The Chinese-Russian Workshop on Biophotonics and Biomedical Optics 2023 was held online twice on 18–21 September and 25–26 September 2023.The bilateral workshop brought together both Russian and Chinese scientists,e...The Chinese-Russian Workshop on Biophotonics and Biomedical Optics 2023 was held online twice on 18–21 September and 25–26 September 2023.The bilateral workshop brought together both Russian and Chinese scientists,engineers,and clinical researchers from a variety of disciplines engaged in applying optical science,photonics,and imaging technologies to problems in biology and medicine.During the workshops,two plenary lectures and twenty invited presentations were presented.This special issue selects some papers from both Russian and Chinese sides,consisting of one review and seven original research articles.展开更多
In recent years,the utilization of nanoparticles with varying morphologies in optical coherence tomography(OCT)has gained prominence,primarily aimed at enhancing imaging contrast and depth.Various factors associated w...In recent years,the utilization of nanoparticles with varying morphologies in optical coherence tomography(OCT)has gained prominence,primarily aimed at enhancing imaging contrast and depth.Various factors associated with nanoparticles,encompassing their shape,orientation,and distribution within biological tissues,significantly influence OCT performance.A thorough investigation of these parameters has yielded substantial findings,particularly regarding the enhancement of OCT images facilitated by the presence of nanorods(NRs).In this study,we conducted OCT imaging of chicken breast tissue employing Fe3O4 NRs under different polarization states,utilizing solenoids to apply a magnetic field to the nanoparticles.The results demonstrate that orienting nanoparticles can improve the Contrast-to-Noise Ratio(CNR)and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of OCT signal more than twofold compared to scenarios lacking specified orientation.Furthermore,this article addresses the challenge of prolonged nanoparticle distribution in tissue when using ultrasound probes,successfully reducing the distribution time from approximately 45 min to about 5 min.The findings presented herein show significant promises for advancing optical coherence tomography across a variety of applications.展开更多
The milestone reported by He et al.—demonstrating pig‐tohuman lung xenotransplantation in a brain‐dead recipient—is a seminal moment in organ xenografting.It extends the horizons of xenotransplantation beyond the ...The milestone reported by He et al.—demonstrating pig‐tohuman lung xenotransplantation in a brain‐dead recipient—is a seminal moment in organ xenografting.It extends the horizons of xenotransplantation beyond the breakthroughs achieved in porcine heart and kidney grafts and aligns with the emergent clinical data on porcine liver applications[1].展开更多
On November 3,2025,United Therapeutics Corporation(Nasdaq:UTHR)announced the first clinical xenotransplantation within its EXPAND study,involving transplantation of the UKidney into a patient with end‐stage renal dis...On November 3,2025,United Therapeutics Corporation(Nasdaq:UTHR)announced the first clinical xenotransplantation within its EXPAND study,involving transplantation of the UKidney into a patient with end‐stage renal disease(ESRD)at New York University(NYU)Langone Health.The UKidney is a genetically engineered porcine kidney incorporating 10 gene modifications-6 human gene insertions to enhance immunologic compatibility and 4 porcine gene knockouts to minimize rejection risk and control graft growth[1].In the context of the first xenotransplantation studies,“EXPAND”refers to the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA)“expanded access”program,often colloquially known as compassionate use.展开更多
In this editorial,we comment on the article by Zhao et al which highlighted how patients having nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)were more susceptible to drug-induced lung injury(DILI).This article looked at the...In this editorial,we comment on the article by Zhao et al which highlighted how patients having nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)were more susceptible to drug-induced lung injury(DILI).This article looked at the downstream effects of metabolic profiles and biochemical processes after medication and substance use.Although previous studies looked at how NAFLD and DILI were related,there is a lack of information on the consequences of everyday medication and substance use.NAFLD is one of the most common chronic liver diseases wor-ldwide and it has been found to be closely related to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.The aim of this editorial is to analyze the interaction between NAFLD and DILI,what clinical manifestations can occur and what the prognosis of these patients will be.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB)is a critical complication often seen in patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS),especially those undergoing dual antiplatelet therapy.GIB is associated with increased morta...BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB)is a critical complication often seen in patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS),especially those undergoing dual antiplatelet therapy.GIB is associated with increased mortality and prolonged hospitalization,particularly in ACS patients.Despite advancements in management strategies,the role of gastrointestinal endoscopy(GIE)in this population remains controversial,with concerns about timing,safety,and clinical outcomes.AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of GIE in patients with ACS and acute GIB,focusing on outcomes such as mortality,hospital length of stay(LOS),hemorrhage control,rebleeding,and blood transfusion requirements.METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines,a systematic review was conducted using databases including PubMed,Cochrane,and EMBASE,up to December 2024.The protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews(CRD42025630188).Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool for randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies.RESULTS Four studies met the inclusion criteria,comprising one RCT and three cohort studies with a total population of 1676130 patients.Most studies indicated that GIE was associated with improved survival in ACS patients with GIB.Three of our studies reported lower mortality rates in patients undergoing GIE compared to those managed without endoscopy,although this varied by study.While GIE demonstrated effectiveness in controlling hemorrhage and reducing rebleeding rates in one study.The rest of the studies did not evaluate these outcomes comprehensively.Hospital LOS outcomes were inconsistent,with two studies suggesting no significant difference,while only one study indicated potential reductions in LOS with GIE.Blood transfusion requirements were reported in one study to be higher in patients undergoing GIE,reflecting its frequent use in severe cases.The safety and effectiveness of GIE varied depending on patient characteristics,timing of the procedure,and type of intervention.CONCLUSION GIE has the potential to improve survival in certain patients with ACS complicated by GIB;however,determining the ideal timing and appropriate candidates necessitates careful individual assessment.While evidence suggests benefits,the limitations of observational studies warrant caution.Collaboration between cardiology and gastroenterology is essential to optimizing outcomes.Future randomized trials should focus on timing,severity,and diverse populations to refine guidelines and improve care for this high-risk group.展开更多
A group of impressive immunotherapies for cancer treatment, including immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies,gene therapy and immune cell adoptive cellular immunotherapy, have been established, providing new weapons to...A group of impressive immunotherapies for cancer treatment, including immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies,gene therapy and immune cell adoptive cellular immunotherapy, have been established, providing new weapons to fight cancer. Natural killer（NK） cells are a component of the first line of defense against tumors and virus infections. Studies have shown dysfunctional NK cells in patients with cancer. Thus, restoring NK cell antitumor functionality could be a promising therapeutic strategy. NK cells that are activated and expanded ex vivo can supplement malfunctional NK cells in tumor patients. Therapeutic antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor（CAR）, or bispecific proteins can all retarget NK cells precisely to tumor cells. Therapeutic antibody blockade of the immune checkpoints of NK cells has been suggested to overcome the immunosuppressive signals delivered to NK cells.Oncolytic virotherapy provokes antitumor activity of NK cells by triggering antiviral immune responses. Herein,we review the current immunotherapeutic approaches employed to restore NK cell antitumor functionality for the treatment of cancer.展开更多
Punlcalagin is isolated from pomegranate and widely used for the treatment of different diseases in Chinese traditional medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Punicalagin （purity L〉98%） on oxidative s...Punlcalagin is isolated from pomegranate and widely used for the treatment of different diseases in Chinese traditional medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Punicalagin （purity L〉98%） on oxidative stress induced testicular damage and its effect on fertility. We detected the antioxidant potential of punicalagin in lipopolysaccharide （LPS） induced oxidative stress damage in testes, also tried to uncover the boosting fertility effect of Punicalagin （PU） against oxidative stress-induced infertility. Results demonstrated that 9 mg kg-1 for 7 days treatment significantly decreases LPS induced oxidative damage in testes and nitric oxide production. The administration of oxidative stress resulted in a significant reduction in testes antioxidants GSH, T-SOD, and CAT raised LPO, but treatment with punicalagin for 7 days increased antioxidant defense GSH, T-SOD, and CAT by the end of the experiment and reduced LPO level as well. PU also significantly activates Nrf2, which is involved in regulation of antioxidant defense systems. Hence, the present research categorically elucidates the protective effect of punicalagin against LPS induced oxidative stress induced perturbation in the process of spermatogenesis and significantly increased sperm health and number. Moreover, fertility success significantly decreased in LPS-injected mice compared to controls. Mice injected with LPS had fertility indices of 12.5%, while others treated with a combination of PU ＋ LPS exhibited 75% indices. By promoting fertility and eliminating oxidative stress and inflammation, PU may be a useful nutrient for the treatment of infertility.展开更多
Terahertz(THz)technology offers novel opportunities in biology and medicine,thanks to the unique features of THzwave interactions with tissues and cells.Among them,we particularly notice strong sensitivity of THz wave...Terahertz(THz)technology offers novel opportunities in biology and medicine,thanks to the unique features of THzwave interactions with tissues and cells.Among them,we particularly notice strong sensitivity of THz waves to the tissue water,as a medium for biochemical reactions and a main endogenous marker for THz spectroscopy and imaging.Tissues of the brain have an exceptionally high content of water.This factor,along with the features of the structural organization and biochemistry of neuronal and glial tissues,makes the brain an exciting subject to study in the THz range.In this paper,progress and prospects of THz technology in neurodiagnostics are overviewed,including diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease,myelin deficit,tumors of the central nervous system(with an emphasis on brain gliomas),and traumatic brain injuries.Fundamental and applied challenges in study of the THz-wave–brain tissue interactions and development of the THz biomedical tools and systems for neurodiagnostics are discussed.展开更多
Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms known as antibacterial photodynamic therapy(APDT)is one of the most promising and innovative approaches for the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms.Among the photosensi...Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms known as antibacterial photodynamic therapy(APDT)is one of the most promising and innovative approaches for the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms.Among the photosensitizers(PSs),compounds based on cationic porphyrins/metalloporphyrins are most successfully used to inactivate microorganisms.Series of meso-substituted cationic pyridylporphyrins and metalloporphyrins with various peripheral groups in the third and fourth positions of the pyrrole ring have been synthesized in Armenia.The aim of this work was to determine and test the most e®ective cationic porphyrins and metalloporphyrins with high photoactivity against Gram negative and Gram positive microorganisms.It was shown that the synthesized cationic pyridylporphyrins/metalloporphyrins exhibit a high degree of phototoxicity towards both types of bacteria,including the methicillinresistant S.aureus strain.Zinc complexes of porphyrins are more phototoxic than metal-free porphyrin analogs.The e®ectiveness of these Zn–metalloporphyrins on bacteria is consistent with the level of singlet oxygen generation.It was found that the high antibacterial activity of the studied cationic porphyrins/metalloporphyrins depends on four factors:the presence in the porphyrin macrocycle of a positive charge(+4),a central metal atom(Zn2þÞand hydrophobic peripheral functional groups as well as high values of quantum yields of singlet oxygen.The results indicate that meso-substituted cationic pyridylporphyrins/metalloporphyrins cannd wider application in photoinactivation of bacteria than anionic or neutral PSs usually used in APDT.展开更多
Confocal Raman microspectroscopy(CRM)with 633-and 785-nm excitation wavelengths combined with optical clearing(OC)technique was used for ex-vivo study of porcine skin in the Raman fingerprint region.The optical cleari...Confocal Raman microspectroscopy(CRM)with 633-and 785-nm excitation wavelengths combined with optical clearing(OC)technique was used for ex-vivo study of porcine skin in the Raman fingerprint region.The optical clearing has been performed on the skin samples by applying a mixture of glycerol and distilled water and a mixture of glycerol,distilled water and chemical penetration enhancer dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)during 30 min and 60 min of treat-ment.It was shown that the combined use of the optical clearing technique and CRM at 633 nm allowed one to preserve the high probing depth,signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution simultaneously.Comparing the effect of different optical clearing agents on porcine skin showed that an optical clearing agent containing chemical penetration enhancer provides higher optical clearing efficiency.Also,an increase in treatment time allows to improve the optical clearing efficiency of both optical clearing agents.As a result of optical clearing,the detection of the amide-Ⅲ spectral region indicating well-distinguishable structural differences between the type-Ⅰ and type-Ⅳ collagens has been improved.展开更多
Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1(BRCA1)is a tumor suppressor gene,and its protein BRCA1 plays a role in DNA repair[1].BRCA1 is generally expressed in the cells of mammary glands and other tissues,helping to repair ...Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1(BRCA1)is a tumor suppressor gene,and its protein BRCA1 plays a role in DNA repair[1].BRCA1 is generally expressed in the cells of mammary glands and other tissues,helping to repair damaged DNA or disrupting cells when DNA cannot be repaired.When BRCA1 is mutated and cannot function and therefore the damaged DNA cannot be repaired展开更多
Background and study aims: Many lesions found during push enteroscopy to evaluate obscure gastrointestinal bleeding are within the reach of standard endoscopes. The aim of this study was to determine whether the rate ...Background and study aims: Many lesions found during push enteroscopy to evaluate obscure gastrointestinal bleeding are within the reach of standard endoscopes. The aim of this study was to determine whether the rate of proximal lesions varies in relation to the type of obscure bleeding that is present. Patients and methods: A retrospective review of consecutive push enteroscopies carried out for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding between July 1996 and July 2000 was conducted. The patients were categorized into three groups: those with recurrent obscure/overt gastrointestinal bleeding; those with persistent obscure/overt gastrointestinal bleeding; and those with obscure/ occult gastrointestinal bleeding. Results: A total of 63 patients (24 men, 39 women; mean age 69.8) were included. Push enteroscopy examinations were conducted for recurrent obscure/overt bleeding in 32 patients; for persistent obscure/overt bleeding in 12 patients; and for obscure/occult bleeding in 19 patients. The overall diagnostic yield of push enteroscopy was 47% (15 of 32) in the group with recurrent obscure/overt bleeding; 66% (eight of 12) in the group with persistent obscure/overt bleeding; and 63% (12 of 19) in the group with obscure/occult bleeding. However, when lesions within the reach of standard esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)were excluded, the yield of push enteroscopy was slightly higher in the group with recurrent obscure/overt bleeding (41% ) than in the groups with persistent obscure/overt bleeding (33% ) and obscure/ occult bleeding (26% ). There were fewer lesions within the reach of EGD in the group with recurrent obscure/overt bleeding than in the groups with persistent obscure/overt bleeding (6% vs. 33% ; P < 0.05) or obscure/occult bleeding (6% vs. 37% ; P < 0.05). Conclusions: Patients undergoing push enteroscopy for recurrent obscure/overt bleeding were significantly less likely to have lesions within the reach of EGD than patients with persistent obscure/overt bleeding or obscure/occult bleed-ing. Patients in the latter two groups would be able to undergo a repeat EGD examination before more intense evaluation with push enteroscopy or capsule endoscopy.展开更多
Objective: We hypothesized that a strategy that reduced aortic manipulation would reduce the incidence of cognitive deficits in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting compared with the “ traditional” ap...Objective: We hypothesized that a strategy that reduced aortic manipulation would reduce the incidence of cognitive deficits in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting compared with the “ traditional” approach and that neurobehavioral outcomes with the reduced aortic manipulation strategy would approach those obtained with off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Methods: Consenting high-risk patients(those with older age, diabetes, or hypertension) scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting and cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 aortic management protocols:(1) a traditional approach in which distal anastomoses were accomplished while the aorta was crossclamped but in which proximal anastomoses were sewn while a partial occlusion clamp was applied to the aorta(multiple aortic clamping group) or(2) a reduced aortic manipulation approach in which the aorta was clamped a single time with a reduced-pressure clamp(single aortic clamping group) and the partial occlusion clamp was not used. A contemporaneous group of patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass was also enrolled. Subjects in all 3 groups underwent neurologic and neuropsychological testing before and after surgery. After randomization, patients assigned to either approach could be changed to another strategy if the attending surgeon determined that patient safety demanded this change. The study design anticipated that surgical techniques would evolve over the course of patient enrollment and anticipated that some patients would have intraoperative echocardiographic findings that would demand that the traditional approach(eg, severe aortic atherosclerosis) or the reduced manipulation protocol(eg, severe ischemia or poor left ventricular function) be abandoned. Thus, an unequal distribution of patients was expected. By surgeon decision, 20 of 84 multiple aortic clamping patients crossed over to single aortic clamping, and 3 of 85 single aortic clamping patients switched to multiple aortic clamping. Eligible patients had a battery of neuropsychological tests before surgery and at 6 months after surgery. A 20% decrement in 2 or more tests was defined as a neuropsychological deficit. Results: MAC OPCAB SAC Hospital mortality 3/67(4% ) 1/68(1% ) 0/102(0% ) Hospital stroke 3/67(4% ) 1/68(1% ) 3/102(3% ) Tested patients NPD 3- 5 d 25/42(60% ) 33/47(70% ) 44/74(60% ) Tested patients NPD 3- 6 wk 25/49(51% ) 20/51(40% ) 27/85(32% ) Tested patients NPD 6 mo 24/42(57% ) 13/41(32% * ) 22/74(30% * ) MAC, Multiple aortic clamping; OPCAB, off-pump coronary artery bypass; SAC, single aortic clamping; NPD, neuropsychological deficit. * P < .05 vs MAC. Conclusions: A surgical strategy designed to minimize aortic manipulation can significantly reduce the incidence of cognitive deficits in coronary artery bypass grafting patients compared with traditional techniques. In this series, the results of the reduced aortic manipulation strategy were not significantly different from those in patients having off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery, thus emphasizing surgical technique as the primary cause of brain damage in coronary artery bypass grafting patients.展开更多
Organisms are composed of a vast number of highly specialized cells with characteristic physiological functions determined by their structure.Therefore,understanding physiological and pathological mechanisms requires ...Organisms are composed of a vast number of highly specialized cells with characteristic physiological functions determined by their structure.Therefore,understanding physiological and pathological mechanisms requires obtaining 3-dimensional(3D)structural information at the cellular level across tissues,organs,and even the whole body.However,the scattering and absorption of tissue limits the penetration depth of light and thus extremely reduces the imaging performance in deep tissue.It is well known that 3D imaging outperforms 2D imaging in various scenarios for 3D reconstruction of tissue structures.This includes tracing convoluted 3D structures like vasculature,neurons,and prostate glands,as well as elucidating intricate distributions of cells or lesions.展开更多
The paper presents the results of modern research on the effects of electromagnetic terahertz radiation in the frequency range 0.5-100 THz at different levels of power density and exposure time on the viability of nor...The paper presents the results of modern research on the effects of electromagnetic terahertz radiation in the frequency range 0.5-100 THz at different levels of power density and exposure time on the viability of normal and cancer cells. As an accompanying tool for monitoring the effect of radiation on biological cells and tissues, spectroscopic research methods in the terahertz frequency range are described, and attention is focused on the possibility of using the spectra of interstitial water as a marker of pathological processes. The problem of the safety of terahertz radiation for the human body from the point of view of its effect on the structures and systems of biological cells is also considered.展开更多
Melanoma,a highly malignant and complex form of cancer,has increased in global incidence,with a growing number of new cases annually.Active targeting strategies,such as leveraging theα-melanocyte-stimulating hormone(...Melanoma,a highly malignant and complex form of cancer,has increased in global incidence,with a growing number of new cases annually.Active targeting strategies,such as leveraging theα-melanocyte-stimulating hormone(αMSH)and its interaction with the melanocortin 1 receptor(MC1R)overexpressed in melanoma cells,enhance the concentration of therapeutic agents at tumor sites.For instance,targeted delivery of plasmonic light-sensitive agents and precise hyperthermia management provide an effective,minimally invasive treatment for tumors.In this work,we present a comparative study on targeted photothermal therapy(PTT)using plasmonic gold nanorods(Au NRs)as a robust and safe nanotool to reveal how key treatment parameters affect therapy outcomes.Using an animal model(B16-F10)of melanoma tumors,we compare the targeting abilities of Au NRs modified with two different MC1R agonists,either closely mimicking theαMSH sequence or providing a superior functionalization extent of Au NRs(4.5%(w/w)versus 1.8%(w/w)),revealing 1.6 times better intratumoral localization.Following theoretical and experimental assessments of the heating capabilities of the developed Au NRs under laser irradiation in either the femtosecond(FS)-or nanosecond(NS)-pulsed regime,we perform targeted PTT employing two types of peptide-modified Au NRs and compare therapeutic outcomes revealing the most appropriate PTT conditions.Our investigation reveals greater heat release from Au NRs under irradiation with FS laser,due to the relaxation rates of the electron and phonon temperatures dissipating in the surrounding,which correlates with a more pronounced 17.6 times inhibition of tumor growth when using FS-pulsed regime.展开更多
Although terahertz(THz)spectroscopy and imaging offer a variety of applications in medical diagnosis of malignant and benign neoplasms,their translation into clinical practice is hampered by the absence of endoscopic ...Although terahertz(THz)spectroscopy and imaging offer a variety of applications in medical diagnosis of malignant and benign neoplasms,their translation into clinical practice is hampered by the absence of endoscopic systems capable of sensing the THz optical properties of the hard-to-access tissues.In this review,we focus on recent attempts to address this challenge.To better highlight the need for THz endoscopes,we start with a brief overview of THz medical applications,with an emphasis on neoplasms diagnosis.We then consider the two existing principles of THz endoscopy.The first uses the fiber-coupled THz photoconductive antennas(PCAs)for the THz generation and detection in close proximity to a hard-to-access object,where optical fibers are applied to flexibly deliver the laser pump and probe beams to the THz emitter and detector.The key technology of the second approach is the THz optical fibers capable of delivering the THz waves to an analyte and then detecting the reflected and back-propagated THz signal.Despite this approach still lacking the efficient commercially available THz fiber optics,most recent developments pave the way to solve these problems.In this review,several notable examples of THz endoscopic systems based on different guiding mechanisms,material platform,and manufacturing strategies are discussed.展开更多
Pattern recognition receptors （PRRs） and their signaling pathways have essential roles in recognizing various components of pathogens as well as damaged cells and triggering inflammatory responses that eliminate inv...Pattern recognition receptors （PRRs） and their signaling pathways have essential roles in recognizing various components of pathogens as well as damaged cells and triggering inflammatory responses that eliminate invading microorganisms and damaged cells. The zebrafish relies heavily on these primary defense mechanisms against pathogens. Here, we review the major PRR signaling pathways in the zebrafish innate immune system and compare these signaling pathways in zebrafish and humans to reveal their evolutionary relationship and better understand their innate immune defense mechanisms.展开更多
During early pregnancy, an orchestrated evolutionary maternal adaption toward tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus is required to ensure decidualization and early embryo development. Remodeling of the immune system i...During early pregnancy, an orchestrated evolutionary maternal adaption toward tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus is required to ensure decidualization and early embryo development. Remodeling of the immune system involves natural killer cells （NKs）, macrophages, T cells and dendritic cells （DCs） altering the microenvironment in the deciduas. In particular, a unique population of NK cells with a CD56brightCD16 phenotype in the decidua has been proposed to play a key role in the maternal adaptation to pregnancy. However, there is a tendency for pregnancy immunology to reflect transplantation immunology regarding the assumption that the matemal immune system should be suppressed. This tendency is misleading. We discuss how the immune system is formed in early deciduas and the interactions between maternal NK cells and fetal growth. We propose that the maternal immune response must not be fully suppressed and is even necessary for the local response of uterine NK cells.展开更多
文摘The Chinese-Russian Workshop on Biophotonics and Biomedical Optics 2023 was held online twice on 18–21 September and 25–26 September 2023.The bilateral workshop brought together both Russian and Chinese scientists,engineers,and clinical researchers from a variety of disciplines engaged in applying optical science,photonics,and imaging technologies to problems in biology and medicine.During the workshops,two plenary lectures and twenty invited presentations were presented.This special issue selects some papers from both Russian and Chinese sides,consisting of one review and seven original research articles.
基金supported by Iran National Science Foundation(INSF)under project number 98029460supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant 23-14-00287.
文摘In recent years,the utilization of nanoparticles with varying morphologies in optical coherence tomography(OCT)has gained prominence,primarily aimed at enhancing imaging contrast and depth.Various factors associated with nanoparticles,encompassing their shape,orientation,and distribution within biological tissues,significantly influence OCT performance.A thorough investigation of these parameters has yielded substantial findings,particularly regarding the enhancement of OCT images facilitated by the presence of nanorods(NRs).In this study,we conducted OCT imaging of chicken breast tissue employing Fe3O4 NRs under different polarization states,utilizing solenoids to apply a magnetic field to the nanoparticles.The results demonstrate that orienting nanoparticles can improve the Contrast-to-Noise Ratio(CNR)and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of OCT signal more than twofold compared to scenarios lacking specified orientation.Furthermore,this article addresses the challenge of prolonged nanoparticle distribution in tissue when using ultrasound probes,successfully reducing the distribution time from approximately 45 min to about 5 min.The findings presented herein show significant promises for advancing optical coherence tomography across a variety of applications.
文摘The milestone reported by He et al.—demonstrating pig‐tohuman lung xenotransplantation in a brain‐dead recipient—is a seminal moment in organ xenografting.It extends the horizons of xenotransplantation beyond the breakthroughs achieved in porcine heart and kidney grafts and aligns with the emergent clinical data on porcine liver applications[1].
文摘On November 3,2025,United Therapeutics Corporation(Nasdaq:UTHR)announced the first clinical xenotransplantation within its EXPAND study,involving transplantation of the UKidney into a patient with end‐stage renal disease(ESRD)at New York University(NYU)Langone Health.The UKidney is a genetically engineered porcine kidney incorporating 10 gene modifications-6 human gene insertions to enhance immunologic compatibility and 4 porcine gene knockouts to minimize rejection risk and control graft growth[1].In the context of the first xenotransplantation studies,“EXPAND”refers to the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA)“expanded access”program,often colloquially known as compassionate use.
文摘In this editorial,we comment on the article by Zhao et al which highlighted how patients having nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)were more susceptible to drug-induced lung injury(DILI).This article looked at the downstream effects of metabolic profiles and biochemical processes after medication and substance use.Although previous studies looked at how NAFLD and DILI were related,there is a lack of information on the consequences of everyday medication and substance use.NAFLD is one of the most common chronic liver diseases wor-ldwide and it has been found to be closely related to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.The aim of this editorial is to analyze the interaction between NAFLD and DILI,what clinical manifestations can occur and what the prognosis of these patients will be.
文摘BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB)is a critical complication often seen in patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS),especially those undergoing dual antiplatelet therapy.GIB is associated with increased mortality and prolonged hospitalization,particularly in ACS patients.Despite advancements in management strategies,the role of gastrointestinal endoscopy(GIE)in this population remains controversial,with concerns about timing,safety,and clinical outcomes.AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of GIE in patients with ACS and acute GIB,focusing on outcomes such as mortality,hospital length of stay(LOS),hemorrhage control,rebleeding,and blood transfusion requirements.METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines,a systematic review was conducted using databases including PubMed,Cochrane,and EMBASE,up to December 2024.The protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews(CRD42025630188).Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool for randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies.RESULTS Four studies met the inclusion criteria,comprising one RCT and three cohort studies with a total population of 1676130 patients.Most studies indicated that GIE was associated with improved survival in ACS patients with GIB.Three of our studies reported lower mortality rates in patients undergoing GIE compared to those managed without endoscopy,although this varied by study.While GIE demonstrated effectiveness in controlling hemorrhage and reducing rebleeding rates in one study.The rest of the studies did not evaluate these outcomes comprehensively.Hospital LOS outcomes were inconsistent,with two studies suggesting no significant difference,while only one study indicated potential reductions in LOS with GIE.Blood transfusion requirements were reported in one study to be higher in patients undergoing GIE,reflecting its frequent use in severe cases.The safety and effectiveness of GIE varied depending on patient characteristics,timing of the procedure,and type of intervention.CONCLUSION GIE has the potential to improve survival in certain patients with ACS complicated by GIB;however,determining the ideal timing and appropriate candidates necessitates careful individual assessment.While evidence suggests benefits,the limitations of observational studies warrant caution.Collaboration between cardiology and gastroenterology is essential to optimizing outcomes.Future randomized trials should focus on timing,severity,and diverse populations to refine guidelines and improve care for this high-risk group.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 91429303, 31390433, 91542000, 91542114 and 31570893)the Ministry of Science & Technology of China (973 Basic Science Project 2013CB944902 and 2013CB530506)
文摘A group of impressive immunotherapies for cancer treatment, including immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies,gene therapy and immune cell adoptive cellular immunotherapy, have been established, providing new weapons to fight cancer. Natural killer（NK） cells are a component of the first line of defense against tumors and virus infections. Studies have shown dysfunctional NK cells in patients with cancer. Thus, restoring NK cell antitumor functionality could be a promising therapeutic strategy. NK cells that are activated and expanded ex vivo can supplement malfunctional NK cells in tumor patients. Therapeutic antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor（CAR）, or bispecific proteins can all retarget NK cells precisely to tumor cells. Therapeutic antibody blockade of the immune checkpoints of NK cells has been suggested to overcome the immunosuppressive signals delivered to NK cells.Oncolytic virotherapy provokes antitumor activity of NK cells by triggering antiviral immune responses. Herein,we review the current immunotherapeutic approaches employed to restore NK cell antitumor functionality for the treatment of cancer.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China Grants 81125005 and 81430027 （to F.S.）, the National Basic Research Program of China （2014CB943100）.
文摘Punlcalagin is isolated from pomegranate and widely used for the treatment of different diseases in Chinese traditional medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Punicalagin （purity L〉98%） on oxidative stress induced testicular damage and its effect on fertility. We detected the antioxidant potential of punicalagin in lipopolysaccharide （LPS） induced oxidative stress damage in testes, also tried to uncover the boosting fertility effect of Punicalagin （PU） against oxidative stress-induced infertility. Results demonstrated that 9 mg kg-1 for 7 days treatment significantly decreases LPS induced oxidative damage in testes and nitric oxide production. The administration of oxidative stress resulted in a significant reduction in testes antioxidants GSH, T-SOD, and CAT raised LPO, but treatment with punicalagin for 7 days increased antioxidant defense GSH, T-SOD, and CAT by the end of the experiment and reduced LPO level as well. PU also significantly activates Nrf2, which is involved in regulation of antioxidant defense systems. Hence, the present research categorically elucidates the protective effect of punicalagin against LPS induced oxidative stress induced perturbation in the process of spermatogenesis and significantly increased sperm health and number. Moreover, fertility success significantly decreased in LPS-injected mice compared to controls. Mice injected with LPS had fertility indices of 12.5%, while others treated with a combination of PU ＋ LPS exhibited 75% indices. By promoting fertility and eliminating oxidative stress and inflammation, PU may be a useful nutrient for the treatment of infertility.
基金The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation,Project#22-22-00596.
文摘Terahertz(THz)technology offers novel opportunities in biology and medicine,thanks to the unique features of THzwave interactions with tissues and cells.Among them,we particularly notice strong sensitivity of THz waves to the tissue water,as a medium for biochemical reactions and a main endogenous marker for THz spectroscopy and imaging.Tissues of the brain have an exceptionally high content of water.This factor,along with the features of the structural organization and biochemistry of neuronal and glial tissues,makes the brain an exciting subject to study in the THz range.In this paper,progress and prospects of THz technology in neurodiagnostics are overviewed,including diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease,myelin deficit,tumors of the central nervous system(with an emphasis on brain gliomas),and traumatic brain injuries.Fundamental and applied challenges in study of the THz-wave–brain tissue interactions and development of the THz biomedical tools and systems for neurodiagnostics are discussed.
基金the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No.220 of April 9,2010(Agreement No.075-15-2021-615 of June 4,2021).
文摘Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms known as antibacterial photodynamic therapy(APDT)is one of the most promising and innovative approaches for the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms.Among the photosensitizers(PSs),compounds based on cationic porphyrins/metalloporphyrins are most successfully used to inactivate microorganisms.Series of meso-substituted cationic pyridylporphyrins and metalloporphyrins with various peripheral groups in the third and fourth positions of the pyrrole ring have been synthesized in Armenia.The aim of this work was to determine and test the most e®ective cationic porphyrins and metalloporphyrins with high photoactivity against Gram negative and Gram positive microorganisms.It was shown that the synthesized cationic pyridylporphyrins/metalloporphyrins exhibit a high degree of phototoxicity towards both types of bacteria,including the methicillinresistant S.aureus strain.Zinc complexes of porphyrins are more phototoxic than metal-free porphyrin analogs.The e®ectiveness of these Zn–metalloporphyrins on bacteria is consistent with the level of singlet oxygen generation.It was found that the high antibacterial activity of the studied cationic porphyrins/metalloporphyrins depends on four factors:the presence in the porphyrin macrocycle of a positive charge(+4),a central metal atom(Zn2þÞand hydrophobic peripheral functional groups as well as high values of quantum yields of singlet oxygen.The results indicate that meso-substituted cationic pyridylporphyrins/metalloporphyrins cannd wider application in photoinactivation of bacteria than anionic or neutral PSs usually used in APDT.
基金Ths work was supported by the VEKOP-2.3.2-16-2016-00011 Grantwhich is co-financed by the European Union and European Social FundValery V.Tuchin was supported by RFBR Grant 18-52-16025 and the Grant of the Government of the Russian Federation(Registration No.2020-220-08-2389).
文摘Confocal Raman microspectroscopy(CRM)with 633-and 785-nm excitation wavelengths combined with optical clearing(OC)technique was used for ex-vivo study of porcine skin in the Raman fingerprint region.The optical clearing has been performed on the skin samples by applying a mixture of glycerol and distilled water and a mixture of glycerol,distilled water and chemical penetration enhancer dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)during 30 min and 60 min of treat-ment.It was shown that the combined use of the optical clearing technique and CRM at 633 nm allowed one to preserve the high probing depth,signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution simultaneously.Comparing the effect of different optical clearing agents on porcine skin showed that an optical clearing agent containing chemical penetration enhancer provides higher optical clearing efficiency.Also,an increase in treatment time allows to improve the optical clearing efficiency of both optical clearing agents.As a result of optical clearing,the detection of the amide-Ⅲ spectral region indicating well-distinguishable structural differences between the type-Ⅰ and type-Ⅳ collagens has been improved.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China grants(Nos.81530075 and 81472741)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Stem Cell and Translational Research 2016YFA0101202)the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST) grant (No.2015CB553800)
文摘Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1(BRCA1)is a tumor suppressor gene,and its protein BRCA1 plays a role in DNA repair[1].BRCA1 is generally expressed in the cells of mammary glands and other tissues,helping to repair damaged DNA or disrupting cells when DNA cannot be repaired.When BRCA1 is mutated and cannot function and therefore the damaged DNA cannot be repaired
文摘Background and study aims: Many lesions found during push enteroscopy to evaluate obscure gastrointestinal bleeding are within the reach of standard endoscopes. The aim of this study was to determine whether the rate of proximal lesions varies in relation to the type of obscure bleeding that is present. Patients and methods: A retrospective review of consecutive push enteroscopies carried out for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding between July 1996 and July 2000 was conducted. The patients were categorized into three groups: those with recurrent obscure/overt gastrointestinal bleeding; those with persistent obscure/overt gastrointestinal bleeding; and those with obscure/ occult gastrointestinal bleeding. Results: A total of 63 patients (24 men, 39 women; mean age 69.8) were included. Push enteroscopy examinations were conducted for recurrent obscure/overt bleeding in 32 patients; for persistent obscure/overt bleeding in 12 patients; and for obscure/occult bleeding in 19 patients. The overall diagnostic yield of push enteroscopy was 47% (15 of 32) in the group with recurrent obscure/overt bleeding; 66% (eight of 12) in the group with persistent obscure/overt bleeding; and 63% (12 of 19) in the group with obscure/occult bleeding. However, when lesions within the reach of standard esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)were excluded, the yield of push enteroscopy was slightly higher in the group with recurrent obscure/overt bleeding (41% ) than in the groups with persistent obscure/overt bleeding (33% ) and obscure/ occult bleeding (26% ). There were fewer lesions within the reach of EGD in the group with recurrent obscure/overt bleeding than in the groups with persistent obscure/overt bleeding (6% vs. 33% ; P < 0.05) or obscure/occult bleeding (6% vs. 37% ; P < 0.05). Conclusions: Patients undergoing push enteroscopy for recurrent obscure/overt bleeding were significantly less likely to have lesions within the reach of EGD than patients with persistent obscure/overt bleeding or obscure/occult bleed-ing. Patients in the latter two groups would be able to undergo a repeat EGD examination before more intense evaluation with push enteroscopy or capsule endoscopy.
文摘Objective: We hypothesized that a strategy that reduced aortic manipulation would reduce the incidence of cognitive deficits in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting compared with the “ traditional” approach and that neurobehavioral outcomes with the reduced aortic manipulation strategy would approach those obtained with off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Methods: Consenting high-risk patients(those with older age, diabetes, or hypertension) scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting and cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 aortic management protocols:(1) a traditional approach in which distal anastomoses were accomplished while the aorta was crossclamped but in which proximal anastomoses were sewn while a partial occlusion clamp was applied to the aorta(multiple aortic clamping group) or(2) a reduced aortic manipulation approach in which the aorta was clamped a single time with a reduced-pressure clamp(single aortic clamping group) and the partial occlusion clamp was not used. A contemporaneous group of patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass was also enrolled. Subjects in all 3 groups underwent neurologic and neuropsychological testing before and after surgery. After randomization, patients assigned to either approach could be changed to another strategy if the attending surgeon determined that patient safety demanded this change. The study design anticipated that surgical techniques would evolve over the course of patient enrollment and anticipated that some patients would have intraoperative echocardiographic findings that would demand that the traditional approach(eg, severe aortic atherosclerosis) or the reduced manipulation protocol(eg, severe ischemia or poor left ventricular function) be abandoned. Thus, an unequal distribution of patients was expected. By surgeon decision, 20 of 84 multiple aortic clamping patients crossed over to single aortic clamping, and 3 of 85 single aortic clamping patients switched to multiple aortic clamping. Eligible patients had a battery of neuropsychological tests before surgery and at 6 months after surgery. A 20% decrement in 2 or more tests was defined as a neuropsychological deficit. Results: MAC OPCAB SAC Hospital mortality 3/67(4% ) 1/68(1% ) 0/102(0% ) Hospital stroke 3/67(4% ) 1/68(1% ) 3/102(3% ) Tested patients NPD 3- 5 d 25/42(60% ) 33/47(70% ) 44/74(60% ) Tested patients NPD 3- 6 wk 25/49(51% ) 20/51(40% ) 27/85(32% ) Tested patients NPD 6 mo 24/42(57% ) 13/41(32% * ) 22/74(30% * ) MAC, Multiple aortic clamping; OPCAB, off-pump coronary artery bypass; SAC, single aortic clamping; NPD, neuropsychological deficit. * P < .05 vs MAC. Conclusions: A surgical strategy designed to minimize aortic manipulation can significantly reduce the incidence of cognitive deficits in coronary artery bypass grafting patients compared with traditional techniques. In this series, the results of the reduced aortic manipulation strategy were not significantly different from those in patients having off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery, thus emphasizing surgical technique as the primary cause of brain damage in coronary artery bypass grafting patients.
基金funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(grant nos.62375096,61860206009,32361133552,and 82361138569)the Russian Science Foundation(grant no.24-44-00082)。
文摘Organisms are composed of a vast number of highly specialized cells with characteristic physiological functions determined by their structure.Therefore,understanding physiological and pathological mechanisms requires obtaining 3-dimensional(3D)structural information at the cellular level across tissues,organs,and even the whole body.However,the scattering and absorption of tissue limits the penetration depth of light and thus extremely reduces the imaging performance in deep tissue.It is well known that 3D imaging outperforms 2D imaging in various scenarios for 3D reconstruction of tissue structures.This includes tracing convoluted 3D structures like vasculature,neurons,and prostate glands,as well as elucidating intricate distributions of cells or lesions.
基金This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation Grant 23-14-00287.
文摘The paper presents the results of modern research on the effects of electromagnetic terahertz radiation in the frequency range 0.5-100 THz at different levels of power density and exposure time on the viability of normal and cancer cells. As an accompanying tool for monitoring the effect of radiation on biological cells and tissues, spectroscopic research methods in the terahertz frequency range are described, and attention is focused on the possibility of using the spectra of interstitial water as a marker of pathological processes. The problem of the safety of terahertz radiation for the human body from the point of view of its effect on the structures and systems of biological cells is also considered.
基金Part of this work related to the synthesis of nanomaterials by the Russian Science Foundation(project no.24-75-10006)Part of this work related to the biological experiments was supported by the Russian Science Foundation(project no.21-75-30020)+4 种基金Part of this work related to the characterization of nanomaterials was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia(grant number 075-15-2021-1349)The authors acknowledge the Clover Program and the Priority 2030 Federal Academic Leadership ProgramThe authors acknowledge Lidia Pogorelskaya for the proof-reading of the manuscriptThe authors acknowledge the Nanotechnology Centre of SPbSU for electron microscopy studiesThe work was partially performed at the ITMO Core Facility Center“Nanotechnologies”.
文摘Melanoma,a highly malignant and complex form of cancer,has increased in global incidence,with a growing number of new cases annually.Active targeting strategies,such as leveraging theα-melanocyte-stimulating hormone(αMSH)and its interaction with the melanocortin 1 receptor(MC1R)overexpressed in melanoma cells,enhance the concentration of therapeutic agents at tumor sites.For instance,targeted delivery of plasmonic light-sensitive agents and precise hyperthermia management provide an effective,minimally invasive treatment for tumors.In this work,we present a comparative study on targeted photothermal therapy(PTT)using plasmonic gold nanorods(Au NRs)as a robust and safe nanotool to reveal how key treatment parameters affect therapy outcomes.Using an animal model(B16-F10)of melanoma tumors,we compare the targeting abilities of Au NRs modified with two different MC1R agonists,either closely mimicking theαMSH sequence or providing a superior functionalization extent of Au NRs(4.5%(w/w)versus 1.8%(w/w)),revealing 1.6 times better intratumoral localization.Following theoretical and experimental assessments of the heating capabilities of the developed Au NRs under laser irradiation in either the femtosecond(FS)-or nanosecond(NS)-pulsed regime,we perform targeted PTT employing two types of peptide-modified Au NRs and compare therapeutic outcomes revealing the most appropriate PTT conditions.Our investigation reveals greater heat release from Au NRs under irradiation with FS laser,due to the relaxation rates of the electron and phonon temperatures dissipating in the surrounding,which correlates with a more pronounced 17.6 times inhibition of tumor growth when using FS-pulsed regime.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation,Project#25-79-30006,while the work of D.S.P.on Sec.3,was supported by the state assignment of the NRC“Kurchatov Institute”。
文摘Although terahertz(THz)spectroscopy and imaging offer a variety of applications in medical diagnosis of malignant and benign neoplasms,their translation into clinical practice is hampered by the absence of endoscopic systems capable of sensing the THz optical properties of the hard-to-access tissues.In this review,we focus on recent attempts to address this challenge.To better highlight the need for THz endoscopes,we start with a brief overview of THz medical applications,with an emphasis on neoplasms diagnosis.We then consider the two existing principles of THz endoscopy.The first uses the fiber-coupled THz photoconductive antennas(PCAs)for the THz generation and detection in close proximity to a hard-to-access object,where optical fibers are applied to flexibly deliver the laser pump and probe beams to the THz emitter and detector.The key technology of the second approach is the THz optical fibers capable of delivering the THz waves to an analyte and then detecting the reflected and back-propagated THz signal.Despite this approach still lacking the efficient commercially available THz fiber optics,most recent developments pave the way to solve these problems.In this review,several notable examples of THz endoscopic systems based on different guiding mechanisms,material platform,and manufacturing strategies are discussed.
基金ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TJ is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and the 100 Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. YIL is supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation. We express our appreciation to Tsan Sam Xiao at Case Western Reserve University and Bin Lin at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, USA for proofreading and suggestions.
文摘Pattern recognition receptors （PRRs） and their signaling pathways have essential roles in recognizing various components of pathogens as well as damaged cells and triggering inflammatory responses that eliminate invading microorganisms and damaged cells. The zebrafish relies heavily on these primary defense mechanisms against pathogens. Here, we review the major PRR signaling pathways in the zebrafish innate immune system and compare these signaling pathways in zebrafish and humans to reveal their evolutionary relationship and better understand their innate immune defense mechanisms.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(91442202,81330071,81471527)
文摘During early pregnancy, an orchestrated evolutionary maternal adaption toward tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus is required to ensure decidualization and early embryo development. Remodeling of the immune system involves natural killer cells （NKs）, macrophages, T cells and dendritic cells （DCs） altering the microenvironment in the deciduas. In particular, a unique population of NK cells with a CD56brightCD16 phenotype in the decidua has been proposed to play a key role in the maternal adaptation to pregnancy. However, there is a tendency for pregnancy immunology to reflect transplantation immunology regarding the assumption that the matemal immune system should be suppressed. This tendency is misleading. We discuss how the immune system is formed in early deciduas and the interactions between maternal NK cells and fetal growth. We propose that the maternal immune response must not be fully suppressed and is even necessary for the local response of uterine NK cells.
