The semi-arid Sahel regions ofWest Africa rely heavily on groundwater from shallow to moderately deep (<100 m b.g.l.) crystalline bedrock aquifers for drinking water production.Groundwater quality may be affected b...The semi-arid Sahel regions ofWest Africa rely heavily on groundwater from shallow to moderately deep (<100 m b.g.l.) crystalline bedrock aquifers for drinking water production.Groundwater quality may be affected by high geogenic arsenic (As) concentrations (>10 μg/L) stemming from the oxidation of sulphide minerals (pyrite,arsenopyrite) in mineralised zones.These aquifers are still little investigated,especially concerning groundwater residence times and the influence of the annual monsoon season on groundwater chemistry.To gain insights on the temporal aspects of As contamination,we have used isotope tracers (noble gases,3H,stable water isotopes (2H,18O)) and performed hydrochemical analyses on groundwater abstracted from tube wells and dug wells in a small study area in southwestern Burkina Faso.Results revealed a great variability in groundwater properties (e.g.redox conditions,As concentrations,water level,residence time) over spatial scales of only a few hundred metres,characteristic of the highly heterogeneous fractured underground.Elevated As levels are found in oxic groundwater of circum-neutral pH and show little relation with any of the measured parameters.Arsenic concentrations are relatively stable over the course of the year,with little effect seen by the monsoon.Groundwater residence time does not seem to have an influence on As concentrations,as elevated As can be found both in groundwater with short (<50 a) and long (>10^3 a) residence times as indicated by 3He/4He ratios spanning three orders of magnitude.These results support the hypothesis that the proximity to mineralised zones is the most crucial factor controlling As concentrations in the observed redox/pH conditions.The existence of very old water portions with residence times >10^3 years already at depths of <50 m b.g.l.is a new finding for the shallow fractured bedrock aquifers of Burkina Faso,suggesting that overexploitation of these relatively low-yielding aquifers may be an issue in the future.展开更多
In this paper, we investigated the structural, electronic and optical properties of InAs, InN and InP binary compounds and their related ternary and quaternary alloys by using the full potential linearized augmented p...In this paper, we investigated the structural, electronic and optical properties of InAs, InN and InP binary compounds and their related ternary and quaternary alloys by using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave（FP-LAPW）method based on density functional theory（DFT）. The total energies, the lattice parameters, and the bulk modulus and its first pressure derivative were calculated using different exchange correlation approximations. The local density approach（LDA） and Tran–Blaha modified Becke–Johnson（TB-m BJ） approximations were used to calculate the band structure.Nonlinear variations of the lattice parameters, the bulk modulus and the band gap with compositions x and y are found.Furthermore, the optical properties and the dielectric function, refractive index and loss energy were computed. Our results are in good agreement with the validated experimental and theoretical data found in the literature.展开更多
As a vital and integral component of transportation infrastructure,pavement has a direct and tangible impact on socio-economic sustainability.In recent years,an influx of groundbreaking and state-of-the-art materials,...As a vital and integral component of transportation infrastructure,pavement has a direct and tangible impact on socio-economic sustainability.In recent years,an influx of groundbreaking and state-of-the-art materials,structures,equipment,and detection technologies related to road engineering have continually and progressively emerged,reshaping the landscape of pavement systems.There is a pressing and growing need for a timely summarization of the current research status and a clear identification of future research directions in these advanced and evolving technologies.Therefore,Journal of Road Engineering has undertaken the significant initiative of introducing a comprehensive review paper with the overarching theme of“advanced road materials,structures,equipment,and detection technologies”.This extensive and insightful review meticulously gathers and synthesizes research findings from 39 distinguished scholars,all of whom are affiliated with 19 renowned universities or research institutions specializing in the diverse and multidimensional field of highway engineering.It covers the current state and anticipates future development directions in the four major and interconnected domains of road engineering:advanced road materials,advanced road structures and performance evaluation,advanced road construction equipment and technology,and advanced road detection and assessment technologies.展开更多
The nonlinear absorption properties of direct (GaN) and indirect (CdI2) band gap crystals have been studied by using an open aperture Z-scan technique under fundamental (1064 nm) and frequency doubled (532 nm) wavelen...The nonlinear absorption properties of direct (GaN) and indirect (CdI2) band gap crystals have been studied by using an open aperture Z-scan technique under fundamental (1064 nm) and frequency doubled (532 nm) wavelength respectively with 10 ns or 60 ps pulse durations. Direct band gap crystal exhibits two and three photon absorption at all input irradiances. On the other hand, at low input irradiance the indirect band gap crystal exhibits saturable absorption (SA). At higher input irradiances two and three photon absorption becomes dominant. A monotonic increase of the nonlinear absorption coefficients with increasing laser pulse duration from 60 ps to 10 ns is observed for GaN and CdI2 crystals.展开更多
Self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)employed in inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have achieved groundbreaking progress in device efficiency and stability for both single-junction and tandem configurations,owing to thei...Self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)employed in inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have achieved groundbreaking progress in device efficiency and stability for both single-junction and tandem configurations,owing to their distinctive and versatile ability to manipulate chemical and physical interface properties.In this regard,we present a comprehensive review of recent research advancements concerning SAMs in inverted perovskite singlejunction and tandem solar cells,where the prevailing challenges and future development prospects in the applications of SAMs are emphasized.We thoroughly examine the mechanistic roles of diverse SAMs in energy-level regulation,interface modification,defect passivation,and charge transportation.This is achieved by understanding how interfacial molecular interactions can be finely tuned to mitigate charge recombination losses in inverted PSCs.Through this comprehensive review,we aim to provide valuable insights and references for further investigation and utilization of SAMs in inverted perovskite single‐junction and tandem solar cells.展开更多
The monitoring and management of aquatic ecosystems depend on precise estimates of biodiversity.Metabarcoding analyses of environmental nucleic acids(eNAs),including environmental DNA(eDNA)and environmental RNA(eRNA),...The monitoring and management of aquatic ecosystems depend on precise estimates of biodiversity.Metabarcoding analyses of environmental nucleic acids(eNAs),including environmental DNA(eDNA)and environmental RNA(eRNA),have garnered attention for their cost-effective and non-invasive biomonitoring capabilities.However,the accuracy of biodiversity estimates obtained through eNAs can vary among different organismal groups.Here we evaluate the performance of eDNA and eRNA metabarcoding across nine organismal groups,ranging from bacteria to terrestrial vertebrates,in three crosssections of the Yangtze River,China.We observe robust complementarity between eDNA and eRNA data.The relative detectability of eNAs was notably influenced by major taxonomic groups and organismal sizes,with eDNA providing more robust signals for larger organisms.Both eDNA and eRNA exhibited similar cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns.However,the detectability of larger organisms declined in eRNA metabarcoding,possibly due to differential RNA release and decay among different organismal groups or sizes.While underscoring the potential of eDNA and eRNA in large river biomonitoring,we emphasize the need for differential interpretation of eDNA versus eRNA data.This highlights the importance of careful method selection and interpretation in biomonitoring studies.展开更多
The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has impacted health globally.Cumulative evidence points to long-term effects of COVID-19 such as cardiovascular and cognitive disorders,diagnosed in patients even after the recove...The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has impacted health globally.Cumulative evidence points to long-term effects of COVID-19 such as cardiovascular and cognitive disorders,diagnosed in patients even after the recovery period.In particular,micrometer-sized blood clots and hyperactivated platelets have been identified as potential indicators of long COVID.Here,we resolve microclot structures in the plasma of patients with different subphenotypes of COVID-19 in a label-free manner,using 3D digital holo-tomographic microscopy(DHTM).Based on 3D refractive index(RI)tomograms,the size,dry mass,and prevalence of microclot composites were quantified and then parametrically differentiated from fibrin-rich microclots and platelet aggregates in the plasma of COVID-19 patients.Importantly,fewer microclots and platelet aggregates were detected in the plasma of healthy controls compared to COVID-19 patients.Our imaging and analysis workflow is built around a commercially available DHT microscope capable of operation in clinical settings with a 2 h time period from sample preparation and data acquisition to results.展开更多
Graphene nanoribbons(GNRs)have attracted great research interest because of their widely tunable and unique electronic properties.The required atomic precision of GNRs can be realized via on-surface synthesis method.I...Graphene nanoribbons(GNRs)have attracted great research interest because of their widely tunable and unique electronic properties.The required atomic precision of GNRs can be realized via on-surface synthesis method.In this work,through a surface assisted reaction we have longitudinally fused the pyrene-based graphene nanoribbons(pGNR)of different lengths by a pentagon ring junction,and built a molecular junction structure on Au(111).The electronic properties of the structure are studied by scanning tunneling spectroscopy(STS)combined with tight binding(TB)calculations.The pentagon ring junction shows a weak electronic coupling effect on graphene nanoribbons,which makes the electronic properties of the two different graphene nanoribbons connected by a pentagon ring junction analogous to type I semiconductor heterojunctions.展开更多
基金provided by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) through the "Programme 3E" (contract no.81016359)the Information Management System on Geogenic Contaminants, GAP (contract no.81025383)
文摘The semi-arid Sahel regions ofWest Africa rely heavily on groundwater from shallow to moderately deep (<100 m b.g.l.) crystalline bedrock aquifers for drinking water production.Groundwater quality may be affected by high geogenic arsenic (As) concentrations (>10 μg/L) stemming from the oxidation of sulphide minerals (pyrite,arsenopyrite) in mineralised zones.These aquifers are still little investigated,especially concerning groundwater residence times and the influence of the annual monsoon season on groundwater chemistry.To gain insights on the temporal aspects of As contamination,we have used isotope tracers (noble gases,3H,stable water isotopes (2H,18O)) and performed hydrochemical analyses on groundwater abstracted from tube wells and dug wells in a small study area in southwestern Burkina Faso.Results revealed a great variability in groundwater properties (e.g.redox conditions,As concentrations,water level,residence time) over spatial scales of only a few hundred metres,characteristic of the highly heterogeneous fractured underground.Elevated As levels are found in oxic groundwater of circum-neutral pH and show little relation with any of the measured parameters.Arsenic concentrations are relatively stable over the course of the year,with little effect seen by the monsoon.Groundwater residence time does not seem to have an influence on As concentrations,as elevated As can be found both in groundwater with short (<50 a) and long (>10^3 a) residence times as indicated by 3He/4He ratios spanning three orders of magnitude.These results support the hypothesis that the proximity to mineralised zones is the most crucial factor controlling As concentrations in the observed redox/pH conditions.The existence of very old water portions with residence times >10^3 years already at depths of <50 m b.g.l.is a new finding for the shallow fractured bedrock aquifers of Burkina Faso,suggesting that overexploitation of these relatively low-yielding aquifers may be an issue in the future.
基金supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University Group(Grant No.PRG-1437-39)
文摘In this paper, we investigated the structural, electronic and optical properties of InAs, InN and InP binary compounds and their related ternary and quaternary alloys by using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave（FP-LAPW）method based on density functional theory（DFT）. The total energies, the lattice parameters, and the bulk modulus and its first pressure derivative were calculated using different exchange correlation approximations. The local density approach（LDA） and Tran–Blaha modified Becke–Johnson（TB-m BJ） approximations were used to calculate the band structure.Nonlinear variations of the lattice parameters, the bulk modulus and the band gap with compositions x and y are found.Furthermore, the optical properties and the dielectric function, refractive index and loss energy were computed. Our results are in good agreement with the validated experimental and theoretical data found in the literature.
基金support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No.101024139,the RILEM technical committee TC 279 WMR(valorisation of waste and secondary materials for roads),RILEM technical committee TC-264 RAP(asphalt pavement recycling)the Swiss National Science Foundation(SNF)grant 205121_178991/1 for the project titled“Urban Mining for Low Noise Urban Roads and Optimized Design of Street Canyons”,National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51808462,51978547,52005048,52108394,52178414,52208420,52278448,52308447,52378429)+9 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M730356)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB2601302)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2023-JC-QN-0472)Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Anhui Province(2022B627)Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department(No.2022 PT30)Key Technological Special Project of Xinxiang City(No.22ZD013)Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing of Construction Machinery(No.IMCM2021KF02)the Applied Basic Research Project of Sichuan Science and Technology Department(Free Exploration Type)(Grant No.2020YJ0039)Key R&D Support Plan of Chengdu Science and Technology Project-Technology Innovation R&D Project(Grant No.2019-YF05-00002-SN)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2018M643520).
文摘As a vital and integral component of transportation infrastructure,pavement has a direct and tangible impact on socio-economic sustainability.In recent years,an influx of groundbreaking and state-of-the-art materials,structures,equipment,and detection technologies related to road engineering have continually and progressively emerged,reshaping the landscape of pavement systems.There is a pressing and growing need for a timely summarization of the current research status and a clear identification of future research directions in these advanced and evolving technologies.Therefore,Journal of Road Engineering has undertaken the significant initiative of introducing a comprehensive review paper with the overarching theme of“advanced road materials,structures,equipment,and detection technologies”.This extensive and insightful review meticulously gathers and synthesizes research findings from 39 distinguished scholars,all of whom are affiliated with 19 renowned universities or research institutions specializing in the diverse and multidimensional field of highway engineering.It covers the current state and anticipates future development directions in the four major and interconnected domains of road engineering:advanced road materials,advanced road structures and performance evaluation,advanced road construction equipment and technology,and advanced road detection and assessment technologies.
文摘The nonlinear absorption properties of direct (GaN) and indirect (CdI2) band gap crystals have been studied by using an open aperture Z-scan technique under fundamental (1064 nm) and frequency doubled (532 nm) wavelength respectively with 10 ns or 60 ps pulse durations. Direct band gap crystal exhibits two and three photon absorption at all input irradiances. On the other hand, at low input irradiance the indirect band gap crystal exhibits saturable absorption (SA). At higher input irradiances two and three photon absorption becomes dominant. A monotonic increase of the nonlinear absorption coefficients with increasing laser pulse duration from 60 ps to 10 ns is observed for GaN and CdI2 crystals.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2020YFA0715000National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:22279099,62304082,52322315Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province,Grant/Award Number:2023AFB087。
文摘Self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)employed in inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have achieved groundbreaking progress in device efficiency and stability for both single-junction and tandem configurations,owing to their distinctive and versatile ability to manipulate chemical and physical interface properties.In this regard,we present a comprehensive review of recent research advancements concerning SAMs in inverted perovskite singlejunction and tandem solar cells,where the prevailing challenges and future development prospects in the applications of SAMs are emphasized.We thoroughly examine the mechanistic roles of diverse SAMs in energy-level regulation,interface modification,defect passivation,and charge transportation.This is achieved by understanding how interfacial molecular interactions can be finely tuned to mitigate charge recombination losses in inverted PSCs.Through this comprehensive review,we aim to provide valuable insights and references for further investigation and utilization of SAMs in inverted perovskite single‐junction and tandem solar cells.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC32021001,2021YFC3201003)support.X.Z.was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.F.A.was supported by the University of Zurich Research Priority Program“URPP Global Change and Biodiversity”.Y.Z.thanks the China Scholarship Council(CSC NO.202206190065)supporting the visit of the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology(Eawag)and the University of Zurich.
文摘The monitoring and management of aquatic ecosystems depend on precise estimates of biodiversity.Metabarcoding analyses of environmental nucleic acids(eNAs),including environmental DNA(eDNA)and environmental RNA(eRNA),have garnered attention for their cost-effective and non-invasive biomonitoring capabilities.However,the accuracy of biodiversity estimates obtained through eNAs can vary among different organismal groups.Here we evaluate the performance of eDNA and eRNA metabarcoding across nine organismal groups,ranging from bacteria to terrestrial vertebrates,in three crosssections of the Yangtze River,China.We observe robust complementarity between eDNA and eRNA data.The relative detectability of eNAs was notably influenced by major taxonomic groups and organismal sizes,with eDNA providing more robust signals for larger organisms.Both eDNA and eRNA exhibited similar cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns.However,the detectability of larger organisms declined in eRNA metabarcoding,possibly due to differential RNA release and decay among different organismal groups or sizes.While underscoring the potential of eDNA and eRNA in large river biomonitoring,we emphasize the need for differential interpretation of eDNA versus eRNA data.This highlights the importance of careful method selection and interpretation in biomonitoring studies.
文摘The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has impacted health globally.Cumulative evidence points to long-term effects of COVID-19 such as cardiovascular and cognitive disorders,diagnosed in patients even after the recovery period.In particular,micrometer-sized blood clots and hyperactivated platelets have been identified as potential indicators of long COVID.Here,we resolve microclot structures in the plasma of patients with different subphenotypes of COVID-19 in a label-free manner,using 3D digital holo-tomographic microscopy(DHTM).Based on 3D refractive index(RI)tomograms,the size,dry mass,and prevalence of microclot composites were quantified and then parametrically differentiated from fibrin-rich microclots and platelet aggregates in the plasma of COVID-19 patients.Importantly,fewer microclots and platelet aggregates were detected in the plasma of healthy controls compared to COVID-19 patients.Our imaging and analysis workflow is built around a commercially available DHT microscope capable of operation in clinical settings with a 2 h time period from sample preparation and data acquisition to results.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22072086)The Swiss National Science Foundation(Nos.200020_182015 and 200021_172527)supported this work。
文摘Graphene nanoribbons(GNRs)have attracted great research interest because of their widely tunable and unique electronic properties.The required atomic precision of GNRs can be realized via on-surface synthesis method.In this work,through a surface assisted reaction we have longitudinally fused the pyrene-based graphene nanoribbons(pGNR)of different lengths by a pentagon ring junction,and built a molecular junction structure on Au(111).The electronic properties of the structure are studied by scanning tunneling spectroscopy(STS)combined with tight binding(TB)calculations.The pentagon ring junction shows a weak electronic coupling effect on graphene nanoribbons,which makes the electronic properties of the two different graphene nanoribbons connected by a pentagon ring junction analogous to type I semiconductor heterojunctions.
