Cotton,a crucial commercial fibre crop,depends heavily on seed-associated characteristics like germination rate,vigour,and resistance to post-harvest deterioration for both production and lint quality.Serious cellular...Cotton,a crucial commercial fibre crop,depends heavily on seed-associated characteristics like germination rate,vigour,and resistance to post-harvest deterioration for both production and lint quality.Serious cellular damage dur-ing post-harvest processes such as delinting,prolonged seedling emergence periods,decreased viability,increased susceptibility to infections,and lipid peroxidation during storage pose serious problems to seed quality.The perfor-mance of seeds and total crop productivity are adversely affected by these problems.Traditional methods of seed improvement,like physical scarification and seed priming,have demonstrated promise in raising cotton seed vigour and germination rates.Furthermore,modern approaches including plasma therapies,magnetic water treatments,and nanotechnology-based treatments have shown promise in improving seed quality and reducing environmen-tal stresses.By offering sustainable substitutes for conventional approaches,these cutting-edge procedures lessen the need for fungicides and other agrochemicals that pollute the environment.This review explores various con-ventional and emerging strategies to address the detrimental factors impacting cotton seed quality.It emphasizes the importance of integrating classical and advanced approaches to enhance germination,ensure robust crop estab-lishment,and achieve higher yields.In addition to promoting sustainable cotton production,this kind of integration helps preserve the ecosystem and create resilient farming methods.展开更多
Mechanical threshing used when preparing maize seeds for planting subjects seed to damage and reduces seed quality.The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of mechanical threshing on the quality of maize see...Mechanical threshing used when preparing maize seeds for planting subjects seed to damage and reduces seed quality.The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of mechanical threshing on the quality of maize seed threshed at different moisture contents(MCs).Seeds of dent maize JK968 and flint maize DD2 were threshed at 12,15,18,21,and 24% MC.The damage degree was determined by iodine staining,and seed vigor was assessed by standard germination(SG),cold test germination(CTG),accelerated aging germination(AAG),seedling emergence rate,and seedling root and shoot length.The results showed that the damage percentage increased,and the seed vigor parameters decreased with increasing seed MC during threshing in both cultivars.For obtaining high seed quality,indicated by at least 90,85,and 80% of SG,AAG,and CTG,respectively,JK 968 and DD2 should be threshed at MC lower than 15 and 18%,respectively.Furthermore,the damage mainly occurred in the apical part of seeds,irrespective of the threshing MC in both cultivars.When the embryo was damaged,seedling emergence rates were significantly reduced with great influence on shoot length.Damage to the endosperm resulted in little effect on seedling performance.Flint maize DD2 was more tolerant to mechanical threshing than dent maize JK968.These results provided technical reference for the production and processing of high vigor maize seeds.展开更多
Pre-harvest desiccation may increase the efficiency of seed production. Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of diquat, paraquat, and ethephon applications on grain moisture, grain weight, and seed ge...Pre-harvest desiccation may increase the efficiency of seed production. Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of diquat, paraquat, and ethephon applications on grain moisture, grain weight, and seed ger- mination of hybrid rice Yanliangyou 88 （Oryza sativa ssp. indica） and conventional rice Wuyunjing 7 （Oryza sativa ssp. japonica）. In 2013, we tested 12 treatments applied at four weeks （Yanliangyou 88） and six weeks （Wuyunjing 7） after heading. Results showed that reductions in moisture content were significant two and four days after chemical ap- plication. Chemical applications had no adverse effects on lO00-grain weight, germination percentage, or germination index, but there were negative effects on the percentage of normal seedlings. Desiccation effects increased with increase in the period after application, while the effect of ethephon combined with diquat or paraquat on desiccation was limited compared with that of diquat or paraquat alone in a short period after application. In 2013, chemical ap- plications reduced the moisture content by from 0.5% to 6.4%, the germination percentage by from 0% to 3.3%, and the percentage of normal seedlings by from 13.3% to 100.0%. Among the treatments, diquat applied at 120 g/ha resulted in effective desiccation with fewer negative effects on grain weight and seed germination in 2013 and 2014. Therefore, diquat may have potential as a pre-harvest chemical desiccation treatment for rice. These results may provide a basis for developing and implementing protocols for large scale field trials.展开更多
To evaluate laboratory germination media, seed germi- nation rates and methodology for both Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata were counted in different germination medium, such as river sand, quartz sand and vermic...To evaluate laboratory germination media, seed germi- nation rates and methodology for both Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata were counted in different germination medium, such as river sand, quartz sand and vermiculite. The seeds of both species were sown at 2-cm depth of river sand, quartz sand and vermiculite. We evaluated methodologies of seeds of J. curcas and P. pinnata by ISTA （Interna- tional Seed Testing Association）. The results showed that river sand is the best medium for tree seeds planted at 2-cm depth of River sand. Vermiculite was second best. On paper media, there were many abnor- mal seedlings and this media were unsuitable for germination of the larger seeds.展开更多
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of osmopriming and different hydropriming treatments on the vigour and germination of China aster （Callistephus chinensis） seeds. Seed vigour and germination test...The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of osmopriming and different hydropriming treatments on the vigour and germination of China aster （Callistephus chinensis） seeds. Seed vigour and germination tests were conducted at 10, 20 and 30℃ in darkness for untreated, osmoprimed and hydroprimed seeds. The following parameters and categories of seeds and seedlings were evaluated： the mean germination time （MGT）, T10, T50, U75-25, U90-10, the percentage of germinating seeds （Gmax）, germination capacity, percentage of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds. The results showed that osmopriming accelerated seed germination to the largest extent and improved the uniformity of germination at 10 and 30℃. Among the hydropriming treatments the highest speed of germination was observed for seeds hydrated in 500 μL of water per 1 g of seeds for 48 h at 15℃. This treatment accelerated seed germination at 10℃ compared with the control. Osmopriming increased seed germination capacity at 30℃. None of the applied hydropriming treatments improved this parameter.展开更多
As an abiotic stress,adverse germination temperatures cause serious disruptions in physiological and biochemical processes involved in seed germination.Using a factorial experiment,we examined the effects of different...As an abiotic stress,adverse germination temperatures cause serious disruptions in physiological and biochemical processes involved in seed germination.Using a factorial experiment,we examined the effects of different seed priming treatments on enzymatic and biochemical performances of rice seed germination under different temperatures.Each of the rice genotypes(Hashemi,Sadry-domsefid,IRON-70-7053-7 and NORIN-22)was primed with hydro-hardening,KCl,CaCl2 and ascorbic acid(AsA)and without a priming agent as a control at low(15℃),optimum(25℃)and high(35℃)germination temperatures.The results showed that the enzymatic and biochemical performances of all the rice genotypes were affected by the seed priming agents,especially under the low germination temperature.At 15℃,seed priming with AsA was found to be the best agent for the activities of amylase,α-amylase,catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POX),ascorbate peroxidase(APOX)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)as well as the content of soluble sugars in the NORIN-22 genotype,and for protease activity and soluble protein content in the IRON-70-7053-7 genotype.SOD at the low germination temperature and CAT,POX and protease at the optimum and high germination temperatures were the most important enzymes in occurrence of germination potential in terms of seedling length,vigor index,normal seedling rate and germination rate.Under the priming agents,the highest changes in normal seedling rate were observed at the low and optimum germination temperatures by AsA priming in the Hashemi and NORIN-22 genotypes,and at the high germination temperature under KCl priming in the Hashemi genotype.展开更多
A field experiment was conducted at TamilNadu agricultural university, Coimbatore during rabi 2011 to study the effect of time transplanting on growth, yield attributes and resultant seed quality of davana. The experi...A field experiment was conducted at TamilNadu agricultural university, Coimbatore during rabi 2011 to study the effect of time transplanting on growth, yield attributes and resultant seed quality of davana. The experiment was laid out with five different dates of transplanting viz., October 15th, November 1st, November 15th, December 1st and December 15th with the spacing of 15 × 7.5 cm and 125:125:75 NPK kg/ha were adopted in a randomized block design with four replications. The results revealed that the seedlings transplanted at 15th November recorded the maximum number of branches/plant, seed yield/plant, seed yield/plot, resultant seed germination and vigour index.展开更多
Seed aging tolerance during storage is generally an important trait for crop production, yet the role of small auxin-up RNA genes in conferring seed aging tolerance is largely unknown in rice. In this study, one small...Seed aging tolerance during storage is generally an important trait for crop production, yet the role of small auxin-up RNA genes in conferring seed aging tolerance is largely unknown in rice. In this study, one small auxin-up RNA gene, OsSAUR33, was found to be involved in the regulation of seed aging tolerance in rice. The expression of OsSAUR33 was significantly induced in aged seeds compared with unaged seeds during the seed germination phase. Accordingly, the disruption of OsSAUR33 significantly reduced seed vigor compared to the wild type(WT) in response to natural storage or artificial aging treatments. The rice OsSAUR33 gene promotes the vigor of aged seeds by enhancing their reactive oxygen species(ROS) level during seed germination, and the accumulation of ROS was significantly delayed in the aged seeds of Ossaur33 mutants in comparison with WT during seed germination. Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)) treatments promoted the vigor of aged seeds in various rice varieties. Our results provide timely theoretical and technical insights for the trait improvement of seed aging tolerance in rice.展开更多
Rice grain yield is primarily determined by three key agronomic traits:panicle number,grain number per panicle,and grain weight(GW).However,the inherent tradeoffs among these yield components remain a persistent chall...Rice grain yield is primarily determined by three key agronomic traits:panicle number,grain number per panicle,and grain weight(GW).However,the inherent tradeoffs among these yield components remain a persistent challenge in rice breeding programs.Notably,compared with GW,brown rice weight(BRW)provides a more direct metric associated with actual grain yield potential.In this study,we conducted a two-year replicated genome-wide association study to elucidate the genetic architecture of BRW and identify new loci regulating GW.Among seven consistently detected loci across experimental replicates,four were not co-localized with previously reported genes associated with BRW or GW traits.BRW1.1,one of the four newly identified loci,was found to encode a novel RNA-binding protein.Functional characterization revealed that BRW1.1 acts as a negative regulator of BRW,potentially through modulating mRNA translation processes.Intriguingly,through integrated analysis of mutant phenotypes and haplotype variations,we demonstrated that BRW1.1 mediates the physiological tradeoff between GW and panicle number.This study not only delineates the genetic determinants of BRW but also identifies BRW1.1 as a promising molecular target for breaking the yield component tradeoff in precision rice breeding.展开更多
Consecutive stresses,such as initial submergence during germination followed by water deficit during the seedling stage,pose significant challenges to direct-seeded rice cultivation.By Linkage disequilibrium analysis,...Consecutive stresses,such as initial submergence during germination followed by water deficit during the seedling stage,pose significant challenges to direct-seeded rice cultivation.By Linkage disequilibrium analysis,Sub1 and Dro1(Δbp:10 Mb),as well as Sub1 and TPP7(Δbp:6 Mb)were identified to exhibit long-range linkage disequilibrium(LRLD).Meta-QTL analysis further revealed that Sub1 and TPP7 co-segregated for tolerance to submergence at the germination and seedling stages.Based on this,we hypothesized that LRLD might influence plant responses to consecutive stresses.To test this hypothesis,we developed a structured recombinant inbred line population from a cross between Bhalum 2 and Nagina 22,with alleles(Sub1 and TPP7)in linkage equilibrium.Mendelian randomization analysis validated that the parental alleles,rather than the recombinant alleles of Sub1 and TPP7,significantly influenced 13 out of 41 traits under consecutive stress conditions.Additionally,16 minor additive effect QTLs were detected between the genomic regions,spanning Sub1 and TPP7 for various traits.A single allele difference between these genomic regions enhanced crown root number,root dry weight,and specific root area by 11.45%,15.69%,and 33.15%,respectively,under flooded germination conditions.Candidate gene analysis identified WAK79 and MRLK59 as regulators of stress responses during flooded germination,recovery,and subsequent water deficit conditions.These findings highlight the critical role of parental allele combinations and genomic regions between Sub1 and TPP7 in regulating the stress responses under consecutive stresses.Favourable haplotypes derived from these alleles can be utilized to improve stress resilience in direct-seeded rice.展开更多
A number of internal signals are required for seed germination.However,the precise signalling responses in the initial imbibition of seed germination are not yet fully understood in rice.In this study,the RNA sequenci...A number of internal signals are required for seed germination.However,the precise signalling responses in the initial imbibition of seed germination are not yet fully understood in rice.In this study,the RNA sequencing(RNA-Seq)approach was conducted in 8 h imbibed seeds to understand the signalling responses in the initial imbibition of rice seed germination.A total of 563 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)with at least 4-fold change were identified in 8 h imbibed seeds compared to dry seeds.MapMan analysis revealed that the majority of signalling response-related DEGs were hormone-and transcription factor-related genes,in which the largest number of DEGs belong to the AP2-domain-containing regulators,and their expressions were significantly induced in the initial imbibition of seed germination in rice.Moreover,at least five AP2-domain-containing transcription factor OsDREBs were identified in the initial imbibition of rice seed germination,and the expressions of 251 DEGs were putatively regulated by OsDREBs through the dehydration-responsive element(DRE)cis-element assay.It suggested that the OsDREBs might play important roles in the regulation of initial seed imbibition in rice.The identified genes provide a valuable resource to study the signalling regulation of seed germination in the future.展开更多
Plant height is one of the most important agronomic traits associated with yield in maize.In this study,a gibberellins(GA)-insensitive dwarf mutant,m34,was screened from inbred line Ye478 by treatment with the chemica...Plant height is one of the most important agronomic traits associated with yield in maize.In this study,a gibberellins(GA)-insensitive dwarf mutant,m34,was screened from inbred line Ye478 by treatment with the chemical mutagen ethylmethanesulfonate(EMS).Compared to Ye478,m34 showed a dwarf phenotype with shorter internodes,and smaller leaf length and width,but with similar leaf number.Furthermore,m34 exhibited smaller guard cells in internodes than Ye478,suggesting that smaller cells might contribute to its dwarf phenotype.Genetic analysis indicated that the m34 dwarf phenotype was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene.An F2 population derived from a cross between m34 and B73 was used for mutational gene cloning and this gene was mapped to a chromosome region between umc2189 and umc1553 in chromosome 1 bin1.10,which harbored a previously identified dwarf gene Zm VP8.Sequencing analysis showed a nucleotide substitution(G1606 to A1606)in the sixth exon of ZmVP8,which resulted in an amino acid change(E531 to K531)from Ye478 to m34.This amino acid change resulted in anα-helix changing to aβ-sheet in the secondary protein structure and the‘SPEC’domain changed to a‘BOT1NT’domain in the tertiary protein structure.Taken together,these results suggested that m34 is a novel allelic mutant originally derived from Ye478 that is useful for further ZmVP8 functional analysis in maize.展开更多
The jasmonate ZIM-domain(JAZ)family of proteins serves as co-receptors and transcriptional repressors of jasmonic acid(JA)in plants.Their functional diversity and multiple roles make them important components of the r...The jasmonate ZIM-domain(JAZ)family of proteins serves as co-receptors and transcriptional repressors of jasmonic acid(JA)in plants.Their functional diversity and multiple roles make them important components of the regulatory network of JA and other hormonal signaling pathways.In this review,we provide an overview of the latest findings on JAZ family proteins and emphasize their roles in plant growth and development,and response to biotic and abiotic stress,along with their underlying mechanisms.Moreover,existing challenges and future applications are outlined with the aim of offering a reference for further research on JAZ proteins in the context of plant physiology.展开更多
Seed vigor is a crucial trait for the direct seeding of rice.Here we examined the genetic regulation of seed vigor traits in rice,including germination index(GI)and germination potential(GP),using a genome-wide associ...Seed vigor is a crucial trait for the direct seeding of rice.Here we examined the genetic regulation of seed vigor traits in rice,including germination index(GI)and germination potential(GP),using a genome-wide association study approach.One major quantitative trait locus,qGI6/qGP6,was identified simultaneously for both GI and GP.The candidate gene encoding the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B(OsCOX5B)was validated for qGI6/qGP6.The disruption of OsCOX5B caused the vigor traits to be significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in the japonica Nipponbare wild type(WT).Gene co-expression analysis revealed that OsCOX5B influences seed vigor mainly by modulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle process.The glucose levels were significantly higher while the pyruvic acid and adenosine triphosphate levels were significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in WT during seed germination.The elite haplotype of OsCOX5B facilitates seed vigor by increasing its expression during seed germination.Thus,we propose that OsCOX5B is a potential target for the breeding of rice varieties with enhanced seed vigor for direct seeding.展开更多
Background Under K deficiency the uptake and distribution pattern in plant cells is mediated through different transport proteins and channels which were controlled by specific gene family.Therefore,a hydroponic exper...Background Under K deficiency the uptake and distribution pattern in plant cells is mediated through different transport proteins and channels which were controlled by specific gene family.Therefore,a hydroponic experiment was conducted under control condition for testing the gene expression pattern of the K transporter under adequate and low K supply levels.After that,a 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate five selected cotton cultivars(four K-efficient cultivars,viz.,CIM-554,CYTO-124,FH-142,IUB-2013,and one K non-efficient,BH-212) screened from the initial hydroponics culture experiment and two levels of potassium(0 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1) and 50 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1)) were tested under reduced irrigation(50% available water content;50 AWC) and normal irrigation conditions(100% available water content;100 AWC).Result Results revealed that the transcript levels of GhHAK5aD in roots were significantly higher in K^(+) efficient cultivars than that in K^(+) non-efficient cultivars.The GhHAK5aD expression upon K^(+) deficiency was higher in roots but lower in shoots,indicating that GhHAK5aD could have a role in K^(+) uptake in roots,instead of transport of K^(+) from root to shoot.Similarly,under field conditions the cultivar FH-142 showed an increase of 22.3%,4.9%,2.4%,and 1.4% as compared with BH-212,IUB-2013,CYTO-124,and CIM-554,respectively,in seed cotton yield(SCY) with K application under reduced irrigation conditions.With applied K,the FH-142 showed an increase in net photosynthetic rate by 57.3% as compared with the rest of the cultivars under reduced irrigation over K control.However,the overall performance indicators of K-efficient cultivars like FH-142,CYTO-124,CIM-554,and IUB-2013 were better than BH-212(K in-efficient) under reduced irrigation conditions with applied K at 50 kg·ha^(-1).Fiber quality trait improved significantly with K application under water deficit.The increase in micronaire was 3.6%,4.7%,7.8%,3.4%,and 6.7% in BH-212,IUB-2013,CIM-554,CYTO-124,and FH-142,respectively,with K application at 50 kg·ha^(-1) over without K application under reduced irrigation conditions during the cotton growing season.Similarly,the cultivars FH-142 increased by 12% with K application under reduced irrigation as compared with other cultivars.The performance of K-efficient cultivars under reduced irrigation conditions was 30% better in SCY and quality traits with the application of K at 50 kg·ha^(-1) as compared with K-non-efficient cultivars.Similarly,water use efficiency(WUE)(40.1%) and potassium use efficiency(KUE)(20.2%) were also noted higher in case of FH-142 as compared with other cultivar with K application under reduced conditions.Conclusion Higher expression of GhHAK5aD gene was observed in K-efficient cultivars as compared with K-nonefficient cultivars in roots indicates that GhHAK5aD may be contributing to genotypic differences for K^(+) efficiency in cotton.K-efficient cotton cultivars can be used for the low-K environments and can also be recommended for general cultivars.展开更多
Socioeconomic development,adaptive capacity of the population,and demographic conditions across the states of South Asia make it more vulnerable to climate change.South Asia is daily going to be more vulnerable to cli...Socioeconomic development,adaptive capacity of the population,and demographic conditions across the states of South Asia make it more vulnerable to climate change.South Asia is daily going to be more vulnerable to climate change and climatic variability.This region is facing multiple challenges in terms of climate change,dilapidation of ecosystems,and food insecurity.Climate is the primary determining factor for agricultural output,which unswervingly influences food production across the globe.South Asia is mainly an agricultural foundation based region and thus the economy of these regions directly depends on agriculture and agricultural production.Due to the extensive dependence on natural assets for thriving,it makes the people of this region more vulnerable to climate change.This region is now under serious risk from sea-level rising and growing incidences of extreme events such as flash floods,enhanced temperature,drought,salinity,cyclones,storms,landslides,and irregularity of precipitation.These abiotic stresses continuously disturb plant growth and productivity.It is now the time to take urgent action on these issues towards a sustainable,inclusive and resource efficient way to overcome this.In this review,we summarize the overall situation of climate change in the South Asian countries and their adverse consequences on plants,and upcoming challenges towards a sustainable production.展开更多
Plant metabolites are important for both plant life and human nutrition. However, the genetic control of plant metabolome remains largely unknown. Here, we performed a genetic analysis of the different rice metabolome...Plant metabolites are important for both plant life and human nutrition. However, the genetic control of plant metabolome remains largely unknown. Here, we performed a genetic analysis of the different rice metabolome and isozymes which are highly versatile and non-destructive as bio-markers. Five isozymes peroxidase, catalase, malate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH), polyphenol oxidase were studied to characterize the thirty rice cultivars and two hybrids KRH-2 and KRH-4 along with their parental lines. Among the zymograms, ADH was found to be useful for the detection of cultivars, like CTH1, IR64, IR30864, with an Rm value of 0.549. The metabolomics of rice cultivars by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry instrument with selected reaction monitoring mode software identified the 66 metabolites in the rice samples, including amino, organic, fatty acids, alcohols and sugars(mono-/dis-accharides). All metabolites investigated varied significantly among rice samples. Jaya had the higher number of metabolites(15) with a peak for each metabolite, followed by Jyothi(13). This study demonstrated a powerful tool and provided a high-quality data for understanding the plant metabolome and isozymes, which may help bridge the gap between the genome and phenome.展开更多
Poor seedling emergence is a challenge for direct seeding of rice under deep-sowing field conditions.Here we reveal that UDP-glucosyltransferase OsUGT75A promotes rice seedling emergence under deepsowing conditions by...Poor seedling emergence is a challenge for direct seeding of rice under deep-sowing field conditions.Here we reveal that UDP-glucosyltransferase OsUGT75A promotes rice seedling emergence under deepsowing conditions by increasing shoot length.Expression of OsUGT75A was higher in the middle regions of the shoot and in shoots under deep-sowing conditions.Levels of free abscisic acid(ABA)and jasmonates(JA)were higher in shoots of OsUGT75A mutants than in those of wild-type plants,and OsUGT75A mutants were more sensitive to ABA and JA treatments.Reduced shoot length was attributed to higher ABA INSENSITIVE 3(OsABI3)expression and lower JASMONATE-ZIM domain protein(OsJAZ)expression in shoots.Shoot extension by OsUGT75A is achieved mainly by promotion of cell elongation.An elite haplotype of OsUGT75A associated with increased shoot length was identified among indica rice accessions.OsUGT75A acts to increase seedling emergence under deep-sowing conditions.展开更多
Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA),widely existing in different organisms,is rapidly accumulated in plants in response to environmental stresses.The main biosynthesis and degradation pathways of GABA constitute the GABA sh...Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA),widely existing in different organisms,is rapidly accumulated in plants in response to environmental stresses.The main biosynthesis and degradation pathways of GABA constitute the GABA shunt,which is tied to the tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle.GABA transaminase(GABA-T)and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase(SSADH)are two essential enzymes for the GABA degradation pathway.While there are abundant studies on GABA shunt in higher plants at the physiological and genetic levels,research on its role in microalgae remains limited.This study aimed at exploring the function of GABA-T and SSADH genes in Isochrysis zhanjiangensis,an important diet microalga,under different stresses.We cloned two GABA-T genes,IzGABA-T1 and IzGABA-T2,and one SSADH gene IzSSADH from Isochrysis zhanjiangensis and conducted heterologous expression experiments.The results showed that the overexpression of IzGABA-T1 or IzGABA-T2 enhanced the survival rates of yeast transformants under heat or NaCl stress,while the overexpression of IzSSADH improved yeast tolerance to NaCl stress but had no obvious effect on heat stress.Additionally,the results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)showed that IzGABA-T1 transcription increased in the HT(salinity 25,35℃)and LS(salinity 15,25℃)groups.At 24 h,the IzGABA-T2 transcriptions increased in the HT,LS,and HS(salinity 35,25℃)groups,but their transcription levels decreased in all groups at 48 h.IzSSADH transcription increased in the LS group.These results suggest that IzGABA-T1,IzGABA-T2,and IzSSADH are associated with temperature and salinity stresses and possess a certain preference for different stresses.展开更多
Seed germination is a complex trait regulated by multiple genes in rice.However,the regulators of rice seed germination have yet to be sufficiently determined.Here,a quantitative trait locus(QTL)for rice seed germinat...Seed germination is a complex trait regulated by multiple genes in rice.However,the regulators of rice seed germination have yet to be sufficiently determined.Here,a quantitative trait locus(QTL)for rice seed germination was identified in a genome-wide association study.The candidate gene JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN 5(OsJAZ5)of the QTL was verified that positively regulates seed germination.OsJAZ5 regulation of seed germination involves an OsABI3-mediated abscisic acid pathway.Overexpression of OsJAZ5 facilitated seed germination.The application of OsJAZ5 might be useful for increasing seed germination for rice direct seeding.展开更多
基金the Indian Council of Agriculture Research-National Agriculture Higher Education Program(No.A4/003026/2023)to carry out this work during the international faculty training program at Nanyang Technological University,Singapore,under the Institution Development Plan.
文摘Cotton,a crucial commercial fibre crop,depends heavily on seed-associated characteristics like germination rate,vigour,and resistance to post-harvest deterioration for both production and lint quality.Serious cellular damage dur-ing post-harvest processes such as delinting,prolonged seedling emergence periods,decreased viability,increased susceptibility to infections,and lipid peroxidation during storage pose serious problems to seed quality.The perfor-mance of seeds and total crop productivity are adversely affected by these problems.Traditional methods of seed improvement,like physical scarification and seed priming,have demonstrated promise in raising cotton seed vigour and germination rates.Furthermore,modern approaches including plasma therapies,magnetic water treatments,and nanotechnology-based treatments have shown promise in improving seed quality and reducing environmen-tal stresses.By offering sustainable substitutes for conventional approaches,these cutting-edge procedures lessen the need for fungicides and other agrochemicals that pollute the environment.This review explores various con-ventional and emerging strategies to address the detrimental factors impacting cotton seed quality.It emphasizes the importance of integrating classical and advanced approaches to enhance germination,ensure robust crop estab-lishment,and achieve higher yields.In addition to promoting sustainable cotton production,this kind of integration helps preserve the ecosystem and create resilient farming methods.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-10)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(201303002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771891)
文摘Mechanical threshing used when preparing maize seeds for planting subjects seed to damage and reduces seed quality.The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of mechanical threshing on the quality of maize seed threshed at different moisture contents(MCs).Seeds of dent maize JK968 and flint maize DD2 were threshed at 12,15,18,21,and 24% MC.The damage degree was determined by iodine staining,and seed vigor was assessed by standard germination(SG),cold test germination(CTG),accelerated aging germination(AAG),seedling emergence rate,and seedling root and shoot length.The results showed that the damage percentage increased,and the seed vigor parameters decreased with increasing seed MC during threshing in both cultivars.For obtaining high seed quality,indicated by at least 90,85,and 80% of SG,AAG,and CTG,respectively,JK 968 and DD2 should be threshed at MC lower than 15 and 18%,respectively.Furthermore,the damage mainly occurred in the apical part of seeds,irrespective of the threshing MC in both cultivars.When the embryo was damaged,seedling emergence rates were significantly reduced with great influence on shoot length.Damage to the endosperm resulted in little effect on seedling performance.Flint maize DD2 was more tolerant to mechanical threshing than dent maize JK968.These results provided technical reference for the production and processing of high vigor maize seeds.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.201203052)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.KYZ201402 and KYZ201202-9)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31271806)
文摘Pre-harvest desiccation may increase the efficiency of seed production. Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of diquat, paraquat, and ethephon applications on grain moisture, grain weight, and seed ger- mination of hybrid rice Yanliangyou 88 （Oryza sativa ssp. indica） and conventional rice Wuyunjing 7 （Oryza sativa ssp. japonica）. In 2013, we tested 12 treatments applied at four weeks （Yanliangyou 88） and six weeks （Wuyunjing 7） after heading. Results showed that reductions in moisture content were significant two and four days after chemical ap- plication. Chemical applications had no adverse effects on lO00-grain weight, germination percentage, or germination index, but there were negative effects on the percentage of normal seedlings. Desiccation effects increased with increase in the period after application, while the effect of ethephon combined with diquat or paraquat on desiccation was limited compared with that of diquat or paraquat alone in a short period after application. In 2013, chemical ap- plications reduced the moisture content by from 0.5% to 6.4%, the germination percentage by from 0% to 3.3%, and the percentage of normal seedlings by from 13.3% to 100.0%. Among the treatments, diquat applied at 120 g/ha resulted in effective desiccation with fewer negative effects on grain weight and seed germination in 2013 and 2014. Therefore, diquat may have potential as a pre-harvest chemical desiccation treatment for rice. These results may provide a basis for developing and implementing protocols for large scale field trials.
基金supported by National Oil seeds andVegetable Oils Development(NOVOD)Board(Ministry of Agriculture,Department of Agriculture and Co-operation)Government ofIndia,Gurgaon(Haryana)
文摘To evaluate laboratory germination media, seed germi- nation rates and methodology for both Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata were counted in different germination medium, such as river sand, quartz sand and vermiculite. The seeds of both species were sown at 2-cm depth of river sand, quartz sand and vermiculite. We evaluated methodologies of seeds of J. curcas and P. pinnata by ISTA （Interna- tional Seed Testing Association）. The results showed that river sand is the best medium for tree seeds planted at 2-cm depth of River sand. Vermiculite was second best. On paper media, there were many abnor- mal seedlings and this media were unsuitable for germination of the larger seeds.
文摘The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of osmopriming and different hydropriming treatments on the vigour and germination of China aster （Callistephus chinensis） seeds. Seed vigour and germination tests were conducted at 10, 20 and 30℃ in darkness for untreated, osmoprimed and hydroprimed seeds. The following parameters and categories of seeds and seedlings were evaluated： the mean germination time （MGT）, T10, T50, U75-25, U90-10, the percentage of germinating seeds （Gmax）, germination capacity, percentage of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds. The results showed that osmopriming accelerated seed germination to the largest extent and improved the uniformity of germination at 10 and 30℃. Among the hydropriming treatments the highest speed of germination was observed for seeds hydrated in 500 μL of water per 1 g of seeds for 48 h at 15℃. This treatment accelerated seed germination at 10℃ compared with the control. Osmopriming increased seed germination capacity at 30℃. None of the applied hydropriming treatments improved this parameter.
基金supported by the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesSabz Fanavaran Loozan Shomal Company+1 种基金University of GuilanGuilan Science and Technology Park, Iran
文摘As an abiotic stress,adverse germination temperatures cause serious disruptions in physiological and biochemical processes involved in seed germination.Using a factorial experiment,we examined the effects of different seed priming treatments on enzymatic and biochemical performances of rice seed germination under different temperatures.Each of the rice genotypes(Hashemi,Sadry-domsefid,IRON-70-7053-7 and NORIN-22)was primed with hydro-hardening,KCl,CaCl2 and ascorbic acid(AsA)and without a priming agent as a control at low(15℃),optimum(25℃)and high(35℃)germination temperatures.The results showed that the enzymatic and biochemical performances of all the rice genotypes were affected by the seed priming agents,especially under the low germination temperature.At 15℃,seed priming with AsA was found to be the best agent for the activities of amylase,α-amylase,catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POX),ascorbate peroxidase(APOX)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)as well as the content of soluble sugars in the NORIN-22 genotype,and for protease activity and soluble protein content in the IRON-70-7053-7 genotype.SOD at the low germination temperature and CAT,POX and protease at the optimum and high germination temperatures were the most important enzymes in occurrence of germination potential in terms of seedling length,vigor index,normal seedling rate and germination rate.Under the priming agents,the highest changes in normal seedling rate were observed at the low and optimum germination temperatures by AsA priming in the Hashemi and NORIN-22 genotypes,and at the high germination temperature under KCl priming in the Hashemi genotype.
文摘A field experiment was conducted at TamilNadu agricultural university, Coimbatore during rabi 2011 to study the effect of time transplanting on growth, yield attributes and resultant seed quality of davana. The experiment was laid out with five different dates of transplanting viz., October 15th, November 1st, November 15th, December 1st and December 15th with the spacing of 15 × 7.5 cm and 125:125:75 NPK kg/ha were adopted in a randomized block design with four replications. The results revealed that the seedlings transplanted at 15th November recorded the maximum number of branches/plant, seed yield/plant, seed yield/plot, resultant seed germination and vigour index.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,China(2022B0202060006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201838,32272157,32172052,and 31971995)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2023A1515012052)the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City,China(SCKJJYRC-2022-87)the Double First-class Discipline Promotion Project,China(2021B10564001)
文摘Seed aging tolerance during storage is generally an important trait for crop production, yet the role of small auxin-up RNA genes in conferring seed aging tolerance is largely unknown in rice. In this study, one small auxin-up RNA gene, OsSAUR33, was found to be involved in the regulation of seed aging tolerance in rice. The expression of OsSAUR33 was significantly induced in aged seeds compared with unaged seeds during the seed germination phase. Accordingly, the disruption of OsSAUR33 significantly reduced seed vigor compared to the wild type(WT) in response to natural storage or artificial aging treatments. The rice OsSAUR33 gene promotes the vigor of aged seeds by enhancing their reactive oxygen species(ROS) level during seed germination, and the accumulation of ROS was significantly delayed in the aged seeds of Ossaur33 mutants in comparison with WT during seed germination. Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)) treatments promoted the vigor of aged seeds in various rice varieties. Our results provide timely theoretical and technical insights for the trait improvement of seed aging tolerance in rice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32000377,32172037,and 32472211)the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project,China(Grant No.2023ZD04068)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.KJQN202103)the open funds of the State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics&Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization,China(Grant No.ZW202401)the Cyrus Tang Innovation Center for Crop Seed Industry,China.
文摘Rice grain yield is primarily determined by three key agronomic traits:panicle number,grain number per panicle,and grain weight(GW).However,the inherent tradeoffs among these yield components remain a persistent challenge in rice breeding programs.Notably,compared with GW,brown rice weight(BRW)provides a more direct metric associated with actual grain yield potential.In this study,we conducted a two-year replicated genome-wide association study to elucidate the genetic architecture of BRW and identify new loci regulating GW.Among seven consistently detected loci across experimental replicates,four were not co-localized with previously reported genes associated with BRW or GW traits.BRW1.1,one of the four newly identified loci,was found to encode a novel RNA-binding protein.Functional characterization revealed that BRW1.1 acts as a negative regulator of BRW,potentially through modulating mRNA translation processes.Intriguingly,through integrated analysis of mutant phenotypes and haplotype variations,we demonstrated that BRW1.1 mediates the physiological tradeoff between GW and panicle number.This study not only delineates the genetic determinants of BRW but also identifies BRW1.1 as a promising molecular target for breaking the yield component tradeoff in precision rice breeding.
基金supported by the Director General,Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR),New Delhithe Director,ICAR-National Rice Research Institute,Cuttack.
文摘Consecutive stresses,such as initial submergence during germination followed by water deficit during the seedling stage,pose significant challenges to direct-seeded rice cultivation.By Linkage disequilibrium analysis,Sub1 and Dro1(Δbp:10 Mb),as well as Sub1 and TPP7(Δbp:6 Mb)were identified to exhibit long-range linkage disequilibrium(LRLD).Meta-QTL analysis further revealed that Sub1 and TPP7 co-segregated for tolerance to submergence at the germination and seedling stages.Based on this,we hypothesized that LRLD might influence plant responses to consecutive stresses.To test this hypothesis,we developed a structured recombinant inbred line population from a cross between Bhalum 2 and Nagina 22,with alleles(Sub1 and TPP7)in linkage equilibrium.Mendelian randomization analysis validated that the parental alleles,rather than the recombinant alleles of Sub1 and TPP7,significantly influenced 13 out of 41 traits under consecutive stress conditions.Additionally,16 minor additive effect QTLs were detected between the genomic regions,spanning Sub1 and TPP7 for various traits.A single allele difference between these genomic regions enhanced crown root number,root dry weight,and specific root area by 11.45%,15.69%,and 33.15%,respectively,under flooded germination conditions.Candidate gene analysis identified WAK79 and MRLK59 as regulators of stress responses during flooded germination,recovery,and subsequent water deficit conditions.These findings highlight the critical role of parental allele combinations and genomic regions between Sub1 and TPP7 in regulating the stress responses under consecutive stresses.Favourable haplotypes derived from these alleles can be utilized to improve stress resilience in direct-seeded rice.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan (Grant No. 2018YFD0100901)the Guangdong Province Key Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2018B020202012)+1 种基金the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding (Grant No. GPKLPMB201903)the Major Scientific Research Projects of General Colleges and Universities of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2017KTSCX024)
文摘A number of internal signals are required for seed germination.However,the precise signalling responses in the initial imbibition of seed germination are not yet fully understood in rice.In this study,the RNA sequencing(RNA-Seq)approach was conducted in 8 h imbibed seeds to understand the signalling responses in the initial imbibition of rice seed germination.A total of 563 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)with at least 4-fold change were identified in 8 h imbibed seeds compared to dry seeds.MapMan analysis revealed that the majority of signalling response-related DEGs were hormone-and transcription factor-related genes,in which the largest number of DEGs belong to the AP2-domain-containing regulators,and their expressions were significantly induced in the initial imbibition of seed germination in rice.Moreover,at least five AP2-domain-containing transcription factor OsDREBs were identified in the initial imbibition of rice seed germination,and the expressions of 251 DEGs were putatively regulated by OsDREBs through the dehydration-responsive element(DRE)cis-element assay.It suggested that the OsDREBs might play important roles in the regulation of initial seed imbibition in rice.The identified genes provide a valuable resource to study the signalling regulation of seed germination in the future.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0101803)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-10)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771891)the Chinese University Scientific Fund(2015ZH001)
文摘Plant height is one of the most important agronomic traits associated with yield in maize.In this study,a gibberellins(GA)-insensitive dwarf mutant,m34,was screened from inbred line Ye478 by treatment with the chemical mutagen ethylmethanesulfonate(EMS).Compared to Ye478,m34 showed a dwarf phenotype with shorter internodes,and smaller leaf length and width,but with similar leaf number.Furthermore,m34 exhibited smaller guard cells in internodes than Ye478,suggesting that smaller cells might contribute to its dwarf phenotype.Genetic analysis indicated that the m34 dwarf phenotype was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene.An F2 population derived from a cross between m34 and B73 was used for mutational gene cloning and this gene was mapped to a chromosome region between umc2189 and umc1553 in chromosome 1 bin1.10,which harbored a previously identified dwarf gene Zm VP8.Sequencing analysis showed a nucleotide substitution(G1606 to A1606)in the sixth exon of ZmVP8,which resulted in an amino acid change(E531 to K531)from Ye478 to m34.This amino acid change resulted in anα-helix changing to aβ-sheet in the secondary protein structure and the‘SPEC’domain changed to a‘BOT1NT’domain in the tertiary protein structure.Taken together,these results suggested that m34 is a novel allelic mutant originally derived from Ye478 that is useful for further ZmVP8 functional analysis in maize.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32372156,32201838,32272157)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2024A1515011084,2023A1515012052,2023A1515012092)the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou (2023A04J0749,2023A04J1452).
文摘The jasmonate ZIM-domain(JAZ)family of proteins serves as co-receptors and transcriptional repressors of jasmonic acid(JA)in plants.Their functional diversity and multiple roles make them important components of the regulatory network of JA and other hormonal signaling pathways.In this review,we provide an overview of the latest findings on JAZ family proteins and emphasize their roles in plant growth and development,and response to biotic and abiotic stress,along with their underlying mechanisms.Moreover,existing challenges and future applications are outlined with the aim of offering a reference for further research on JAZ proteins in the context of plant physiology.
基金supported by the Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund,China(ZDYF2023XDNY086)the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City,China(SCKJ-JYRC-2022-87)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2023A1515012052 and 2023A1515012092)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project,China(2023A04J1452 and 2023A04J0749)the Double First-class Discipline Promotion Project,China(2021B10564001).
文摘Seed vigor is a crucial trait for the direct seeding of rice.Here we examined the genetic regulation of seed vigor traits in rice,including germination index(GI)and germination potential(GP),using a genome-wide association study approach.One major quantitative trait locus,qGI6/qGP6,was identified simultaneously for both GI and GP.The candidate gene encoding the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B(OsCOX5B)was validated for qGI6/qGP6.The disruption of OsCOX5B caused the vigor traits to be significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in the japonica Nipponbare wild type(WT).Gene co-expression analysis revealed that OsCOX5B influences seed vigor mainly by modulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle process.The glucose levels were significantly higher while the pyruvic acid and adenosine triphosphate levels were significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in WT during seed germination.The elite haplotype of OsCOX5B facilitates seed vigor by increasing its expression during seed germination.Thus,we propose that OsCOX5B is a potential target for the breeding of rice varieties with enhanced seed vigor for direct seeding.
文摘Background Under K deficiency the uptake and distribution pattern in plant cells is mediated through different transport proteins and channels which were controlled by specific gene family.Therefore,a hydroponic experiment was conducted under control condition for testing the gene expression pattern of the K transporter under adequate and low K supply levels.After that,a 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate five selected cotton cultivars(four K-efficient cultivars,viz.,CIM-554,CYTO-124,FH-142,IUB-2013,and one K non-efficient,BH-212) screened from the initial hydroponics culture experiment and two levels of potassium(0 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1) and 50 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1)) were tested under reduced irrigation(50% available water content;50 AWC) and normal irrigation conditions(100% available water content;100 AWC).Result Results revealed that the transcript levels of GhHAK5aD in roots were significantly higher in K^(+) efficient cultivars than that in K^(+) non-efficient cultivars.The GhHAK5aD expression upon K^(+) deficiency was higher in roots but lower in shoots,indicating that GhHAK5aD could have a role in K^(+) uptake in roots,instead of transport of K^(+) from root to shoot.Similarly,under field conditions the cultivar FH-142 showed an increase of 22.3%,4.9%,2.4%,and 1.4% as compared with BH-212,IUB-2013,CYTO-124,and CIM-554,respectively,in seed cotton yield(SCY) with K application under reduced irrigation conditions.With applied K,the FH-142 showed an increase in net photosynthetic rate by 57.3% as compared with the rest of the cultivars under reduced irrigation over K control.However,the overall performance indicators of K-efficient cultivars like FH-142,CYTO-124,CIM-554,and IUB-2013 were better than BH-212(K in-efficient) under reduced irrigation conditions with applied K at 50 kg·ha^(-1).Fiber quality trait improved significantly with K application under water deficit.The increase in micronaire was 3.6%,4.7%,7.8%,3.4%,and 6.7% in BH-212,IUB-2013,CIM-554,CYTO-124,and FH-142,respectively,with K application at 50 kg·ha^(-1) over without K application under reduced irrigation conditions during the cotton growing season.Similarly,the cultivars FH-142 increased by 12% with K application under reduced irrigation as compared with other cultivars.The performance of K-efficient cultivars under reduced irrigation conditions was 30% better in SCY and quality traits with the application of K at 50 kg·ha^(-1) as compared with K-non-efficient cultivars.Similarly,water use efficiency(WUE)(40.1%) and potassium use efficiency(KUE)(20.2%) were also noted higher in case of FH-142 as compared with other cultivar with K application under reduced conditions.Conclusion Higher expression of GhHAK5aD gene was observed in K-efficient cultivars as compared with K-nonefficient cultivars in roots indicates that GhHAK5aD may be contributing to genotypic differences for K^(+) efficiency in cotton.K-efficient cotton cultivars can be used for the low-K environments and can also be recommended for general cultivars.
文摘Socioeconomic development,adaptive capacity of the population,and demographic conditions across the states of South Asia make it more vulnerable to climate change.South Asia is daily going to be more vulnerable to climate change and climatic variability.This region is facing multiple challenges in terms of climate change,dilapidation of ecosystems,and food insecurity.Climate is the primary determining factor for agricultural output,which unswervingly influences food production across the globe.South Asia is mainly an agricultural foundation based region and thus the economy of these regions directly depends on agriculture and agricultural production.Due to the extensive dependence on natural assets for thriving,it makes the people of this region more vulnerable to climate change.This region is now under serious risk from sea-level rising and growing incidences of extreme events such as flash floods,enhanced temperature,drought,salinity,cyclones,storms,landslides,and irregularity of precipitation.These abiotic stresses continuously disturb plant growth and productivity.It is now the time to take urgent action on these issues towards a sustainable,inclusive and resource efficient way to overcome this.In this review,we summarize the overall situation of climate change in the South Asian countries and their adverse consequences on plants,and upcoming challenges towards a sustainable production.
基金supported by the Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship of the Ministry of Science and Technology, India
文摘Plant metabolites are important for both plant life and human nutrition. However, the genetic control of plant metabolome remains largely unknown. Here, we performed a genetic analysis of the different rice metabolome and isozymes which are highly versatile and non-destructive as bio-markers. Five isozymes peroxidase, catalase, malate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH), polyphenol oxidase were studied to characterize the thirty rice cultivars and two hybrids KRH-2 and KRH-4 along with their parental lines. Among the zymograms, ADH was found to be useful for the detection of cultivars, like CTH1, IR64, IR30864, with an Rm value of 0.549. The metabolomics of rice cultivars by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry instrument with selected reaction monitoring mode software identified the 66 metabolites in the rice samples, including amino, organic, fatty acids, alcohols and sugars(mono-/dis-accharides). All metabolites investigated varied significantly among rice samples. Jaya had the higher number of metabolites(15) with a peak for each metabolite, followed by Jyothi(13). This study demonstrated a powerful tool and provided a high-quality data for understanding the plant metabolome and isozymes, which may help bridge the gap between the genome and phenome.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2022B0202060006)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2023A1515012052,2023A1515012092)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou(2023A04J0749,2023A04J1452)the Special Fund for Student Cultivation of Scientific and Technological Innovation of Guangdong Province(pdjh2021b0084)the Double First-Class Discipline Promotion Project of South China Agricultural University(2021B10564001).
文摘Poor seedling emergence is a challenge for direct seeding of rice under deep-sowing field conditions.Here we reveal that UDP-glucosyltransferase OsUGT75A promotes rice seedling emergence under deepsowing conditions by increasing shoot length.Expression of OsUGT75A was higher in the middle regions of the shoot and in shoots under deep-sowing conditions.Levels of free abscisic acid(ABA)and jasmonates(JA)were higher in shoots of OsUGT75A mutants than in those of wild-type plants,and OsUGT75A mutants were more sensitive to ABA and JA treatments.Reduced shoot length was attributed to higher ABA INSENSITIVE 3(OsABI3)expression and lower JASMONATE-ZIM domain protein(OsJAZ)expression in shoots.Shoot extension by OsUGT75A is achieved mainly by promotion of cell elongation.An elite haplotype of OsUGT75A associated with increased shoot length was identified among indica rice accessions.OsUGT75A acts to increase seedling emergence under deep-sowing conditions.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY22C190001)the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo Government(No.2021J114)+3 种基金the Ningbo Science and Technology Research Projects,China(No.2019B10006)the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education Scientific Research Project(No.Y202249030)the Earmarked Fund for CARS-49partly sponsored by K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University.
文摘Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA),widely existing in different organisms,is rapidly accumulated in plants in response to environmental stresses.The main biosynthesis and degradation pathways of GABA constitute the GABA shunt,which is tied to the tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle.GABA transaminase(GABA-T)and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase(SSADH)are two essential enzymes for the GABA degradation pathway.While there are abundant studies on GABA shunt in higher plants at the physiological and genetic levels,research on its role in microalgae remains limited.This study aimed at exploring the function of GABA-T and SSADH genes in Isochrysis zhanjiangensis,an important diet microalga,under different stresses.We cloned two GABA-T genes,IzGABA-T1 and IzGABA-T2,and one SSADH gene IzSSADH from Isochrysis zhanjiangensis and conducted heterologous expression experiments.The results showed that the overexpression of IzGABA-T1 or IzGABA-T2 enhanced the survival rates of yeast transformants under heat or NaCl stress,while the overexpression of IzSSADH improved yeast tolerance to NaCl stress but had no obvious effect on heat stress.Additionally,the results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)showed that IzGABA-T1 transcription increased in the HT(salinity 25,35℃)and LS(salinity 15,25℃)groups.At 24 h,the IzGABA-T2 transcriptions increased in the HT,LS,and HS(salinity 35,25℃)groups,but their transcription levels decreased in all groups at 48 h.IzSSADH transcription increased in the LS group.These results suggest that IzGABA-T1,IzGABA-T2,and IzSSADH are associated with temperature and salinity stresses and possess a certain preference for different stresses.
基金supported by the Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund,China(ZDYF2023XDNY086)the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City,China(SCKJ-JYRC-2022-87)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2023A1515012052,2023A1515012092)the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou,China(2023A04J0749,2023A04J1452).
文摘Seed germination is a complex trait regulated by multiple genes in rice.However,the regulators of rice seed germination have yet to be sufficiently determined.Here,a quantitative trait locus(QTL)for rice seed germination was identified in a genome-wide association study.The candidate gene JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN 5(OsJAZ5)of the QTL was verified that positively regulates seed germination.OsJAZ5 regulation of seed germination involves an OsABI3-mediated abscisic acid pathway.Overexpression of OsJAZ5 facilitated seed germination.The application of OsJAZ5 might be useful for increasing seed germination for rice direct seeding.
