Black carbon （BC） concentration and meteorological data are measured discontinuously from May 2009 to March 2011,at the Qilian Shan Station of Glaciology and Ecologic Environment （hereafter ＂QSSGEE＂）,located nea...Black carbon （BC） concentration and meteorological data are measured discontinuously from May 2009 to March 2011,at the Qilian Shan Station of Glaciology and Ecologic Environment （hereafter ＂QSSGEE＂）,located near the terminal of the Laohugou No.12 Glacier in northwestern Qilian Shan,China.We measured the daily,monthly and seasonal variations of BC concentration in the atmosphere and discussed the possible emission sources.Black carbon background concentration in this region varied in the range of 18–72 ng/m 3 with the highest in summer and the lowest in autumn.The relations between BC concentration and surface wind direction indicated that BC concentration was higher when northwest wind prevails while lower when southeast wind prevails.Air masses backward trajectories showed the potential emission sources in the northwest.Significant positive correlations between daily mean BC concentration and relative humidity indicated that BC might be one of important cloud condensation nuclei.This hypothesis needs to be confirmed further through cloud microphysical features in this region.展开更多
This article, based on the field work took place on the zone of Tuomuer （托木尔） Peak, western Tian Shan （天山 ） during the period May 2008 to September 2009, obtained the spatial distribution of debris layer on t...This article, based on the field work took place on the zone of Tuomuer （托木尔） Peak, western Tian Shan （天山 ） during the period May 2008 to September 2009, obtained the spatial distribution of debris layer on the reference glaciers （Glacier No. 72, Glacier No. 74, Tuomuer Glacier） by detailed measurements of debris thickness and ablation rates on glacier and further by Spot-5 （5 m, 2005） high-resolution satellitic image applying remote sensing and geographic information systems approach to research the spatial distribution of debris layer on the zone of Tuomuer Peak. Specifically, the results indicate a sharp in ablation with debris cover thickness increasing from 0-4 cm followed by a decrease in ablation with debris thickness increasing beyond 4 cm for the glaciers No. 72 and No. 74. Spatial distributions of debris layer on the three reference glaciers have the same characteristics, the overall distribution from the vertical, the maximum thickness of debris in the glacier terminal, and the thickness of debris is constantly thinning since the end of the glacier increases with altitude. For the overall distribution from the horizontal, the regular pattern of debris thickness from both sides to the middle is diminishing. The debris on the zone of Tuomuer Peak mostly covered the glacier tongue and is mainly distributed below the altitude of 4 000 m; the area of debris covered approximate accounted for 14.9% on the entire glacier area in this region. Spatial distribution of debris layer on the zone of Tuomuer Peak is mainly affected by the elevation of the glacier terminal, followed by the slopes orientation, the sizes, and so on.展开更多
ABSTRACT： Samples were continuously collected from aerosol, fresh snow, and snow pits on Glacier No. 1 at Urumqi River source in eastern Tianshan （天山） Mountains. The deposition processes and the characteristics o...ABSTRACT： Samples were continuously collected from aerosol, fresh snow, and snow pits on Glacier No. 1 at Urumqi River source in eastern Tianshan （天山） Mountains. The deposition processes and the characteristics of mineral dust microparticles from aerosol to fresh snow, and then evolution to the snow pit were determined. Total dust microparticle concentration in the surface snow and aerosol showed a similar temporal variation trend, which was strongly associated with regional and local at- mospheric circulation in the Tianshan Mountains region of Central Asia. Especially from November to February, the correlation coefficient of microparticles concentration in surface snow and aerosol is very high （R2=0.7）. Vertical profiles of microparticles in the snow pits showed that observed dust layers were in high correlation with concentration peaks of large microparticles （d〉10 μm）, but low correlation with that of fine microparticles （d〈1μm）. Moreover, explicit post-depositional process of dust particles was studied by tracking some typical dust concentration peaks in the snow pit. We find that late sum- mer is a key period for post-deposition of dust particles in the snow, as particle concentration peaks in the snow pit evolve intensely during this period. Such evolutional pattern of large particles makes it possible to preserve information of atmospheric dust in the snow, which offers an available proof to reconstruct historical climate using ice cores on Glacier No. 1 and other gla- ciers in the Tianshan Mountains.展开更多
High-precision measuring of glacier evolution remains a challenge as the available global and regional remote sensing techniques cannot satisfactorily capture the local-scale processes of most small-and medium-sized m...High-precision measuring of glacier evolution remains a challenge as the available global and regional remote sensing techniques cannot satisfactorily capture the local-scale processes of most small-and medium-sized mountain glaciers.In this study,we use a high-precision local remote sensing technique,long-range terrestrial laser scanning(TLS),to measure the evolution of Urumqi Glacier No.1 at an annual scale.We found that the dense point clouds derived from the TLS survey can be used to reconstruct glacier surface terrain,with certain details,such as depressions,debris-covered areas,and supra-glacial drainages can be distinguished.The glacier experienced pronounced thickness thinning and continuous retreat over the last four mass-balance years(2015−2019).The mean surface slope of Urumqi Glacier No.1 gradually steepened,which may increase the removal of glacier mass.The glacier was deeply incised by two very prominent primary supra-glacial rivers,and those rivers presented a widening trend.Extensive networks of supra-glacial channels had a significant impact on accelerated glacier mass loss.High-precision measuring is of vital importance to understanding the annual evolution of this type of glacier.展开更多
After the Morakot disaster in 2009, the affected indigenous tribes suffered from the government’s use of permanent housing as a single reconstruction option, which forced the victims to leave their original land for ...After the Morakot disaster in 2009, the affected indigenous tribes suffered from the government’s use of permanent housing as a single reconstruction option, which forced the victims to leave their original land for a new life in a different reconstruction mode. The purpose of this study is to explore the ways adopted by tribal residents to maintain their own culture and tribal life in the process of disaster, post disaster reconstruction and post disaster adjustment. Veoveoana Village in Taiwan is an indigenous tribe that relocated after a disaster and was reconstructed and developed through tourism development. This study performed the research by participant observation and in-depth interviews on Veoveoana Village. The analytical results showed that: 1) development of the tourism industry can result in cultural reconstruction of the post-disaster tribe and maintain the people’s incomes;2) although the government constantly assists with the rehabilitation of tribal industry by various policies, the implementation cannot effectively continue and the outcome is insignificant;3) due to the gap between permanent prefabricated housing and original tribal cultural features, the residential rate is not high. According to the research findings, it is suggested that, in the process of post-disaster reconstruction, the government and private non-profit organizations should respect the intention of the majority of the indigenous people. In addition, it should cultivate professional manpower for the subsidized projects.展开更多
Background:From 2007 to 2013,intensive control measures reduced malaria burden by 90%along the China-Myanmar border.However,despite these measures a P.falciparum malaria outbreak was reported in the Shan Special Regio...Background:From 2007 to 2013,intensive control measures reduced malaria burden by 90%along the China-Myanmar border.However,despite these measures a P.falciparum malaria outbreak was reported in the Shan Special Region II of Myanmar in June of 2014.Methods:Epidemiological,parasitological and entomological investigations were performed.Dihydroartemisinin piperaquine(DAPQ)was immediately administered to treat parasite positive individuals.Long lasting insecticidal nets(LLIN),indoor residual spraying(IRS)with insecticides and behavior change communication(BCC)were also provided for outbreak control.An embedded efficacy study was conducted evaluating DP.Molecular genotyping via polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was performed on the Kelch gene on chromosome 13.Results:All infections were identified as Plasmodium falciparum by RDT and microscopy.Two fatalities resulted from the outbreak.The attack rate was 72.8%(67/92)and the incidence density rate was 14.2 per 100 person-weeks.The positive rate of rapid diagnostic test(RDT)was 72.2%(65/90)and microscopically-determine parasite rate 42.2%(38/90).Adjusted odds ratio(OR)of multivariate logistic regression analysis for aged<15 years,15–45 years,inappropriate treatment from a private healer and lack of bed nets were 13.51(95%confidence interval,2.21–105.89),7.75(1.48–44.97),3.78(1.30–46.18)and 3.21(1.21–15.19)respectively.In the six surrounding communities of the outbreak site,positive RDT rate was 1.2%(4/328)and microscopically-determine parasite rate 0.6%(2/328).Two light traps collected a total of 110 anopheline mosquitoes including local vectors,An.minimus,An.sinensis and An.maculates.After intensive control,the detection of malaria attacks,parasites and antigen were reduced to zero between July 1 and December 1,2014.The cure rate of P.falciparum patients at day 42 was 94.3%(95%CI,80.8–99.3%).The PCR did not detect K13-propeller mutations.Conclusion:Imported P.falciparum caused the outbreak.Age,seeking inappropriate treatment and lack of bed nets were risk factors for infection during the outbreak.P.falciparum was sensitive to treatment with DAPQ.The integrated measures controlled the outbreak and prevented the spread of P.falciparum effectively.The results of this study indicate that malaria control on the China-Myanmar border,especially among special populations,needs further collaboration between China,Myanmar and international societies.展开更多
Background:Financial issues are major barriers for rural-to-urban migrants accessing tuberculosis(TB)care in China.This paper discusses the effectiveness of providing financial incentives to migrant TB patients(with a...Background:Financial issues are major barriers for rural-to-urban migrants accessing tuberculosis(TB)care in China.This paper discusses the effectiveness of providing financial incentives to migrant TB patients(with a focus on poor migrants in one district of Shanghai using treatment completion and default rates),the effect of financial incentives in terms of reducing the TB patient cost,and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the intervention.Results:Ninety and ninety-three migrant TB patients were registered in the intervention and control districts respectively.TB treatment completion rates significantly improved by 11%(from 78%to 89%)in the intervention district,compared with only a 3%increase(from 73%to 76%)in the control district(P=0.03).Default rates significantly decreased by 11%(from 22%to 11%)in the intervention district,compared with 1%(from 24%to 23%)in the control district(P=0.03).In the intervention district,the financial subsidy(RMB 1,080/US$170)accounted for 13%of the average patient direct cost(RMB 8,416/US$1,332).Each percent increase in treatment completion costs required an additional RMB 6,550(US$1,301)and each percent reduction in defaults costs required an additional RMB 5,240(US$825)in the intervention district.Conclusions:Overall,financial incentives proved to be effective in improving treatment completion and reducing default rates among migrant TB patients in Shanghai.The results suggest that financial incentives can be effectively utilized as a strategy to enhance case management among migrant TB patients in large cities in China,and this strategy may be applicable to similar international settings.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?The literature has consistently demonstrated that distress rumination following a traumatic event has significant implications for mental health.However,the potential ass...Summary What is already known about this topic?The literature has consistently demonstrated that distress rumination following a traumatic event has significant implications for mental health.However,the potential association between distress rumination and suicidality,as well as the underlying mechanisms driving this relationship,remains to be elucidated.What is added by this report?The current study demonstrated a significant,positive correlation between distress rumination and suicidal ideation in college students who have encountered traumatic events.The findings indicate that somatic anxiety serves as a mediator between distress rumination and suicidal ideation.What are the implications for public health practice?Interventions aimed at reducing somatic anxiety may contribute to a decrease in suicidal ideation.Assessing and addressing somatic anxiety symptoms in college students experiencing distressful rumination following traumatic events could potentially lower the risk of suicide.展开更多
基金supported by the Global Change Research Program of China (No. 2010CB951401)the "Talent Project" of Chinese Academy of Sciences,National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40901046)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences (No. SKLCS-ZZ-2008-01)the China Meteorological Administration (No. GYHY201106023)
文摘Black carbon （BC） concentration and meteorological data are measured discontinuously from May 2009 to March 2011,at the Qilian Shan Station of Glaciology and Ecologic Environment （hereafter ＂QSSGEE＂）,located near the terminal of the Laohugou No.12 Glacier in northwestern Qilian Shan,China.We measured the daily,monthly and seasonal variations of BC concentration in the atmosphere and discussed the possible emission sources.Black carbon background concentration in this region varied in the range of 18–72 ng/m 3 with the highest in summer and the lowest in autumn.The relations between BC concentration and surface wind direction indicated that BC concentration was higher when northwest wind prevails while lower when southeast wind prevails.Air masses backward trajectories showed the potential emission sources in the northwest.Significant positive correlations between daily mean BC concentration and relative humidity indicated that BC might be one of important cloud condensation nuclei.This hypothesis needs to be confirmed further through cloud microphysical features in this region.
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-EW-311)the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2010CB951003)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 1141001040, J0930003/J0109)the SKLCS Founding (No. SKLCS-ZZ-2010-04)
文摘This article, based on the field work took place on the zone of Tuomuer （托木尔） Peak, western Tian Shan （天山 ） during the period May 2008 to September 2009, obtained the spatial distribution of debris layer on the reference glaciers （Glacier No. 72, Glacier No. 74, Tuomuer Glacier） by detailed measurements of debris thickness and ablation rates on glacier and further by Spot-5 （5 m, 2005） high-resolution satellitic image applying remote sensing and geographic information systems approach to research the spatial distribution of debris layer on the zone of Tuomuer Peak. Specifically, the results indicate a sharp in ablation with debris cover thickness increasing from 0-4 cm followed by a decrease in ablation with debris thickness increasing beyond 4 cm for the glaciers No. 72 and No. 74. Spatial distributions of debris layer on the three reference glaciers have the same characteristics, the overall distribution from the vertical, the maximum thickness of debris in the glacier terminal, and the thickness of debris is constantly thinning since the end of the glacier increases with altitude. For the overall distribution from the horizontal, the regular pattern of debris thickness from both sides to the middle is diminishing. The debris on the zone of Tuomuer Peak mostly covered the glacier tongue and is mainly distributed below the altitude of 4 000 m; the area of debris covered approximate accounted for 14.9% on the entire glacier area in this region. Spatial distribution of debris layer on the zone of Tuomuer Peak is mainly affected by the elevation of the glacier terminal, followed by the slopes orientation, the sizes, and so on.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2010CB951003)Knowledge Innovation Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-EW-311)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 1141001040 and J0930003/J0109)the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Founding (No. SKLCS-ZZ-2010-04)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University from Ministry of Education of China (No. NCET-10-0019)
文摘ABSTRACT： Samples were continuously collected from aerosol, fresh snow, and snow pits on Glacier No. 1 at Urumqi River source in eastern Tianshan （天山） Mountains. The deposition processes and the characteristics of mineral dust microparticles from aerosol to fresh snow, and then evolution to the snow pit were determined. Total dust microparticle concentration in the surface snow and aerosol showed a similar temporal variation trend, which was strongly associated with regional and local at- mospheric circulation in the Tianshan Mountains region of Central Asia. Especially from November to February, the correlation coefficient of microparticles concentration in surface snow and aerosol is very high （R2=0.7）. Vertical profiles of microparticles in the snow pits showed that observed dust layers were in high correlation with concentration peaks of large microparticles （d〉10 μm）, but low correlation with that of fine microparticles （d〈1μm）. Moreover, explicit post-depositional process of dust particles was studied by tracking some typical dust concentration peaks in the snow pit. We find that late sum- mer is a key period for post-deposition of dust particles in the snow, as particle concentration peaks in the snow pit evolve intensely during this period. Such evolutional pattern of large particles makes it possible to preserve information of atmospheric dust in the snow, which offers an available proof to reconstruct historical climate using ice cores on Glacier No. 1 and other gla- ciers in the Tianshan Mountains.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42001067)Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(21JR7RA059)+4 种基金National Cryosphere Desert Data Center(20D03)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771077)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20020102)Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(2019QZKK0201)State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science(SKLCS-ZZ-2021).
文摘High-precision measuring of glacier evolution remains a challenge as the available global and regional remote sensing techniques cannot satisfactorily capture the local-scale processes of most small-and medium-sized mountain glaciers.In this study,we use a high-precision local remote sensing technique,long-range terrestrial laser scanning(TLS),to measure the evolution of Urumqi Glacier No.1 at an annual scale.We found that the dense point clouds derived from the TLS survey can be used to reconstruct glacier surface terrain,with certain details,such as depressions,debris-covered areas,and supra-glacial drainages can be distinguished.The glacier experienced pronounced thickness thinning and continuous retreat over the last four mass-balance years(2015−2019).The mean surface slope of Urumqi Glacier No.1 gradually steepened,which may increase the removal of glacier mass.The glacier was deeply incised by two very prominent primary supra-glacial rivers,and those rivers presented a widening trend.Extensive networks of supra-glacial channels had a significant impact on accelerated glacier mass loss.High-precision measuring is of vital importance to understanding the annual evolution of this type of glacier.
文摘After the Morakot disaster in 2009, the affected indigenous tribes suffered from the government’s use of permanent housing as a single reconstruction option, which forced the victims to leave their original land for a new life in a different reconstruction mode. The purpose of this study is to explore the ways adopted by tribal residents to maintain their own culture and tribal life in the process of disaster, post disaster reconstruction and post disaster adjustment. Veoveoana Village in Taiwan is an indigenous tribe that relocated after a disaster and was reconstructed and developed through tourism development. This study performed the research by participant observation and in-depth interviews on Veoveoana Village. The analytical results showed that: 1) development of the tourism industry can result in cultural reconstruction of the post-disaster tribe and maintain the people’s incomes;2) although the government constantly assists with the rehabilitation of tribal industry by various policies, the implementation cannot effectively continue and the outcome is insignificant;3) due to the gap between permanent prefabricated housing and original tribal cultural features, the residential rate is not high. According to the research findings, it is suggested that, in the process of post-disaster reconstruction, the government and private non-profit organizations should respect the intention of the majority of the indigenous people. In addition, it should cultivate professional manpower for the subsidized projects.
基金supported by The WHO Mekong Malaria Programme(WP/10/MVP/005837)the tenth grant to China of the Global Fund to fight AIDS,Tuberculosis and Malaria(GFATM/CHN-011-G15-M)+1 种基金China National Malaria Elimination Programme(CNMEP)supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC/81560543).
文摘Background:From 2007 to 2013,intensive control measures reduced malaria burden by 90%along the China-Myanmar border.However,despite these measures a P.falciparum malaria outbreak was reported in the Shan Special Region II of Myanmar in June of 2014.Methods:Epidemiological,parasitological and entomological investigations were performed.Dihydroartemisinin piperaquine(DAPQ)was immediately administered to treat parasite positive individuals.Long lasting insecticidal nets(LLIN),indoor residual spraying(IRS)with insecticides and behavior change communication(BCC)were also provided for outbreak control.An embedded efficacy study was conducted evaluating DP.Molecular genotyping via polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was performed on the Kelch gene on chromosome 13.Results:All infections were identified as Plasmodium falciparum by RDT and microscopy.Two fatalities resulted from the outbreak.The attack rate was 72.8%(67/92)and the incidence density rate was 14.2 per 100 person-weeks.The positive rate of rapid diagnostic test(RDT)was 72.2%(65/90)and microscopically-determine parasite rate 42.2%(38/90).Adjusted odds ratio(OR)of multivariate logistic regression analysis for aged<15 years,15–45 years,inappropriate treatment from a private healer and lack of bed nets were 13.51(95%confidence interval,2.21–105.89),7.75(1.48–44.97),3.78(1.30–46.18)and 3.21(1.21–15.19)respectively.In the six surrounding communities of the outbreak site,positive RDT rate was 1.2%(4/328)and microscopically-determine parasite rate 0.6%(2/328).Two light traps collected a total of 110 anopheline mosquitoes including local vectors,An.minimus,An.sinensis and An.maculates.After intensive control,the detection of malaria attacks,parasites and antigen were reduced to zero between July 1 and December 1,2014.The cure rate of P.falciparum patients at day 42 was 94.3%(95%CI,80.8–99.3%).The PCR did not detect K13-propeller mutations.Conclusion:Imported P.falciparum caused the outbreak.Age,seeking inappropriate treatment and lack of bed nets were risk factors for infection during the outbreak.P.falciparum was sensitive to treatment with DAPQ.The integrated measures controlled the outbreak and prevented the spread of P.falciparum effectively.The results of this study indicate that malaria control on the China-Myanmar border,especially among special populations,needs further collaboration between China,Myanmar and international societies.
基金This study was supported by the Communicable Disease Research Consortium(COMDIS)of the Department for International Development of the UK Government,however,the views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the sponsor.
文摘Background:Financial issues are major barriers for rural-to-urban migrants accessing tuberculosis(TB)care in China.This paper discusses the effectiveness of providing financial incentives to migrant TB patients(with a focus on poor migrants in one district of Shanghai using treatment completion and default rates),the effect of financial incentives in terms of reducing the TB patient cost,and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the intervention.Results:Ninety and ninety-three migrant TB patients were registered in the intervention and control districts respectively.TB treatment completion rates significantly improved by 11%(from 78%to 89%)in the intervention district,compared with only a 3%increase(from 73%to 76%)in the control district(P=0.03).Default rates significantly decreased by 11%(from 22%to 11%)in the intervention district,compared with 1%(from 24%to 23%)in the control district(P=0.03).In the intervention district,the financial subsidy(RMB 1,080/US$170)accounted for 13%of the average patient direct cost(RMB 8,416/US$1,332).Each percent increase in treatment completion costs required an additional RMB 6,550(US$1,301)and each percent reduction in defaults costs required an additional RMB 5,240(US$825)in the intervention district.Conclusions:Overall,financial incentives proved to be effective in improving treatment completion and reducing default rates among migrant TB patients in Shanghai.The results suggest that financial incentives can be effectively utilized as a strategy to enhance case management among migrant TB patients in large cities in China,and this strategy may be applicable to similar international settings.
基金Supported by the Social Science Fund of Shandong Province,China under Grant 22BTY082the Young Scholar Project of Shandong University.
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?The literature has consistently demonstrated that distress rumination following a traumatic event has significant implications for mental health.However,the potential association between distress rumination and suicidality,as well as the underlying mechanisms driving this relationship,remains to be elucidated.What is added by this report?The current study demonstrated a significant,positive correlation between distress rumination and suicidal ideation in college students who have encountered traumatic events.The findings indicate that somatic anxiety serves as a mediator between distress rumination and suicidal ideation.What are the implications for public health practice?Interventions aimed at reducing somatic anxiety may contribute to a decrease in suicidal ideation.Assessing and addressing somatic anxiety symptoms in college students experiencing distressful rumination following traumatic events could potentially lower the risk of suicide.
