night,fromsunset to sunrise,which results in high energy consumption and maintenance costs.Furthermore,scientific research predicts that energy consumption for street lighting will increase in the coming years due to growing demand and rising electricity prices.The dimming strategy is a current trend and a key concept in smart street lighting systems.It involves turning on the road lights only when a vehicle or pedestrian is detected;otherwise,the control system reduces the light intensity of the lamps.Power control is generally implemented using artificial intelligence algorithms such as fuzzy logic,artificial neural networks,or swarm intelligence to manage different events.In our project,the dimming strategy was utilized to reduce costs and energy consumption by at least 48%.This research proposes a standalone photovoltaic plant(SPP)to power a smart street lighting system,which can replace individual solar street lights in a small neighborhood in southwestern Algeria.This design offers advantages such as lower costs and the option to add additional loads a DC pump,a domestic power supply,or technical services to operate the photovoltaic system during the day after charging the storage batteries,especially when there is monthly energy surplus.The energy surplus analyzed in our project ranges from 804 W in January to 4 kW in June,generated by the entire PV installation.To demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of this system,we studied the implementation of the standalone photovoltaic plant,energymanagement,and economic analysis using the Particle SwarmOptimization technique under MATLAB software.展开更多
In the context of the diversity of smart terminals,the unity of the root of trust becomes complicated,which not only affects the efficiency of trust propagation,but also poses a challenge to the security of the whole ...In the context of the diversity of smart terminals,the unity of the root of trust becomes complicated,which not only affects the efficiency of trust propagation,but also poses a challenge to the security of the whole system.In particular,the solidification of the root of trust in non-volatile memory(NVM)restricts the system’s dynamic updating capability,which is an obvious disadvantage in a rapidly changing security environment.To address this issue,this study proposes a novel approach to generate root security parameters using static random access memory(SRAM)physical unclonable functions(PUFs).SRAM PUFs,as a security primitive,show great potential in lightweight security solutions due to their inherent physical properties,low cost and scalability.However,the stability of SRAM PUFs in harsh environments is a key issue.These environmental conditions include extreme temperatures,high humidity,and strong electromagnetic radiation,all of which can affect the performance of SRAM PUFs.In order to ensure the stability of root safety parameters under these conditions,this study proposes an integrated approach that covers not only the acquisition of entropy sources,but also the implementation of algorithms and configuration management.In addition,this study develops a series of reliability-enhancing algorithms,including adaptive parameter selection,data preprocessing,auxiliary data generation,and error correction,which are essential for improving the performance of SRAM PUFs in harsh environments.Based on these techniques,this study establishes six types of secure parameter generation mechanisms,which not only improve the security of the system,but also enhance its adaptability in variable environments.Through a series of experiments,we verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.Under 10 different environmental conditions,our method is able to achieve full recovery of security data with an error rate of less than 25%,which proves the robustness and reliability of our method.These results not only provide strong evidence for the stability of SRAM PUFs in practical applications,but also provide a new direction for future research in the field of smart terminal security.展开更多
As embodied intelligence(EI),large language models(LLMs),and cloud computing continue to advance,Industry5.0 facilitates the development of industrial artificial intelligence(Ind AI)through cyber-physical-social syste...As embodied intelligence(EI),large language models(LLMs),and cloud computing continue to advance,Industry5.0 facilitates the development of industrial artificial intelligence(Ind AI)through cyber-physical-social systems(CPSSs)with a human-centric focus.These technologies are organized by the system-wide approach of Industry 5.0,in order to empower the manufacturing industry to achieve broader societal goals of job creation,economic growth,and green production.This survey first provides a general framework of smart manufacturing in the context of Industry 5.0.Wherein,the embodied agents,like robots,sensors,and actuators,are the carriers for Ind AI,facilitating the development of the self-learning intelligence in individual entities,the collaborative intelligence in production lines and factories(smart systems),and the swarm intelligence within industrial clusters(systems of smart systems).Through the framework of CPSSs,the key technologies and their possible applications for supporting the single-agent,multi-agent and swarm-agent embodied Ind AI have been reviewed,such as the embodied perception,interaction,scheduling,multi-mode large language models,and collaborative training.Finally,to stimulate future research in this area,the open challenges and opportunities of applying Industry 5.0 to smart manufacturing are identified and discussed.The perspective of Industry 5.0-driven manufacturing industry aims to enhance operational productivity and efficiency by seamlessly integrating the virtual and physical worlds in a human-centered manner,thereby fostering an intelligent,sustainable,and resilient industrial landscape.展开更多
Construction engineering and management(CEM)has become increasingly complicated with the increasing size of engineering projects under different construction environments,motivating the digital transformation of CEM.T...Construction engineering and management(CEM)has become increasingly complicated with the increasing size of engineering projects under different construction environments,motivating the digital transformation of CEM.To contribute to a better understanding of the state of the art of smart techniques for engineering projects,this paper provides a comprehensive review of multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)techniques,intelligent techniques,and their applications in CEM.First,a comprehensive framework detailing smart technologies for construction projects is developed.Next,the characteristics of CEM are summarized.A bibliometric review is then conducted to investigate the keywords,journals,and clusters related to the application of smart techniques in CEM during 2000-2022.Recent advancements in intelligent techniques are also discussed under the following six topics:①big data technology;②computer vision;③speech recognition;④natural language processing;⑤machine learning;and⑥knowledge representation,understanding,and reasoning.The applications of smart techniques are then illustrated via underground space exploitation.Finally,future research directions for the sustainable development of smart construction are highlighted.展开更多
China is in a process of urbanization and is aiming at a type of people-centered urbanization. The main purpose of developing a ＂smart city＂ is to help this type urbanization and to serve the people of the city. Fro...China is in a process of urbanization and is aiming at a type of people-centered urbanization. The main purpose of developing a ＂smart city＂ is to help this type urbanization and to serve the people of the city. From 2012 to 2015, China has chosen more than 300 cities or towns to be national pilot ＂smart cities.＂ These pilot smart cities are located in more than 30 provinces around China, which differ greatly in thousands ways. So we advocated ＂One City One Policy＂. In 2012, MOHURD announced 90 cities as first batch of pilot smart cities. After three years, some pilot cities achieved great progress. This paper introduces five example cities （including town, district） as five different models of China＇ s smart city development. They are- Guilin city; Yunlong demonstration zone; Panyu District; Yangling Agricultural Hi-tech Industries Demonstration Zone; Lecong town. This paper also introduces our standardization work on smart city field at present.展开更多
Recently,one of the main challenges facing the smart grid is insufficient computing resources and intermittent energy supply for various distributed components(such as monitoring systems for renewable energy power sta...Recently,one of the main challenges facing the smart grid is insufficient computing resources and intermittent energy supply for various distributed components(such as monitoring systems for renewable energy power stations).To solve the problem,we propose an energy harvesting based task scheduling and resource management framework to provide robust and low-cost edge computing services for smart grid.First,we formulate an energy consumption minimization problem with regard to task offloading,time switching,and resource allocation for mobile devices,which can be decoupled and transformed into a typical knapsack problem.Then,solutions are derived by two different algorithms.Furthermore,we deploy renewable energy and energy storage units at edge servers to tackle intermittency and instability problems.Finally,we design an energy management algorithm based on sampling average approximation for edge computing servers to derive the optimal charging/discharging strategies,number of energy storage units,and renewable energy utilization.The simulation results show the efficiency and superiority of our proposed framework.展开更多
During the daytime,conventional radiative coolers disregard the directionality of thermal radiation,thereby overlooking the upward radiation from the ground.This upward radiation enhances the outward thermal radiation...During the daytime,conventional radiative coolers disregard the directionality of thermal radiation,thereby overlooking the upward radiation from the ground.This upward radiation enhances the outward thermal radiation,leading to a substantial reduction in the subambient daytime radiative cooling performance.Conversely,radiative coolers featuring angular asymmetry and spectral selectivity effectively resolve the problem of thermal radiation directionality,successfully evading the interference caused by the ground-generated thermal radiation.This cooler overcomes the limitations posed by the angle of incident light,making it suitable for subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces.Furthermore,by adjusting the structure of the cooler,the angular range of thermal radiation can be modulated,enabling the application of radiative cooling technology for intelligent temperature regulation of various inclined surfaces encountered in daily life.This innovative work makes a significant contribution to the development of subambient smart thermal interaction systems and opens up new possibilities for the practical application of radiative cooling.展开更多
As an essential part of the industrial Internet of Things(IoT)in power systems,the development of advanced metering infrastructure(AMI)facilitates services such as energy monitoring,load forecasting,and demand respons...As an essential part of the industrial Internet of Things(IoT)in power systems,the development of advanced metering infrastructure(AMI)facilitates services such as energy monitoring,load forecasting,and demand response.However,there is a growing risk of privacy disclosure with the wide installation of smart meters,for they transmit readings and sensitive data simultaneously.To guarantee the confidentiality of the sensitive information and authenticity of smart meter readings,we proposed a privacy-preserving scheme based on digital watermarking and elliptic-curve cryptography(ECC)asymmetric encryption.The sensitive data are encrypted using the public key and are hidden in the collected readings using digital watermark.Only the authorized user can extract watermark and can decrypt the confidential data using its private key.The proposed method realizes secure end-to-end confidentiality of the sensitive information.It has faster computing speed and can verify the data source and ensure the authenticity of readings.The example results show that the proposed method has little influence on the original data and unauthorized access cannot be completed within a reasonable time.On embedded hardware,the processing speed of the proposed method is better than the existing methods.展开更多
In this paper,we deal with questions related to blockchains in complex Internet of Things(IoT)-based ecosystems.Such ecosystems are typically composed of IoT devices,edge devices,cloud computing software services,as w...In this paper,we deal with questions related to blockchains in complex Internet of Things(IoT)-based ecosystems.Such ecosystems are typically composed of IoT devices,edge devices,cloud computing software services,as well as people,who are decision makers in scenarios such as smart cities.Many decisions related to analytics can be based on data coming from IoT sensors,software services,and people.However,they are typically based on different levels of abstraction and granularity.This poses a number of challenges when multiple blockchains are used together with smart contracts.This work proposes to apply our concept of elasticity to smart contracts and thereby enabling analytics in and between multiple blockchains in the context of IoT.We propose a reference architecture for Elastic Smart Contracts and evaluate the approach in a smart city scenario,discussing the benefits in terms of performance and self-adaptability of our solution.展开更多
Fibers with deformation-triggered responses are essential for smart textiles and wearable electronics.Here,smart core-shell elastomer fibers with a conductive core and a liquid crystal elastomer shell showing simultan...Fibers with deformation-triggered responses are essential for smart textiles and wearable electronics.Here,smart core-shell elastomer fibers with a conductive core and a liquid crystal elastomer shell showing simultaneous resistance and color responses are designed and prepared.The conductive core is consisted of interconnected liquid metal nanodroplets dispersed in a polymer matrix and the elastomer shell is made of cholesteric liquid crystals.When stretched,the fiber resistance increases as the interconnected pathways of liquid metal nanodroplets along the fiber axis become narrower,and the selective reflection color from the fiber surface blueshifts since the cholesteric pitch decreases.The smart elastomer fibers could be woven into smart textiles and respond to various mechanical deformations,including stretching,bending,compression and twisting.The average resistance change is 51%under 100%strain and its variation is smaller than 4%over 500 cycles,showing remarkable fatigue resistance.The simultaneous resistance and color responses to mechanical deformations make the fibers attractive for broad applications,such as flexible electronics.展开更多
Orthodontic appliances are essential for dentofacial deformity corrections.However,orthodontic appliances inadvertently increase the risk of bacterial colonization and dental calculus formation,which may lead to denta...Orthodontic appliances are essential for dentofacial deformity corrections.However,orthodontic appliances inadvertently increase the risk of bacterial colonization and dental calculus formation,which may lead to dental caries and gingivitis.Herein,this study developed a pH-responsive antifouling coating by integrating a zwitterionic hydrogel(ZH)with pH-responsive microcapsules(PRMs)encapsulating bactericide,displaying excellent synergies of anti-bacteria and anti-calculus for orthodontic appliances.The excellent antifouling properties can be attributed to two following points:ZH provides anti-adhesion properties via electrostatically induced hydration layers,while the PRMs can kill bacteria by on-demand bactericide release under acidic conditions.Results demonstrated that ZH+PRMs coating significantly reduced bacterial adhesion and inhibited calculus formation while maintaining excellent biocompatibility.By optimizing PRMs concentrations(0–15 wt%),compared with ZH,the antibacterial efficiency of ZH+PRMs(optimal concentration 10 wt%)increased from 49.8%±7.3%to 95.2%±1.1%for E.coli and from 85.7%±3.5%to 91.3%±1.4%for S.mutans.Compared with pristine steel(SS),ZH+PRMs coating showed ca.97.0%reduction for calcium carbonate and ca.87.3%reduction for calcium phosphate.In an in vitro model,compared with SS,our coating extended the crystal biofilm inhibition effect from one day to five days.Therefore,this study can provide promising strategies for reducing the risk of dental caries and gingivitis during orthodontic treatment.展开更多
The smart grid is the next generation of power and distribution systems. The integration of advanced network, communications, and computing techniques allows for the enhancement of efficiency and reliability. The smar...The smart grid is the next generation of power and distribution systems. The integration of advanced network, communications, and computing techniques allows for the enhancement of efficiency and reliability. The smart grid interconnects the flow of information via the power line, intelligent metering, renewable and distributed energy systems, and a monitoring and controlling infrastructure. For all the advantages that these components come with, they remain at risk to a spectrum of physical and digital attacks. This paper will focus on digital vulnerabilities within the smart grid and how they may be exploited to form full fledged attacks on the system. A number of countermeasures and solutions from the literature will also be reported, to give an overview of the options for dealing with such problems. This paper serves as a triggering point for future research into smart grid cyber security.展开更多
Shape memory alloy （SMA） reinforced smart structure can be used to make structural shape and strength selfadapted and structural damage self-restrained. Although SMA smart structures without damages were extensively...Shape memory alloy （SMA） reinforced smart structure can be used to make structural shape and strength selfadapted and structural damage self-restrained. Although SMA smart structures without damages were extensively studied, researches on SMA smart structures with damages have rarely been reported thus far. In this paper, thermo-mechanical behaviors of SMA fiber reinforced smart structures with damages are analyzed through a shear lag model and the variational principle, Mathematical expressions of the meso-displacement field and the stress-strain field of a typical element with damages are obtained, and a failure criterion for interface failure between SMA fibers and matrix is established, which is applied to an example. Results presented herein may provide a theoretical foundation for further studies on integrity of SMA smart structures.展开更多
Vehicular fog computing(VFC)has been envisioned as an important application of fog computing in vehicular networks.Parked vehicles with embedded computation resources could be exploited as a supplement for VFC.They co...Vehicular fog computing(VFC)has been envisioned as an important application of fog computing in vehicular networks.Parked vehicles with embedded computation resources could be exploited as a supplement for VFC.They cooperate with fog servers to process offloading requests at the vehicular network edge,leading to a new paradigm called parked vehicle assisted fog computing(PVFC).However,each coin has two sides.There is a follow-up challenging issue in the distributed and trustless computing environment.The centralized computation offloading without tamper-proof audit causes security threats.It could not guard against false-reporting,free-riding behaviors,spoofing attacks and repudiation attacks.Thus,we leverage the blockchain technology to achieve decentralized PVFC.Request posting,workload undertaking,task evaluation and reward assignment are organized and validated automatically through smart contract executions.Network activities in computation offloading become transparent,verifiable and traceable to eliminate security risks.To this end,we introduce network entities and design interactive smart contract operations across them.The optimal smart contract design problem is formulated and solved within the Stackelberg game framework to minimize the total payments for users.Security analysis and extensive numerical results are provided to demonstrate that our scheme has high security and efficiency guarantee.展开更多
Owing to the integration of energy digitization and artificial intelligence technology,smart energy grids can realize the stable,efficient and clean operation of power systems.However,the emergence of cyber-physical a...Owing to the integration of energy digitization and artificial intelligence technology,smart energy grids can realize the stable,efficient and clean operation of power systems.However,the emergence of cyber-physical attacks,such as dynamic load-altering attacks(DLAAs)has introduced great challenges to the security of smart energy grids.Thus,this study developed a novel cyber-physical collaborative security framework for DLAAs in smart energy grids.The proposed framework integrates attack prediction in the cyber layer with the detection and localization of attacks in the physical layer.First,a data-driven method was proposed to predict the DLAA sequence in the cyber layer.By designing a double radial basis function network,the influence of disturbances on attack prediction can be eliminated.Based on the prediction results,an unknown input observer-based detection and localization method was further developed for the physical layer.In addition,an adaptive threshold was designed to replace the traditional precomputed threshold and improve the detection performance of the DLAAs.Consequently,through the collaborative work of the cyber-physics layer,injected DLAAs were effectively detected and located.Compared with existing methodologies,the simulation results on IEEE 14-bus and 118-bus power systems verified the superiority of the proposed cyber-physical collaborative detection and localization against DLAAs.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42330510)。
文摘With the development of smart cities and smart technologies,parks,as functional units of the city,are facing smart transformation.The development of smart parks can help address challenges of technology integration within urban spaces and serve as testbeds for exploring smart city planning and governance models.Information models facilitate the effective integration of technology into space.Building Information Modeling(BIM)and City Information Modeling(CIM)have been widely used in urban construction.However,the existing information models have limitations in the application of the park,so it is necessary to develop an information model suitable for the park.This paper first traces the evolution of park smart transformation,reviews the global landscape of smart park development,and identifies key trends and persistent challenges.Addressing the particularities of parks,the concept of Park Information Modeling(PIM)is proposed.PIM leverages smart technologies such as artificial intelligence,digital twins,and collaborative sensing to help form a‘space-technology-system’smart structure,enabling systematic management of diverse park spaces,addressing the deficiency in park-level information models,and aiming to achieve scale articulation between BIM and CIM.Finally,through a detailed top-level design application case study of the Nanjing Smart Education Park in China,this paper illustrates the translation process of the PIM concept into practice,showcasing its potential to provide smart management tools for park managers and enhance services for park stakeholders,although further empirical validation is required.
文摘The accelerating global energy transition,driven by climate imperatives and technological advancements,demands fundamen-tal transformations in power systems.Smart grids,characterized by cyber-physical integration,distributed renewable resources,and data-driven intelligence,have emerged as the backbone of this evolution.This convergence,however,introduces unprecedented complexities in resilience,security,stability,and market operation.This special issue presents five pivotal studies addressing these interconnected challenges,offering novel methodologies and insights to advance the efficiency,resilience,and sustainability of modern power systems.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22272004,62272041)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(YWF-22-L-1256)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFC3402600)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars(No.1870011182126)。
文摘The proliferation of wearable biodevices has boosted the development of soft,innovative,and multifunctional materials for human health monitoring.The integration of wearable sensors with intelligent systems is an overwhelming tendency,providing powerful tools for remote health monitoring and personal health management.Among many candidates,two-dimensional(2D)materials stand out due to several exotic mechanical,electrical,optical,and chemical properties that can be efficiently integrated into atomic-thin films.While previous reviews on 2D materials for biodevices primarily focus on conventional configurations and materials like graphene,the rapid development of new 2D materials with exotic properties has opened up novel applications,particularly in smart interaction and integrated functionalities.This review aims to consolidate recent progress,highlight the unique advantages of 2D materials,and guide future research by discussing existing challenges and opportunities in applying 2D materials for smart wearable biodevices.We begin with an in-depth analysis of the advantages,sensing mechanisms,and potential applications of 2D materials in wearable biodevice fabrication.Following this,we systematically discuss state-of-the-art biodevices based on 2D materials for monitoring various physiological signals within the human body.Special attention is given to showcasing the integration of multi-functionality in 2D smart devices,mainly including self-power supply,integrated diagnosis/treatment,and human–machine interaction.Finally,the review concludes with a concise summary of existing challenges and prospective solutions concerning the utilization of2D materials for advanced biodevices.
文摘Internet of Things(IoT)technology has brought about significant new changes to residents’lives,prompting changes in management models across various industries and promoting the overall intelligence of urban construction.Especially in the context of continuous technological development,information sensor devices can be effectively utilized to connect multiple dimensions in urban construction,enhancing the intelligence level of cities in China.This paper mainly elaborates on the application significance of IoT technology in smart cities and proposes corresponding measures from aspects such as smart transportation systems,intelligent public utility management,urban safety and monitoring,environmental monitoring,and sustainability,providing references for relevant personnel.
文摘Currently,most conventional street lighting systems use a constant light mode throughout the entire night,fromsunset to sunrise,which results in high energy consumption and maintenance costs.Furthermore,scientific research predicts that energy consumption for street lighting will increase in the coming years due to growing demand and rising electricity prices.The dimming strategy is a current trend and a key concept in smart street lighting systems.It involves turning on the road lights only when a vehicle or pedestrian is detected;otherwise,the control system reduces the light intensity of the lamps.Power control is generally implemented using artificial intelligence algorithms such as fuzzy logic,artificial neural networks,or swarm intelligence to manage different events.In our project,the dimming strategy was utilized to reduce costs and energy consumption by at least 48%.This research proposes a standalone photovoltaic plant(SPP)to power a smart street lighting system,which can replace individual solar street lights in a small neighborhood in southwestern Algeria.This design offers advantages such as lower costs and the option to add additional loads a DC pump,a domestic power supply,or technical services to operate the photovoltaic system during the day after charging the storage batteries,especially when there is monthly energy surplus.The energy surplus analyzed in our project ranges from 804 W in January to 4 kW in June,generated by the entire PV installation.To demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of this system,we studied the implementation of the standalone photovoltaic plant,energymanagement,and economic analysis using the Particle SwarmOptimization technique under MATLAB software.
基金supported by National key Research and Development Program“Security Protection Technology for Critical Information Infrastructure of Distribution Network”(2022YFB3105100).
文摘In the context of the diversity of smart terminals,the unity of the root of trust becomes complicated,which not only affects the efficiency of trust propagation,but also poses a challenge to the security of the whole system.In particular,the solidification of the root of trust in non-volatile memory(NVM)restricts the system’s dynamic updating capability,which is an obvious disadvantage in a rapidly changing security environment.To address this issue,this study proposes a novel approach to generate root security parameters using static random access memory(SRAM)physical unclonable functions(PUFs).SRAM PUFs,as a security primitive,show great potential in lightweight security solutions due to their inherent physical properties,low cost and scalability.However,the stability of SRAM PUFs in harsh environments is a key issue.These environmental conditions include extreme temperatures,high humidity,and strong electromagnetic radiation,all of which can affect the performance of SRAM PUFs.In order to ensure the stability of root safety parameters under these conditions,this study proposes an integrated approach that covers not only the acquisition of entropy sources,but also the implementation of algorithms and configuration management.In addition,this study develops a series of reliability-enhancing algorithms,including adaptive parameter selection,data preprocessing,auxiliary data generation,and error correction,which are essential for improving the performance of SRAM PUFs in harsh environments.Based on these techniques,this study establishes six types of secure parameter generation mechanisms,which not only improve the security of the system,but also enhance its adaptability in variable environments.Through a series of experiments,we verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.Under 10 different environmental conditions,our method is able to achieve full recovery of security data with an error rate of less than 25%,which proves the robustness and reliability of our method.These results not only provide strong evidence for the stability of SRAM PUFs in practical applications,but also provide a new direction for future research in the field of smart terminal security.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB1714300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62233005,U2441245,62173141)+3 种基金CNPC Innovation Found(2024DQ02-0507)Shanghai Natural Science(24ZR1416400)Shanghai Baiyu Lan Talent Program Pujiang Project(24PJD020)the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(the 111 Project)(B17017)
文摘As embodied intelligence(EI),large language models(LLMs),and cloud computing continue to advance,Industry5.0 facilitates the development of industrial artificial intelligence(Ind AI)through cyber-physical-social systems(CPSSs)with a human-centric focus.These technologies are organized by the system-wide approach of Industry 5.0,in order to empower the manufacturing industry to achieve broader societal goals of job creation,economic growth,and green production.This survey first provides a general framework of smart manufacturing in the context of Industry 5.0.Wherein,the embodied agents,like robots,sensors,and actuators,are the carriers for Ind AI,facilitating the development of the self-learning intelligence in individual entities,the collaborative intelligence in production lines and factories(smart systems),and the swarm intelligence within industrial clusters(systems of smart systems).Through the framework of CPSSs,the key technologies and their possible applications for supporting the single-agent,multi-agent and swarm-agent embodied Ind AI have been reviewed,such as the embodied perception,interaction,scheduling,multi-mode large language models,and collaborative training.Finally,to stimulate future research in this area,the open challenges and opportunities of applying Industry 5.0 to smart manufacturing are identified and discussed.The perspective of Industry 5.0-driven manufacturing industry aims to enhance operational productivity and efficiency by seamlessly integrating the virtual and physical worlds in a human-centered manner,thereby fostering an intelligent,sustainable,and resilient industrial landscape.
基金funded by the project of Guangdong Provincial Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund Committee(2022A1515240073)the Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program(2019CX01G338),Guangdong Province.
文摘Construction engineering and management(CEM)has become increasingly complicated with the increasing size of engineering projects under different construction environments,motivating the digital transformation of CEM.To contribute to a better understanding of the state of the art of smart techniques for engineering projects,this paper provides a comprehensive review of multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)techniques,intelligent techniques,and their applications in CEM.First,a comprehensive framework detailing smart technologies for construction projects is developed.Next,the characteristics of CEM are summarized.A bibliometric review is then conducted to investigate the keywords,journals,and clusters related to the application of smart techniques in CEM during 2000-2022.Recent advancements in intelligent techniques are also discussed under the following six topics:①big data technology;②computer vision;③speech recognition;④natural language processing;⑤machine learning;and⑥knowledge representation,understanding,and reasoning.The applications of smart techniques are then illustrated via underground space exploitation.Finally,future research directions for the sustainable development of smart construction are highlighted.
文摘China is in a process of urbanization and is aiming at a type of people-centered urbanization. The main purpose of developing a ＂smart city＂ is to help this type urbanization and to serve the people of the city. From 2012 to 2015, China has chosen more than 300 cities or towns to be national pilot ＂smart cities.＂ These pilot smart cities are located in more than 30 provinces around China, which differ greatly in thousands ways. So we advocated ＂One City One Policy＂. In 2012, MOHURD announced 90 cities as first batch of pilot smart cities. After three years, some pilot cities achieved great progress. This paper introduces five example cities （including town, district） as five different models of China＇ s smart city development. They are- Guilin city; Yunlong demonstration zone; Panyu District; Yangling Agricultural Hi-tech Industries Demonstration Zone; Lecong town. This paper also introduces our standardization work on smart city field at present.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61473066in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province under Grant No.F2021501020+2 种基金in part by the S&T Program of Qinhuangdao under Grant No.202401A195in part by the Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department under Grant No.QN2025008in part by the Innovation Capability Improvement Plan Project of Hebei Province under Grant No.22567637H
文摘Recently,one of the main challenges facing the smart grid is insufficient computing resources and intermittent energy supply for various distributed components(such as monitoring systems for renewable energy power stations).To solve the problem,we propose an energy harvesting based task scheduling and resource management framework to provide robust and low-cost edge computing services for smart grid.First,we formulate an energy consumption minimization problem with regard to task offloading,time switching,and resource allocation for mobile devices,which can be decoupled and transformed into a typical knapsack problem.Then,solutions are derived by two different algorithms.Furthermore,we deploy renewable energy and energy storage units at edge servers to tackle intermittency and instability problems.Finally,we design an energy management algorithm based on sampling average approximation for edge computing servers to derive the optimal charging/discharging strategies,number of energy storage units,and renewable energy utilization.The simulation results show the efficiency and superiority of our proposed framework.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52473270 and T2422028)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M763485)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1203304)the Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(start-up grant E1552102).
文摘During the daytime,conventional radiative coolers disregard the directionality of thermal radiation,thereby overlooking the upward radiation from the ground.This upward radiation enhances the outward thermal radiation,leading to a substantial reduction in the subambient daytime radiative cooling performance.Conversely,radiative coolers featuring angular asymmetry and spectral selectivity effectively resolve the problem of thermal radiation directionality,successfully evading the interference caused by the ground-generated thermal radiation.This cooler overcomes the limitations posed by the angle of incident light,making it suitable for subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces.Furthermore,by adjusting the structure of the cooler,the angular range of thermal radiation can be modulated,enabling the application of radiative cooling technology for intelligent temperature regulation of various inclined surfaces encountered in daily life.This innovative work makes a significant contribution to the development of subambient smart thermal interaction systems and opens up new possibilities for the practical application of radiative cooling.
基金Project(SGZJHZ00HLJS2000871)supported by the State Grid Science and Technology Project,China。
文摘As an essential part of the industrial Internet of Things(IoT)in power systems,the development of advanced metering infrastructure(AMI)facilitates services such as energy monitoring,load forecasting,and demand response.However,there is a growing risk of privacy disclosure with the wide installation of smart meters,for they transmit readings and sensitive data simultaneously.To guarantee the confidentiality of the sensitive information and authenticity of smart meter readings,we proposed a privacy-preserving scheme based on digital watermarking and elliptic-curve cryptography(ECC)asymmetric encryption.The sensitive data are encrypted using the public key and are hidden in the collected readings using digital watermark.Only the authorized user can extract watermark and can decrypt the confidential data using its private key.The proposed method realizes secure end-to-end confidentiality of the sensitive information.It has faster computing speed and can verify the data source and ensure the authenticity of readings.The example results show that the proposed method has little influence on the original data and unauthorized access cannot be completed within a reasonable time.On embedded hardware,the processing speed of the proposed method is better than the existing methods.
基金This work was partially supported by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación-Agencia Estatal de Investigación under project HORATIO(RTI2018-101204-B-C21)by Junta de Andalucía under projects APOLO(US-1264651)and EKIPMENT-PLUS(P18-FR-2895)by the TU Wien Research Cluster Smart CT.
文摘In this paper,we deal with questions related to blockchains in complex Internet of Things(IoT)-based ecosystems.Such ecosystems are typically composed of IoT devices,edge devices,cloud computing software services,as well as people,who are decision makers in scenarios such as smart cities.Many decisions related to analytics can be based on data coming from IoT sensors,software services,and people.However,they are typically based on different levels of abstraction and granularity.This poses a number of challenges when multiple blockchains are used together with smart contracts.This work proposes to apply our concept of elasticity to smart contracts and thereby enabling analytics in and between multiple blockchains in the context of IoT.We propose a reference architecture for Elastic Smart Contracts and evaluate the approach in a smart city scenario,discussing the benefits in terms of performance and self-adaptability of our solution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22278352)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC3001100)。
文摘Fibers with deformation-triggered responses are essential for smart textiles and wearable electronics.Here,smart core-shell elastomer fibers with a conductive core and a liquid crystal elastomer shell showing simultaneous resistance and color responses are designed and prepared.The conductive core is consisted of interconnected liquid metal nanodroplets dispersed in a polymer matrix and the elastomer shell is made of cholesteric liquid crystals.When stretched,the fiber resistance increases as the interconnected pathways of liquid metal nanodroplets along the fiber axis become narrower,and the selective reflection color from the fiber surface blueshifts since the cholesteric pitch decreases.The smart elastomer fibers could be woven into smart textiles and respond to various mechanical deformations,including stretching,bending,compression and twisting.The average resistance change is 51%under 100%strain and its variation is smaller than 4%over 500 cycles,showing remarkable fatigue resistance.The simultaneous resistance and color responses to mechanical deformations make the fibers attractive for broad applications,such as flexible electronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51973003 and 22275203)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.JQ23008)。
文摘Orthodontic appliances are essential for dentofacial deformity corrections.However,orthodontic appliances inadvertently increase the risk of bacterial colonization and dental calculus formation,which may lead to dental caries and gingivitis.Herein,this study developed a pH-responsive antifouling coating by integrating a zwitterionic hydrogel(ZH)with pH-responsive microcapsules(PRMs)encapsulating bactericide,displaying excellent synergies of anti-bacteria and anti-calculus for orthodontic appliances.The excellent antifouling properties can be attributed to two following points:ZH provides anti-adhesion properties via electrostatically induced hydration layers,while the PRMs can kill bacteria by on-demand bactericide release under acidic conditions.Results demonstrated that ZH+PRMs coating significantly reduced bacterial adhesion and inhibited calculus formation while maintaining excellent biocompatibility.By optimizing PRMs concentrations(0–15 wt%),compared with ZH,the antibacterial efficiency of ZH+PRMs(optimal concentration 10 wt%)increased from 49.8%±7.3%to 95.2%±1.1%for E.coli and from 85.7%±3.5%to 91.3%±1.4%for S.mutans.Compared with pristine steel(SS),ZH+PRMs coating showed ca.97.0%reduction for calcium carbonate and ca.87.3%reduction for calcium phosphate.In an in vitro model,compared with SS,our coating extended the crystal biofilm inhibition effect from one day to five days.Therefore,this study can provide promising strategies for reducing the risk of dental caries and gingivitis during orthodontic treatment.
文摘The smart grid is the next generation of power and distribution systems. The integration of advanced network, communications, and computing techniques allows for the enhancement of efficiency and reliability. The smart grid interconnects the flow of information via the power line, intelligent metering, renewable and distributed energy systems, and a monitoring and controlling infrastructure. For all the advantages that these components come with, they remain at risk to a spectrum of physical and digital attacks. This paper will focus on digital vulnerabilities within the smart grid and how they may be exploited to form full fledged attacks on the system. A number of countermeasures and solutions from the literature will also be reported, to give an overview of the options for dealing with such problems. This paper serves as a triggering point for future research into smart grid cyber security.
基金The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10072026.50135030) Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(01G52041)
文摘Shape memory alloy （SMA） reinforced smart structure can be used to make structural shape and strength selfadapted and structural damage self-restrained. Although SMA smart structures without damages were extensively studied, researches on SMA smart structures with damages have rarely been reported thus far. In this paper, thermo-mechanical behaviors of SMA fiber reinforced smart structures with damages are analyzed through a shear lag model and the variational principle, Mathematical expressions of the meso-displacement field and the stress-strain field of a typical element with damages are obtained, and a failure criterion for interface failure between SMA fibers and matrix is established, which is applied to an example. Results presented herein may provide a theoretical foundation for further studies on integrity of SMA smart structures.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61971148)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(2015B010129001)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2018GXNSFDA281013)the Foundation for Science and Technology Project of Guilin City(20190214-3)the Key Science and Technology Project of Guangxi(AA18242021)
文摘Vehicular fog computing(VFC)has been envisioned as an important application of fog computing in vehicular networks.Parked vehicles with embedded computation resources could be exploited as a supplement for VFC.They cooperate with fog servers to process offloading requests at the vehicular network edge,leading to a new paradigm called parked vehicle assisted fog computing(PVFC).However,each coin has two sides.There is a follow-up challenging issue in the distributed and trustless computing environment.The centralized computation offloading without tamper-proof audit causes security threats.It could not guard against false-reporting,free-riding behaviors,spoofing attacks and repudiation attacks.Thus,we leverage the blockchain technology to achieve decentralized PVFC.Request posting,workload undertaking,task evaluation and reward assignment are organized and validated automatically through smart contract executions.Network activities in computation offloading become transparent,verifiable and traceable to eliminate security risks.To this end,we introduce network entities and design interactive smart contract operations across them.The optimal smart contract design problem is formulated and solved within the Stackelberg game framework to minimize the total payments for users.Security analysis and extensive numerical results are provided to demonstrate that our scheme has high security and efficiency guarantee.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China under 62203376the Science and Technology Plan of Hebei Education Department under QN2021139+1 种基金the Nature Science Foundation of Hebei Province under F2021203043the Open Research Fund of Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Smart Distribution Network,Nanjing Institute of Technology under No.XTCX202203.
文摘Owing to the integration of energy digitization and artificial intelligence technology,smart energy grids can realize the stable,efficient and clean operation of power systems.However,the emergence of cyber-physical attacks,such as dynamic load-altering attacks(DLAAs)has introduced great challenges to the security of smart energy grids.Thus,this study developed a novel cyber-physical collaborative security framework for DLAAs in smart energy grids.The proposed framework integrates attack prediction in the cyber layer with the detection and localization of attacks in the physical layer.First,a data-driven method was proposed to predict the DLAA sequence in the cyber layer.By designing a double radial basis function network,the influence of disturbances on attack prediction can be eliminated.Based on the prediction results,an unknown input observer-based detection and localization method was further developed for the physical layer.In addition,an adaptive threshold was designed to replace the traditional precomputed threshold and improve the detection performance of the DLAAs.Consequently,through the collaborative work of the cyber-physics layer,injected DLAAs were effectively detected and located.Compared with existing methodologies,the simulation results on IEEE 14-bus and 118-bus power systems verified the superiority of the proposed cyber-physical collaborative detection and localization against DLAAs.
